- 2 S.

462 A OR 4 5 43

United States Patent (19) 11) 4,151,431

Johnson 45) Apr. 24, 1979
(54) PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR unpaired electron spins in ferro magnetic and other
76) Inventor: Howard R. Johnson, 3300 Mt. Hope materials as a source of magnetic fields for producing
- Rd., Grass Lake, Mich. 49240 power without any electron flow as occurs in normal
21 Appl. No.: 422,306 conductors, and to permanent magnet motors for utiliz
ing this method to produce a power source. In the prac
(22) Filed: Dec. 6, 1973 tice of the invention the unpaired electron spins occur
(51) Int. Cl. ...................... HO2K 41/00; HO2N 11/00 ring within permanent magnets are utilized to produce a
52 U.S.C. ....................................... 310/12; 310/152 motive power source solely through the superconduc
(58) Field of Search............. 24/DIG. 9; 415/DIG. 2; ting characteristics of a permanent magnet and the mag
46/236; 273/118A, 119A, 120A, 121 A, 122 netic flux created by the magnets are controlled and
A, 123A, 124, 125A, 126 A, 130A, 131-A, 31 concentrated to orient the magnetic forces generated in
AD, 134 A, 135 A, 136 B, 137 AE, 138 A such a manner to do useful continuous work, such as the
(56) References Cited
displacement of a rotor with respect to a stator. The
timing and orientation of magnetic forces at the rotor
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS and stator components produced by permanent magnets
4,074,153 2/1978 Baker et al. ............................ 30/12 to produce a motor is accomplished with the proper
geometrical relationship of these components.
Primary Examiner-Donovan F. Duggan
Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Beaman & Beaman
57 ABSTRACT
The invention is directed to the method of utilizing the 28 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures

se FERRITE OF
THIS INVENTION

CONVENTIONAL
Ni FERRITE

O O 2O 3O
BIASSING MAGNETIC FIELD H (Oe)
U.S. Patent Apr. 24, 1979 Sheet 1 of 2 4,151,431
U.S. Patent Apr. 24, 1979 - Sheet 2 of 2 4,151,431
 4,151,431
1. 2
flow of magnetic positive particles or magnetic flux
PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR causes the unpaired electrons to spin at right angles.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION Under cryogenic superconduction conditions the freez
ing of the crystals in place makes it possible for the spins
The invention pertains to the field of permanent mag to continue, and in a permanent magnet the grain orien
net motor devices solely using the magnetic fields cre tation of the magnetized material results in the spins
ated thereby to product motive power. permitting them to continue and for the flux to flow
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION parallel to the metal.
In a superconductor, at first the electron is flowing
Conventional electric motors employ magnetic O and the positive particle is spinning; later, when critical,
forces to produce either rotative or linear motion. Elec the reverse occurs, i.e., the electron is spinning and the
tric motors operate on the principle that when a con positive particle is flowing at right angles. These posi
ductor is located in a magnetic field which carries cur tive particles will thread or work their way through the
rent a magnetic force is exerted upon it. electron spins present in the metal.
Normally, in a conventional electric motor, the rotor, 15 In a sense, a permanent magnet may be considered
or stator, or both, are so wired that magnetic fields the only room temperature superconductor. It is a su
created by electromagnetics may employ attraction, perconductor because the electron flow does not cease,
repulsion, or both types of magnetic forces, to impose a and this electron flow can be made to do work because
force upon the armature to cause rotation, or to cause of the magnetic field it supplies. Previously, this source
the armature to be displaced in a linear path. Conven 20 of power has not been used because it was not possible
tional electric motors may employ permanent magnets to modify the electron flow to accomplish the switching
either in the armature or stator components, but in the functions of the magnetic field. Such switching func
art heretofore known the use of permanent magnets in tions are common in a conventional electric motor
either the stator or armature require the creation of an where electrical current is employed to align the much
electromagnetic field to act upon the field produced by 25 greater electron current in the iron pole pieces and
the permanent magnets, and switching means are em concentrate the magnetic field at the proper places to
ployed to control the energization of the electromag give the thrust necessary to move the motor armature.
nets and the orientation of the magnetic fields, to pro In a conventional electric motor, switching is accom
duce the motive power. plished by the use of brushes, commutators, alternating
It is my belief that the full potential of magnetic current, or other known means.
forces existing in permanent magnets has not been rec In order to accomplish the switching function in a
ognized or utilized because of incomplete information permanent magnet motor, it is necessary to shield the
and theory with respect to the atomic motion occurring magnetic leakage so that it will not appear as too great
within a permanent magnet. It is my belief that a pres a loss factor at the wrong places. The best method to
ently unnamed atomic particle is associated with the 35 accomplish this is to use the superconductor of mag
electron movement of a superconducting electromagnet netic flux and concentrate it to the place where it will be
and the lossless current flow of Amperian currents in the most effective. Timing and switching can be
permanent magnets. The unpaired electron flow is simi achieved in a permanent magnet motor by concentrat
lar in both situations. This small particle is believed to ing the flux and using the proper geometry of the motor
be opposite in charge and to be located at right angles to rotor and stator to make most effective use of the mag
the moving electron, and the particle would be very netic fields generated by the electron spins. By the
small as to penetrate all known elements, in their vari proper combination of materials, geometry and mag
ous states as well as their known compounds, unless netic concentration, it is possible to achieve a mechani
they have unpaired electrons which capture these parti cal advantage of high ratio, greater than 100 to 1, capa
cles as they endeavor to pass therethrough. 45 ble of producing a continuous motive force.
Ferro electrons differ from those of most elements in To my knowledge, previous work done with perma
that they are unpaired, and being unpaired they spin nent magnets, and motive devices utilizing permanent
around the nucleus in such a way that they respond to magnets, have not achieved the result desired in the
magnetic fields as well as creating one themselves. If practice of the inventive concept, and it is with the
they were paired, their magnetic fields would cancel 50 proper combination of materials, geometry and mag
out. However, being unpaired they create a measurable netic concentration that the presence of the magnetic
magnetic field if their spins have been oriented in one spins within a permanent magnet may be utilized as a
direction. The spins are at right angles to their magnetic motive force.
fields.
In niobium superconductors at a critical state, the 55 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
magnetic lines of force cease to be at right angles. This It is an object of the invention to utilize the magnetic
change must be due to establishing the required condi spinning phenomenon of unpaired electrons occurring
tions for unpaired electronic spins instead of electron in ferro magnetic material to produce the movement of
flow in the conductor, and the fact that very powerful a mass in a unidirectional manner as to permit a motor
electromagnets that can be formed with superconduc to be driven solely by magnetic forces as occurring
tors illustrates the tremendous advantage of producing within permanent magnets. In the practice of the inven
the magnetic field by unpaired electron spins rather tive conceps, motors of either linear or rotative types
than conventional electron flow. may be produced.
In a superconducting metal, wherein the electrical It is an object of the invention to provide the proper
resistance becomes greater in the metal than the proton 65 combination of materials, geometry and magnetic con
resistance, the flow turns to electron spins and the posi centration to utilize the force generated by unpaired
tive particles flow parallel in the metal in the manner electron spins existing in permanent magnets to power a
occurring in a permanent magnet where a powerful motor. Whether the motor constitutes a linear embodi
 3 4,151,431
4.
ment, or a rotary embodiment, in each instance the being imposed upon the armature magnets. In this man
"stator" may consist of a plurality of permanent mag ner the speed of rotation of the rotary embodiment may
nets fixed relative to each other in space relationship to be regulated.
define a track, linear in form in the linear embodiment,
and circular in form in the rotary embodiment. An BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
armature magnet is located in spaced relationship to The aforementioned objects and advantages of the
such track defined by the stator magnets wherein an air invention will be appreciated from the following de
gap exists therebetween. The length of the armature scription and accompanying drawings wherein:
magnet is defined by poles of opposite polarity, and the FIG. 1 is a schematic view of electron flow in a su
length of the armature magnet is disposed relative to the O perconductor indicating the unpaired electron spins,
track defined by the stator magnets in the direction of FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a superconductor
the path of movement of the armature magnet as dis under a critical state illustrating the electron spins,
placed by the magnetic forces. FIG. 3 is a view of a permanent magnet illustrating
The stator magnets are so mounted that poles of like the flux movement therethrough,
polarity are disposed toward the armature magnet and 15
as the armature magnet has poles which are both at terFIG. of
4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the diame
the magnet of FIG. 3,
tracted to and repelled by the adjacent pole of the stator FIG. 5 is an elevational representation of a linear
magnets, both attraction and repulsion forces act upon motor embodiment of the permanent magnet motor of
the armature magnet to produce the relative displace the invention illustrating one position of the armature
ment between the armature and stator magnets. 20 magnet relative to the stator magnets, and indicating the
The continuing motive force producing displacement magnetic forces imposed upon the armature magnet,
between the armature and stator magnets results from
the relationship of the length of the armature magnet in placement isofatheview
FIG. 6 similar to FIG. 5 illustrating dis
armature magnet relative to the stator
the direction of its path of movement as related to the magnets, and the influence of magnetic forces thereon
dimension of the stator magnets, and the spacing there 25 at this location,
between, in the direction of the path of armature mag FIG. 7 is a further elevational view similar to FIGS.
net movement. This ratio of magnet and magnet spac 5 and 6 illustrating further displacement of the armature
ings, and with an acceptable air gap spacing between magnet to the left, and the influence of the magnetic
the stator and armature magnets, will produce a resul forces thereon,
tant force upon the airmature magnet which displaces
the armature magnet across the stator magnet along its theFIG. 8 is a top plan view of a linear embodiment of
inventive concept illustrating a pair of armature
path of movement. magnets in linked relationship disposed above the stator
In the practice of the invention movement of the magnets,
armature magnet relative to the stator magnets results FIG. 9 is a diametrical, elevational, sectional view of
from a combination of attraction and repulsion forces 35 a rotary motor embodiment in accord with the inven
existing between the stator and armature magnets. By
concentrating the magnetic fields of the stator and ar tionFIG. as taken along section IX-X of FIG. 10, and
10 is an elevational view of the rotary motor
mature magnets the motive force imposed upon the embodiment as taken along section X-X of FIG. 9.
armature magnet is intensified, and in the disclosed
embodiments such magnetic field concentration means DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
are disclosed. EMBODIMENTS
The disclosed magnetic field concentrating means
comprise a plate of high magnetic field permeability tiveInconcept,
order to better understand the theory of the inven
reference is made to FIGS. 1 through 4. In
disposed adjacent one side of the stator magnets in sub FIG. a superconductor 1 is illustrated having a posi
stantial engagement therewith. This high permeability 45 tive particle flow as represented by arrow 2, the un
material is thus disposed adjacent poles of like polarity paired electrons of the ferrous conducting material 1
of the stator magnets. The magnetic field of the arma spin at right angles to the proton flow in the conductor
ture magnet may be concentrated and directionally as represented by the spiral line and arrow 3. In accord
oriented by bowing the armature magnet, and the mag with the theory of the invention the spinning of the
netic field may further be concentrated by shaping the 50 ferrous unpaired electrons results from the atomic struc
pole ends of the armature magnet to concentrate the ture of ferrous materials and this spinning atomic parti
magnet field at a relatively limited surface at the arma cle is believed to be opposite in charge and located at
ture magnet pole ends. right angles to the moving electrons. It is assumed to be
Preferably, a plurality of armature magnets are used very small in size capable of penetrating other elements
which are staggered with respect to each other in the 55 and their compounds unless they have unpaired elec
direction of armature magnet movement. Such an off trons which capture these particles as they endeavor to
setting or staggering of the armature magnets distrib pass therethrough.
utes the impulses of force imposed upon the armature The lack of electrical resistance of conductors at a
magnets and results in a smoother application of forces critical superconductor state has long been recognized,
to the armature magnet producing a smoother and more and superconductors have been utilized to produce
uniform movement of the armature component. very high magnetic flux density electromagnets. FIG. 2
In the rotary embodiment of the permanent magnet represents a cross section of a critical superconductor
motor of the invention the stator magnets are arranged and the electron spins are indicated by the arrows 3.
in a circle, and the armature magnets rotate about the A permanent magnet may be considered a supercon
stator magnets. Means are disclosed for producing rela 65 ductor as the electron flow therein does not cease, and
tive axial displacement between the stator and armature is without resistance, and unpaired electric spinning
magnets to adjust the axial alignment thereof, and particles exist which, in the practice of the invention,
thereby regulate the magnitude of the magnetic forces are utilized to produce motor force. FIG. 3 illustrates a
 5
4,151,431
6
horseshoe shaped permanent magnet at 4 and the mag the stator magnets 12 are indicated by the light dotted
netic flux therethrough is indicated by arrows 5, the lines.
magnetic flow being from the south pole to the north The armature magnet 24 is maintained in a spaced
pole and through the magnetic material. The accumu relationship above the stator track 22. This spacing may
lated electron spins occurring about the diameter of the be accomplished by mounting the armature magnet
magnet 5 are represented at 6 in FIG. 4, and the spin upon a slide, guide or track located above the stator
ning electron particles spin at right angles in the iron as magnets, or the armature magnet could be mounted
the flux travels through the magnet material. upon a wheeled vehicle carriage or slide supported
By utilizing the electron spinning theory of ferrous upon a nonmagnetic surface or guideway disposed be
material electrons, it is possible with the proper ferro 10 tween the stator magnets and the armature magnet. To
magnetic materials, geometry and magnetic concentra clarify the illustration, the means for supporting the
tion to utilize the spinning electrons to produce a mo armature magnet 24 is not illustrated and such means
tive force in a continuous direction, thereby resulting in form no part of invention, and it is to be understood that
a motor capable of doing work. the means supporting the armature magnet prevents the
It is appreciated that the embodiments of motors 5 arnature magnet from moving away from the stator
utilizing the concepts of the invention may take many magnets, or moving closer thereto, but permits free
forms, and in the illustrated forms the basic relation movement of the armature magnet to the left or right in
ships of components are illustrated in order to disclose a direction parallel to the track 22 defined by the stator
the inventive concepts and principles. magnets.
The relationships of the plurality of magnets defining 20 It will be noted that the length of the armature mag
the stator 10 are best appreciated from FIGS. 5 through net 24 is slightly greater than the width of two of the
8. The stator magnets 12 are preferably of a rectangular stator magnets 12 and the spacing therebetween. The
configuration, FIG. 8, and so magnetized that the poles magnetic forces acting upon the armature magnet when
exist at the large surfaces of the magnets, as will be in the position of FIG. 5 will be repulsion forces 34 due
appreciated from the N (North) and S (South) designa 25 to the proximity of like polarity forces and attraction
tions. The stator magnets include side edges 14 and 16 forces at 36 because of the opposite polarity of the south
and end edges 18. The stator maglets are mounted upon pole of the armature magnet, and the north pole field of
a supporting plate 20, which is preferably of a metal the sector magnets. The relative strength of this force is
material having a high permeability to magnetic fields represented by the thickness of the force line.
and magnetic flux such as that available under the trade 30 The resultant of the force vectors imposed upon the
armature magnet as shown in FIG. 5 produce a primary
mark Netic CoNetic sold by the Perfection Mica Com force vector 38 toward the left, FIG. 5, displacing the
pany of Chicago, Illinois. Thus, the plate 20 will be armature magnet 24 toward the left. In FIG. 6 the mag
disposed toward the south pole of the stator magnets 12, netic forces acting upon the armature magnet are repre
and preferably in direct engagement therewith, al 35 sented by the same reference numerals as in FIG. 5.
though a bonding material may be interposed between While the forces 34 constitute repulsion forces tending
the magnets and the plate in order to accurately locate to move the north pole of the armature magnet away
and fix the magnets on the plate, and position the stator from the stator magnets, the attraction forces imposed
magnets with respect to each other. upon the south pole of the armature magnet and some of
Preferably, the spacing between the stator magnets 12 the repulsion forces, tend to move the armature magnet
slightly differs between adjacent stator magnets as such further to the left, and as the resultant force 38 contin
a variation in spacing varies the forces being imposed ues to be toward the left the armature magnet continues
upon the armature magnet at its ends, at any given time, to be forced to the left.
and thus results in a smoother movement of the arma FIG. 7 represents further displacement of the arma
ture magnet relative to the stator magnets. Thus, the 45 ture magnet 24 to the left with respect to the position of
stator magnets so positioned relative to each other de FIG. 6, and the magnetic forces acting thereon are
fine a track 22 having a longitudinal direction left to represented by the same reference numerals as in FGS,
right as viewed in FIGS. 5 through 8. 5 and 6, and the stator magnet will continue to move to
In FIGS. 5 through 7 only a single armature magnet the left, and such movement continues the length of the
24 is disclosed, while in FIG, 8 a pair of armature mag SO track 22 defined by the stator magnets 12.
nets are shown. For purposes of understanding the con Upon the armature magnet being reversed such that
cepts of the invention the description herein will be the north pole is positioned at the right as viewed in
limited to the use of single armature magnet as shown in FIG. 5, and the south pole is positioned at the left, the
FIGS. 5 through 7. direction of movement of the armature magnet relative
The armature magnet is of an elongated configuration 55 to the stator magnets is toward the right, and the theory
wherein the length extends from left to right, FIG. 5, of movement is identical to that described above.
and may be of a rectangular transverse cross-sectional In FIG. 8 a plurality of armature magnets 40 and 42
shape. For magnetic field concentrating and orientation are illustrated which are connected by links 44. The
purposes the magnet 24 is formed in an arcuate bowed armature magnets are of a shape and configuration iden
configuration as defined by concave surfaces 26 and tical to that of the embodiment of FIG. 5, but the mag
convex surfaces 28, and the poles are defined at the ends nets are staggered with respect to each other in the
of the magnet as will be appreciated from FIG. 5. For direction of magnet movement, i.e., the direction of the
further magnetic field concentrating purposes the ends track 22 defined by the stator magnets 12. By so stagger
of the armature magnet are shaped by beveled surfaces ing a plurality of armature magnets a smoother move
30 to minimize the cross-sectional area at the magnet 65 ment of the interconnected armature magnets is pro
ends at 32, and the magnetic flux existing between the duced as compared when using a single armature mag
poles of the armature magnet are as indicated by the net as there is variation in the forces acting upon each
light dotted lines. In like manner the magnetic fields of armature magnet as it moves above the track 22 due to
 7
4,151,431
8
the change in magnetic forces imposed thereon. The use vector tending to displace the armature magnets in their
of several armature magnets tends to "smooth out' the path of movement increases. However, the decreasing
application of forces imposed upon linked armature of the spacing between the armature and stator magnets
magnets, resulting in a smoother movement of the arma creates a "pulsation' in the movement of the armature
ture magnet assembly. Of course, any number of arma- 5 magnets which is objectionable, but can be, to some
ture magnets may be interconnected, limited only by extent, minimized by using a plurality of armature mag
the width of the stator magnet track 22. nets. The increasing of the distance between the arma
In FIGS. 9 and 10 a rotary embodiment embracing ture and stator magnets reduces the pulsation tendency
the inventive concepts is illustrated. In this embodiment of the armature magnet, but also reduces the magnitude
the principle of operation is identical to that described 10 of the magnetic forces imposed upon the armature mag
above, but the orientation of the stator and armature nets. Thus, the most effective spacing between the ar
magnets is such that rotation of the armature magnets is mature magnets. Thus, the most effective spacing be
produced about an axis, rather than a linear movement tween the armature and stator magnets is that spacing
being achieved. which produces the maximum force vector in the direc
In FIGS. 9 and 10 a base is represented at 46 serving 15 tion of armature magnet movement, with a minimum
as a support for a stator member 48. The stator member creation of objectionable pulsation.
48 is made of a nonmagnetic material, such as synthetic In the disclosed embodiments the high permeability
plastic, aluminum, or the like. The stator includes a plate 20 and sleeve 56 are disclosed for concentrating
cylindrical surface 50 having an axis, and a threaded the magnetic field of the stator magnets, and the arma
bore 52 is concentrically defined in the stator. The sta- 20 ture magnets are bowed and have shaped ends for mag
tor includes an annular groove 54 receiving an annular netic field concentration purposes. While such magnetic
sleeve 56 of high magnetic field permeability material field concentration means result in higher forces im
such as Netic Co-Netic and a plurality of stator magnets posed upon the armature magnets for given magnet
58 are affixed upon the sleeve 56 in spaced circumferen intensities, it is not intended that the inventive concepts
tial relationship as will be apparent in FIG. 10. Prefera- 25 be limited to the use of such magnetic field concentrat
bly, the stator magnets 58 are formed with converging ing means.
radial sides as to be of a wedge configuration having a As will be appreciated from the above description of
curved inner surface engaging sleeve 56, and a convex the invention, the movement of the armature magnet or
outer pole surface 60. magnets resultsfrom the described relationship of com
The armature 62, in the illustrated embodiment, is of 30 ponents. The length of the armature magnets as related
a dished configuration having a radial web portion, and to the width of the stator magnets and spacing therebe
an axially extending portion 64. The armature 62 is tween, the dimension of the air gap and the configura
formed of a nonmagnetic material, and an annular belt tion of the magnetic field, combined, produce the de
receiving groove 66 is defined therein for receiving a sired result and motion. The inventive concepts may be
belt for transmitting power from the armature to a gen- 35 practiced even though these relationships may be varied
erator, or other power consuming device. Three arma within limits not yet defined and the invention is in
ture magnets 68 are mounted on the armature portion tended to encompass all dimensional relationships
64, and such magnets are of a configuration similar to which achieve the desired goal of armature movement.
the armature magnet configuration of FIGS. 5 through By way of example, with respect to FIGS. 4-7, the
7. The magnets 68 are staggered with respect to each 40 following dimensions were used in an operating proto
other in a circumferential direction wherein the mag type:
nets are not disposed as 120" circumferential relation The length of armature magnet 24 is 3", the stator
ships to each other. Rather, a slight angular staggering magnets 12 are 1' wide, ' thick and 4" long and grain
of the armature magnets is desirable to "smooth out' oriented. The air gap between the poles of the armature
the magnetic forces being imposed upon the armature as 45 magnet and the stator magnets is approximately 1 '' and
a result of the magnetic forces being simultaneously the spacing between the stator magnets is approxi
imposed upon each of the armature magnets. The stag mately '' inch.
gering of the armature magnets 68 in a circumferential In effect, the stator magnets define a magnetic field
direction produces the same effect as the staggering of track of a single polarity transversely interrupted at
the armature magnets 40 and 42 as shown in FIG. 8. 50 spaced locations by the magnetic fields produced by the
The armature 62 is mounted upon a threaded shaft 70 lines of force existing between the poles of the stator
by antifriction bearings 72, and the shaft 70 is threaded magnets and the unidirectional force exerted on the
into the stator threaded bore 52, and may be rotated by armature magnet is a result of the repulsion and attrac
the knob 74. In this manner rotation of the knob 74, and tion forces existing as the armature magnet traverses
shaft 70, axially displaces the armature 62 with respect 55 this magnetic field track.
to the stator magnets 58, and such axial displacement It is to be understood that the inventive conceptem
will very the magnitude of the magnetic forces imposed braces an arrangement wherein the armature magnet
upon the armature magnets 68 by the stator magnets component is stationary and the stator assembly is sup
thereby controlling the speed of rotation of the arma ported for movement and constitutes the moving com
tute. 60 ponent, and other variations of the inventive concept
As will be noted from FIGS. 4-7 and 9 and 10, an air will be apparent to those skilled in the art without de
gap exists between the armature magnet or magnets and parting from the scope thereof. As used herein the term
the stator magnets and the dimension of this spacing, "track' is intended to include both linear and circular
effects the magnitude of the forces imposed upon the arrangements of the static magnets, and the "direction'
armature magnet or magnets. If the distance between 65 or "length" of the track is that direction parallel or
the armature magents, and the stator magnets is reduced concentric to the intended direction of armature magnet
the forces imposed upon the armature magnets by the novement.
stator magnets are increased, and the resultant force I claim:
 4,151,431
10
1. A permanent magnet motor comprising, in combi 13. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 12
nation, a stator track defining a track direction and wherein said armature magnets are circumferentially
having first and second sides and composed of a plural nonuniformily spaced on said armature.
ity of track permanent magnets each having first and 14. A permanent magnet motor comprising, in combi
second poles of opposite polarity, said magnets being nation, a stator comprising a plurality of circumferen
disposed in side-by-side relationship having a spacing tially spaced stator permanent magnets having poles of
between adjacent magnets and like poles defining said opposite polarity, said magnets being arranged to sub
track sides, an elongated armature permanent magnet stantially define a circle having an axis, the poles of said
located on one of said track sides for relative movement magnets facing in a radial direction with respect to said
thereto and in spaced relationship to said track side 10 axis and poles of the same polarity facing away from
wherein an air gap exists between said armature magnet said axis and the poles of opposite polarity facing
and said track magnets, said armature magnet having toward said axis, an armature mounted for rotation
first and second poles of opposite polarity located at the about said axis and diposed adjacent said stator, at least
opposite ends of said armature magnet defining the 15 one armature permanent magnet having poles of oppo
length thereof, the length of said armature magnet being site polarity mounted on said armature and in radial
disposed in a direction in general alignment with the spaced relationship to said circle of stator magnets, said
direction of said track, the spacing of said armature arnature magnet poles extending in the circumferential
magnet poles from said track associated side and the direction of armature rotation, the spacing of said arma
ture magnet poles from said stator magnets and the
length of said armature magnet as related to the width 20 circumferential length of said armature magnet and the
and spacing of said track magnets in the direction of said spacing of said stator magnets being such as to impose a
track being such as to impose a continuous force on said continuing circumferential
armature magnet in said general direction of said track. net tu rotate said armature.force on said armature mag
2. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein 15. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14
the spacing between said poles of said armature magnet 25 wherein
and the adjacent stator track side are substantially equal. upon saida armature.
plurality of armature magnets are mounted
3. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein 16. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14
the spacing between adjacent track magnets varies. wherein said armature magnets are asymmetrically cir
4. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein cumferentially spaced on said armature.
a plurality of armature magnets are disposed on a com 17. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14
mon side of said stator track, said armature magnets wherein the poles of said armature magnet are shaped to
being mechanically interconnected. concentrate the magnetic field thereof.
5. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 4 wherein 18. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14, mag
said armature magnets are staggered with respect to netic field concentrating means associated with said
each other in the direction of said track. 35 stator magnets concentrating the magnetic fields
6. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein thereof at the spacings between adjacent stator mag
magnetic field concentrating means are associated with nets.
said track magnets. 19. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 18
7. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 6 wherein wherein said magnet field concentrating means com
said field concentrating means comprises a sheet of 40 prises an annular ring of high magnetic field permeabil
magnetic material of high magnetic field permeability ity material concentric with said axis and in substantial
engaging side and pole of said track magnets opposite to engagement with poles of like polarity of said stator
that side and pole disposed toward said armature mag magnets.
et. 20. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14
8. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein 45 wherein said armature magnet is of an arcuate bowed
said armature magnet is of an arcuate configuration in configuration in the direction of said poles thereof de
its longitudinal direction bowed toward said track, said fining a concave side and a convex side, said concave
said armature magnet having ends shaped to concen side being disposed toward said axis, and said poles of
trate the magnetic field at said ends. said armature magnet being shaped to concentrate the
9. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 wherein magnetic field between said poles thereof.
said stator track is of a generally linear configuration, 21. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 14,
and means supporting said armature magnet relative to means for axially displacing said stator and armature
relative to each other to adjust the axial alignment of
said track for generally linear movement of said arma said stator and armature magnets.
ture magnet.
10. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 1 force The 22. method of producing a unidirectional motive
55
by permanent
wherein said stator track magnets define a circle having stator permanent magnets magnets using a plurality of spaced
an axis, an armature rotatably mounted with respect to poles defining a track having ahaving opposite polarity
predetermined direction,
said track and concentric and coaxial thereto, said arma and an armature magnet having a length defined by
ture magnet being mounted upon said armature. poles of opposite polarity movably mounted for move
11. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 10, ment relative to the track in the direction thereof, and of
means axially adjusting said armature relative to said a predetermined length determined by the width and
track whereby the axial relationship of said armature dimensions of said stator magnets comprising forming a
magnet and said stator magnets may be varied to adjust magnetic field track by said stator magnets having a
the rate of rotation of said armature. 65 magnetic field of common polarity interrupted at
12. In a permanent magnet motor as in claim 10 spaced locations in a direction transverse to the direc
wherein a plurality of armature magnets are mounted tion of said magnetic field track by magnetic fields cre
on said armature. ated by magnetic lines of force existing between the
 1. 4,151,431
poles of the stator magnets and positioning the armature 12
magnet in spaced relation to said magnetic field track magnetic field existing between the poles of the arma
ture magnet.
longitudinally related to the direction of the magnetic 26. The method of producing a motive force by per
field track such a distance that the repulsion and attrac manent magnets wherein the unpaired electron spinning
tion forces imposed on the armature magnet by said particles existing within a permanent magnet are uti.
magnetic field track inposes a continuing unidirectional lized for producing a motive force comprising forming
force on the armature magnet in the direction of the a stator magnetic field track by means of at least one
magnetic field track, permanent magnet, producing an armature magnetic
23. The method of producing a unidirectional motive field by means of a permament magnet and shaping and
force as in claim 22 including concentrating the mag 10 locating said magnetic fields in such a manner as to
netic fields created by magnetic lines of force between produce relative continuous unidirectional motion be
the poles of the stator magnets, tween said stator and armature field producing magnets.
24. The method of producing a unidirectional motive 27. The method of producing a motive force by per
force as in claim 22 including concentrating the mag manent magnets as in claim 26 wherein said stator mag
netic field existing between the poles of the armature S netic field is substantially of a single polarity.
magnet.
25. The method of producing a unidirectional motive 28. The method of producing a motive force by per
force as in claim 22 including concentrating the mag manent magnets as in claim 26 including concentrating
netic fields created by magnetic lines of force between the magnetic field of said stator field track and armature
magnetic field.
the poles of the stator magnets and concentrating the 20 s

25

30

35

45

50

55

65
—
UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
PATENT NO. : 4, 15l, 43l
DATED : April 24, l979
INVENTOR(S) . Howard R. Johnson
It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent
is hereby Corrected as shown below:
The title page should be deleted to insert the attached title
page therefor.
Column l2, claims 26, 27 and 28 should be deleted inclusively.
eigned and Sealed this
Twenty-sixth O 2 y O f August 1980
SEAL
Attest:

SIDNEY A. DAMOND

Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks

United States Patent (19) 11 45:43
Johnson 45) Apr. 24, 1979

(54) PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR unpaired electron spins in ferro magnetic and other
materials as a source of magnetic fields for producing
76) Inventor: Howard R. Johnson, 3300 Mt. Hope power without any electron flow as occurs in normal
Rd., Grass Lake, Mich. 49240 conductors, and to permanent magnet motors for utiliz
(21) Appl. No.: 422,306 ing this method to produce a power source. In the prac
(22 Filed: Dec. 6, 1973 tice of the invention the unpaired electron spins occur
ring within permanent magnets are utilized to produce a
5i) int. C. ...................... H02K 41/00; H02N 11/00 motive power source solely through the superconduc
52 U.S. Cl. ....................................... 310/12; 310/152 ting characteristics of a permanent magnet and the mag
58) Field of Search ............. 24/DIG. 9; 415/DIG. 2; netic flux created by the magnets are controlled and
46/236; 273/118 A, 119 A, 120 A, 12 A, 122 concentrated to orient the magnetic forces generated in
A, 123A, 124, 125A, 126 A, 130 A, 31 A, 131 such a manner to do useful continuous work, such as the
AD, 134 A, 135 A, 136 B, 137 AE, 138 A displacement of a rotor with respect to a stator. The
(56) References Cited timing and orientation of magnetic forces at the rotor
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS and stator components produced by permanent magnets
4,074, 53 2/1978 Baker et al. ............................ 310/12
to produce a motor is accomplished with the proper
geometrical relationship of these components.
Primary Examiner-Donovan F. Duggan
Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Beaman & Beaman
(57) ABSTRACT
The invention is directed to the method of utilizing the 25 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures