The Role and Responsibilities of Parents
The Role and Responsibilities of Parents
The Role and Responsibilities of Parents
GRADUATE SCHOOL
MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION
ONLINE
GRACE F. FACUN
THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARENTS IN
READING LITERACY OF GRADE THREE PUPILS OF SAN
ROQUE II ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: AN ASSESSMENT
A RESEARCH
BY
GRACE FORDAN-FACUN
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Reading literacy is much more than decoding written words and comprehending the literal
content of those words. It includes understanding texts at a general level, interpreting them,
reflecting on their content and form in relation to the reader’s own knowledge of the world, and
arguing a point of view in relation to what has been read. This definition of reading literacy
incorporates the PISA emphasis on acquiring skills that will be relevant throughout life.
The assessment of reading literacy focuses on three areas: text format; reading processes;
and the situation for which the text was constructed. PISA makes the distinction between two types
of text format: continuous texts, which are organized in sentences and paragraphs, and non-
continuous texts, which present information in, for example, charts and graphs, forms and
information sheets.
In 2000, when reading literacy was the major domain, three reading literacy subscales were
created and used for reporting reading proficiency (retrieving information; interpreting texts; and
reflection and evaluation). For the purposes of the PISA assessment, ‘situation’ relates to the
general category of text based on the author’s intended use. There are four situations used in PISA:
reading for private use (personal); reading for public use; reading for work (occupational); and
Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) wherein the teachers conduct a pre-test and post-
Readers are categorized into four: Independent Level, Instructional Level, Frustration
Level and Non-Reader. The conduct of Phil-IRI last SY 2015-2016 in San Roque II Elementary
School shows the following result: Independent Level from forty-one pupils it increases by one
hundred six pupils that makes it one hundred sixty seven pupils, Instructional Level from ninety-
one pupils to two hundred thirty-five pupils, Frustration Level eight hundred twenty-four pupils to
five hundred forty nine pupils and lastly from twenty-eight Non-Readers down to ten Non-
Readers. The data shown that thirty five percent were still Non-Reader, sixty-six percent were still
in Frustration Level, Instructional Level increased seventy-two percent and Independent Level
increased by eighty percent. An average of fifty percent were still left in the Frustration and Non-
Reader Level that makes the Literacy of San Roque II Elementary School is very low.
These data still arises even though the school is practicing a Project Carlo wherein the
teachers were obliged to have a reading time of one hour every day. The teachers need to produced
reading materials, different reading approaches but still the data above arises.
Statement of the problem
The purpose of this study was to assess the status of the role and responsibilities of the
1.1. Age;
1.2. Sex;
1.3. Designation;
2.1. Age;
2.2. Sex;
2.3. Designation;
3.1. Age;
3.2. Sex;
4. What is the extent of the assessment of the school head, Teachers and Parents of Grade Three
pupils on the roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of Grade Three
4.2. Instructions
4.3. Administrations
5. To what extent is the profile of the school heads related to their assessment on the roles and
responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of Grade Three learners of San Roque II
Elementary School.
6. To what extent is the profile of the teachers of Grade Three pupils related to their assessment
on the roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of Grade Three learners of
7. To what extent is the profile of the parents of the Grade Three pupils related to their assessment
on the roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of Grade Three learners of
8. What action plan is applicable to strengthen the role and responsibilities of the parents in the
1. The profile of the school head is not related to their assessment on the role and
responsibilities of the parents in the reading literacy of the Grade Three learners of San
2. The profile of the Grade Three teachers is not related to their assessment on the role and
responsibilities of the parents in the reading literacy of the Grade Three learners of San
School Heads. This study will serve as a guide in making interventions, decisions and planning for
possible activities and trainings for the professional development of the teachers and for the
improvement of roles and responsibilities of parents towards the reading literacy of the learners.
Remarkable information on the weakness of the role and responsibilities of parents in the reading
Teachers. The result of the study may help teachers to understand better the needs and interest of
their learners. This study will inform the teachers in dealing with reading literacy that they can
their daughter/son in their reading literacy. Further the result of the study can also reinforce the
Learners. This study will be helpful to learners; improvement will be made in the school that will
Community and Local Government Unit. This study will serve as a reminder of the needs of the
children so that they will provide and understand the basic needs of children for having quality
education and that parents also have responsibilities for the progress of the learners.
Curriculum Planners. It will serve as guide in understanding the real situation of learners with
reading difficulty and in reinventing and re-aligning the curriculum that will benefit the learners
Future Researchers. They could use this research work as a reference for their new search, and
The study focused on the roles and responsibilities of the parents in the reading literacy of
the Grade Three pupils. Specifically this study includes the areas which are considered in the
assessment of Grade Three learners such as; (a) faculty (b) administration (c) school-community
relations.
The respondents of this study are the school head, teachers and parents of grade three pupils
Theoretical Framework
The researcher will anchor her study on different approaches that govern the reading
literacy with the ultimate goal of achieving quality education which the learners deserved to have.
Factors that have major impact in the reading literacy is the quality of education which is
one of the performance indicator of the public school. As per School Improvement Plan of San
Roque II elementary School, one of the indicators or key factor to achieve a quality education are
the Performance Indicators which are: Access, Quality and Governance wherein reading literacy
The conceptual framework below showed the different variables that are considered in the
study. This study would help the researcher identify the results of it by understanding how these
School Head’s
Profile
Role and
Age
Responsibilities
Sex
of Parents in the
Designation Reading Literacy
Length of of Grade III
Service Learners
Educational Action Plan
Attainment Teachers
Impact of Roles
Teacher’s Profile Parents and
Age Responsibilities
Sex Pupils of Teachers in
Designation the Reading
Length of Administration
Literacy of
Service Grade Three
Educational School-
Learners
Attainment Community
Relations
Parent’s Profile San Roque II
Age Elementary
Sex School’s
Educational performance
Attainment Indicator
The independent variable in this study is the profile of the respondents. The profile includes
age, sex, designation, length of service and educational attainment. It is assumed that the age, sex,
designation, length of service and educational attainment influenced assessment in the role and
Meanwhile, the dependent variables are teachers, parents, pupils, administration, school-
community relations and performance indicator of San Roque II Elementary School which could
Finally, an outcome of this study is an action plan that aims to upgrade and give proper
strategies to improve the reading literacy of grade three pupils of San Roque II Elementary School.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding and clarity, the researcher defines the following terms
operationally:
Action plan. This refers to the document that lists steps that must be taken in order to
improve the roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of grade three pupils of San
Administration. This pertains to the way of handling and management of the school head
for the improvement of the latter, faculty and the pupils to achieve the quality education.
Assessment. It is the process of collecting evidence and making judgment in the status of
roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading literacy of grade three pupils of San Roque II
Elementary School whether the standards on having education and progress of the educational
Designation. This pertains to the current position of the teacher or school head in the place
Educational Attainment. This pertains to the highest educational degree obtained by the
respondents.
Faculty. This refers to all the elementary teachers in grade three of San Roque II
Elementary School, whether they are permanent teachers or not or locally paid teachers.
refers to the delivery of the curriculum and the assessment of quality of instructional practices for
Length of Service. This refers to the duration of service or employment or on how long a
School and community relations. This pertains to the relationship between the school and
community as they work together for the common goal of achieving quality education for the
pupils.
Parents. This refers to the officers of Parents Teachers Association (PTA) grade three
information by which the functional quality of institutions or systems may be measured and
evaluated. Typically, within the context of specified goals and objectives, PI data are ‘measures’
of various operational and functional aspects of organizations and/or systems, and provide
evidential bases for determining the extent to which such goals and objectives have and are being
met. PIs serve various purposes, the most notable of which are for monitoring, policy formulation,
target-setting, evaluating and reforming. Although the essential features of educational PIs are
consistent with their counterparts in other government and corporate enterprises, they also have
unique characteristics – key aspects of which are highlighted in this paper. At the outset, however,
it is helpful to note the importance of educational PIs in the prevailing international context.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a review of related literature studies which are relevant to this
manuscript for they deal the assessment of roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading
Age
Age is considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the school heads
(Sabado, 2014). Growing old of the school heads gives wisdom, profound knowledge and deeper
understanding of people, events and other happening around them (Bulusan, 2002 as cited by
Montero, 2010). Siniscalco (2002) said that the proportion of younger teachers is highest in many
of the least developed countries where most of them have very little experience in teaching.
It may be more difficult for an older teacher to have effective connection with his class. It
is also quite probable that the young graduate has more up-to-date knowledge and eagerness for
Sex
Hemmings and Kay (2006) took a methodological decision to ensure balance in gender. Siniscalco
(2002) stated that the percentage of female teachers varies considerably across the world. In
general, the education sector is a more important source of employment for women than for men
in developed countries. The gender of teachers affects their judgment of academic skills and male
teachers do not fare any better than female teachers. To impart discipline, male teachers are needed
and fulfill the role of second mothers, female teachers are essential (Wood, 2012; Bulach & Berry,
2001).
Meanwhile, a survey of parents in 2007 found that fathers helped less often with
homework than mothers, however among parents working full time, there was no gender
difference. It suggests that the quality and content of father’s involvement matter more for
children’s outcomes than the quantity of time fathers spend with their children
(www.tsoshop.co.uk).
Designation
Many factors may be playing a part in these patterns, including turnover rates, age profiles
of head teachers, changing status of such positions which reduce attractiveness for men, and
increase or decrease in the number of school (Wylie, 2000). Rule III of Education Act of 1982
defines the responsibility of teachers to maintaining their professional growth and advancement
and sustaining professionalism at all times. They can avail themselves of the promotion or
reclassification in teaching in as much as they can meet the requirements set by the Department of
Education (DepEd). This rule further explains why most of the teachers were holding teacher I
position despite their length of service in the institution. Ramazanoglu and Holland (2000) describe
that the distinct world of women, it has been assumed, engenders a diverse reality, which occurs
not by comparison to the male educational leaders‟ reality, but stands as an independent and equal
one. Krechowiecka (2013) said an inspiring position title can increase confidence. For all of these,
enhancing position titles can be extremely motivating to employees. In the context, position of the
teacher or school head in the school is a powerful predictor of students‟ academic performance
Length of Service
Darling-Hammond (2000) concludes that the benefits of experience appear to level off after
5 years so that there are no detectable differences between teachers with 5 and 10 years of
experience, but that teachers with 5–10 years of experience are more effective than new teacher.
The experienced teachers are more effective and efficient than novice teacher (Aziz, 2010;
Clotfelter, Ladd, & Vigdor, 2004; Moran & Hoy, 2002). According to Rockoff, Staiger and
Kane(2007) teachers make long strides in their first three years, with very little experience-related
improvement after that the students of third-year teachers score 6 percent and 3 percent of a
standard deviation higher in Math and reading, respectively, than students of first-year teachers.
Moreover, teachers with more years of experience are more satisfied with teaching
(Medina, 2011; Ramsey, 2008). The experience of the teacher is also an important factor in the
progress of teaching- learning process as well as in attaining the desired goals in the educational
system (Ngipol, 2006). Teachers with more years in teaching are more positive about the culture
and climate of their school (Bulach& Berry, 2001). They learn to love the school and treat it as
their own. Furthermore, the teacher characteristics, such as experience, credentials and selectivity
of the college that the teacher attended, could not explain 90 percent of variance in teacher effects
on student learning (Aaronson, Barrow, & Sander, 2007). The years rendered of the school heads
and teachers in their schools have meaningful and strong influences in the learning process of the
multi-grade pupils.
Educational Attainment
Schneider (2011) states that educational attainment is defined as the highest level of
education an individual has successfully completed. Another term typically used in the literature
vertical scale, i.e. educational attainment categories can largely (although often not entirely) be
ordered hierarchically.
Sabates, 2007). When the education level of the general population is high, citizens are more likely
to effectively hold governments to account and thus instigate government discipline (Botero,
Ponce & Shleifer, 2012 as cited in Arezki, Lui, Quintyn, &Toscani, 2012). Moreover, educational
attainment has become an increasingly important determinant of life course results – including
employment, marriage and incarceration (Fischer & Hout, 2006; Pettit & Western, 2004; Goldin
Meanwhile, the level of education of parents led to low performance of pupils in schools
(Nyipir, 2010) Educational qualifications are official documents which certify that an individual
has reached a certain level of competence in one field of education or in a group of fields of
education, which is usually formally assessed through examinations. They indicate individuals‟
performance (Kreiter & Kinicki, 2007; Gerawa, 2006).Furthermore, teachers with higher
educational attainment have better judgment of their capability to impact students‟ outcomes
(Moran & Hoy, 2002; Wenglinsky, 2001). Therefore, Duka (2006); Bilbao, Corpuz, & Llagas,
(2006) suggest that there is a need for teachers to pursue their studies to improve their efficiency,
enhance the prestige of the profession in order that they will become productive professionals.
Javate (2013) in her study shows that almost all of the school heads (or 91.7%) in
Mamburao District have earned units in master‟s degree while one or 8.3% of them is a full-
fledged master‟s degree holder. She recommended that school heads must keep on updating
Moreover, Labadia (2010) affirmed also that earning master‟s units or completing the
degree connotes higher degree of professional competence and a higher chance for promotion.
determinant of achievement and opportunities, which affects the teaching and learning process of
Faculty
The grade three teachers are the key to planning, designing, and managing a reading
materials to be used as activities for children to keep them engaged in reading. Their efficiency
used by developing exciting and stimulating activities. Grade three teachers understands the
attitude of the parents towards education and how expectations of reading literacy of grade three
pupils. Consequently, majority of parents lacks in education to be able to teach their children at
home. Furthermore, grade three teachers find planning and preparation for reading modules more
difficult and time-consuming than that for remedial classes, given that they have to plan for the
modules to be used.
Administration
Rakiz and Swanson (2000) describe leadership as being in a period of dynamic change.
Moreover, Besley et al. (2011) as cited in Arezki, Lui, Quintyn, and Toscani, (2012) provide
empirical evidence that the educational attainment of leaders matters for economic growth.
The effectiveness, as well as relevance and innovativeness of the programs, lie in the school
leadership (Gonzales, 2000 as cited in Maderazo, 2004). In fact, an effective leader is concerned
not only with result or the performance of the school but also with people (Everard, Morris, &
Further, research during the past decade continues to support the role of the principal in
school success (Allen, 2003; Bolman & Deal, 2002). Meanwhile, the leadership behavior has
significant relationship with age, sex and educational attainment but has no significant relationship
with length of service and designation (Cansanay, 2004 as cited in Orsos, 2013).
On the other hand, caring leadership promotes the value of each individual in the
educational organization and enables administrators to treat each individual as a human person
The school administrator is knowledgeable in addressing the changes and creating learners
with high academic performance (DuFour, 2002). Likewise, the school administrators as chief
executive officer of the school who assumes the vital responsibility for the success of the institution
Consequently, administrators have important role to play in educational assessment for the
purpose of school improvement. The school administrators must enhance and upgrade the level of
performance of their National Achievement Test (NAT) and even the teaching performance of
their teachers, besides the school administrators are expected to be fully prepared with leadership
and managerial abilities needed for the pupil‟s achievements and performance.
School-Community Relations
Many of today's leaders in education, business and community development are coming
to realize schools alone cannot prepare our youth for productive adulthood. It is evident schools
and communities should work closely with each other to meet their mutual goals. Schools can
provide more support for students, families and staff when they are an integral part of the
community (Mitrofanova, 2004). In fact, the school and the community are the mainsprings of
effective and powerful forces that can create wholesome climate for mutual gains and betterment
(Fariñas, 2013).Titus (2004) stated that education in a multi-grade setting is doomed to failure if
the stakeholders: parents, teachers and the community at large are not invited to make a
contribution to the school. Moreover, Cuden (2013) school community members should be more
aware of how to properly deal with the feelings and attitudes of their colleagues which are reflected
on the concern for school improvements and fostering equal opportunities to all school community
members to succeed.
Sanders and Harvey (2000) cited in Henderson and Mapp(2002) studied how one urban
elementary school was able to develop partnerships with community organizations. On the other
hand, joint rural school-community projects are sustained when developed by a collaborative
commitment and diminishes tendency to leave (Tschannen-Moran, & Holy, 2000 cited in Undung,
2009; Morgan, & Hunt, 1994; cited in Park, & Henkin, 2005).
Parental involvement helps student education and the components of this involvement are
Research aimed to come up with outcomes that will help improve the current system. To
determine the effectiveness of multi-grade school system and arrive in policies and programs that
will help multi-grade schools enhance its delivery of quality education and mastery of learning to
pupils, the researchers descriptive research, determines the extent of influence of some factors on
This chapter presents the methodology used in the study. It provides discussion of the
research design, respondents, instrument, data gathering procedure, data processing, validation,
Research Design
This study made use of the descriptive correlation of research to find answers to specific
questions posed for investigation. The researcher has collected numerical data like frequencies
and percentages in order to understand, explain and predict phenomena of interest. Moreover, to
look at cause and effect and make predictions statistical treatments are done to test hypotheses.
The study aimed to assess the roles and responsibilities of the parents in the reading literacy
of grade three pupils of San Roque II Elementary School, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro.
In general, this study involved one hundred ninety-eight grade three pupils (198)
respondents in all: three (3) sections, five (5) regular permanent teachers, and one hundred ninety-
eight parents (198) of San Roque II Elementary School during the SY 2016-2017.
Research Instrument
In gathering data for this study, the researcher utilized the questionnaires as a basic material
used in this study.. However, necessary modification and revisions were done to fit and suit the
purpose of this study, which is to assess the roles and responsibilities of parents in the reading
A set of modules were prepared by the researcher using the different approach; Phonics
Approach, Marungko Approach, Claveria Approach and Reading with pictures. Questionnaires
for parents were composed of two parts; the personal data sheet with the current financial status or
the profile of teachers, parents and school heads, part 2 focuses on the modules. The respondents
were asked to finish the module before end of the school year.
A Five-point Likert Scale was utilized in the assessment of the respondents about the
variables being investigated. The respondents were asked to rate each statement and the responses
4 – Considerable extent
3 – Fair extent
2 – Limited extent
1 – No perceived evidence
The weighted mean scores were interpreted as follows:
Table 2 Index of Interpretation for the Responses
Table 2 shows the index of interpretation for the responses. It involves the numerical scale
which is the weighted mean scores and its verbal description. In 4.20 to 5.00 it is interpreted with
a very high response. 3.40 to 4.19 it is interpreted with a high response. In 2.60 to 3.39 it is
interpreted with a very moderate response. While, 1.80 to 2.59 is interpreted with a low response
For validation of the instruments, the researcher sought the help and expertise of three (3)
Master Teachers of San Roque II Elementary School for evaluation of and suggestions to the topic
for review of the given items for possible improvement. After changes and improvements have
been done in the instrument, the researcher tested its reliability using the modules in different
levels of elementary pupils of San Roque II Elementary School on selected five (5) teachers who
are not considered as respondents of the study. The instrument to be used in this study will be the
first time to be used since there is only one administration of the questionnaire to the twenty-two
obtained through a letter addressed to the school heads of San Roque II Elementary School. The
researcher should also made a personal visit to the school heads to explain the purpose of the study
and to request their assistance. Meanwhile, a letter was drafted by the researcher and distributed
it to each of the respondents explaining the process of the survey and the confidentiality therein.
They were given the questionnaires to answer. Confidentiality of the responses was ensured by not
indicating the respondents‟ names in the forms. Actual data gathering took place in December
2014 in the multi-grade schools. There were one hundred sixty (160) questionnaires administered
to the subjects of the study and the distributed questionnaires were 100% retrieved.
The following statistical techniques were used to come up with valid and reliable
interpretation of data. Frequency and percent distributions were used to describe the profile of the
respondents. The level of assessment made by the respondents in the multi-grade education was
described using the weighted mean computation. Weighted mean is a method which was employed
to interpret data from responses provided. This response was interpreted according to point scale
that was used to determine the weighted mean response on the terms provided in the questionnaire.
To establish the possible correlation between the profile and the level of assessment in the multi-
grade education, multiple regression was used. Among its different techniques, stepwise was
utilized to 0.05 level of confidence. This attempts to select the best predictor simultaneously
among several independent variables. Multiple regression analysis is a powerful technique used
for predicting the unknown value of a variable from the known value of two or more variables-
also called the predictors (Faraway, 2002). The analysis of the correlation was anchored on the
0.05 level of significance. The following intervals were used to interpret the multiple r values.
Educational Background
Elementary
Secondary
College
Graduate Studies
____________________________ _____________________
Signature Over Printed Name Date Accomplished
Grade and Section: ___________________
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