Steel - 08-Prof. Zahid Siddiqi PDF

Prof. Dr. Zahid A.
Siddiqi
DESIGN FLOW CHART FOR

BUILT-UP MEMBERS
Main Member This flow chart is exactly same as
the general compression member flow chart
presented earlier.
Pu, Lux, Luy, Kx, Ky
R is assumed
φcFcr is evaluated for the assumed R
Areq is calculated
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Selection of built-up section and checking

local stability
KL/r ≤ 200 (If not, revise the section)
φcFcr is evaluated for the actual slenderness ratio
φcPn = Asel × φcFcr ≥ Pu

(If not, revise the section)
Design of Lacing
Vu = 0.02 φcPn
Vu Vu
Force in each lacing bar = Fu = N sin θ
or
2N sin θ
Length of lacing bar = le = s / sinθ

or s / sinθ × 0.7 for double lacing
Calculate length between the lacing points along the

main member (L) and check the following condition.
If the condition is not satisfied, increase the angle θ.
4.61 L / tf ≤ R
le/r ≤ 140 for single lacing and

le/r ≤ 200 for double lacing
Find φcFcr depending on maximum allowed le/r
Areq = Fu / φc Fcr
For local stability: b / t ≤ 10.8 (preferably)
Determine the section for lacing bars, satisfying

the above requirements
Design end tie plates
Example 3.5: Design a column of length 8m,

pinned at both ends, consisting of two channels
placed back-to-back at a distance of 250 mm. Also
design flat lacing using 15 mm diameter rivets. Pu
= 3200 kN.
Solution:
Pu = 3200 kN : KLu = 8.0 m
Assumed R for built-up section = 70
φc Fcr = 173.53 MPa
3200×10 3
Areq = = 18,440 mm2
173.53
Areq for one channel = 9,220 mm2
Using Reference 1, three sections with the same

weight (74 kg/m) may be selected.
However, 2Cs 380 × 74.0 have depth greater than
the other sections, which may be undesirable.
Similarly, 2Cs 310 × 74.0 have lesser rx-value.
Trial Section: 2MCs 330 × 74.0 A = 9480 mm2 ;

rx = 117 mm ; ry = 26.9 mm ; d = 330 mm ;
bf = 112 mm ; tf = 15.5 mm ; tw = 20.0 mm
bf / tf = 112 / 15.5 = 7.23 < λr OK

h / tw = (330 – 2 × 15.5) / 20 = 14.95 < λr OK
Using Reference 1, approximate values of rx and ry

are:
rx = 0.36 h = 0.36 × 330
= 118.8 mm (exact value is 117mm)
ry = 0.6 b = 0.6 × 250 = 150 mm
Exact value of ry should preferably be calculated

for the last trial.
In case of lacing, the individual slenderness ratio
is usually very small and modified slenderness
ratio will be very close to the original slenderness
ratio.
KL / rmin = 8000 / 118.8 ≈ 68
φcFcr = 176.09 MPa
φc Pn = 176.09×2×9480/1000 = 3338 kN
> Pu = 3200kN OK
Final Selection: 2MCs 330 × 74.0

Vu = 0.02 φc Pn = 0.02 × 3338 = 66.8 kN
Using Reference 1, standard gage g = 64 mm for

bf = 112 mm
From Figure 3.31, we may calculate the following:
s = b + 2g
= 250 + 2 × 64
= 378 mm
s < 380 ⇒ single lacing
and θ = 60°
g 250 g
Figure 3.31. Configuration of Double Channel

Section.
Longitudinal length between lacing points,

L = 2 × s cotθ = 437 mm
4.61 L / tf = 4.61 × 437 / 15.5 = 130.0
> 68 (Revise the angle θ)
For θ = 75°, L = 203 mm,
4.61 L / tf = 4.61 × 203 / 15.5 = 60.4
< 68 (OK)
Vu
Force in each lacing bar, Fu =
N sin θ
66.8
= 2 × sin 75 = 34.6 kN
Length of lacing Le = s / sinθ

= 378 / sin75° = 365 mm
b
Figure 3.32. Cross Section of

Flat Lacing.
Referring to Figure 3.32, four conditions are to be

satisfied in finding b and t.
Le/r ≤ 140 (maximum slenderness ratio)
Fu
b×t ≥
φ c Fcr
(for required compressive strength)
b/t ≤ 10.8 (for local stability)

b ≥ 3d (to properly accommodate the rivet)
Properties of a flat bar are: A=b×t Imin = bt3/12

bt 3 12
rmin = = 0.289 t
bt
Using first condition, Le/r ≤ 140

365
≤ 140
0.289t
t ≥ 9.02 mm; try 10 mm thick bar (t=10mm)

To satisfy the second condition,

365
Le/r = = 126.3
0.289×10
φcFcr = 95.69 MPa

34.6×1000
Areq = b×10 ≥
95.69
bmin = 36.2 mm
Using third condition, bmax = 10.8 × 10 = 108 mm
Using fourth condition, for diameter of rivet
d = 15mm, we have:
bmin = 3d = 3 × 15 = 45 mm
Hence the plate width should be between 45mm
and 108 mm.
Let b = 50 mm
Minimum length of lacing bar= Le + 3d
= 365 + 3 × 15 = 410 mm
Provide 50 × 10 mm plate, 425mm long
End Tie Plate
tp ≥ s / 50 = 378 / 50 = 7.56 mm
∴ tp = 8mm
Minimum length of tie plate = s = 378mm

Width of tie plate ≈ Width of section
= 250 + 2 × 112 = 474mm
Use 8 × 470 × 400 mm End Tie PLs
Questions of Chapter 3

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Prof. Dr. Zahid A.

DESIGN FLOW CHART FOR

φcFcr is evaluated for the assumed R

Selection of built-up section and checking

KL/r ≤ 200 (If not, revise the section)

φcFcr is evaluated for the actual slenderness ratio

φcPn = Asel × φcFcr ≥ Pu

Length of lacing bar = le = s / sinθ

Calculate length between the lacing points along the

le/r ≤ 140 for single lacing and

Find φcFcr depending on maximum allowed le/r

For local stability: b / t ≤ 10.8 (preferably)

Determine the section for lacing bars, satisfying

Design end tie plates

Example 3.5: Design a column of length 8m,

Areq for one channel = 9,220 mm2

Using Reference 1, three sections with the same

Trial Section: 2MCs 330 × 74.0 A = 9480 mm2 ;

bf / tf = 112 / 15.5 = 7.23 < λr OK

Using Reference 1, approximate values of rx and ry

Exact value of ry should preferably be calculated

φcFcr = 176.09 MPa

Final Selection: 2MCs 330 × 74.0

Using Reference 1, standard gage g = 64 mm for

Figure 3.31. Configuration of Double Channel

Longitudinal length between lacing points,

Length of lacing Le = s / sinθ

Figure 3.32. Cross Section of

Referring to Figure 3.32, four conditions are to be

b/t ≤ 10.8 (for local stability)

Properties of a flat bar are: A=b×t Imin = bt3/12

Using first condition, Le/r ≤ 140

t ≥ 9.02 mm; try 10 mm thick bar (t=10mm)

To satisfy the second condition,

φcFcr = 95.69 MPa

Minimum length of tie plate = s = 378mm

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