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    Transport in Plants: K C Meena PGT Biology KV Vikaspuri Ii Shift

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    There are three main means of transport in plants: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is a slow process that moves molecules from high to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules and does not require energy. Active transport pumps molecules against their concentration gradient and does require energy. Water and mineral nutrients move through plants via these transport mechanisms.

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    Transport in Plants: K C Meena PGT Biology KV Vikaspuri Ii Shift

    Uploaded by

    Kaviya
    129 views24 pages
    There are three main means of transport in plants: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is a slow process that moves molecules from high to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules and does not require energy. Active transport pumps molecules against their concentration gradient and does require energy. Water and mineral nutrients move through plants via these transport mechanisms.

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    There are three main means of transport in plants: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is a slow process that moves molecules from high to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules and does not require energy. Active transport pumps molecules against their concentration gradient and does require energy. Water and mineral nutrients move through plants via these transport mechanisms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    129 views24 pages

    Transport in Plants: K C Meena PGT Biology KV Vikaspuri Ii Shift

    Uploaded by

    Kaviya
    There are three main means of transport in plants: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is a slow process that moves molecules from high to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules and does not require energy. Active transport pumps molecules against their concentration gradient and does require energy. Water and mineral nutrients move through plants via these transport mechanisms.

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    Transport in Plants

    K C MEENA
    PGT BIOLOGY
    KV VIKASPURI II SHIFT
    Three means of transport in plants:
     Diffusion
     Facilitated Diffusion
     Active Transport
    MEANS OF TRANSPORT

     Diffusion

     Movement of molecules from high concentration to low


    concentration
     without semi-permeable membrane.
     Slow process
     No expenditure of energy
     Diffusion depends upon: Concentration gradient, Permeability of
    the
     membrane, Temperature, Pressure and Size of the substance.
    Facilitated Transport
     In facilitated diffusion, the membrane proteins are involved. They provide a
     site for hydrophilic molecules to pass through the membrane and no energy
     is required.
     Proteins involved in the process form channels which may always be opened
     or controlled. Facilitated diffusion is very specific.
     Porins: Proteins that forms huge pores in the outer membranes of plastids,
     mitochondria, etc. They are different kinds;
     Aquaporins: Proteins that facilitate diffusion of water molecules
     Transport can be of 3 types:
     Symport
     Antiport
     Uniport − independent movement
    of molecules
     When all proteins involved are
    saturated, it leads to maximum
    transport.
    Active transport
     Requires special proteins which are very specific and sensitive to
    inhibitors.
     Requires energy to pump molecules against the concentration
    gradient.
     When all proteins involved are saturated, it leads to maximum
    transport.
    Water Potential (ψW)
     Greater the concentration of water in a system, greater is its kinetic
    energy
     and greater is the water potential.
     It is measured in Pascal (Pa)
     If two systems are in contact, then there is movement of water from the
     solution with greater water potential to lower water potential.
     Solute potential (ψs)
     solute is added to the water
     Pressure Potential (ψp)
     pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is applied to pure water or a
     solution
     Water potential of pure water is zero.
     Solute potential is always negative and water potential is always positive.
     ψw = ψs + ψp
    Osmosis

     Water diffuses from region of its higher


    concentration to its lower concentration
    through semi-permeable membrane.
     Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
    membrane
     Direction and rate of osmosis depends upon
    pressure gradient and concentration gradient.
     Osmotic pressure − External pressure
    applied to prevent the diffusion of
    water
     It depends upon solute concentration.
     Numerically, osmotic pressure is equal to
    osmotic potential
     Osmotic pressure has positive sign. Osmotic
    potential has negative sign.
    Types of Solutions:

    Isotonic solution
     Concentration of external solution is equal to Concentration in
    cytoplasm
     There is no net gain, hence No change in cell size.
    Hypotonic solution
     Concentration in cytoplasm is greater than the Concentration of
     external solution.
     So water enters into the celsl and Cells swell.
    Hypertonic solution
     Concentration of external solutions is greater than the Concentration
     in cytoplasm.
     Hence water moves from cells to external solution and Cells shrink.
    Plasmolysis
     It occurs when cell is placed in hypertonic solution, because
    water moves out from cytoplasm and vacuole. Hence Cell
    membrane shrinks away from the cell wall.
     As water moves in, cytoplasm builds up a pressure against the
    cell wall.
     This pressure is called turgor pressure and cells enlarge.
    Imbibitions

     Diffusion in which water is absorbed by solids, causing them


    to enormously
     increase in volume.
     Imbibition is along the concentration gradient and depends
    upon affinity
     between adsorbent and liquid being adsorbed.
     Examples – imbibition of seeds that cause seedling to emerge
    of soil, swelling of wooden door during rainy season, swelling
    of raison when soaked in water.
    Long Distance Transport of Water
     It occurs by three processes, Diffusion, Mass flow
     system and Translocation through conducting vascular tissues.
    There are two types of conducting tissues, namely;
     Xylem: Transports water, salts, nitrogen and hormones.
    From roots to the other parts and it is unidirectional.
     Phloem: Transports organic and inorganic solutes. It
    occurs from the source (leaves) to the sink (storage part) and
    it is multidirectional.
    Absorption of Water by Plants

     Water is absorbed through roots by diffusion.


     Root hairs (slender, thin-walled extensions of root epidermal cells)
    increase
     the surface area for absorption.
     Once absorbed by root hairs, water moves into deeper layers by 2
    pathways
     − Apoplast Pathway or Symplast Pathway.
     Apoplast Pathway:
     Movement occurs through the intercellular spaces or walls of the
    cells, without entering the cytoplasm. Movement is fast. Most of
    the water flow in roots occurs via apoplast, except at the casparian
    strip.
    Symplast pathway:

     Water enters the cell through the cell membrane and travels
    intracellularly through plasmodesmata. Movement is slow. At
    the casparian strip region, water moves through the
    symplast.
     Most of the water enters through apoplast pathway,
    endodermis has casparian strips which are made of suberin, it
    is impervious to water, so water enters the symplast.
     There are two forces which are responsible for transporting
    the water up in a plant; they are root pressure and
    transpiration pull.
    Root Pressure

     Water molecules enter from soil to root hair, then to cortical


    cells and finally reach xylem vessels.
     Positive pressure created inside the xylem when water
    transported along the concentration gradients into the
    vascular system
    Guttation-Loss of water on its liquid phase from special opening near
    tip of grass blades and leaves of herbaceous plants.
    Transpiration pull

     Transpiration is a process of loss of water in the form of water


    vapours from the surface of leaves.
     Transpiration accounts for loss of 99% of water taken by the plant.
    Loss is mainly through stomata.
     Pull of water as a result of tension created by transpiration is the
    major driving force of water movement upwards in a plant.
     There are three physical properties of water which affect the
    ascent of xylem sap due to transpiration pull.
     Cohesion
     Adhesion
     Surface tension
     greater extent than to water in gaseous phase
    Transpiration
     It occurs manly through openings called
    stomata. Transpiration provides the
    transpirational pull which is responsible
    for the upward movement of water in tall
    plants.
     Stomata: Open in the day and close
    during the night
     Also contribute in the exchange of O2
    and CO2
     Opening and closing of stomata is
    influenced by the turgidity of the guard
    cells.
    Factors affecting transpiration:
     External factors:Temperature, Light,
    Humidity and Wind speed.
     Plant factors / Internal factors:
    Number of stomata, distribution of
    stomata,water status in plants.
    Importance of Transpiration
     Creates transpirational pull for transport
     Supplies water for photosynthesis
     Transports minerals from soil to all parts of a plant
     Cools the surface of the leaves by evaporation.
     Keeps the cells turgid; hence, maintains their shape
    Uptake of Mineral Nutrients
     Minerals are absorbed from the soil by active transport. They
    cannot follow passive transport because of two factors;
     They are charged. Hence, they cannot cross the cell
    membranes.
     Concentration of minerals in soil is lesser than the
    concentration of minerals in roots. Hence, concentration
    gradient is not present.
     Certain proteins in the membranes of root hair cells actively
    pump ions from soil to cytoplasm of epidermal cells.
    Transport of Mineral Nutrients

     Unloading of mineral ions occur at fine vein endings of the


    leaves through
     diffusion.
     Some minerals are also remobilised from old senescing parts
    N, P K, S.
     Minerals forming structural components (example Ca) are
    not remobilised
     Phloem transports food from source to sink, but this source-
    sink relationship is reversible depending upon the season.
    Therefore, phloem transport is bidirectional.
    Mass flow Hypothesis
     This is the well accepted mechanism used for translocation of
    sugars from the source to the sink.
     Glucose prepared at the source is converted into sucrose. Sucrose
    is moved to the companion cells, and then to the living phloem
    sieve tube cells by active transport. This process of loading creates
    a hypertonic condition in the phloem.
     Water in the adjacent xylem moves into the phloem by osmosis.
    Osmotic pressure builds phloem sap.
     As hydrostatic pressure on the phloem sieve tube increases,
    pressure flow begins and sap moves through the phloem to the
    sink and stored as complex carbohydrates (starch).

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