Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 52 views

    Low Energy Electron Diffraction - LEED

    Uploaded by

    vazzoleralex6884
    This document provides an overview of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as a surface analysis technique. LEED uses low energy electrons (typically 100 eV) that are diffracted by the periodic structure of the surface atoms, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can reveal information about the surface structure such as the unit cell size and symmetry. More advanced analyses of spot intensities and shapes provide quantitative information about atomic arrangements, defects, and reconstructions. The document describes the basic physics and principles of LEED, examples of surface structures analyzed by LEED, and how it has been used to study surfaces in model catalysis experiments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Low Energy Electron Diffraction - LEED

    Uploaded by

    vazzoleralex6884
    52 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as a surface analysis technique. LEED uses low energy electrons (typically 100 eV) that are diffracted by the periodic structure of the surface atoms, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can reveal information about the surface structure such as the unit cell size and symmetry. More advanced analyses of spot intensities and shapes provide quantitative information about atomic arrangements, defects, and reconstructions. The document describes the basic physics and principles of LEED, examples of surface structures analyzed by LEED, and how it has been used to study surfaces in model catalysis experiments.

    Original Title

    LEED Lecture

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as a surface analysis technique. LEED uses low energy electrons (typically 100 eV) that are diffracted by the periodic structure of the surface atoms, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can reveal information about the surface structure such as the unit cell size and symmetry. More advanced analyses of spot intensities and shapes provide quantitative information about atomic arrangements, defects, and reconstructions. The document describes the basic physics and principles of LEED, examples of surface structures analyzed by LEED, and how it has been used to study surfaces in model catalysis experiments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views27 pages

    Low Energy Electron Diffraction - LEED

    Uploaded by

    vazzoleralex6884
    This document provides an overview of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) as a surface analysis technique. LEED uses low energy electrons (typically 100 eV) that are diffracted by the periodic structure of the surface atoms, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can reveal information about the surface structure such as the unit cell size and symmetry. More advanced analyses of spot intensities and shapes provide quantitative information about atomic arrangements, defects, and reconstructions. The document describes the basic physics and principles of LEED, examples of surface structures analyzed by LEED, and how it has been used to study surfaces in model catalysis experiments.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Low Energy Electron Diffraction - LEED

    Presentation prepared by Professor Wolfgang Ranke


    Dep. Inorganic Chemistry
    Group Model Surface Analysis
    Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG


    Literature:
    G. Ertl, J . Kppers, Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry, VCH, Weinheim (1985).
    M. Henzler, W. Gpel, Oberflchenphysik des Festkrpers, Teubner, Stuttgart (1991).
    M.A. Van Hove, W.H. Weinberg, C.-M. Chan, Low-Energy Electron Diffraction, Experiment,
    Theory and Surface Structure Determination, Springer Series in Surface Sciences 6,
    G. Ertl, R. Gomer eds., Springer, Berlin (1986).
    M. Horn-von Hoegen, Zeitschrift fr Kristallographie 214 (1999) 1-75.
    Low Energy Electron Diffraction - LEED

    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.7, p. 210
    1. Introduction, General Surface science, UHV, p~10
    -10
    mbar
    De Broglie wavelength: = h/(mv)
    For electrons: = 150 / E
    0
    E
    0
    in eV, in .
    For 100 eV-electrons: (100) = 1.22 (low energy)
    corresponds to atomic dimensions, similar to XRD
    Si(111)-(7x7)
    LEED display system
    Low energy electrons
    interact strongly with matter:
    electron mean free path
    e
    is small.
    Only e
    -
    scattered from near surface
    can leave the surface,
    surface sensitive
    M.P. Seah, W.A. Dench, Surf. Interf. Anal. 1 (1979) 2
    LEED is surface sensitive
    The observation of a LEED pattern
    does not guarantee that the whole surface is ordered!
    The coherence length
    of a standard LEED optics
    is only 10 20 nm!
    Coherence of e
    -
    -beam limited by E and beam divergence.
    Coherence length = diameter of coherently scattering area.
    Note:
    If the lattice constant(s) a
    1
    (a
    2
    ) increase,
    the scattering angle for the beam h (k)
    decreases.
    This is the reason for the reciprocity of the
    real and the s.c. reciprocal lattice.
    d
    Constructive interference:
    Enhancement of intensity only
    in certain directions:
    n = d sin
    For 2D arrangement (plane lattice):
    scattering conditions have to be
    fulfilled in both directions
    1st approximation:
    Scattering from 2-D lattice.
    Formation of diffraction pattern
    h,k
    (order)
    Analogy to optical grating.
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.12, p. 217
    Useful: Introduction of
    reciprocal lattice
    Real lattice vectors a
    1
    , a
    2
    Reciprocal lattice vectors a
    1
    *, a
    2
    *
    Definitions: a
    1
    * perpendicular to a
    2
    a
    2
    * perpendicular to a
    1
    a
    1
    * = 1/(a
    1
    sin )
    a
    2
    * = 1/(a
    2
    sin )
    angle between a
    1
    and a
    1
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.11, p 216
    Constructive interference for:
    a
    1
    (s s
    0
    ) = h
    a
    2
    (s s
    0
    ) = k
    (Laue conditions for 2 dimensions)
    Real 2D system: 3rd Laue condition always fulfilled.
    It follows for the direction of beams:
    1/ (s s
    0
    ) = 1/ s =h a
    1
    * + k a
    2
    * = g
    g = reciprocal lattice vector
    Example
    Ewald sphere construction
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.13, p. 218
    plot reciprocal lattice (rods)
    plot direction of incident beam (s
    0
    )
    towards (00) spot
    go 1/ along this direction
    make circle (sphere) with radius 1/
    direction from circle (sphere) center
    towards cut with reciprocal lattice
    rods gives direction of all possible
    diffraction spots (hk)
    Usual arrangement:
    Normal incidence,
    symmetrical diffraction pattern
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.7, p. 210
    Expected diffraction pattern for (001) surface,
    e.g. Pt(001) (unreconstructed), E
    0
    =313 eV
    Surface diffraction with X-rays, He-atoms and electrons.
    Example: diamond-type (111) surface like C, Si, Ge.
    The darkness of rec. latt. spots and rods symbolizes diffraction intensity
    Horn-von Hoegen, fig. 2.1
    2. Simple
    Kinematic theory (single scattering)
    Size, shape and symmetry of surface unit cell,
    Superstructures
    Domains
    only if long-range ordered
    No information about atomic arrangement within the unit cell
    3. Less simple
    Kinematic theory
    Deviations from long-range order:
    Spot width domain size
    Background intensity point defect concentration
    Spot splitting atomic steps
    4. Difficult
    Dynamic theory (multiple scattering)
    Spot intensities I(E
    0
    ) or I-V curces structure within unit cell
    LEED:
    Superstructures result from:
    Reconstruction = rearrangement of surface atoms on clean surfaces
    Ordered adsorption
    2. LEED simple
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.2, p.204
    p(2x2) c(2x2) (3xx)R30
    on square lattice on hex. lattice
    Three possible arrangements
    yielding c(2x2) structures.
    Note: different symmetry!
    Structure examples
    on top bridge 4-fold hollow
    Superstructure nomenclature
    Wood: Simplest in most cases
    p or c(nm)R
    unit cell vector lengths
    b
    1
    = n a
    1
    b
    2
    = m a
    2
    rotation p=primitive, c=centered
    Matrix notation (Park and Madden)
    more general
    m
    11
    m
    12
    b
    1
    = m
    11
    a
    1
    + m
    12
    a
    2
    m
    12
    m
    22
    b
    2
    = m
    12
    a
    1
    + m
    22
    a
    2
    Wood (22) [=0 is omitted] (33)R30
    Matrix 2 0 1 1
    0 2 2 -1
    Overlayer structures
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.6, p.208
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.3, p.205
    coincidence latt.
    commensurate
    incoherent,
    incommensurate
    coincidence latt. simple overlayer struct.
    not distinguishable
    Ertl/Kppers fig. 9.19, p.224
    Real and reciprocal space lattices
    Van Hove et al. fig. 3.5, p.55
    GaAs(001)
    clean,
    different preparations
    As(31)/Ga(55)
    Auger peak height ratios:
    c(8x2) 1.74
    (4x6) 1.77
    c(6x4) 1.92
    (1x6) 2.12
    c(2x8) 2.25
    c(4x4) 2.7
    Superstructures,
    example 1
    Information from patterns:
    - symmetry of unit cell
    - size and shape of
    surface unit cell
    - sharpness of spots
    domain size
    - background intensity
    concentration of
    point defects
    Drathen, Ranke, Jacobi, 1978
    Superstructures,
    example 2
    Si(001) clean
    no 2x2 structure!
    central spots missing
    two-domain 2x1
    Wasserfall, Ranke, 1994
    Payne et al. J. Phys.: Cond. Matter 1 (1989) SB63
    Information from spot shape (profile), background, E
    0
    -dependence (k

    -dependence)
    Henzler, Gpel Abb. 3.8.10, p.176
    3. LEED less simple
    Henzler, Gpel
    Abb. 3.8.4, p.167
    Facets and mosaic
    Henzler, Gpel, fig. 3.8.3, p.165
    Van Hove et al., fig. 3.6, p.58
    Regular atomic steps
    Example: Si(001)vic
    [-110]
    [110]
    Si(001)
    Si(001)vic, 5[110]
    Wasserfall, Ranke, 1994
    Spot intensities contain information on structure within the unit cell
    I ~ F
    2
    G
    2
    G
    2
    = structure factor or lattice factor
    contains shape and arrangement of repeat units (unit cells)
    yields reciprocal lattice
    determines location and shape of spots,
    kinematic theory
    F
    2
    = structure factor or form factor
    contains contribution from all atoms within the repeat unit,
    includes multiple scattering, in-depth attenuation,
    dynamic theory
    4. LEED difficult
    Henzler/Gpel fig. 3.7.3, p.151
    Multiple scattering
    Henzler/Gpel, fig. 3.7.4, p.152
    Dynamic LEED analysis:
    No direct deduction of structure
    from I-V-curves:
    Guess structure model
    calculate I-V-curves
    compare with measured curves
    modify model
    check if improval
    if yes: proceed modifying in this direction
    if no: modify in another direction
    or guess new model
    Disadvantage:
    Only for ordered structures
    Much computer time
    But:
    One of very few methods for
    structure analysis of first few
    atomic layers (~1 nm)
    Simple
    kinematic
    with simple
    mult. scatt.
    with
    damping
    with inner
    potential
    with complete
    mult. scatt.
    I-V-curve (schem.)
    Pt(111)
    Fe
    3
    O
    4
    (111),
    (inverse spinel)
    10 nm thick
    on Pt(111)
    Michael Ritter,
    Werner Weiss
    Guido Ketteler
    LEED-I-V analysis
    is one of very few
    reliable
    surface structure
    analysis methods!
    FeO/Pt(111), satellite pattern: multiple scattering, kinematic
    Pt(111)
    0.9 ML FeO(111) on Pt(111), structure 1
    M. Ritter, W. Ranke, W. Weiss
    UHV
    LEED, AES, TDS
    p= 10
    -6
    to
    10
    -10
    mbar
    Preparation
    reactor
    p=1000 to
    10
    -6
    mbar
    gas in
    GC
    ISS,
    PEEM
    (Samer
    Aburous)
    Manfred Swoboda
    Christian Kuhrs
    Werner Weiss
    5. LEED in model catalysis - example
    Starting surface:
    -Fe
    2
    O
    3
    (0001)
    (hematite),
    defective
    After reaction
    - no long-range order
    - strong C peak in AES
    After mild TPO
    (thermal programmed
    oxidation)
    - reordered
    - no longer hematite
    but Fe
    3
    O
    4
    (111)
    (magnetite Osama Shekhah
    FeO(111)/Pt(111), 1 ML
    as measured contrast enhanced
    Fe
    3
    O
    4
    (111) -Fe
    2
    O
    3
    (0001)
    Distinguish different Fe-O-phases
    Change of
    order and
    phase during
    reaction
    For qualitative information on surface structure very simple (display LEED)
    Order
    Periodicity
    Symmetry
    For quantitative information on deviations from ideal order (SPA-LEED)
    Domain size
    Antiphase domains
    atomic steps
    For quantitative analysis of surface structure (dynamic I-V-curve analysis)
    Precise atomic arrangements
    Relaxations
    Reconstructions
    6. Conclusions
    Ranke, Surface Analysis, Dept. AC, Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG, Berlin, Germany
    Modern Methods in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research:
    Theory and Experiment
    FHI-Berlin, 16.01.2004

    You might also like