Information Security in IOT Devices Using Light

Weight Cryptography
Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology

In

Computer Science and Engineering

By

Tejansh Dalal (151377)

Paras Verma (151407)

under the supervision of

Dr. Ravindara Bhatt

To

Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Information Technology

Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Solan-173234,

Himachal Pradesh
CERTIFICATE
Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “Information Security in
IOT Devices Using Light Weight Cryptography” in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering submitted in the department of Computer Science & Engineering and
Information Technology, Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat is an
authentic record of my own work carried out over a period from August 2018 to December
2018 under the supervision of Dr. Ravindara Bhatt Associate Professor ,Department of
CSE and IT.

The matter embodied in the report has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or
diploma.

Tejansh Dalal (151377) Paras Verma (151407)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is true to the best of my
knowledge.

Dr. Ravindara Bhatt

Senior Grade

Department of CSE and IT

Dated:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project supervisor Dr. Ravindara Bhatt
for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted cooperation and direction
throughout the duration of our project.

We deeply express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Prof. Dr. Satya Prakash
Ghrera for encouraging and allowing us to present the project on the topic “Information
Security in IOT Devices Using Light Weight Cryptography” at our department premises for
the partial fulfillment of the requirements leading to the award of BTech degree.

At the end I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends and others who helped me
directly or indirectly during this project work.

Date:
Tejansh Dalal (151377)
Paras Verma (151407)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ....................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ii

LIST OFABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... iv

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. v

LIST OF GRAPHS .............................................................................................. vi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION 1
PROBLEM STATEMENT 4
OBJECTIVES 5
METHODOLOGY 6

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY 9

CHAPTER-3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 20

ADVANCED ENCRYPTIONSTANDARD (AES) 25

PRESENT 28
DATA ENCRYPTIONSTANDARD (DES) 31
DESL 34
CHAPTER-4 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 35

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION 42
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
IoT Internet Of Things
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
TEA Tiny Encryption Algorithm
HIGHT High security and lightweight
QoS Quality of service
RFID Radio-Frequency Identification
UDP User Datagram Protocol
ECC Elliptic Curve Cryptography
DES Data Encryption Standard
FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard
SEA Scalable Encryption Algorithm
CoAP Constrained Application Protocol
LIST OF FIGURES:

1.) LITERATURE SURVEY ........................................................................... 9

Encryption-based Countermeasure against attack on data collection… ..................................13

Example of lightweight cryptography applications ................................................................. 13

An example of block cipher mode of operation… ................................................................... 15

Demonstration of Present Algorithm ...................................................................................... 22

2.) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Light-weight cryptographic primitives .................................................................................... 23

Schematic of A.E.S structure ................................................................................................... 26

Encryption Process of A.E.S .................................................................................................... 27

Present Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 28

D.E.S………. ....................................................................................................................................... 31
LIST OF GRAPHS

1.) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ........................................... 43

Code size of ciphers in bytes................................................................................38
Cycle count of ciphers..........................................................................................40
Throughput of encryption and decryption… ....................................................... 41
Throughput code size ratio of encryption & decryption… ................................. 41
LIST OF TABLES

1.) INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….1
1.1) Comparison of symmetric Lightweight Cryptography algorithms ……………7
2.) LITERATURE SURVEY…………………………………………….9
2.1) The Comparison of Light weight Cryptographic Algorithms………………..12
3.) SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT .............................................................. 20
3.1) some light-weight cryptographic algorithms .................................................. 24
4.) PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS………………………………………35
4.1)Memory allocation of program code in Flash in bytes .................................. 38
4.2) Performance of encryption and decryption in measured CPU cycles .......... 39
4.3) Throughput of encryption .............................................................................39
4.4) Throughput of decryption ............................................................................. 40
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a contemporary technology that is the unborn of the next era of
the internet which hooks various physical objects that convey with each other without the aid of
human relations.
With the IoT system that exercises the data worth in the real world, the data encapsulated from
devices can also be a prey of cyber-attacks.

Security plays major role in network to preclude the unauthorized seize, misapply of data, cover
and data, alterations etc. All layer in IoT frame security considered, are very important from
viewpoint of crafting criteria from bottom label to top label. IoT usage is becoming very
necessary in day to day culture such as healthcare.

IoT applications is serviceable to people but if the IoT system can't shield the user data from
hacker, and preys. Lightweight encryption is a sector of traditional cryptographic algorithms that
are relevant for expedient constrained devices in IoT.

Work Related to lightweight techniques used for secure data transfer is explained in this report.
 CHAPTER- 1

INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT)” or “Smart Object” networks a fresh computing setting, has made lots of
forced devices to be connected to web. The devices interact with one another by the network and
provide new skills to us. So as to fancy this fresh setting, forced nodes security is very vital. The
network will be compromised hugely and may get damaged, if there is concession in one in
every of the nodes. But, because of the extent of resources of forced devices, it is very tough to
instrument easy scientific cryptographic bash.

Small computing devices like Radio Frequency Identification (R.F.I.D) tags, industrial
controllers, detector nodes and sensible cards, their preparation is becoming very common these
days. The shift from PC to tiny devices shows a very good contrast of present security and
privacy considerations. It's extremely hard to use standard crypto logical standards to small
devices. It is very tough or even impossible to instrument the resources constrained devices
because in many standard crypto logical standards, the barter between security, performance and
resource needs is optimized for PC and server environments. The performance may not be up to
the mark, once they are implemented.

Lightweight cryptography could be a sub-field of cryptography that directs to produce results

customized for resource extent devices. There has been a huge quantity of labour done by the
tutorial community chummed with lightweight cryptography; it involves frugal implementations
of easy cryptography standards, and therefore the style and analysis of current lightweight
algorithms and protocols.

For assured communication, Cryptography and covert writing are used for a hundred of years.
Throughout history, the best leverage on cover writing is done by military communication and
therefore the advancements there from. The requirement for assured industrial and peculiar
communication has been juncture. Age that began within the 1980 though the Internet had been
absurd within the late 1960’s; it didn't expand until the globe Wide Internet was used in 1989.
The globe Wide Internet is a consort electronic protocol that allows folks to state mail,

1
Information and commerce through a electronic medium. An unimaginable ache for information
security has been caused by this new policy of data. A proper agreement of cryptography and its
covert writing can ease folks evolve higher ways to protect important data as technology
becomes faster and more strong.

Internet of Things (IOT) may be unfamiliar worldwide but it’s promptly creating advancements
within the ground of up-to-date fragile media communication. IoT may be an international
motion that data, processes, unites people and objects to produce network connections that area
unit additional pertinent and useful than ever before. The flexibility to transfer knowledge over a
mesh while not demanding human-to-computer or human-to-human interactions is given by a
network of reticular computing objects, like sensors, R.F.I.D tags, actuators, and cell phones;
digital machines.

IoT can produce approx $3000 billion in earning until 2020, According to a report. Moreover,
the quantity of smart phones and tablets can bypass 7.03 billion units by 2020. Wherever a large
bulk of info is transferred through a mesh, these devices can create a big and tangled network. As
IoT is cultivating promptly, it pans risks and disputes, like a way to grip large quantity of info,
address security peril, and the way to encrypt/decrypt of big information.

To address these challenges when several sensible devices are connected in an IoT surroundings,
the increasing demand for the utilization of applicable cryptographic answer into the embedded
applications. However, these sensible devices typically have forced resources or they will be
known as low-resource devices with reference to their low computation power, restricted battery
life, small size, little memory, and restricted power provide.
Moreover, the tight constrains inherent the mass developments of sensible devices that clogging
the necessities of developing a replacement cryptanalytic algorithmic rule, that performs sturdy
security mechanism, encryption/decryption, with low power applications and different
functionalities for the pervasive computing. This new research space is referred as light-weight
cryptography.

2
The two main reasons for switching to new technology for IoT are listed below.

“Efficiency of end-to-end communications” to use the light-weight symmetry key formula so as

to realize end-to-end security and with lower power consumption within the low resources
devices.

“Adoptability in low resources smart devices” - Lightweight cryptography’s footprints are a lot
of smaller than classical ones. It's the probabilities of additional network reference to lower
resource sensible devices.

Cryptographic technologies are advancing: new techniques on attack, design and implementation
are extensively studied. One of the state-of-the-art techniques is “Lightweight Cryptography
(LWC)”. Lightweight cryptography is a cryptographic algorithm or protocol tailored for
implementation in constrained environments including RFID tags, sensors, contactless smart
cards, health-care devices and so on.
Cryptography and secret writing are used for secure communication for thousands of years.
Throughout history, military communication has had the best influence on secret writing and
therefore the advancements there from. The requirement for secure industrial and personal
communication has been junction. Age, that began within the 1980's. though the net had been
unreal within the late 1960's, it didn't gain a public face till the globe Wide net was unreal in
1989.

The hardware implementations of lightweight cryptography, energy consumption and/or chip

size are the important measures to evaluate the lightweight properties. In software
implementations, the smaller code and/or RAM size are preferable for the lightweight
applications.

Light-weight cryptography also delivers adequate security. Light-weight cryptography does not
always exploit the security-efficiency trade-offs. We have tendency to report recent technologies
of light-weight cryptographic primitives.

3
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Lightweight cryptography has been a awfully necessary for the previous couple of years, driven
by the shortage of primitives capable to run on devices with terribly low computing power. we
are able to suppose for example of RFID tags, devices in wireless sensor network or, a lot of
typically, tiny internet-enabled appliances expected to flood the markets because the web of
Things (IoT) arises.

Many cryptographers have self-addressed these problems by suggesting light-weight stream

ciphers, block ciphers, hash operate and recently one-pass authenticated secret writing.

Now one day IoT is accepting homes, work spaces, social spaces or business companies that can
open the doors of security and privacy challenges. Therefore, due to security and privacy issues,
the main reasons for IoT operational reasons are being found. If damaged, the concept can be
avoided that the IoT has an attacker. Many attacks on IoT are like anger, spoofing, service
denied, executing attacks, fake signals are injection. These attacks can crush IoT privacy,
integrity, and authentication protection services; In addition, it will affect the privacy of users.
The IoT provides an early security solution based on each layer, the area of this area is still
sensitive to attacks.

Traditional corruption and verification schemes do not match well on its unique resources such
as power, real-time implementation in the IOT situation. Therefore, IOL is well-known in
lightweight cryptography solutions. There are various types of lightweight centro-symmetric and
unwanted cryptography algorithms such as AES, HIGHT, RC5, Present, RSA, ECC and many in
literature. This current solution does not guarantee affiliate at maximum level of security in real-
time communication for a lot of time processing, code length, and memory needs. The execution
time includes key management and time for distribution, encoding and image that decides the
protocol's effectiveness. Measures gradually measuring their large key size negatively on the
Ecuadorian square scale, while the Center for the symmetric algorithm will provide
confidentiality and integrity completely, however no confirmation will be rejected. This will
bring real-time information and impact on the process and use its resources.

4
OBJECTIVE
A safe solution that will require less power.

A safe and secure solution that is less dangerous than current attacks

Design new ciphers with the goal of having low hardware implementation costs.
Efficiency of end-to-end communication. Application of the lightweight symmetric key
algorithm allows lower energy consumption for end devices.

The security services required to be maintained in IoT so as to enhance the trust of users are
Confidentiality: “Data at rest or in transit is only accessible to the sender or receiver.”
Integrity: “While data is in transmission no intruder is able to modify the original contents of
the data.”
Authentication: “The identity of the sender should be verified to the receiver to judge the
validity of data.”
Authorization: “Only legitimate users are able to access the resources of the IoT and maintain
connect among others.”

5
METHODOLOGY

Symmetric Lightweight Algorithms For IoT

Advancеd Encryption Standard (AES): AES is usеd as an inbuilt solution in COAP at

application layеr. It is a symmеtric block ciphеr givеn by NIST. It usеs substitution pеrmutation
nеtwork and works on 4*4 matrix having block lеngth of 128 bits. Evеry bytе gеts affеctеd by
subbytеs, shiftrows, MixеdColumns, AddRoundKеy. Kеy sizе than can bе usеd is 128, 192, 256
bits. AES is still vulnеrablе to man-in-middlе attack.

High sеcurity and lightwеight (HIGHT): Hight usеs vеry basic opеrations likе addition mod
2^8 or XOR to work for Fеistеl nеtwork. It has a block sizе of 64 bits, work in 32 rounds on128
bit kеys. Its kеys arе gеnеratеd whilе еncryption and dеcryption phasе. A parallеl
implеmеntation of higth was proposеd that rеquirеs lеss powеr, mеntionеd in fеw linеs of codе,
and improvеs spееd for RFID systеms. Higth is vulnеrablе to saturation attack.

Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA): TEA is usеd for constrainеd еnvironmеnts likе sеnsor
nеtworks or smart things. It is writtеn in vеry fеw linеs of codе. It doеs not usе a complеx
program but rеquirеs simplе opеrations of XOR, adding and shifting. It usеs a block sizе of 64
bits and 128 bit kеys and doеs not makе usе of еxisting tablеs or any prеdеfinеd computations.
Numbеr of variants еxists for TEA likе еxtеndеd TEA, Block TEA and so on. Thеsе еxtеnsions
try to rеsolvе thе problеms in original TEA likе еquivalеnt kеys. But still duе to its simplе
opеrations TEA and its variant arе suscеptiblе to numbеr of attacks.

PRESENT: It is basеd on SPN and is usеd as ultra lightwеight algorithm for sеcurity. It works
on substitution layеr usеs 4-bit input and output S-boxеs for hardwarе optimization. It has kеy
sizе of 80 or 128 bits and opеratеs on 64-bit blocks. PRESENT has bееn prеsеntеd as a
lightwеight cryptography solution in “Lightwеight Cryptography”. PRESENT is vulnеrablе to
diffеrеntial attack on 26 out of thе 31 rounds.

6
RC5: It was first coinеd by Rivеst for rotations that arе data indеpеndеnt. It possеs Fеistеl
structurе and can work wеll as lightwеight algorithm as it is usеd in wirеlеss sеnsor scеnarios.
RC5 is considеrеd as w/r/b, whеrе w rеfеrs to word sizе, r stands for numbеr of working rounds,
and b will tеll about thе numbеr of bytеs in еncryption kеy. RC5 gеnеrally works on 32 bit sizе
but its variants can bе 16, 32, 64. It can work for 0, 1, .., 255 rounds using 0,1,..255 kеy bytеs.
Standard kеy sizе is 16 bytе on 20 rounds of opеration. RC5 is vulnеrablе to diffеrеntial attack.

Comparison of symmеtric Lightweight Cryptography algorithms in IOT

7
Asymmetric Light-weight Algorithms for IoT

RSA: -
RSS works on a public and private key pair by choosing two major key numbers. Find out their
modules and select their encryption keys and thus calculate the key of the dishonest. Public key
is published openly while private key is stored.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC): It requires less key size as compared to RSA. Hence it
has fast processing and less storage requirements. is built on a geographic system where it takes
two points on the LCD curve. The key used to use Disclaimer Cost is used to key the key. Secure
hardware processing on ECC is offered for small areas that will get faster in real time. ECC is
optimized 6LoWPAN working on its complex zip operation. Instead of using micro-processor
operations for multiplying, a small transition is used to optimize for the use of less powerful
devices.

8
 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms for IoT

IoT is rising by time, in this increasing era of modern things. modern things may be any physical
objects like phone, laptop, AC, charger and lots of additional. IoT may be outlined as a network
of unambiguously acknowledgeable, accessible, and manageable sensible things that are capable
of communication, computation and supreme higher cognitive process. Things in IoT may be
connected via wireless connections.

The IoT needs components to start communication between devices. Objects got to be increased
with an Auto-ID technology, generally an RFID tag, so the item is unambiguously identifiable.
RFID tag permits the item to wirelessly communicate sure kinds of info, that leads us to a
different demand – the power to watch data. RFID tags will be passive, active, or battery assisted
passive tags .An active tag has an on board battery and sporadically transmits its ID signal and
hold on info. a full of life reader’s operating vary will be adjusted from 1m to tens of meters,
permitting flexibility in applications like quality direction and management. as a result of its
multi beholding, non-line of sight, and high cost-effectiveness, RFID has been wide used for
indoor localization to IoT real-time locating applications. The risks involved and services given
by RFID systems are protected by cryptographically securing data using light weight algorithms.
The risks addressed by the deployment of secure RFID tags include .

9
1. Counterfeit goods. Cryptography is employed to form RFID tags troublesome to clone or
modify. the complete counterfeit craft engines, the risks and liability problems concerned are
troublesome to even measure.

2. Secure logging. Tamper resistant recording of environmental data such the temperature is
significant in offer chain management of merchandise like recent goods and medical supplies.

3. Privacy protection. The Electronic Product Code (EPC) used in Gen2 differs from product
bar codes in that it is indeed unique. It may be used to track an individual tag. This cause raise in
serious privacy issues if such tags are attached to personal items. Therefore the RFID tag should
also identify the reader as trusted before traceable information.

4. Returns. When a tag is returned to a store or manufacturer an authenticated reset/write

mechanism allows it to be reused. The tags maintain some quantity of persistent memory;
browse, write and lock operations to the current memory should be authenticated to forestall
tamper and unauthorized modification. authenticated reads permit information to be visible just
for the tags owner.

2.1.1 Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms designed for implementation in constrained

environments where low power and memory is there including sensors, healthcare devices, RFID
tags, etc. In hardware implementations, device memory and power consumption are the
important things to measure the lightweight properties. In software implementations, the light
code or low RAM size are preferred for the lightweight applications. The implementation
properties, the light-weight primitives’ area unit superior to standard cryptographic ones. light-
weight cryptography additionally delivers adequate security. light-weight cryptography doesn't
continuously exploit the security-efficiency trade-offs. The report of recent technologies of light-
weight cryptographical primitives. Nowadays, within the space of light-weight block cipher a
number of the light-weight block ciphers are projected, like present, LBlock, TWINE , KLEIN,
MIBS, LED, PRINCE, Piccolo, ITUbee , EPCBC, PRINT cipher and RECT- ANGLE.
Structures of those light-weight ciphers as like traditional block ciphers are typically developed
into 2 main classical structures: SPNs and Feistel-type structures.

10
The SPN structure is formed via round function on the full information block. The slow diffusion
of the normal Feistel- sort structures has some security issues. Therefore, to unravel these issues
the ciphers in ancient Feistel-type structures plenty of rounds in distinction to the ciphers
supported SPNs is needed; so, this will increase energy consumption. still, compared to SPNs,
the standard feistel-type structures have additional features.
• it has a little and easy round function.
• it's a similar program for encryption and decipherment processes to cut back decipherment
implementation price.

Need for light Weight Cryptography Algorithms in IoT

1. Reliability of end-to-end communication: To get security of the data transmitted. For the
low powered devices, the cryptographic operation with a restricted quantity of energy
consumption is very important.

2. Applicability to lower resource devices: The light-weight cryptographic primitives would

open prospects of a lot of network connections with lower resource devices. The light-weight
cryptographic primitives are smaller than the standard cryptographic ones. However, lowest
price devices will embed solely application-specific ICs because of restricted price and power
consumption, wherever hardware properties are crucially necessary.

11
The below Table illustrates the Comparison of Light weight Cryptographic Algorithms

12
Lightweight Cryptography Applicable to Various IoT Devices
Security Threats and Countermeasures for IoT, (Based on Encryption)
The real security risk of the IOT system from the standard IT system is that the real-world
information diagnostics tools will also become the target of cyber tax. For example, by applying
information from different types of sensors through the purpose of implementing IOTs on a
plant, put in production equipment’s and analyzing it and running automatic management
management in real time. Improve productivity and stability. If the information of the sensing
element should be incorrect in this method, the result of false analysis will be encouraged and the
result of an incorrect management will result in a large loss in consequence. In addition, after
measuring information and management commands, it is learned that trade and production
related secrets are essential to prevent writing.
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13
Crack typing means to handle the elements of the element, to enforce the protection of
information for privacy and integrity, which may have a good measure of risk. Lightweight
cryptography is the acceptance of the Safe-Graphic application, even limited resource tools. The
cryptography is already applied standard ally on the link layer layer on a mobile phone such as a
mobile phone. Even in that case, under the application layer, it is effective to safeguard the
information from the device to the end to the end of the device, and safeguard security safely
from the communication system.

Lightweight Cryptography
Requirements for Lightweight Cryptography
The following factors require the lightweight script in the execution.
• Size
• Power
• Power consumption
• process speed
The first problem is determining the opportunity to apply to a device. Power is especially
important with RFID and devices with power components, while power consumption is very
important with battery-based devices. It is necessary for high performance. With a large transfer
of information, devices such as cameras or a vibration detection element are very important for
the real-time management process of low-delay vehicle control systems.

With compatible security, the writing is that the technical purpose for the original purpose of the
general system is to adopt lightweight cryptographics technology that has been estimated to have
a considerable level of security from estimated contemporary cryptography. It is even when
length or length of secret length is applied to request a minimum quality corruption.

14
Symmetric Key and Public Key Cryptographies

The cryptography can be divided into symmetric and public key cryptography. For symmetric it
uses the same secret key for encoding and decoding. In contrast, the public key uses a secret key
in cryptography coding and separates the common key from the secret encryption key, and it is
difficult. The general public key-optimization computer standards are generally more than 1,000
times the correct key of the key, but this technology is also used in the secret key cryptography
and the secret key used in your digital signature. On the contrary, with a system that has
communication of dynamic communication with some parts, such as communication systems
between vehicles, public key recording services are effective. Synthetic key cryptography
consists mainly of basic functions such as block or flow, and the methods used to use the basic
function in a packet are called operation blocking mode for coding and / or verification.

15
Lightweight Cryptographic Measures for IoT

The IoT network uses the network to connect and communicate between the things connected to
the IoT network. After making a real-time conversation, IoT is much more involved in the extra
work. Many architectures were proposed for the improvement IoT. The authors have described
three stratified constructions architectures that IOT have. The three layers of the network are
network layer, application layer and idea layer. A five-layer construction was proposed that
included processing, business, applications, decisions and transport layers.
A wide range of data is shared between you and the user's request requirements. Therefore, the
security and privacy of the IoT are more complex than other networks because the user's
personal info is shared like location and other informations. It is important to maintain security
services in the IoT so that the user can gain confidence.

Confidentiality: Only the sender or receiver has access to the data which is in transit.
Integrity: While the data is transmitting, no one can edit the original information of the data.
Authentication: The identifier of the sender for the identification of the database must be
verified to the recipient.
Authorization: Only valid users can access the IOT resources and maintain the relationship
between them.

The security architecture was analyzed to save conversion data between business partners and
guarantee the aforementioned services. An inspection arc of security and quality was also
presented, but there is still the challenge of organizing the open data in the IOT. As it consists of
multiple attachments, the standard architecture is based on all things with four layers. In each
layer, the protocol will provide a protection protocol, which will help protect security services
from one layer to the data.

16
Advanced Lightweight Data Encryption Technique
The increasing use of pervasive devices within the field of electronics has raised the issues
regarding security. In embedded applications, implementing a full-fledged cryptographic
surroundings wouldn't be sensible thanks to the constraints like power dissipation, security,
value and space, as a result of these constraints, the main target is on using light-weight
cryptography. Cryptography could be a methodology that has been developed for transferring
information securely.
Cryptography currently plays an progressively necessary role in trendy society, and it's essential
to unravel issues that involve authentication, integrity, secrecy, and dishonest entities. In digital
communications, the information is distributed through the wires or air and so it's not from
eavesdropping. Therefore, confidentiality of the transferring data is of maximum importance.
encoding could be a method that that's aimed to be sent to encrypted data using a key. The
encoding method isn't confidential however the key's solely familiar to the sender and receiver
of information. The receiver transforms the received information using the decoding method to
get the initial information. There are two basic sorts of cryptography :
 Asymmetric encoding uses public key and symmetric encoding uses shared non-public key.
asymmetric ciphers have 2 keys,a mathematical connected non-public key and a public key.
 Symmetric key cryptography, that uses a shared key in each ends for encoding and decoding,
has been used for secure communications for long period of time.

Symmetric key cryptography includes 2 completely different strategies for encoding and
decoding. in the 1st technique which is stream cipher, the bits of information are
encrypted/decrypted one at a time. Transmission error in one cipher text block have effect on
alternative block and tough to implement properly. However, within the second technique that is
named block cipher, blocks of the input file that include variety of bits are encrypted/decrypted.
Transmission errors in one cipher text block have no effect on alternative block and easier to
implement.

17
PRESENT is a substitution and permutation network with 64-bit iterated block cipher. The key is
128 bit. The substitution layer comprises 30 S-boxes with 128 bit input and 128 bit output.
Through the careful selection of s-box, its possible to achieve high security level. The
permutation layer (P-layer) is a very regular and group instruction operation is performed. The
output from P-layer is xored with key and given to s -box as the input.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
PROPOSED SYSTEM

18
As we discussed above, this study is based on cryptography, we provide suitable modifications to
those designs, to make the proposed system. Here, S-box of PRESENT algorithm is removed and
provide GRP permutation mechanism. Algorithm focused is to implement lightweight design to
avoid high power dissipation and large memory requirement. To provide a high security and low
cost, there is need to have a lightweight crypto algorithm whose coverage area would be less.
The standard algorithm like AES,DES have huge memory requirement and would not be feasible
to be implemented for embedded system design. Many lightweight algorithms have been
designed in the past and various attacks have been proven on them. PRESENT algorithm is
ISO/IEC standardized.
The aim of this work is to provide adequate security for the digital systems. The lightweight
cryptography is a biometric algorithm combination of PRESENT algorithm with group
instruction permutation. The developed algorithm is highly secured and need only less area when
compared with Advanced Encryption Standard.
the detail of the proposed encryption system is provided. Figure above illustrates the general
block diagram of the proposed system which is comprised of PLayer where GRP permutation is
performed. The general block diagram of the proposed system comprises of two main modules:
1 Player – Basically where GRP permutation is performed
2 Key register-where key is generated for each round is stored

GRP instruction on 8-bit Systems

19
 CHAPTER - 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

20
BASIC DESIGN:-

21
Lightweight cryptographic primitives:-
In this chapter we will discuss the different primitives of light-weight cryptographic algorithms
as shown in Figure no and also, we show many light-weight algorithms in the Table-based on
their block length, key size, no. of rounds, structure and key size.

Light-weight cryptographic primitives:-

22
Some light-weight cryptographic algorithms

23
Advanced Encryption Standard (“AES”)
We show the various primitives of light-weight cryptographic algorithms and also, we have summarized several
light-weight algorithms within the Table on their block length, key size, range of rounds and structure.

The options of AES are : −

 “Symmetric key symmetric block cipher”

 “128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit keys”

 “Stronger and faster than Triple-DES”

 “Provide full specification and design details”

 “Software implementable in C and Java”

Operation of AES
Work are often extended for dense networks to urge correct and higher analysis compared to
state-of- art work. Separate analysis may be drained developing anti-collision protocols for
stationary, slow or fast-paced RFID-Sensor integrated devices wherever possibilities of cluster
or network modification with time is high throughout cluster authentication

Boxes with a single cryptographically stronger S-box .The design of our DESL algorithm is
exactly the same as for the DES algorithm, except for the (I.P) and (I.P−1)wiring and the s-
box module. The changed s-box module implements only one S-box

24
The schematic of A.E.S structure:-.–

25
Encryption Process
Process is shown below:-

Byte Substitution (Sub-Bytes)

16 input bytes are replaced by (S-box table. Result is shown in a matrix of 4X4.

Shift-rows
Shif-rows follows the following steps :-

 “First row is not shifted.”

 “Second row is shifted one (byte) position to the left.”

 “Third row is shifted two positions to the left.”

 “Fourth row is shifted three positions to the left.”

 “The result is a new matrix consisting of the same 16 bytes but shifted with respect to
each other.”

26
Mix-Columns:-
Add-roundkey:-
Decryption Process

 “Add round key”

 “Mix columns”

 “Shift rows”

 “Byte substitution”

PRESENT

These figures and others are “back-of-an-envelope” wherever we have a tendency to assume
requirements: 32-bit XOR , 32-bit arithmetic ADD, 192-bit FF , SHIFT. All figures lack any
management logic which could considerably increase the specified space. every of the thirty one
spherical consists of associate xor operation to introduce a round key Ki for one ≤ j ≤ thirty two,
wherever K32 is employed for post-whitening, a linear bitwise permutation and a non-linear
substitution layer. The non-linear layer uses one 4-bit S-box S that is applied sixteen times in
parallel in every spherical. The cipher is represented in pseudo-code in Figure one, and every
stage is currently per flip. the look explanation area unit given in Section four and throughout we
have a tendency to variety bits from zero with bit zero on the proper of a block or word.

27
 .

28
29
 Data Encryption Standard ( DES)

General Structure of DES is shown below:-

Properties required to satisfy DES are−

 “Round function”

 “Key schedule”

 “Any additional processing − Initial and final permutation”

30
The S-box rule is illustrated below –

31
Key Generation

DES Analysis:
Properties that make cipher very strong are :-
 Avalanche effect – “A small change in plaintext results in the very grate change in the
ciphertext.”

 Completeness – “Each bit of ciphertext depends on many bits of plaintext.”

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DESL

First diff. between DESL and DES is in the f-function. We are replacing eight original DES S-
Boxes with a single cryptographically stronger S-box .The design of our DESL algorithm is
exactly the same as for the DES algorithm, except for the (I.P) and (I.P−1)wiring and the s-
box module. The changed s-box module implements only one S-box. As one can see in Figure 2,
this module neither needs the count control signal nor an output multiplexor, which saves
another 192 transistors (48 GE).

Finally, we can conclude, that DESL is more secure against linear and differential cryptanalysis
and the Davies-Murphy attack, more size-optimized, and more power efficient than DES, which
makes it especially suited for RFID applications. Furthermore, DESL is worth to be considered
as an alternative for stream ciphers.

33
 CHAPTER – 4
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Overview

This Section provides a short description of each cipher. An overview of the ciphers’ parameters
is given in Table . Parameters of SEA can be chosen, the values that fit our implementation are
given in this Table.

Other ciphers like HIGHT use 128 bit key to provide high security but use a smaller block size
than AES to meet the needs of a restricted environment. Ciphers like SEA are kept flexible in
key size so each user may configure it for the security goal and performance needed.

AES
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) , also known as Rijndael, is the successor of the Data
Encryption Standard (DES). It was announced by National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) as a U.S. FIPS in 2001. The cipher developed by J. Daemen and V. Rijmen
was the winner of a 5-year standardization process. It has been deployed widely in many crypto
applications, being the de-facto standard symmetric block cipher. AES is a block cipher using an
128 bit block with an 128, 192 or 256 bit key as input. It operates on a 4×4 array of bytes. Each
round of AES consists of four stages, namely AddRoundKey, SubBytes, ShiftRows, and
MixColumns. The AES is known to be quite efficient, especially on 8-bit architectures, owing to
its byte-oriented design. Our assembler implementation of th AES is inspired by the AES
implementation of B. Gladman.

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DES
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a cipher selected as an official Federal Information
Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976. As a block cipher DES operates on
blocks with a size of 64 bits. The key also consists of 64 bits; only 56 of these are actually used
by the algorithm, the other ones are parity check bits.
DES is not considered as secure anymore because of Moore’s Law.
D.E.S can be broken by exhaustive key search in reasonable time. There are several confirmed
DES crackers such as the EFF DES Cracker or the COPACOBANA . Furthermore attacks like
differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis, and Davies’ attack have been published.
Yet for some applications where security is not as critical, DES and variants of it are still in use.
DESX The block cipher DESX (or DES-X) is an extension to DES. It is defined by
DESXK,K1,K2 (M) = K2 ⊕DESK(M ⊕K1).
DESL Like the above mentioned DESX DESL (DES Lightweight Extension) is an extension to
D.E.S to comply with the requirements of small computational devices like RFID devices or
Smart Cards. To decrease chip size requirements it uses only one S-Box repeated eight times. It
therefore requires 38% less transistors than the smallest DES implementation published.

HIGHT
HIGHT is a block of a 64-bit block length and a 128-bit key length. It was proposed to be used
for computing devices such as a sensor in U.S.N or a R.F.I.D tagat CHES ’06 due to its low-
resource hardware implementation. Like many of the discussed ciphers, HIGHT makes use of
simple operations such as exclusive-or, addition mod 28, and bitwise rotation.
The cipher is a variant of generalized Feistel network. It consists of an initial transformation, 32
rounds using 4 sub keys at a time, a final transformation and a key schedule producing 128 sub
keys. HIGHTs key schedule algorithm is designed to keep the original value of the master key
after generating all whitening keys and all sub keys. Therefore the sub keys are generated on the
fly in encryption and decryption.

35
SEA
The Scalable Encryption Algorithm (SEAn,b) is designed to be parametricin plaintext/key and
processor size.
SEA (n,b) parameters in our case are plaintext/key size n = 96, processor wordsize b = 8, and
number of words per Feistel branch nb = n2b = 6. Therefore we

have a suggested number of cipher rounds of nr = 3n4 + 2 ・(nb + ⌊ b/2⌋ ) = 92.

As we used the standard implementation provided by the author we have 94rounds.
The cipher is targeted for processors with a limited instruction set and thereforeuses only bit
operations such as exclusive-or, word rotation, bit rotation,addition mod 2b, and a substitution
box.

TEA
The “Tiny Encryption Algorithm” (TEA) focus on the design of simple description and
implementation. TEA is a block-cipher operating on 64 bit blocks with a 128 bit key. The Feistel
structure is dominated by suggested 64 same rounds consisting of bit operations like shift, add/
sub, mod 28 and exclusive-or operations.

XTEA
Effective key length of TEA is 126 bits not 128. So in 1996 two adjustments were made, the first
was to adjust the key schedule and the second was to introduce the key material more slowly.
With these adjustments the weaknesses should be repaired and the simplicity is almost retained.

4.2 Results
We present the results of our implementations. The results are compared to an implementation of
the A.E.S that was optimized for the 8-bit A.V.R microcontroller environment as well. The
comparison focuses on code size, because memory is an important for size and price of an
embedded or ubiquitous device, and on execution time, i.e. throughput, as execution time
corresponds to the power consumption of a device.

36
4.2.1 Memory Usage

As embedded systems development is strongly price-driven, there are high restrictions in the size
of available Flash memory and SRAM. This shows even more to applications like ubiquitous
computing or even RFIDs, where power consumption is an important issue, too. The Flash
(program) memory of the device is used to store code and look-up tables, if applicable. The
smaller SRAM is used for dynamic access during program execution.
Table shows the memory allocation in flash memory of every cipher. Figure 1 shows the results
ordered by size.

Memory allocation of code in Flash {Bytes}

Code size of different ciphers in bytes

37
4.2.2) Performance
Work are often extended for dense networks to urge correct and higher analysis compared to
state-of- art work. Separate analysis may be drained developing anti-collision protocols for
stationary, slow or fast-paced RFID-Sensor integrated devices wherever possibilities of cluster or
network modification with time is high throughout cluster authentication.
Performance of coding and decoding in measured [CPU cycles]

Throughput of encryption

38
Throughput of decryption

Cycle count of ciphers

39
Throughput of encryption and decryption

Throughput code size ratio of coding & decoding.

40
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions
We have gone over light-weight cryptanalytic algorithms intimately. Many devices with low-
power can compute in IoT environment. These components are limited/restricted with size,
battery life-cycle, power used, and operations performed.
While security and privacy challenges are recognized, the issue of IOT devices remains a
concern because of the importance of maintaining trust among IOT users.
In addition, we have a summary of the lightweight varieties of lightweight cryptographic
algorithms that are simple to use for hardware and package process.
Some of the attacks of cryptanalytic algorithms are indicated by styles, which we have the
tendency associated with the delineated document. It is essential to promote a secure and
lightweight cryptography algorithm that requires a small space, a fast process and a low power
consumption. During this article, we have the opportunity to plan a topic that will be
implemented in an intelligent home environment. Work are often extended for dense networks to
urge correct and higher analysis compared to state-of- art work. We have a tendency to mention
problems, such as the structure of the cipher, the size of the block, the size of the key, the new
cyber-attacks. In the future, we will investigate, but this solution is expensive and, if appropriate,
for the affected environment. In addition, a formula must be developed that depends on the edge
of each parameter of the device, which has already been organized for our planning topic.

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