Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 61 views

    The Integration Process: D FX FX DX D DX

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Esguerra
    This document discusses integration and its two main interpretations: as the inverse of differentiation and as a method to determine the area under a curve. It explains that integration can find an unknown function given its derivative, or find the limiting value of an infinite sum of infinitesimally small parts to calculate an area. The document then focuses on indefinite integration, where the integral of a function contains an arbitrary constant C, since the differential expression may have infinitely many integrals differing only by this constant of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The Integration Process: D FX FX DX D DX

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Esguerra
    61 views2 pages
    This document discusses integration and its two main interpretations: as the inverse of differentiation and as a method to determine the area under a curve. It explains that integration can find an unknown function given its derivative, or find the limiting value of an infinite sum of infinitesimally small parts to calculate an area. The document then focuses on indefinite integration, where the integral of a function contains an arbitrary constant C, since the differential expression may have infinitely many integrals differing only by this constant of integration.

    Original Description:

    first topic

    Original Title

    chapter 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses integration and its two main interpretations: as the inverse of differentiation and as a method to determine the area under a curve. It explains that integration can find an unknown function given its derivative, or find the limiting value of an infinite sum of infinitesimally small parts to calculate an area. The document then focuses on indefinite integration, where the integral of a function contains an arbitrary constant C, since the differential expression may have infinitely many integrals differing only by this constant of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    61 views2 pages

    The Integration Process: D FX FX DX D DX

    Uploaded by

    Melvin Esguerra
    This document discusses integration and its two main interpretations: as the inverse of differentiation and as a method to determine the area under a curve. It explains that integration can find an unknown function given its derivative, or find the limiting value of an infinite sum of infinitesimally small parts to calculate an area. The document then focuses on indefinite integration, where the integral of a function contains an arbitrary constant C, since the differential expression may have infinitely many integrals differing only by this constant of integration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    CHAPTER I

    The Integration Process

    1.1. Introduction:
    Integration has two distinct interpretations as a procedure that is the inverse of
    differentiation and as a method of determining the area under a curve. There are many
    important applications of integration in each of these contexts.
    As mentioned earlier, integration is the inverse of differentiation; that is, if a function is
    differentiated and the resulting function is then integrated, the result is the original function.
    This is true only if the constant of integration is specified in some way; otherwise the result
    may differ from the original function by a constant. In this context, integration is the process
    of finding a function when its derivative (or the rate of change) is known.
    Integration can also be defined as the process of finding the limiting value of a sum of
    terms when the number of terms increases infinitely and when the numerical value of each
    term approaches zero. It is in this context that integration is used in finding the area under a
    curve. In fact, integral calculus was developed for the purpose of evaluating the areas by
    supposing them to be divided into an infinite number of infinitesimally small parts whose sum
    is the area required; the integral sign is the elongated S used by early writers to indicate
    “sum.”
    In either context, integration requires operationally that a function be determined when
    its derivative is given. The techniques of integrating simple cases are accomplished by
    reversing the corresponding formulas differentiation; more complicated cases are handled
    by the use of tables of standard forms, by various procedures of substitution, and, if necessary,
    by numerical (approximation) methods.

    1.2. The Indefinite Integration


    When we were finding the derivative of a function, we wrote
    d
    F ( x)  f ( x)
    dx
    where the derivative of F(x) is f(x). Our problem is to find F(x) when we are given f(x).
    d
    We know that the symbol  ... dx is the inverse of or when dealing with differentials, the
    dx
    operator symbols d and  are the inverse of each other; that is,
    F ( x)   f ( x) dx
    and when the derivative of each side is taken, d annulling  , we have
    d F ( x)  f ( x) dx
    d
    or where  ... dx annuls , we have
    dx
    d d
    dx 
    F ( x)  f ( x) dx
    dx
     f ( x)
    From this, we find that d ( x3 ) = 3x 2 dx
    so that,  3x dx = x3  C
    2

    Also we find that d ( x3 + 3) = 3x 2 dx


    so that,  3x dx = x3  3
    2

    Again, we find that d ( x3 - 9) = 3x 2 dx


    so that,  3x
    2
    dx = x3 - 9
    This is to say that d ( x3 + C) = 3x 2 dx and  3x
    2
    dx = x 3 + C
    where C is any constant of integration.
    A number that is independent of the variable of integration is called a constant of
    integration. Since C may have infinitely many values, then a differential expression
    may have infinitely many integrals differing only by the constant. This is to say that
    two integrals of the same function may differ by the constant of integration. We
    assume the differential expression has at least one integral. Because the integral
    contains C and C is indefinite, we call
    F ( x) + C
    an indefinite integral of f(x) dx.
    In the general form we say
     f ( x) dx = F ( x) + C
    With regard to the constant of integration, a theorem and its converse are stated
    as follows:

    Theorem 1.If two functions differ by a constant, they have the same derivative.
    Theorem 2.If two functions have the same derivative, their difference is a constant.

    You might also like