ANALOG and DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER 8
ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
YEAR 2012 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.1 In the sum of products function f (X, Y, Z) = /(2, 3, 4, 5), the prime
implicants are
(A) XY, XY (B) XY, X Y Z , XYZ
(C) XYZ , XYZ, XY (D) XY Z , XYZ, XY Z , XYZ
MCQ 8.2 The i -v characteristics of the diode in the circuit given below are
v − 0.7 A, v $ 0.7 V
i = * 500
0A v < 0.7 V
The current in the circuit is

(A) 10 mA (B) 9.3 mA
(C) 6.67 mA (D) 6.2 mA
MCQ 8.3 The output Y of a 2-bit comparator is logic 1 whenever the 2-bit input A is
greater than the 2-bit input B . The number of combinations for which the
output is logic 1, is
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 8 (D) 10
MCQ 8.4 Consider the given circuit
GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

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PAGE 420 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8
In this circuit, the race around

(A) does not occur
(B) occur when CLK = 0
(C) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 1
(D) occur when CLK = 1 and A = B = 0
YEAR 2012 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.5 The voltage gain Av of the circuit shown below is
(A) Av . 200 (B) Av . 100

(C) Av . 20 (D) Av . 10
MCQ 8.6 The state transition diagram for the logic circuit shown is

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CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 421
MCQ 8.7 The circuit shown is a
1
(A) low pass filter with f3dB = (R )C
rad/s
1 + R2
1
(B) high pass filter with f3dB = rad/s
R1C
1
(C) low pass filter with f3dB = rad/s
R1C
1
(D) high pass filter with f3dB = (R )C
rad/s
1 + R2
YEAR 2011 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.8 A low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 30 Hz is cascaded with a high
pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 20 Hz. The resultant system of filters
will function as
(A) an all – pass filter
(B) an all – stop filter
(C) an band stop (band-reject) filter
(D) a band – pass filter
MCQ 8.9
The CORRECT transfer characteristic is

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MCQ 8.10 The output Y of the logic circuit given below is
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) X (D) X
YEAR 2011 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.11 A portion of the main program to call a subroutine SUB in an 8085
environment is given below.
h
LXI D, DISP
LP : CALL SUB
LP+3
h
It is desired that control be returned to LP+DISP+3 when the RET
instruction is executed in the subroutine. The set of instructions that
precede the RET instruction in the subroutine are

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POP H
DAD D
POP D
INX H
(A) DAD H (B)
INX H
PUSH D
INX H
PUSH H
XTHL
POP H INX D
(C) DAD D (D) INX D
PUSH H INX D
XTHL
MCQ 8.12 The transistor used in the circuit shown below has a β of 30 and ICBO is
negligible
If the forward voltage drop of diode is 0.7 V, then the current through
collector will be
(A) 168 mA (B) 108 mA
(C) 20.54 mA (D) 5.36 mA
MCQ 8.13 A two bit counter circuit is shown below
It the state QAQB of the counter at the clock time tn is ‘10’ then the state
Q A QB of the counter at tn + 3 (after three clock cycles) will be
(A) 00 (B) 01
(C) 10 (D) 11
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MCQ 8.14 A clipper circuit is shown below.
Assuming forward voltage drops of the diodes to be 0.7 V, the input-output

transfer characteristics of the circuit is
YEAR 2010 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.15 Given that the op-amp is ideal, the output voltage vo is

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(A) 4 V (B) 6 V
(C) 7.5 V (D) 12.12 V
MCQ 8.16 Assuming that the diodes in the given circuit are ideal, the voltage V0 is
(A) 4 V (B) 5 V
(C) 7.5 V (D) 12.12 V
YEAR 2010 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.17 The transistor circuit shown uses a silicon transistor with VBE = 0.7, IC . IE
and a dc current gain of 100. The value of V0 is
(A) 4.65 V (B) 5 V

(C) 6.3 V (D) 7.23 V
MCQ 8.18 The TTL circuit shown in the figure is fed with the waveform X (also
shown). All gates have equal propagation delay of 10 ns. The output Y of
the circuit is

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MCQ 8.19 When a “CALL Addr” instruction is executed, the CPU carries out the
following sequential operations internally :
Note: (R) means content of register R
((R)) means content of memory location pointed to by R.
PC means Program Counter
SP means Stack Pointer
(A) (SP) incremented (B) (PC)!Addr
(PC)!Addr ((SP))!(PC)
((SP))!(PC) (SP) incremented
(C) (PC)!Addr (D) ((SP))!(PC)
(SP) incremented (SP) incremented
((SP))!(PC) (PC)!Addr
Statement For Linked Answer Questions: 6 & 7

The following Karnaugh map represents a function F .
MCQ 8.20 A minimized form of the function F is

(A) F = X Y + YZ (B) F = X Y + YZ
(C) F = X Y + Y Z (D) F = X Y + Y Z

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MCQ 8.21 Which of the following circuits is a realization of the above function F ?
YEAR 2009 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.22 The following circuit has a source voltage VS as shown in the graph. The
current through the circuit is also shown.

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The element connected between a and b could be
MCQ 8.23 The increasing order of speed of data access for the following device is
(I) Cache Memory
(II) CD-ROM
(III) Dynamic RAM
(IV) Processor Registers
(V) Magnetic Tape
(A) (V), (II), (III), (IV), (I) (B) (V), (II), (III), (I), (IV)
(C) (II), (I), (III), (IV), (V) (D) (V), (II), (I), (III), (IV)
MCQ 8.24 The nature of feedback in the op-amp circuit shown is
(A) Current-Current feedback (B) Voltage-Voltage feedback

(C) Current-Voltage feedback (D) Voltage-Current feedback
MCQ 8.25 The complete set of only those Logic Gates designated as Universal Gates is
(A) NOT, OR and AND Gates
(B) XNOR, NOR and NAND Gates
(C) NOR and NAND Gates
(D) XOR, NOR and NAND Gates
YEAR 2009 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.26 The following circuit has R = 10 kΩ, C = 10 μF. The input voltage is a
sinusoidal at 50 Hz with an rms value of 10 V. Under ideal conditions, the
current Is from the source is

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(A) 10π mA leading by 90% (B) 20π mA leading by 90%

(C) 10π mA leading by 90% (D) 10π mA lagging by 90%
MCQ 8.27 Transformer and emitter follower can both be used for impedance matching
at the output of an audio amplifier. The basic relationship between the
input power Pin and output power Pout in both the cases is
(A) Pin = Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(B) Pin > Pout for both transformer and emitter follower
(C) Pin < Pout for transformer and Pin = Pout for emitter follower
(D) Pin = Pout for transformer and Pin < Pout for emitter follower
MCQ 8.28 In an 8085 microprocessor, the contents of the Accumulator, after the
following instructions are executed will become
XRA A
MVI B, F0 H
SUB B
(A) 01 H (B) 0F H
(C) F0 H (D) 10 H
MCQ 8.29 An ideal op-amp circuit and its input wave form as shown in the figures. The
output waveform of this circuit will be

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YEAR 2008 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.30 The equivalent circuits of a diode, during forward biased and reverse biased
conditions, are shown in the figure.
(I)
(II)
If such a diode is used in clipper circuit of figure given above, the output
voltage V0 of the circuit will be

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YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.31 Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in the
figure assuming the β of the transistors to be very high and the forward
voltage drop in diodes to be 0.7 V, the value of current I is
(A) 0 mA (B) 3.6 mA

(C) 4.3 mA (D) 5.7 mA
MCQ 8.32 In the voltage doubler circuit shown in the figure, the switch ‘S ’ is closed at
t = 0. Assuming diodes D1 and D2 to be ideal, load resistance to be infinite
and initial capacitor voltages to be zero. The steady state voltage across
capacitor C1 and C2 will be
(A) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 = 5 V (B) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 =− 5 V

(C) Vc1 = 5 V,Vc2 = 10 V (D) Vc1 = 5 V,Vc2 =− 10 V
MCQ 8.33 The block diagrams of two of half wave rectifiers are shown in the figure.
The transfer characteristics of the rectifiers are also shown within the block.

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It is desired to make full wave rectifier using above two half-wave rectifiers.
The resultants circuit will be
MCQ 8.34 A waveform generator circuit using OPAMPs is shown in the figure. It
produces a triangular wave at point ‘P’ with a peak to peak voltage of 5 V
for Vi = 0 V.

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If the voltage Vi is made +2.5 V, the voltage waveform at point ‘P’ will
become
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 21 and 22.

A general filter circuit is shown in the figure :
MCQ 8.35 If R1 = R2 = RA and R3 = R4 = RB , the circuit acts as a

(A) all pass filter (B) band pass filter
(C) high pass filter (D) low pass filter
MCQ 8.36 The output of the filter in Q.21 is given to the circuit in figure :
The gain v/s frequency characteristic of the output (vo) will be

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MCQ 8.37 A 3-line to 8-line decoder, with active low outputs, is used to implement a
3-variable Boolean function as shown in the figure
The simplified form of Boolean function F (A, B, C) implemented in ‘Product

of Sum’ form will be
(A) (X + Z)(X + Y + Z )(Y + Z)
(B) (X + Z )(X + Y + Z)(Y + Z )
(C) (X + Y + Z)(X + Y + Z)(X + Y + Z)(X + Y + Z )
(D) (X + Y + Z)(X + Y + Z )(X + Y + Z)(X + Y + Z )
MCQ 8.38 The content of some of the memory location in an 8085 accumulator based
system are given below
Address Content
g g
26FE 00
26FF 01
2700 02
2701 03
2702 04
g g
The content of stack (SP), program counter (PC) and (H,L) are 2700 H,
2100 H and 0000 H respectively. When the following sequence of instruction
are executed.
2100 H: DAD SP
2101 H: PCHL
the content of (SP) and (PC) at the end of execution will be
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(A) PC = 2102 H, SP = 2700 H (B) PC = 2700 H, SP = 2700 H

(C) PC = 2800 H, SP = 26FE H (D) PC = 2A02 H, SP = 2702 H
YEAR 2007 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.39 The common emitter forward current gain of the transistor shown is βF = 100
The transistor is operating in

(A) Saturation region (B) Cutoff region
(C) Reverse active region (D) Forward active region
MCQ 8.40 The three-terminal linear voltage regulator is connected to a 10 Ω load

resistor as shown in the figure. If Vin is 10 V, what is the power dissipated
in the transistor ?
(A) 0.6 W (B) 2.4 W

(C) 4.2 W (D) 5.4 W
MCQ 8.41 The circuit shown in the figure is

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(A) a voltage source with voltage rV

R1 < R2
r < R2 V
(B) a voltage source with voltage
R1
r < R2 V
(C) a current source with current c m
R1 + R2 r
(D) a current source with current c + R2 V
R1 R2 m r
MCQ 8.42 A, B, C and D are input, and Y is the output bit in the XOR gate circuit
of the figure below. Which of the following statements about the sum S of
A, B, C, D and Y is correct ?
(A) S is always with zero or odd

(B) S is always either zero or even
(C) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is even
(D) S = 1 only if the sum of A, B, C and D is odd
YEAR 2007 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.43 The input signal Vin shown in the figure is a 1 kHz square wave voltage that
alternates between +7 V and −7 V with a 50% duty cycle. Both transistor
have the same current gain which is large. The circuit delivers power to the
load resistor RL . What is the efficiency of this circuit for the given input ?
choose the closest answer.
(A) 46% (B) 55%

(C) 63% (D) 92%

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MCQ 8.44 The switch S in the circuit of the figure is initially closed, it is opened at
time t = 0. You may neglect the zener diode forward voltage drops. What is
the behavior of vout for t > 0 ?
(A) It makes a transition from − 5 V to + 5 V at t = 12.98 μs

(B) It makes a transition from − 5 V to + 5 V at t = 2.57 μs
(C) It makes a transition from + 5 V to − 5 V at t = 12.98 μs
(D) It makes a transition from + 5 V to − 5 V at t = 2.57 μs
MCQ 8.45 The Octal equivalent of HEX and number AB.CD is

(A) 253.314 (B) 253.632
(C) 526.314 (D) 526.632
MCQ 8.46 IC 555 in the adjacent figure is configured as an astable multi-vibrator. It is

enabled to to oscillate at t = 0 by applying a high input to pin 4. The pin
description is : 1 and 8-supply; 2-trigger; 4-reset; 6-threshold 7-discharge. The
waveform appearing across the capacitor starting from t = 0, as observed on
a storage CRO is

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YEAR 2006 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.47 What are the states of the three ideal diodes of the circuit shown in figure ?
(A) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 OFF (B) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 OFF

(C) D1 ON, D2 OFF, D3 (D) D1 OFF, D2 ON, D3 ON
ON
MCQ 8.48 For a given sinusoidal input voltage, the voltage waveform at point P of the
clamper circuit shown in figure will be

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YEAR 2006 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.49 Assuming the diodes D1 and D2 of the circuit shown in figure to be ideal
ones, the transfer characteristics of the circuit will be

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MCQ 8.50 Consider the circuit shown in figure. If the β of the transistor is 30 and ICBO
is 20 mA and the input voltage is +5 V, the transistor would be operating in
(A) saturation region (B) active region

(C) breakdown region (D) cut-off region
MCQ 8.51 A relaxation oscillator is made using OPAMP as shown in figure. The supply
voltages of the OPAMP are !12 V. The voltage waveform at point P will be

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MCQ 8.52 A TTL NOT gate circuit is shown in figure. Assuming VBE = 0.7 V of both
the transistors, if Vi = 3.0 V, then the states of the two transistors will be
(A) Q1 ON and Q2 OFF

(B) Q1 reverse ON and Q2 OFF
(C) Q1 reverse ON and Q2 ON
(D) Q1 OFF and Q2 reverse ON
MCQ 8.53 A student has made a 3-bit binary down counter and connected to the R-2R
ladder type DAC, [Gain = (− 1 kΩ/2R)] as shown in figure to generate a
staircase waveform. The output achieved is different as shown in figure.
What could be the possible cause of this error ?
(A) The resistance values are incorrect option.

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(B) The counter is not working properly

(C) The connection from the counter of DAC is not proper
(D) The R and 2R resistance are interchanged
MCQ 8.54 A 4 # 1 MUX is used to implement a 3-input Boolean function as shown in

figure. The Boolean function F (A, B, C) implemented is
(A) F (A, B, C) = Σ(1, 2, 4, 6) (B) F (A, B, C) = Σ(1, 2, 6)

(C) F (A, B, C) = Σ(2, 4, 5, 6) (D) F (A, B, C) = Σ(1, 5, 6)
MCQ 8.55 A software delay subroutine is written as given below :

DELAY : MVI H, 255D
MVI L, 255D
LOOP : DCR L
JNZ LOOP
DCR H
JNZ LOOP
How many times DCR L instruction will be executed ?
(A) 255 (B) 510
(C) 65025 (D) 65279
MCQ 8.56 In an 8085 A microprocessor based system, it is desired to increment the

contents of memory location whose address is available in (D,E) register pair
and store the result in same location. The sequence of instruction is
(A) XCHG (B) XCHG
INR M INX H
(C) INX D (D) INR M
XCHG XCHG
YEAR 2005 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.57 Assume that D1 and D2 in figure are ideal diodes. The value of current is

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(A) 0 mA (B) 0.5 mA

(C) 1 mA (D) 2 mA
MCQ 8.58 The 8085 assembly language instruction that stores the content of H and L
register into the memory locations 2050H and 2051H, respectively is
(A) SPHL 2050H (B) SPHL 2051H
(C) SHLD 2050H (D) STAX 2050H
MCQ 8.59 Assume that the N-channel MOSFET shown in the figure is ideal, and that
its threshold voltage is +1.0 V the voltage Vab between nodes a and b is
(A) 5 V (B) 2 V
(C) 1 V (D) 0 V
MCQ 8.60 The digital circuit shown in the figure works as
(A) JK flip-flop (B) Clocked RS flip-flop

(C) T flip-flop (D) Ring counter
YEAR 2005 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.61 The common emitter amplifier shown in the figure is biased using a 1 mA
ideal current source. The approximate base current value is

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(A) 0 μA (B) 10 μA
(C) 100 μA (D) 1000 μA
MCQ 8.62 Consider the inverting amplifier, using an ideal operational amplifier shown
in the figure. The designer wishes to realize the input resistance seen by the
small-signal source to be as large as possible, while keeping the voltage gain
between −10 and −25. The upper limit on RF is 1 MΩ. The value of R1
should be
(A) Infinity (B) 1 MΩ

(C) 100 kΩ (D) 40 kΩ
MCQ 8.63 The typical frequency response of a two-stage direct coupled voltage amplifier
is as shown in figure
MCQ 8.64 In the given figure, if the input is a sinusoidal signal, the output will appear
as shown
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MCQ 8.65 Select the circuit which will produce the given output Q for the input signals
X1 and X2 given in the figure

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MCQ 8.66 If X1 and X2 are the inputs to the circuit shown in the figure, the output Q
is
(A) X1 + X2 (B) X1 : X2
(C) X1 : X2
(D) X1 : X2
MCQ 8.67 In the figure, as long as X1 = 1 and X2 = 1, the output Q remains
(A) at 1 (B) at 0
(C) at its initial value (D) unstable
Data for Q. 68 and Q. 69 are given below. Solve the problems and
choose the correct option.
Assume that the threshold voltage of the N-channel MOSFET shown in
figure is + 0.75 V. The output characteristics of the MOSFET are also
shown
MCQ 8.68 The transconductance of the MOSFET is

(A) 0.75 ms (B) 1 ms
(C) 2 ms (D) 10 ms

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MCQ 8.69 The voltage gain of the amplifier is

(A) +5 (B) −7.5
(C) +10 (D) −10
YEAR 2004 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.70 The current through the Zener diode in figure is
(A) 33 mA (B) 3.3 mA

(C) 2 mA (D) 0 mA
MCQ 8.71 Two perfectly matched silicon transistor are connected as shown in figure.
The value of the current I is
(A) 0 mA (B) 2.3 mA

(C) 4.3 mA (D) 7.3 mA
MCQ 8.72 The feedback used in the circuit shown in figure can be classified as

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(A) shunt-series feedback (B) shunt-shunt feedback

(C) series-shunt feedback (D) series-series feedback
MCQ 8.73 The digital circuit using two inverters shown in figure will act as
(A) a bistable multi-vibrator

(B) an astable multi-vibrator
(C) a monostable multi-vibrator
(D) an oscillator
MCQ 8.74 The voltage comparator shown in figure can be used in the analog-to-digital
conversion as
(A) a 1-bit quantizer

(B) a 2-bit quantizer
(C) a 4-bit quantizer
(D) a 8-bit quantizer
YEAR 2004 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.75 Assuming that the diodes are ideal in figure, the current in diode D1 is
(A) 9 mA (B) 5 mA
(C) 0 mA (D) − 3 mA
MCQ 8.76 The trans-conductance gm of the transistor shown in figure is 10 mS. The
value of the input resistance Rin is

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(A) 10.0 kΩ (B) 8.3 kΩ

(C) 5.0 kΩ (D) 2.5 kΩ
MCQ 8.77 The value of R for which the PMOS transistor in figure will be biased in
linear region is
(A) 220 Ω (B) 470 Ω

(C) 680 Ω (D) 1200 Ω
MCQ 8.78 In the active filter circuit shown in figure, if Q = 1, a pair of poles will be
realized with ω0 equal to
(A) 1000 rad/s (B) 100 rad/s

(C) 10 rad/s (D) 1 rad/s

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MCQ 8.79 The input resistance Rin = vx /ix of the circuit in figure is
(A) + 100 kΩ (B) −100 kΩ

(C) + 1 MΩ (D) −1 MΩ
MCQ 8.80 The simplified form of the Boolean expressionY = (A $ BC + D)(A $ D + B $ C

) can be written as
(A) A $ D + B $ C $ D (B) AD + B $ C $ D
(C) (A + D)(B $ C + D) (D) A $ D + BC $ D
MCQ 8.81 A digit circuit which compares two numbers A3A2A1A0 and B3 B2 B1B0 is
shown in figure. To get output Y = 0, choose one pair of correct input
numbers.
(A) 1010, 1010 (B) 0101, 0101

(C) 0010, 0010 (D) 1010, 1011
MCQ 8.82 The digital circuit shown in figure generates a modified clock pulse at the
output. Choose the correct output waveform from the options given below.

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MCQ 8.83 If the following program is executed in a microprocessor, the number of

instruction cycle it will take from START to HALT is
START MVI A, 14H ; Move 14 H to register A
SHIFT RLC ; Rotate left without carry
JNZ SHIFT ; Jump on non-zero to SHIFT
HALT
(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 13 (D) 16
MCQ 8.84 In the Schmitt trigger circuit shown in figure, if VCE(sat) = 0.1 V, the output
logic low level (VOL) is

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(A) 1.25 V (B) 1.35 V

(C) 2.50 V (D) 5.00 V
YEAR 2003 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.85 The variation of drain current with gate-to-source voltage (ID − VGS
characteristic) of a MOSFET is shown in figure. The MOSFET is
(A) an n-channel depletion mode device

(B) an n-channel enhancement mode device
(C) an p-channel depletion mode device
(D) an p-channel enhancement mode device
MCQ 8.86 In the circuit of figure, assume that the transistor has hfe = 99 and VBE = 0.7
V. The value of collector current IC of the transistor is approximately
(A) [3.3/3.3] mA (B) [3.3/(3.3+3.3)] mA

(C) [3.3/.33] mA (D) [3.3(33+3.3)] mA
MCQ 8.87 For the circuit of figure with an ideal operational amplifier, the maximum
phase shift of the output vout with reference to the input vin is

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(A) 0c (B) −90c

(C) +90c (D) !180c
MCQ 8.88 Figure shows a 4 to 1 MUX to be used to implement the sum S of a 1-bit
full adder with input bits P and Q and the carry input Cin . Which of the
following combinations of inputs to I0, I1, I2 and I3 of the MUX will realize
the sum S ?
(A) I0 = I1 = Cin; I2 = I3 = Cin (B) I0 = I1 = C in; I2 = I3 = Cin

(C) I0 = I3 = Cin; I1 = I2 = Cin (D) I0 = I3 = C in; I1 = I2 = Cin
MCQ 8.89 When a program is being executed in an 8085 microprocessor, its Program
Counter contains
(A) the number of instructions in the current program that have already
been executed
(B) the total number of instructions in the program being executed.
(C) the memory address of the instruction that is being currently executed
(D) the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next
YEAR 2003 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.90 For the n-channel enhancement MOSFET shown in figure, the threshold
voltage Vth = 2 V. The drain current ID of the MOSFET is 4 mA when the
drain resistance RD is 1 kΩ.If the value of RD is increased to 4 kΩ, drain
current ID will become
(A) 2.8 mA (B) 2.0 mA

(C) 1.4 mA (D) 1.0 mA

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MCQ 8.91 Assuming the operational amplifier to be ideal, the gain vout /vin for the
circuit shown in figure is
(A) −1 (B) −20

(C) −100 (D) −120
MCQ 8.92 A voltage signal 10 sin ωt is applied to the circuit with ideal diodes, as shown
in figure, The maximum, and minimum values of the output waveform Vout
of the circuit are respectively
(A) + 10 V and −10 V (B) + 4 V and − 4 V

(C) + 7 V and − 4V (D) + 4 V and −7 V
MCQ 8.93 The circuit of figure shows a 555 Timer IC connected as an astable multi-
vibrator. The value of the capacitor C is 10 nF. The values of the resistors
RA and RB for a frequency of 10 kHz and a duty cycle of 0.75 for the output
voltage waveform are
(A) RA = 3.62 kΩ, RB = 3.62 kΩ

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(B) RA = 3.62 kΩ, RB = 7.25 kΩ

(C) RA = 7.25 kΩ, RB = 3.62 kΩ
(D) RA = 7.25 kΩ, RB = 7.25 kΩ
MCQ 8.94 The boolean expression X Y Z + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ can be
simplified to
(A) XZ + XZ + YZ (B) XY + YZ + YZ
(C) XY + YZ + XZ (D) XY + YZ + XZ
MCQ 8.95 The shift register shown in figure is initially loaded with the bit pattern
1010. Subsequently the shift register is clocked, and with each clock pulse
the pattern gets shifted by one bit position to the right. With each shift, the
bit at the serial input is pushed to the left most position (msb). After how
many clock pulses will the content of the shift register become 1010 again ?
(A) 3 (B) 7
(C) 11 (D) 15
MCQ 8.96 An X-Y flip-flop, whose Characteristic Table is given below is to be

implemented using a J-K flip flop
(A) J = X, K = Y (B) J = X, K = Y
(C) J = Y, K = X (D) J = Y , K = X
MCQ 8.97 A memory system has a total of 8 memory chips each with 12 address lines
and 4 data lines, The total size of the memory system is
(A) 16 kbytes (B) 32 kbytes
(C) 48 kbytes (D) 64 kbytes

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MCQ 8.98 The following program is written for an 8085 microprocessor to add two
bytes located at memory addresses 1FFE and 1FFF
LXI H, 1FFE
MOV B, M
INR L
MOV A, M
ADD B
INR L
MOV M, A
XOR A
On completion of the execution of the program, the result of addition is
found
(A) in the register A (B) at the memory address 1000
(C) at the memory address 1F00 (D) at the memory address 2000
YEAR 2002 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.99 The frequency of the clock signal applied to the rising edge triggered D-flip-
flop shown in Figure is 10 kHz. The frequency of the signal available at Q is.
(A) 10 kHz (B) 2.5 kHz

(C) 20 kHz (D) 5 kHz
MCQ 8.100 The forward resistance of the diode shown in Figure is 5 Ω and the remaining
parameters are same at those of an ideal diode. The dc component of the
source current is
(A) Vm (B) Vm
50π 50π 2
V
(C) m
(D) 2Vm
100π 2 50π
MCQ 8.101 The cut-in voltage of both zener diode DZ and diode D shown in Figure
is 0.7 V, while break-down voltage of DZ is 3.3 V and reverse break-down
voltage of D is 50 V. The other parameters can be assumed to be the same
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as those of an ideal diode. The values of the peak output voltage (Vo) are
(A) 3.3 V in the positive half cycle and 1.4 V in the negative half cycle.
(B) 4 V in the positive half cycle and 5 V in the negative half cycle.
(C) 3.3 V in both positive and negative half cycles.
(D) 4 V in both positive and negative half cycle
MCQ 8.102 The logic circuit used to generate the active low chip select (CS ) by an 8085
microprocessor to address a peripheral is shown in Figure. The peripheral
will respond to addresses in the range.
(A) E000-EFFF (B) 000E-FFFE

(C) 1000-FFFF (D) 0001-FFF1
YEAR 2002 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.103 A first order, low pass filter is given with R = 50 Ω and C = 5 μF. What is
the frequency at which the gain of the voltage transfer function of the filter
is 0.25 ?
(A) 4.92 kHz (B) 0.49 kHz
(C) 2.46 kHz (D) 24.6 kHz
MCQ 8.104 The output voltage (vo) of the Schmitt trigger shown in Figure swings
between + 15 V and −15 V. Assume that the operational amplifier is ideal.
The output will change from +15 V to − 15 V when the instantaneous value
of the input sine wave is

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(A) 5 V in the positive slope only

(B) 5 V in the negative slope only
(C) 5 V in the positive and negative slopes
(D) 3 V in the positive and negative slopes.
MCQ 8.105 For the circuit shown in Figure, the boolean expression for the output Y in
terms of inputs P, Q, R and S is
(A) P + Q + R + S (B) P + Q + R + S
(C) (P + Q)(R + S ) (D) (P + Q)(R + S)
Common Data Questions Q.106-108*

For the circuit shown in Figure, IE = 1 mA, β = 99 and VBE = 0.7 V
MCQ 8.106 The current through RC is

(A) 0.99 mA (B) 1.1 mA
(C) 1.20 mA (D) 1 mA
MCQ 8.107 Output voltage V0 will be

(A) 16.1 Volt (B) 14 Volt
(C) 13.9 Volt (D) None of these
MCQ 8.108 Value of resistance RF is

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(A) 110.9 kΩ (B) 124.5 kΩ

(C) 130.90 kΩ (D) None of these
Common data question Q.95-97*.

The following network is used as a feedback circuit in an oscillator shown
in figure to generate sinusoidal oscillations. Assuming that the operation
amplifier is ideal.
given that R = 10 kΩ and C = 100 pF
Vy
MCQ 8.109 The transfer function of the first network is
Vx
jωCR jωCR
(A) (B)
(1 − ω R2 C 2) + j3ωCR
2
(1 − ω R2 C 2) + j2ωCR
2
jωCR jωCR
(C) (D)
1 + j3ωCR 1 + j2ωCR
MCQ 8.110 The frequency of oscillation will be
1 (B) 1
(A)
RC 2RC
1 (D) None of these
(C)
4RC
MCQ 8.111 Value of RF is
(A) 1 kΩ (B) 4 kΩ
(C) 2 kΩ (D) 8 kΩ

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MCQ 8.112 *The ripple counter shown in figure is made up of negative edge triggered J-
K flip-flops. The signal levels at J and K inputs of all the flip flops are
maintained at logic 1. Assume all the outputs are cleared just prior to
applying the clock signal.
module no. of the counter is:
(A) 7 (B) 5
(C) 4 (D) 8
MCQ 8.113 *In Figure , the ideal switch S is switched on and off with a switching
frequency f = 10 kHz. The switching time period is T = tON + tOFF μs.
The circuit is operated in steady state at the boundary of continuous and
discontinuous conduction, so that the inductor current i is as shown in
Figure. Values of the on-time tON of the switch and peak current ip . are
(A) 63.33 μsec, 63.33 A (B) 63.33 μsec, 63.33 μA

(C) 66.66 μsec, 66.66 mA (D) none of these

In the circuit shown in Figure, the source I is a dc current source.The switch
S is operated with a time period T and a duty ratio D . You may assume

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that the capacitance C has a finite value which is large enough so that the
voltage. VC has negligible ripple, calculate the following under steady state
conditions, in terms of D , I and R
MCQ 8.114 The voltage Vc, with the polarity shown in Figure,
(A) I (B) I (1 − DT)
C C
(C) I (1 − D) T (D) − I T
C C
MCQ 8.115 The average output voltage V0, with the polarity shown in figure
(A) − I T (B) − I D2 T
C 2C
(C) I (1 − DT) (D) I (1 − D) T
2C 2C
YEAR 2001 ONE MARK
MCQ 8.116 In the single-stage transistor amplifier circuit shown in Figure, the capacitor
CE is removed. Then, the ac small-signal mid-band voltage gain of the
amplifier
(A) increase (B) decreases

(C) is unaffected (D) drops to zero

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MCQ 8.117 Among the following four, the slowest ADC (analog-to-digital converter) is
(A) parallel-comparator (i.e. flash) type
(B) successive approximation type
(C) integrating type
(D) counting type
MCQ 8.118 The output of a logic gate is “1” when all its inputs are at logic “0”. The
gate is either
(A) a NAND or an EX-OR gate
(B) a NOR or an EX-OR gate
(C) an AND or an EX-NOR gate
(D) a NOR or an EX-NOR gate
MCQ 8.119 The output f of the 4-to-1 MUX shown in Figure is
(A) xy + x (B) x + y
(C) x + y (D) xy + x
MCQ 8.120 An op-amp has an open-loop gain of 105 and an open-loop upper cut-off
frequency of 10 Hz. If this op-amp is connected as an amplifier with a closed-
loop gain of 100, then the new upper cut-off frequency is
(A) 10 Hz (B) 100 Hz
(C) 10 kHz (D) 100 kHz
YEAR 2001 TWO MARKS
MCQ 8.121 For the oscillator circuit shown in Figure, the expression for the time period
of oscillation can be given by (where τ = RC )

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(A) τ ln 3 (B) 2τ ln 3
(C) τ ln 2 (D) 2τ ln 2
MCQ 8.122 An Intel 8085 processor is executing the program given below.
MVI A, 10 H
MVI B, 10 H
BACK: NOP
ADD B
RLC
INC BACK
HLT
The number of times that the operation NOP will be executed is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
MCQ 8.123 A sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit, having a holding capacitor of 0.1 nF, is
used at the input of an ADC (analog-to-digital converter). The conversion
time of the ADC is 1 μ sec, and during this time, the capacitor should not
loose more than 0.5% of the charge put across it during the sampling time.
The maximum value of the input signal to the S/H circuit is 5 V. The
leakage current of the S/H circuit should be less than
(A) 2.5 mA (B) 0.25 mA
(C) 25.0 μA (D) 2.5 μA
MCQ 8.124 An op-amp, having a slew rate of 62.8 V/μ sec, is connected in a voltage
follower configuration. If the maximum amplitude of the input sinusoidal is
10 V, then the minimum frequency at which the slew rate limited distortion
would set in at the output is
(A) 1.0 MHz (B) 6.28 MHz
(C) 10.0 MHz (D) 62.8 MHz
MCQ 8.125 An n-channel JFET, having a pinch off voltage (Vp ) of −5 V, shows a
transconductance (gm) of 1 mA/V when the applied gate -to-source voltage
(VGS ) is −3 V. Its maximum transconductance (in mA/V) is
(A) 1.5 (B) 2.0
(C) 2.5 (D) 3.0
MCQ 8.126 *The circuit shown in the figure is a MOD-N ring counter. Value of N is

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(assume initial state of the counter is 1110 i.e. Q3 Q2 Q1Q0 = 1110).
(A) 4 (B) 15
(C) 7 (D) 6
MCQ 8.127 *For the op-amp circuit shown in Figure, determine the output voltage vo .
Assume that the op-amps are ideal.
(A) − 8 V (B) − 20 V
7 7
(C) −10 V (D) None of these
Common Data Questions Q.128-129*.

The transistor in the amplifier circuit shown in Figure is biased at IC = 1 mA
Use VT = kT/q = 26 mV, β0 = 200, rb = 0, and r 0 " 3

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MCQ 8.128 Small-signal mid-band voltage gain vo /vi is

(A) −8 (B) 38.46
(C) −6.62 (D) −1
MCQ 8.129 What is the required value of CE for the circuit to have a lower cut-off
frequency of 10 Hz
(A) 0.15 mF (B) 1.59 mF
(C) 5 μF (D) 10 μF

For the circuit shown in figure
MCQ 8.130 The circuit shown is a

(A) Low pass filter (B) Band pass filter
(C) Band Reject filter (D) High pass filter
MCQ 8.131 If the above filter has a 3 dB frequency of 1 kHz, a high frequency input
resistance of 100 kΩ and a high frequency gain of magnitude 10. Then
values of R1, R2 and C respectively are :-
(A) 100 kΩ, 1000 kΩ, 15.9 nF
(B) 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 0.11 μF
(C) 100 kΩ, 1000 kΩ, 15.9 nF
(D) none of these
************

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SOLUTION
SOL 8.1 Option (A) is correct.

Prime implicants are the terms that we get by solving K-map
F = XY + XY
1pr44 2 44 3
ime implicants
SOL 8.2 Option (D) is correct.

Let v > 0.7 V and diode is forward biased. Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law
10 − i # 1k − v = 0
10 − :v −500
0.7 (1000) − v = 0
D
10 − (v − 0.7) # 2 − v = 0
v = 11.4 = 3.8 V > 0.7 (Assumption is true)
3
So, i = v − 0.7 = 3.8 − 0.7 = 6.2 mA
500 500
SOL 8.3 Option (B) is correct.
Y = 1, when A > B
A = a1a0, B = b1b0
a1 a0 b1 b0 Y
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
Total combination = 6
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The given circuit is
Condition for the race-around

It occurs when the output of the circuit (Y1, Y2) oscillates between ‘0’ and ‘1’
checking it from the options.
1. Option (A): When CLK = 0
Output of the NAND gate will be A1 = B1 = 0 = 1. Due to these input to
the next NAND gate, Y2 = Y1 : 1 = Y1 and Y1 = Y2 : 1 = Y2 .
If Y1 = 0, Y2 = Y1 = 1 and it will remain the same and doesn’t oscillate.
If Y2 = 0, Y1 = Y2 = 1 and it will also remain the same for the clock
period. So, it won’t oscillate for CLK = 0.
So, here race around doesn’t occur for the condition CLK = 0.
2. Option (C): When CLK = 1, A = B = 1
A1 = B1 = 0 and so Y1 = Y2 = 1
And it will remain same for the clock period. So race around doesn’t occur
for the condition.
3. Option (D): When CLK = 1, A = B = 0
So, A1 = B1 = 1
And again as described for Option (B) race around doesn’t occur for the
condition.
So, Option (A) will be correct.

DC Analysis :
Using KVL in input loop,

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VC − 100IB − 0.7 = 0
VC = 100IB + 0.7 ...(i)
IC - IE = 13.7 − VC = (β + 1) IB
12k
13.7 − VC = 100I ...(ii)
B
12 # 103
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
IB = 0.01 mA
Small Signal Analysis :
Transforming given input voltage source into equivalent current source.
This is a shunt-shunt feedback amplifier.

Given parameters,
rπ = VT = 25 mV = 2.5 kΩ
IB 0.01 mA
β 100
gm = r = = 0.04 s
π 2.5 # 1000
Writing KCL at output node
v0 + g v + v0 − v π = 0
m π
RC RF
v0 : 1 + 1 D + vπ :gm − 1 D = 0
RC RF RF
Substituting RC = 12 kΩ, RF = 100 kΩ, gm = 0.04 s
v0 (9.33 # 10−5) + vπ (0.04) = 0
v0 =− 428.72Vπ ...(i)
Writing KCL at input node
v i = vπ + vπ + vπ − v o = v 1 + 1 + 1 − v0
π:
Rs Rs rπ RF Rs rπ RDF RF
= vπ (5.1 # 10−4) − v0
RF
Substituting Vπ from equation (i)
vi −5.1 # 10−4 − v0
=
Rs 428.72 v0 RF
vi =− 1.16 # 10−6 v0 − 1 # 10−5 v0 Rs = 10 kΩ (source resistance)
3
10 # 10

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vi =− 1.116 # 10−5
3
10 # 10
Av = v 0 = 1
−5 - 8.96
vi 10 # 103 # 1.116 #
10
Let Qn + 1 is next state and Qn is the present state. From the given below
figure.
D = Y = AX0 + AX1
Qn + 1 = D = AX0 + AX1
Qn + 1 = A Qn + AQn X0 = Q, X1 = Q
If A = 0, Qn + 1 = Qn (toggle of previous state)
If A = 1, Qn + 1 = Qn
So state diagram is

First we obtain the transfer function.
0 − Vi (jω) 0 − Vo (jω)
1 + =0
+ R1 R2
jωC
Vo (jω) − Vi (jω)
R2 = 1
+ R1
jωC
Vi (jω) R2
Vo(jω) =−
R1 − j 1
ωC
1
At ω " 0 (Low frequencies), ωC" 3, so Vo = 0
1 " 0, so V (jω) =− R2 V (jω)
o i
At ω " 3 (higher frequencies),
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ωC R1

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The filter passes high frequencies so it is a high pass filter.

H (jω) = Vo = − R2
Vi R1 − jωC 1
−R 2 R2
H (3) = R1 = R1
At 3 dB frequency, gain will be 2 times of maximum gain 6H (3)@
1
H^jω0h = H (3)
2
So, R2 = 1 b R2 l
R 12 + ω021C 2 2 R1
2R 2 = R 2 + 1 & R 2 = 1
1 1 1
ω02 C 2 ω 2C 2
ω0 = 1
R1C
So, it will act as a Band pass filter.

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The first half of the circuit is a differential amplifier (negative feedback)

Va =− (Vi)
Second op-amp has a positive feedback, so it acts as an schmitt trigger.
Since
Va =− Vi this is a non-inverting schmitt trigger.
Threshold value
VTH = 12 = 6V
2
VTL =− 6 V
Y = X 5X
= X X + XX
= XX + X X
= X+X = 1
SOL 8.11 Option (C) is correct.

LXI D, DISP
LP : CALL SUB
LP + 3
When CALL SUB is executed LP+3 value is pushed(inserted) in the stack.
POP H & HL = LP + 3
DAD D & HL = HL + DE

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= LP + 3 + DE
PUSH H & The last two value of the stack will be HL value i.e,
LP + DISP + 3

Zener Diode is used as stabilizer.
The circuit is assumed to be as
We can see that both BE and BC Junction are forwarded biased. So the
BJT is operating in saturation.
12 − 0.2 = 5.36 mA
Collector current IC =
2.2k
Y βIB
Note:- In saturation mode IC -

The characteristics equation of the JK flip-flop is
Qn + 1 = JQn + KQn Qn + 1 is the next state
From figure it is clear that
J = QB ; K = Q B
The output of JK flip flop
QA(n + 1) = QB QA + QB QA = QB (QA + QA) = QB
Output of T flip-flop
QB(n + 1) = Q A
Clock pulse QA QB QA(n + 1) QB(n + 1)

Initially(tn ) 1 0 1 0
tn + 1 1 0 1 0
tn + 2 1 0 1 0
tn + 3 1 0 1 0

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We can obtain three operating regions depending on whether the Zener and
PN diodes are forward biased or reversed biased.
1. vi #− 0.7 V, zener diode becomes forward biased and diode D will be off
so the equivalent circuit looks like
The output vo =− 0.7 V

2. When −0.7 1 vi # 5.7, both zener and diode D will be off. The circuit is
Output follows input i.e vo = vi

Note that zener goes in reverse breakdown(i.e acts as a constant battery)
only when difference between its p-n junction voltages exceeds 10 V.
3. When vi > 5.7 V, the diode D will be forward biased and zener remains
off, the equivalent circuit is
vo = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7 V

Since the op-amp is ideal
v+ = v− =+ 2 volt
By writing node equation
v − − 0 + v− − vo = 0
R 2R

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2 + (2 − vo) = 0
R 2R
4 + 2 − vo = 0
vo = 6 volt

Given circuit is,
We can observe that diode D2 is always off, whether D1,is on or off. So

equivalent circuit is.
D1 is ON in this condition and

V0 = 1010 # 10
+ 10
= 5 volt

By writing KVL equation for input loop (Base emitter loop)
10 − (10 kΩ) IB − VBE − V0 = 0 ...(1)
Emitter current IE = V0
100
IC - IE = βIB
V0
So, 100 = 100IB
IB = V0
10 # 103
Put IB into equation (1)

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10 − (10 # V0
3 − 0.7 − V0 = 0
103) 10 # 10
9.3 − 2V0 = 0
& V0 = 9.3 = 4.65 A
2

The circuit is
Output Y is written as
Y = X 5B
Since each gate has a propagation delay of 10 ns.

CALL, Address performs two operations
(1) PUSH PC & Save the contents of PC (Program Counter) into
stack. SP = SP − 2 (decrement)
((SP)) ! (PC)
(2) Addr stored in PC.
(PC) ! Addr

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Function F can be minimized by grouping of all 1’s in K-map as following.
F = X Y + YZ

Since F = X Y + YZ
In option (D)

Figure shows current characteristic of diode during switching.

The increasing order of speed is as following
Magnetic tape> CD-ROM> Dynamic RAM>Cache Memory>Processor
register

Equivalent circuit of given amplifier

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Feedback samples output voltage and adds a negative feedback voltage (vfb)
to input.
So, it is a voltage-voltage feedback.
SOL 8.25 Option () is correct.

NOR and NAND gates considered as universal gates.

Let voltages at positive and negative terminals of op-amp are V+ and V-
respectively, then
V+ = V- = Vs (ideal op-amp)
In the circuit we have,
V- − 0 + V- − V0(s) = 0
1 R
`Cs j
(RCs) V- + V- − V0(s) = 0
(1 + RCs) Vs = V0(s)
Similarly current Is is, Is = Vs − V0
R
Is = RCs Vs
R
Is = jωCVs
Is = ωCVs + + 90%
Is = 2πf # 10 # 10-6 # 10
Is = 2 # π # 50 # 10 # 10-6 # 10
Is = 10π mA, leading by 90%

Input and output power of a transformer is same
Pin = Pout
for emitter follower, voltage gain(Av) = 1
current gain(Ai) > 1
Power (Pout) = Av Ai Pin
Since emitter follower has a high current gain so Pout > Pin

For the given instruction set,
XRA A & XOR A with A & A = 0
MVI B , F0 H&B = F0 H

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SUB B & A = A − B
A =00000000
B = 1111 0 0 0 0
2’s complement of (− B) = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A + (− B) = A − B = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
= 10 H

This is a schmitt trigger circuit, output can takes two states only.
VOH =+ 6 volt
VOL =− 3 volt
Threshold voltages at non-inverting terminals of op-amp is given as
VTH − 6 + VTH − 0 = 0
2 1
3VTH − 6 = 0
VTH = 2 V (Upper threshold)
Similarly
VTL − (− 3) VTL = 0
+
2 1
3VTL + 3 = 0
VTL =− 1 V (Lower threshold)
For Vin < 2 Volt, V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > 2 Volt, V0 =− 3 Volt
Vin < − 1 Volt V0 =+ 6 Volt
Vin > − 1 Volt V0 =− 3 Volt
Output waveform

Assume the diode is in reverse bias so equivalent circuit is

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Output voltage V0 = 10 sin ωt # 10 = 5 sin ωt

10 + 10
Due to resistor divider, voltage across diode VD < 0 (always). So it in reverse
bias for given input.
Output, V0 = 5 sin ωt
This is a current mirror circuit. Since β is high so IC1 = IC2,IB1 = IB2

VB = (− 5 + 0.7)
=− 4.3 volt
Diode D1 is forward biased.
So, current I is, I = IC2 = IC1
0 − (− 4.3)
= = 4.3 mA
1

In positive half cycle of input, diode D1 is in forward bias and D2 is off, the
equivalent circuit is
Capacitor C1 will charge upto +5 volt. VC1 =+ 5 volt

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In negative halt cycle diode D1 is off and D2 is on.
Now capacitor VC2 will charge upto −10 volt in opposite direction.

Let input Vin is a sine wave shown below
According to given transfer characteristics of rectifiers output of rectifier P

is.
Similarly output of rectifier Q is
Output of a full wave rectifier is given as

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To get output V0
V0 = K(− VP + VQ) K − gain of op-amp
So, P should connected at inverting terminal of op-amp and Q with non-
inverting terminal.

For low frequencies,
ω " 0, so 1 " 3
ωC
Equivalent circuit is,
Applying node equation at positive and negative input terminals of op-amp.

vA − vi + vA − vo = 0
R1 R2
2vA = vi + vo , a R1 = R 2 = R A
Similarly,
v A − vi + vA − 0 = 0
R3 R4
2vA = vin , a R 3 = R 4 = RB
So, vo = 0
It will stop low frequency signals.
For high frequencies,
ω " 3, then 1 " 0
ωC
Equivalent circuit is,

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Output, vo = vi
So it will pass high frequency signal.
This is a high pass filter.

In Q.7.21 cutoff frequency of high pass filter is given by,
ωh = 1
2π RAC
Here given circuit is a low pass filter with cutoff frequency,
ωL = 1 = 2
2π CR A 2πR AC
2
ωL = 2ωh
When both the circuits are connected together, equivalent circuit is,
So this is is Band pass filter, amplitude response is given by.

In SOP form, F is written as
F = Σm(1, 3, 5, 6)
= X YZ + X YZ + XY Z + XYZ
Solving from K- map

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F = XZ + YZ + XYZ
In POS form F = (Y + Z)(X + Z)(X + Y + Z )
Since all outputs are active low so each input in above expression is
complemented
F = (Y + Z )(X + Z )(X + Y + Z)

Given that SP = 2700 H
PC = 2100 H
HL = 0000 H
Executing given instruction set in following steps,
DAD SP & Add register pair (SP) to HL register
HL = HL + SP
HL = 0000 H + 2700 H
HL = 2700 H
PCHL & Load program counter with HL contents
PC = HL = 2700 H
So after execution contents are,
PC = 2700 H, HL = 2700 H

If transistor is in normal active region, base current can be calculated as
following,
By applying KVL for input loop,
10 − IC (1 # 103) − 0.7 − 270 # 103IB = 0
βIB + 270 IB = 9.3 mA, ` IC = βIB
IB (β + 270) = 9.3 mA
IB = 9.3 mA = 0.025 mA
270 + 100
In saturation, base current is given by,
10 − IC (1) − VCE − IE (1) = 0
10 = I
C (sat) IC - IE
2
VCE - 0
IC (sat) = 5 mA
IC (sat) 5
IB(sat) = = .050 mA
β = 100
IB 1 IB(sat), so transistor is in forward active region.

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In the circuit
We can analyze that the transistor is operating in active region.

VBE(ON) = 0.6 volt
VB − VE = 0.6
6.6 − VE = 0.6
VE = 6.6 − 0.6 = 6 volt
At emitter (by applying KCL),
IE = IB + IL
IE = 6 − 6.6 + 6 - 0.6 amp
1 kΩ 10 Ω
VCE = VC − VE = 10 − 6 = 4 volt
Power dissipated in transistor is given by.
PT = VCE # IC = 4 # ` IC - IE = 0.6 amp
0.6
= 2.4 W

This is a voltage-to-current converter circuit. Output current depends on
input voltage.
Since op-amp is ideal v+ = v- = v1

Writing node equation.
v1 − v + v1 − 0 = 0
R1 R2

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v1 c R1 + R2 m = V
R1R2 R1
v1 = V c R2
R+ R m
1 2
Since the op-amp is ideal therefore

iL = i1 = v1 = V R2
r r c R1 + R2 m

In the circuit output Y is given as
Y = [A 5 B] 5 [C 5 D]
Output Y will be 1 if no. of 1’s in the input is odd.

This is a class-B amplifier whose efficiency is given as
πV
η = 4V P
CC
where VP " peak value of input signal

VCC " supply voltage
here VP = 7 volt, VCC = 10 volt
π 7
so, η= # = 54.95% - 55%
4 # 10
100

In the circuit the capacitor starts charging from 0 V (as switch was initially
closed) towards a steady state value of 20 V.
for t < 0 (initial) for t " 3 (steady state)
So at any time t , voltage across capacitor (i.e. at inverting terminal of op-

amp) is given by
v (t) = v (3) + [v (0) − v (3)] e RC
-t
c c c c
-t
vc (t) = 20 (1 − e ) RC
Voltage at positive terminal of op-amp

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v+ − vout + v+ − 0 = 0
10 100
v+ = 10 vout
11
Due to zener diodes, −5 # vout #+ 5
So, v+ = 10 (5) V
11
Transistor form − 5 V to +5 V occurs when capacitor charges upto v+.
So 20 (1 − e-t/RC) = 10 # 5
11
1−e = 5
- t/RC
22
17 = e- t/RC
22
t = RC ln ` 22 j = 1 # 103 # .01 # 10-6 # = 2.57 μsec
17
0.257
Voltage waveforms in the circuit is shown below

First convert the given number from hexadecimal to its binary equivalent,
then binary to octal.
Hexadecimal no. AB. CD
Binary equivalent S 1 0 10 S
1 0 1 1 $ 1A B
1 0B 0C S
11 01
A B C D
To convert in octal group three binary digits together as shown
010 S
S 101 S 0 1 1 $S
11 0 S0 11 S 010
2 5 3 6 3 2
So, (AB.CD)H = (253.632)8

In a 555 astable multi vibrator circuit, charging of capacitor occurs through
resistor (RA + RB) and discharging through resistor RB only. Time for
charging and discharging is given as.

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TC = 0.693 (RA + RB) C = 0.693 RB C

But in the given circuit the diode will go in the forward bias during charging,
so the capacitor will charge through resistor RA only and discharge through
RB only.
a RA = RB
So TC = TD

First we can check for diode D2. Let diode D2 is OFF then the circuit is
In the above circuit diode D1 must be ON, as it is connected with 10 V

battery now the circuit is
Because we assumed diode D2 OFF so voltage across it VD2 # 0 and it is

possible only when D3 is off.
So, all assumptions are true.

In the positive half cycle of input, Diode D1 will be reverse biased and
equivalent circuit is.

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Since there is no feed back to the op-amp and op-amp has a high open loop
gain so it goes in saturation. Input is applied at inverting terminal so.
VP =− VCC =− 12 V
In negative half cycle of input, diode D1 is in forward bias and equivalent
circuit is shown below.
Output VP = Vγ + V-
Op-amp is at virtual ground so V+ = V- = 0 and VP = Vγ = 0.7 V
Voltage wave form at point P is

In the circuit when Vi < 10 V, both D1 and D2 are off.
So equivalent circuit is,

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Output, Vo = 10 volt
When Vi > 10 V (D1 is in forward bias and D2 is off
So the equivalent circuit is,
Output, Vo = Vi
Transfer characteristic of the circuit is

Assume that BJT is in active region, thevenin equivalent of input circuit is
obtained as
Vth − Vi Vth − (− 12)

15 + 100 =0
20Vth − 20Vi + 3Vth + 36 = 0

23Vth = 20 # 5 − 36, Vi = 5 V
Vth = 2.78 V
Thevenin resistance Rth = 15 KΩ || 100 KΩ
= 13.04 KΩ
So the circuit is

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Writing KVL for input loop

2.78 − Rth IB − 0.7 = 0
IB = 0.157 mA
Current in saturation is given as,
I
IB(sat) = C(sat)
β
IC(sat) = 12.2 = 5.4 mA
2.2
So, IB(sat) = 5.45 mA = 0.181 mA
30
Since IB(sat) > IB , therefore assumption is true.

Here output of the multi vibrator is
V0 =! 12 volt
Threshold voltage at positive terminal of op-amp can be obtained as following
When output V0 =+ 12 V, equivalent circuit is,
writing node equation at positive terminal of op-amp

Vth − 12 + Vth − 0 = 0
10 10
Vth = 6 volt (Positive threshold)

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So, the capacitor will charge upto 6 volt.

When output V0 =− 12 V, the equivalent circuit is.
node equation
Vth + 12 + Vth − 0 = 0
2 10
5 Vth + 60 + Vth = 0
Vth =− 10 volt (negative threshold)
So the capacitor will discharge upto −10 volt.
At terminal P voltage waveform is.

Function F can be obtain as,
F = I0S1S0 + I1S1S0 + I2S1S0 + I3S1S0
= AB C + A B C + 1 $ BC + 0 $ BC
= AB C + A BC + BC = AB C + A BC + BC (A + A)
= AB C + A BC + ABC + A BC
= Σ(1, 2, 4, 6)

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MVI H and MVI L stores the value 255 in H and L registers. DCR L
decrements L by 1 and JNZ checks whether the value of L is zero or not. So
DCR L executed 255 times till value of L becomes ‘0’.
Then DCR H will be executed and it goes to ‘Loop’ again, since L is of 8 bit
so no more decrement possible and it terminates.

XCHG& Exchange the contain of DE register pair with HL pair So now addresses of
memory locations are stored in HL pair.
INR M& Increment the contents of memory whose address is stored in HL pair.

From the circuit we can observe that Diode D1 must be in forward bias
(since current is flowing through diode).
Let assume that D2 is in reverse bias, so equivalent circuit is.
Voltage Vn is given by
Vn = 1 # 2 = 2 Volt
Vp = 0
Vn > Vp (so diode is in reverse bias, assumption is true)
Current through D2 is ID2 = 0

SHLD transfers contain of HL pair to memory location.
SHLD 2050 & L " M[2050H]
H " M[2051H]

This is a N-channel MOSFET with VGS = 2V
VTH =+ 1V
VDS(sat) = VGS − VTH
VDS(sat) = 2 − 1 = 1 V

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Due to 10 V source VDS > VDS(sat) so the NMOS goes in saturation, channel
conductivity is high and a high current flows through drain to source and it
acts as a short circuit.
So, Vab = 0

Let the present state is Q(t), so input to D-flip flop is given by,
D = Q (t) 5 X
Next state can be obtained as,
Q (t + 1) = D
= Q (t) 5 X
= Q (t) X + Q (t) X
= Q (t), if X = 1
and Q (t + 1) = Q (t), if X = 0
So the circuit behaves as a T flip flop.

Since the transistor is operating in active region.
IE . βIB
IB = IE = 1 mA = 10 μA
β 100

Gain of the inverting amplifier is given by,
A =− RF =− 1 # 106 , R = 1 MΩ
v F
R1 R1
R 1 =− 1 # 10
6
Av
Av =− 10 to −25 so value of R1
R1 = 10 = 100 kΩ for A =− 10
6
v
10
R1' = 10 = 40 kΩ for A =− 25
6
v
25
R1 should be as large as possible so R1 = 100 kΩ

Direct coupled amplifiers or DC-coupled amplifiers provides gain at dc or
very low frequency also.

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Since there is no feedback in the circuit and ideally op-amp has a very high
value of open loop gain, so it goes into saturation (ouput is either +V or
−V ) for small values of input.
The input is applied to negative terminal of op-amp, so in positive half cycle
it saturates to −V and in negative half cycle it goes to +V .

CHECK From the given input output waveforms truth table for the circuit is drawn
as
X1 X2 Q
1 0 1
0 0 1
0 1 0
In option (A), for X1 = 1,Q = 0 so it is eliminated.
In option (C), for X1 = 0,Q = 0 (always), so it is also eliminated.
In option (D), for X1 = 0,Q = 1, which does not match the truth table.
Only option (B) satisfies the truth table.

In the given circuit NMOS Q1 and Q3 makes an inverter circuit. Q4 and Q5
are in parallel works as an OR circuit and Q2 is an output inverter.
So output is
Q = X1 + X2 = X1.X2

Let Q (t) is the present state then from the circuit,
So, the next state is given by

Q (t + 1) = Q (t) (unstable)

Trans-conductance of MOSFET is given by
gm = 2iD
2VGS

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(2 − 1) mA
= = 1 mS
(2 − 1) V

Voltage gain can be obtain by small signal equivalent circuit of given
amplifier.
vo =− gm vgs RD
vgs = vin
So, vo =− gm RD vin
Voltage gain Av = vo =− gm RD =− (1 mS) (10 kΩ) =− 10
vi

Given circuit,
In the circuit
V1 = 3.5 V (given)
Current in zener is.
IZ = V1 − VZ = 3.5 − 3.3 = 2 mA
RZ 0.1 # 103
This is a current mirror circuit. Since VBE is the same in both devices, and
transistors are perfectly matched, then
IB1 = IB2 and IC1 = IC2
From the circuit we have,

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IR = IC1 + IB1 + IB2 = IC1 + 2IB2 a IB1 = IB2

= IC2 + 2IC2 a IC1 = IC2, IC2 = βIB2
β
IR = IC2 c1 + 2 m
β
IR
IC2 = I =
2
c1 + β m
IR can be calculate as
−5 + 0.7 =− 4.3 mA
IR =
1 # 103
4.3 - 4.3 mA
So, I =
2
`1 + 100j

The small signal equivalent circuit of given amplifier
Here the feedback circuit samples the output voltage and produces a feed
back current Ifb which is in shunt with input signal. So this is a shunt-shunt
feedback configuration.

In the given circuit output is stable for both 1 or 0. So it is a bistable multi-
vibrator.

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Since there are two levels (+ VCC or − VCC) of output in the given comparator
circuit.
For an n -bit Quantizer
2n = No. of levels
2n = 2
n =1

From the circuit, we can see the that diode D2 must be in forward Bias.
For D1 let assume it is in reverse bias.
Voltages at p and n terminal of D1 is given by Vp and Vn
Vp < Vn (D1 is reverse biased)
Applying node equation

Vp − 5 Vp + 8
+ =0
1 1
2V =− 3
p =− 1.5
V =0
p
V
n
Vp < Vn (so the assumption is true and D1 is in reverse bias) and current in
D1
ID1 = 0 mA

The small signal ac equivalent circuit of given amplifier is as following.

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Here RB = (10 kΩ < 10 kΩ) = 5 kΩ

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gm = 10 ms
50 = 5 kΩ
a gm rπ = β & rπ =
Input resistance 10 # 10-3
Rin = RB < rπ = 5 kΩ < 5 kΩ = 2.5 kΩ

For PMOS to be biased in non-saturation region.
VSD < VSD(sat)
and
VSD(sat) = VSG + VT
VSD(sat) = 4 − 1 "a VSG = 4 − 0 = 4 volt
= 3 Volt
So, VSD < 3
VS − VD < 3
4 − ID R < 3
1 < ID R
ID R > 1, ID = 1 mA
R > 1000 Ω
SOL 8.79 Option (B is correct.

If op-amp is ideal, no current will enter in op-amp. So current ix is
vx − vy
ix = ...(1)
1 # 106
v+ = v− = vx (ideal op-amp)
vx − vy
+ vx − 0 = 0
100 # 103 10 # 103
vx − vy + 10vx = 0
11vx = vy ...(2)
For equation (1) & (2)
ix = vx − 11vx =− 10vx
1 # 106 106
Input impedance of the circuit.
6
Rin = vx =−10 =− 100 kΩ
ix 10

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Given Boolean expression,
Y = (A $ BC + D)(A $ D + B $ C )
= (A $ BCD) + (ABC $ B $ C ) + (AD) + B CD
= A BCD + AD + B C D
= AD (BC + 1) + B CD = AD + B C D

In the given circuit, output is given as.
Y = (A0 5 B0) 9 (A1 5 B1) 9 (A2 5 B2) 9 (A3 5 B3)
For option (A)
Y = (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0)
= 09 09 09 0= 1
For option (B)
Y = (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1)
= 09 09 09 0= 1
For option (C)
Y = (0 5 0) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0)
= 09 09 09 0= 1
For option (D)
Y = (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 0) 9 (1 5 1) 9 (0 5 1)
= 09 09 09 1= 0

In the given circuit, waveforms are given as,

The program is executed in following steps.
START MVI A, 14H " one instruction cycle.
RLC & rotate accumulator left without carry
RLC is executed 6 times till value of accumulator becomes zero.
JNZ, JNZ checks whether accumulator value is zero or not, it is executed 5

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times.
HALT " 1-instruction cycle.
So total no. of instruction cycles are

n= 1+ 6+ 5+ 1
= 13

In the given circuit
Vi = 0 V
So, transistor Q1 is in cut-off region and Q2 is in saturation.
5 − IC RC − VCE(sat) − 1.25 = 0
5 − IC RC − 0.1 − 1.25 = 0
5 − IC RC = 1.35
V0 = 1.35 "a V0 = 5 − IC RC

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Since there exists a drain current for zero gate voltage (VGS = 0), so it is a
depletion mode device.
ID increases for negative values of gate voltages so it is a p -type depletion
mode device.

Applying KVL in input loop,
4 − (33 # 103) IB − VBE − (3.3 # 103) IE = 0
a IE = (hfe + 1) IB
4 − (33 # 103) IB − 0.7 − (3.3 # 103)(hfe + 1) IB = 0
3.3 = 6(33 # 103) + (3.3 # 103)(99 + 1)@IB
IB = 3.3 33 # 103 +
3.3 # 10 # 100
3
IC = hfe IB
= 99 # 3.3 mA = 3.3 mA
[0.33 + 3.3] # 100 0.33 + 3.3

Let the voltages at positive and negative terminals of op-amp are v+ and v-
respectively. Then by applying nodal equations.
v- − vin + v- − vout = 0
R1 R1
2 v-- = vin + vout ..(1)
Similarly,
v+ − vin + v+ − 0 = 0
R 1
c jωC m

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v+ − vin + v+(jωCR) = 0
v+(1 + jωCR) = Vin ..(2)
By equation (1) & (2)
2vin
= vin + vout "a v+ = v- (ideal op-amp)
1 + jωCR
vin ; 2 − 1E = vout
1 + jωCR
(1 − jωCR)
vout = vin
1 + jωCR
Phase shift in output is given by
θ = tan-1(− ωCR) − tan-1(ωCR)
= π − tan-1(ωCR) − tan-1(ωCR)
= π − 2 tan-1(ωCR)
Maximum phase shift θ =π

In given circuit MUX implements a 1-bit full adder, so output of MUX is
given by.
F = Sum = A 5 Q 5 Cin
Truth table can be obtain as.
P Q Cin Sum
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Sum = P Q Cin + PQ Cin + P Q Cin + P Q Cin
Output of MUX can be written as
F = P Q $ I0 + PQ $ I1 + PQ $ I2 + PQ $ I3
Inputs are,
I0 = Cin, I1 = Cin, I2 = Cin, I3 = Cin

Program counter contains address of the instruction that is to be executed
next.
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For a n -channel enhancement mode MOSFET transition point is given by,
VDS(sat) = VGS − VTH a VTH = 2 volt
VDS(sat) = VGS − 2
From the circuit,
VDS = VGS
So VDS(sat) = VDS − 2 & VDS = VDS(sat) + 2
VDS > VDS(sat)
Therefore transistor is in saturation region and current equation is given by.
ID = K (VGS − VTH)2
4 = K (VGS − 2)2
VGS is given by
VGS = VDS = 10 − ID RD = 10 − 4 # 1 = 6 Volt
So, 4 = K (6 − 2)2
K =1
4
Now RD is increased to 4 kΩ, Let current is I' and voltages are V ' = V '
D DS GS
Applying current equation.

I' = K (V ' − V )2
D GS TH
I' 1 (V ' − 2)2
D =
4 GS
V = V = 10 − I ' # R' = 10 − 4I'
' '
GS DS D D D
So,
4ID' = (10 − 4I'D − 2)2 = (8 − 4ID ' ) 2
= 16 (2 − ID' )2
I'D= 4 (4 + I'D2 − 4ID' )
4I'D2 − 17 + 16 = 0
I'2D = 2.84 mA

Let the voltages at input terminals of op-amp are v- and v+ respectively.
So, v+ = v- = 0 (ideal op-amp)

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Applying node equation at negative terminal of op-amp,

0 − vin + 0 − vx = 0 ...(1)
1 10
At node x
vx − 0 + vx − vout + vx − 0 = 0
10 10 1
vx + vx − vout + 10vx = 0
12 vx = vout
vx = vout
12
From equation (1), vin + vx
=0
1 10
vin =− vout
120
vout =− 120
vin

In the positive half cycle (when Vin > 4 V) diode D2 conducts and D1 will
be off so the equivalent circuit is,
Vout = + 4 Volt
In the negative half cycle diode D1 conducts and D2 will be off so the circuit
is,
Applying KVL
Vin − 10I + 4 − 10I = 0

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Vin + 4 = I
20
Vin =− 10 V (Maximum value in negative half cycle)
So, I = −10 + 4 =− 3 mA
20 10
Vin − Vout = I
10
−10 − Vout
=− 3
10 10
Vout =− (10 − 3)
Vout =− 7 volt

In the circuit, the capacitor charges through resistor (RA + RB) and discharges
through RB . Charging and discharging time is given as.
TC = 0.693 (RA + RB) C

T = 0.693 RB C
Frequency D
= 1 = 1
f= 1
T TD + TC 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C
1 = 10 # 103
0.693 (RA + 2RB) # 10 # 10-9
14.4 # 103 = RA + 2RB ...(1)

duty cycle = TC = 0.75
T
0.693 (RA + RB) C
=3
0.693 (RA + 2RB) C 4
4RA + 4RB = 3RA + 6RB
RA = 2RB ...(2)
From (1) and (2)
2RA = 14.4 # 103
RA = 7.21 kΩ
and RB = 3.60 kΩ

Given boolean expression can be written as,
F = XYZ + X YZ + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ
= X YZ + YZ (X + X ) + XY(Z + Z)
= XYZ + YZ + XY

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= YZ + Y(X + X Z ) a A + BC = (A + B)(A + C)

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= YZ + Y(X + X )(X + Z )
= YZ + Y (X + Z )
= YZ + YX + YZ
X = X1 5 X0 , Y = X 2
Serial Input Z = X 5 Y = [X1 5 X0] 5 X2
Truth table for the circuit can be obtain as.
Clock pulse Serial Input Shift register

Initially 1 1010
1 0 1101
2 0 0110
3 0 0011
4 1 0001
5 0 1000
6 1 0100
7 1 1010
So after 7 clock pulses contents of the shift register is 1010 again.

Characteristic table of the X-Y flip flop is obtained as.
X Y Q Qn+1
n
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0

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Solving from k-map
Characteristic equation of X-Y flip flop is

Qn + 1 = Y Qn + XQn
Characteristic equation of a J-K flip-flop is given by
Qn + 1 = KQn + J Qn
by comparing above two characteristic equations
J = Y , K =X

Total size of the memory system is given by.
= (212 # 4) # 8 bits
= 214 # 8 bits
= 214 Bytes
= 16K bytes

Executing all the instructions one by one.
LXI H, 1FFE & H = (1F)H, L = (FE)H
MOV B, M & B = Memory [HL] = Memory [1FFE]
INR L & L = L + (1)H = (FF)H
MOV A, M & A = Memory [HL] = Memory [1FFF]
ADD B & A = A + B
INR L & L = L + (1)H = (FF)H + (1)H = 00
MOV M, A & Memory [HL] = A
Memory [1F00] = A
XOR A & A = A XOR A = 0
So the result of addition is stored at memory address 1F00.

Let the initial state Q(t) = 0, So D = Q = 1, the output waveform is.

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So frequency of the output is,

fout = fin = 10 = 5 kHz
2 2

This is a half-wave rectifier circuit, so the DC voltage is given by
Vdc = Vm
π
Equivalent circuit with forward resistance is
DC current in the circuit

Vm
(V /π)
Idc = π = m
rf + R (5 + 45)
Idc = Vm
50π

In the positive half cycle zener diode (Dz ) will be in reverse bias (behaves as
a constant voltage source) and diode (D) is in forward bias. So equivalent
circuit for positive half cycle is.
Output Vo = VD + Vz
= 0.7 + 3.3
= 4 Volt
In the negative halt cycle, zener diode (Dz) is in forward bias and diode (D)

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is in reverse bias mode. So equivalent circuit is.
So the peak output is,

Vo = 10 # 1
(1 + 1)
Vo = 5 Volt

For active low chip select CS = 0, so the address range can be obtain as,
A15 A14 A13 A12 A11A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A A3A2A1A0
4
1110 0000 0000 0000

h h h h
1110 1111 1111 1111
So address range is E000-EFFF

A first order low pass filter is shown in following figure.
Transfer function
V (jω)
H (jω) = 0 = 1 # 1 = 1
V1(jω) R+ 1 jωC jωcR +1
jωC
Given that H (jω1) = 0.25
1 =1
ω2C 2 R2 + 1
1
4
16 = ω12R2C2 + 1
ω12R2C2 = 15
4π2f1 2(50)2(5 # 10-6)2 = 15

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f1 = 2.46 kHz

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In the circuit, voltage at positive terminal of op-amp is given by
v+ − vo + v+ − 2 = 0
10 3
3 (v+ − vo) + 10 (v+ − 2) = 0
13v+ = 20 + 3vo
Output changes from + 15 V to −15 V,when v- > v+
20 + (3 # 15)
v+ = = 5 Volt (for positive half cycle)
13

Output for each stage can be obtain as,
So final output Y is.

Y = P Q $ R S = (P + Q) $ (R + S) a AB = A + B
= P+ Q+ R+ S

We can analyze that the transistor is in active region.
β 99 (1 mA) = 0.99 mA
I = I =
(β + 1) (99 + 1)
C E
In the circuit

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In the circuit
VBE = 0.7 V
VE = IE # 1 kΩ = 1V
VB − VE = 0.7
VB = 0.7 + 1 = 1.7 volt
Current throughR1
IR = VB = 1.7 = 100 μA
1
17 kΩ 17 kΩ
I
IB = = 1 mA
E
= 10 μA
β+1 (99 + 1)
Current through RF , by writing KCL at Base
IRF = IB + IR1
= 10 + 100 = 110 μA
Current through RC
I1 = IC + IRF = 0.99 mA + 110 μA = 1.1 mA

Output voltage
V0 = 15 − I1RC
= 15 − (1.1 mA)(1 kΩ) = 13.9 V

Current in RF
IRF = V0 − VB
RF
0.11 mA = 13.9 − 1.7 kΩ

RF
RF = 110.9 kΩ

By writing node equations in the circuit

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Va − Vx + V Cs + (V − V ) Cs = 0
a a y
R
or Va (1 + 2RCs) − Vx − sCRVy = 0 ...(1)
Vy
or (Vy − Va) Cs +
=0
R
or Vy (1 + sCR) − Va sCR = 0 ...(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
1 + sCR
c sCR m (1 + 2sCR) Vy − Vx − sCRVy = 0
(1 + sCR)(1 + 2sCR)
Vy ; − sCR E = Vx
sCR
(1 + 3sCR + 2s2C2R2 − s2C2R2)
Vy = Vx
sCR
Transfer function
Vy
T (s) = = sCR
Vx 1 + 3sCR + s2C2R2
jωCR jωCR
T (jω) = =
1 + j3ωCR − C2R2ω2 (1 − C2R2ω2) + 3jωCR

Applying Barkhausen criterion of oscillation phase shift will be zero.
+T (jω0) = 0 ω0 "frequency of oscillation.
1 − C2R2ω02 = 0
ω02 = 1
R C2 2
ω0 = 1
RC

In figure
V0 R
Vy =
RF + R
Vy jω0CR
T (jω) = V = 1 − ω2C2R2 + j3ω CR
0
0 0
ω= 1
RC
Vy
So, = j =1
V0 3j 3
R =1
RF + R 3
RF = 2R = 2 # 1 = 2 kΩ
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By writing truth table for the circuit
CLK Q2 Q1 Q0
Initially 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
3 0 1 1
4 1 0 0
1 0 1
All flip flops are reset. When it goes to state 101, output of NAND gate
becomes 0 or CLR = 0, so all FFs are reset. Thus it is modulo 4 counter.

When the switch is closed (i.e. during TON ) the equivalent circuit is
Diode is off during TON .writing KVL in the circuit.

100 − (100 # 10−6)di = 0
dt
di
dt = 10
6
i = # 106 dt = 106 t + i (0)

Since initial current is zero i (0) = 0
So, i = 106 t
After a duration of TON the current will be maximum given as
iPeak = 106 TON
When the switch is opened (i.e. during Toff ) the equivalent circuit is
Diode is ON during Toff , writing KVL again

500 =− (100 # 10−6) di
dt
i =− 5 # 10 t + i (0)
6

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i (0) = ip = 106 TON

So,
i =− 5 # 106 t + 106 TON
After a duration of Toff , current i = 0
So, 0 =− 5 # 106 t Toff + 106 TON

& TON = 5 Toff
Given that
TON + Toff = 100 μ sec
TON + TON = 100 μ sec
5
TON = 100 = 63.33 μ sec
1.2
Peak current ip = 106 # TON
= 63.33 # 10−6 # = 63.33 A
106

When the switch is opened, current flows through capacitor and diode is ON
in this condition.
so the equivalent circuit during TOFF is
I = C dVdt
c
& I t + V (0)
Vc = C c
Initially Vc (0) = 0
Vc = I t
C
At t = Toff
Vc = I Toff
C
Duty cycle D = T TON = TON
ON + TOFF T
TON = DT
TOFF = T − TON = T − DT

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So, Vc = I (T − DT)
C
= I (1 − D) T
C
During TOFF , output voltage V0 = 0 volt.

When the switch is closed, diode is off and the circuit is
In steady state condition

C dVdt = I2
c
I2 = C I a dVc = I
C dt C
V0 =− Vc = −I C t
Average output voltage
V0 = 1 ; # I
DT = T TOFF
b−C t l dt + #0 0 dtE
ON
T 0
2 DT 2
=− 1 . I :t D =− 1 .I . D T =− I D .T
2 2
TC 2 0 TC 2 C 2

Equivalent hybrid circuit of given transistor amplifier when RE is by passed
is shown below.
o
In the circuit
i = vs
hie
b = hfe ib .RC = hfe . vs .RC
hie
v
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.
.
.
(
1
)

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Voltage gain Av = vo = hfe RC

1
vi hie
Equivalent hybrid circuit when RE is not bypassed by the capacitor.
In the circuit
vs = ib hie + (ib + hfe ib) RE
vs = ib [hie + (1 + hfe) RE] ...(2)
v0 = hfe ib .RC ...(3)
from equation (2) and (3)
vs
v0 = hfe .RC
hie + (1 + hfe) RE
v hfe RC
Voltage gain, Av = =
2
0
vs hie + (1 + hfe) RE
So Av1 = hie + (1 + hfe) RE = 1 + (1 + hfe) RE
Av2 hie hie
Av < Av
2 1

Conversion time for different type of ADC is given as
Counting type TT " Conversion time
TT = 2n TC TC " Clock period
Integrating type
TT = 2n+1TC
Successive Approximation type
TT = nTC
Parallel (flash) type " fastest
Conversion time is highest for integrating type ADC. So it is slowest.

F = A + B (NOR)
Output is 1 when A = B = 0
OR, F = A 9 B (Ex-NOR)
Output is 1 when A = B = 0

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Output of the multiplexer is written as
f = I0S1S0 + I1S1S0 + I2S1S0 + I3S1S0
I0 = 0, I1 = I2 = I3 = 1
So, f = 0 + xy + xy + xy = xy + xy + xy
= xy + x (y + y) = xy + x ay+y =1
= (x + x)(x + y) A + BC = (A + B)(A + C)
= x +y ax+x = 1

Since gain-bandwidth product remains constant
Therefore 105 # 10 = 100 # fCL
fCL = 10 kHz

Given circuit is an astable multi vibrator circuit, time period is given as
1+β
T = 2τ ln c , τ = RC
1 −β m
β " feedback factor
β = v+ = 1
vo 2
J1 + 1 N
K 2O
So, T = 2τ ln K1 − 1 O = 2τ ln 3
L 2P

MVI A, 10 H & MOV (10)H in accumulator
A =(10)H
MVI B, 10 H & MOV (10)H in register B
B = (10)H

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BACK : NOP
ADDB & Adds contents of register B to accumulator and result stores in
accumulator
A = A + B = (10)H + (10)H
000 10000
ADD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A= 0 0100 0 0 0
= (20)H
RLC & Rotate accumulator left without carry
JNC BACK & JUMP TO Back if CY = 0

NOP
ADD B &A = A + B
= (40)H + (10)H
0100 0000
ADD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A = 0 1 0 1 0 0 00
= (60)H
A = (A0)H
JNC BACK
NOP
ADDB & A = A + B
= (A0)H + (10)H
1 0 1 0 0 0 00
ADD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
A= 10110 0 0 0
A = (B0)H

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CY = 1 So it goes to HLT.
therefore NOP will be executed 3 times.

Leakage current is given by
1 0.5 # 1 # CV
Ql 0.5 # # Q
ILeakage = t = 100 = 100
t t
−2 −9
= 0.5 # 10 # 0.1−6# 10 # 5
1 # 10
− 13
= 25 # 10 = 2.5 # 10−6 = 2.5 μA
10−6

Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change in output voltage per
unit time.
Slew rate = dv0
dt
For voltage follower, v0 = vin
So, Slew rate = dvin , vin = 10 sin ωt
dt
d
= (10 sin ωt) = 10ω cos ωt
dt
= 10ω = 62.8 volt/μsec (given)
10 # 2πf = 62.8 # 106
f = 62.8 # 10 = 1 MHz
6
62.8

Trans conductance of an n-channel JFET, is given by.
gm = 2IDS = −2IDSS c1 − VGS m
2VG V V
Trans conductance (gm) is maximum when gate
S P P - to - source voltage
VGS = 0
(gm)max = −2IDSS
VP
So, gm = (gm)max c1 − VGSm
V
(− 3) 2
Here 1 = (gm)max ;1 − P E = (gm)max #
(− 5) 5
5
(gm)max = = 2.5
2

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The circuit is a synchronous counter.
Where input to the flip flops are
D3 = Q3 + Q2 + Q1
D2 = Q3, D1 = Q2 , D0 = Q1
Truth table of the circuit can be drawn as
CLK Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
Initial state 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1
2 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 0 1
4 1 0 0 0
5 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 0 1
8 1 0 0 0
From the truth table we can see that counter states at N = 4 and N = 8 are
same. So mod number is 4.

In the circuit
Writing node equation in the circuit at the negative terminal of op amp-1

v1 − 1 + v1 − v2 = 0
1 2
3v1 − v2 = 2 ...(1)
Similarly, at the positive terminal of op amp-1
v1 − vo + v1 − 0 = 0
3 1

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4v1 − vo = 0 ...(2)
At the negative terminals of op-amp-2
−1 − v2 + − 1 − vo = 0
c 4 m c8 m
−2 − 2v2 − 1 − vo = 0
vo + 2v2 =− 3 ...(3)
From equation (1) and (2)
3 vo − 2v2 = 1
4
From equation (3)
3 vo − 2 (− 3 − vo) = 1
4
3 vo + vo
=− 5
4
7 vo =− 5
4
vo =− 20 volt
7

Small signal circuit is (mid-band frequency range)
CE " 0, for mid-band frequencies

vo =− gm vπ RC
In the input loop
v = vi rπ
RB + rπ
π
−gm RC rπ vi
So, vo =
RB + rπ
−gm rπ RC
Gain Av = vo =
vi RB + rπ
Trans-conductance
(1 mA) = 1 A/V
gm = IC =
VT (26 mV) 26
β0
gm rπ = β0 & rπ = = 200 # 26 = 5.2 kX
g
m

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− 200 # (1 kΩ)
So gain Av = =− 6.62
(25 kΩ + 5.2 kΩ)

Cut off frequency due to CE is obtained as
f0 = 1
2πReq CE
Req " Equivalent resistance seen through capacitor CE
RE (RB + rπ)
Req = RE < RB + rπ =
RE + RB + rπ
1(RE + RB + rπ)
So f0 = = 10 Hz (given)
2πRE (RB + rπ) CE
(0.1 + 25 + 5.2) # 103
So, CE = = 1.59 mF
2π # 0.1(25 + 5.2) # 106

We can approximately analyze the circuit at low and high frequencies as
following.
For low frequencies ω " 0 & " 3 (i.e. capacitor is open)
1
ωc
Equivalent circuit is

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So, it does not pass the low frequencies.

For high frequencies ω " 3 & " 0 (i.e. capacitor is short)
1
ωc
Equivalent circuit is
vo =− R2 vi
R1
So it does pass the high frequencies. This is a high pass filter.
SOL 8.131 At high frequency ω " 3 & 1 " 0, capacitor behaves as short circuit
ωc
and gain of the filter is given as
Av = − R2 = 10
R
1
R2 = 10 R1
Input resistance of the circuit Rin = R1 = 100 kΩ
So, R2 = 10 # 100 kΩ = 1 MΩ
Transfer function of the circuit
= −jωR2C
Vo(jω)
Vi(jω) 1 + jω R1C
High frequency gain Av3 = 10
At cutoff frequency gain is
− jωc R2 C
Av = 10 =
2 1 + jωc R1 C
10 = ωc R22C 2 2
2 1 + ωc R1 C
100 + 100ω2 R 2 C2 = 2ω2 R 2 C2
c 1 c 2
100 + 100 # ω2 # 1010 # C2 = 2 # ω2 # 1012 # C2
c c
100 = ω C # 1012
c
2 2
C2 = 2 100 12
ω 10
C = c #1 4 =
1
2πf 10 2 3.14 103 104
c# # # #
= 15.92 nF
***********

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CHAPTER 8

ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

YEAR 2012 ONE MARK

(C) XYZ , XYZ, XY (D) XY Z , XYZ, XY Z , XYZ

The current in the circuit is

MCQ 8.4 Consider the given circuit

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 420 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

In this circuit, the race around

YEAR 2012 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.5 The voltage gain Av of the circuit shown below is

(A) Av . 200 (B) Av . 100

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 421

MCQ 8.7 The circuit shown is a

YEAR 2011 ONE MARK

The CORRECT transfer characteristic is

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 422 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

MCQ 8.10 The output Y of the logic circuit given below is

YEAR 2011 TWO MARKS

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 423

MCQ 8.13 A two bit counter circuit is shown below

PAGE 424 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

MCQ 8.14 A clipper circuit is shown below.

Assuming forward voltage drops of the diodes to be 0.7 V, the input-output

YEAR 2010 ONE MARK

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 425

YEAR 2010 TWO MARKS

(A) 4.65 V (B) 5 V

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 426 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

Statement For Linked Answer Questions: 6 & 7

MCQ 8.20 A minimized form of the function F is

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 427

YEAR 2009 ONE MARK

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 428 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

The element connected between a and b could be

MCQ 8.24 The nature of feedback in the op-amp circuit shown is

(A) Current-Current feedback (B) Voltage-Voltage feedback

YEAR 2009 TWO MARKS

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 429

(A) 10π mA leading by 90% (B) 20π mA leading by 90%

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 430 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

YEAR 2008 ONE MARK

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

CHAP 8 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PAGE 431

YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS

(A) 0 mA (B) 3.6 mA

(A) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 = 5 V (B) Vc1 = 10 V,Vc2 =− 5 V

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

PAGE 432 ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CHAP 8

GATE Previous Year Solved Paper By RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia