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    Machine Foundations 1

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    eqa amir
    * The foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf * The base area of the foundation is 10 m2 * The foundation rests on sand * Using Alpan's formula: * α = 82,000 for sand * W = 12,000 kgf * A = 10 m2 * Putting these values in Alpan's formula: fn = √(82,000 * (10)^1/4) / 12,000 fn = √8.2 = 2.86 cpm Therefore, the preliminary estimate of the natural frequency of the foundation is 2.86 cpm.

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    Machine Foundations 1

    Uploaded by

    eqa amir
    176 views36 pages
    * The foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf * The base area of the foundation is 10 m2 * The foundation rests on sand * Using Alpan's formula: * α = 82,000 for sand * W = 12,000 kgf * A = 10 m2 * Putting these values in Alpan's formula: fn = √(82,000 * (10)^1/4) / 12,000 fn = √8.2 = 2.86 cpm Therefore, the preliminary estimate of the natural frequency of the foundation is 2.86 cpm.

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    Foundations

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    * The foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf * The base area of the foundation is 10 m2 * The foundation rests on sand * Using Alpan's formula: * α = 82,000 for sand * W = 12,000 kgf * A = 10 m2 * Putting these values in Alpan's formula: fn = √(82,000 * (10)^1/4) / 12,000 fn = √8.2 = 2.86 cpm Therefore, the preliminary estimate of the natural frequency of the foundation is 2.86 cpm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    176 views36 pages

    Machine Foundations 1

    Uploaded by

    eqa amir
    * The foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf * The base area of the foundation is 10 m2 * The foundation rests on sand * Using Alpan's formula: * α = 82,000 for sand * W = 12,000 kgf * A = 10 m2 * Putting these values in Alpan's formula: fn = √(82,000 * (10)^1/4) / 12,000 fn = √8.2 = 2.86 cpm Therefore, the preliminary estimate of the natural frequency of the foundation is 2.86 cpm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    KNS4553

    SOIL DYNAMICS
    KANIRAJ SHENBAGA
    UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

    Learning Objective 3

    By the end of this course, the students should be


    able to design machine foundations complying with
    design criteria, evaluate liquefaction potential of
    saturated soil, suggest preventive measures,
    evaluate lateral earth pressures during earthquakes,
    and recommend vibration isolation measures.

    Learning Objective 4

    By the end of this course, the students should


    be able to investigate contemporary practices
    and issues on applications of soil dynamics in
    machine foundations and earthquake
    engineering and prepare technical reports of
    the investigations.

    KNS4553 Soil Dynamics

    Machine Foundations

    Types of Machine Foundations

    Block foundation
    A pedestal of concrete on which the machine rests.

    Box or caisson foundation


    A hollow concrete block which supports the machinery at the top.

    Wall foundation
    A pair of walls which support the machinery at the top slab.

    Frame foundation
    A frame work of columns, beams, and slabs. The machinery is
    supported on the top deck slab.

    Block Foundation

    http://mechanicaldatahelp.blogspot.com/2011/05/machine-foundations-ii.html

    Types of Machines

    Based on operating speed:


    Low to medium frequencies (< 500 rpm)
    Medium to high frequencies (300 to 1000
    rpm)
    Very high frequencies (> 1000 rpm)

    1 rpm = 1 revolution per minute = 2 radians per minute

    Machines Producing Periodical Forces

    Reciprocating engines (50 to 250 rpm),


    compressors, and large blowers:
    Low to medium speed machines; Usually
    supported on a block foundation

    Diesel engines and gas engines:


    Medium to high frequency machines

    Machines Producing Periodical Forces

    High speed internal combustion engines,


    electric motors, and turbo generators:
    Very high speed machines
    Turbo generators are usually supported on
    frame foundations, and others on block
    foundation.

    Electric Motor Support

    http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=images+of+machine+foundations&view=detail&id=51A66497BBA89E6F0328D059EF7FC06D35167732&first=0&qpvt=images+of+machine+foundations&FORM=IDFRIR

    Turbogenerator Foundation

    http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=images+of+turbogenerator+frame+foundations&view=detail&id=56716CD0DE953A83499DDE5748D03F17FCB7D873&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR

    Turbogenerator Foundation

    http://www.coyne-et-bellier.fr/en/dun/sin/fiche_lavrion_industrie.html

    Machines Producing Periodical Forces

    Forge hammers and presses:


    Usually supported on block foundation
    For the construction of a large hammer
    foundation see:
    http://www.fluekiger.ch/americanenglish/our-new-drop-forginghammer/index.html

    Typical configurations of the mounting systems in hammer foundations:


    (a) one-mass foundation, (b, c), two-mass foundation with springs and dampers
    http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0022460X03010198-gr1.gif

    Direct spring support of a Forging Hammer


    http://www.gerb.com/en/arbeitsgebiete/arbeitsgebiete.php?ID=151

    Data for Machine Foundation Design

    Loading diagram giving the magnitude and


    position of static and dynamic loads exerted by
    the machine on the foundation
    Power and operating speed of machine
    Details of grooves, openings, ducts, embedded
    parts, etc., in the foundation
    Soil data

    KNS4553
    Soil Dynamics

    Design Requirements

    Design Criteria

    A machine foundation should satisfy two criteria:


    a) Static load criteria
    b) Dynamic load criteria

    Static Load Criteria

    a) The foundation should be properly located


    (location criterion).
    b) It must be safe against failure by rupture of soil
    (bearing capacity criterion).
    c) The foundation must not excessively (settlement
    criterion).

    Dynamic Load Criteria

    a) No resonance should occur.


    Resonant frequency must be very large or very small
    compared to the operating speed of the machine.

    b) The amplitude of motion (displacement or rotation)


    must be within permissible limits under service
    conditions.
    Permissible limits: Prescribed by manufacturers of machine,
    Code provisions, Empirical guidelines (for preliminary
    design)

    Richards Chart for Limiting


    Amplitudes of Displacement
    in Vertical Vibration
    How to use the chart
    Determine the amplitude of
    displacement.
    Locate the point on the chart.
    Evaluate the response of persons
    to the vibration.

    Response Spectra

    When response limits are defined simultaneously by


    values of displacement, velocity, and acceleration,
    the plot is called a response spectra for vibration
    limits.

    Point B corresponds to:


    Frequency = ? cps
    Displacement = ? inch
    Velocity ? in/sec
    Acceleration = ? g

    Response Spectra for


    Limiting Amplitudes
    of Motion in Vertical
    Vibration

    Point A corresponds to:


    Frequency = 10 cps
    Displacement = 10-4 inch
    Velocity 0.007 in/sec
    Acceleration = 10-3 g
    Note: Limits based on amplitude of quantity

    Barkans Recommendations

    Type of machine

    Permissible amplitude of
    displacement, mm

    Low speed machinery (500 rpm)

    0.20 0.25

    Hammer foundation

    1.00 1.20

    High speed machinery


    (a) 3000 rpm
    Vertical vibration
    Horizontal vibration

    0.02 0.03
    0.04 0.05

    (b) 1500 rpm


    Vertical vibration
    Horizontal vibration

    0.04 0.06
    0.07 0.09

    Blakes Recommendation

    AA: Dangerous. Shut it down now


    to avoid danger
    A: Failure is near. Correct within
    two days to avoid breakdown.
    B: Faulty. correct it within 10 days
    to save maintenance dollars.
    C: Minor faults. Correction wastes
    dollars.
    D: No faults. Typical new
    equipment

    Note: Limits based on peak


    to peak value of quantity

    Blakes Service Factors


    Service Factorsa
    Single-stage centrifugal pump, electric
    motor, fan
    Typical chemical processing
    equipment, Noncritical
    Turbine, turbogenerator, centrifugal
    Compressor

    Service Factor indicates the importance of a


    machine in the installation.

    Example 1: A centrifuge has a 0.01 in (0.250


    mm) amplitude at 750 rpm. The value of the
    service factor is 2. The effective vibration
    therefore is 2 X 0.01 = 0.02 in (0.50 mm). This
    point falls in Class A in the chart. The
    vibrations, therefore, are excessive, and failure
    is imminent unless the corrective steps are
    taken immediately.

    Example 2: A link-suspended centrifuge


    operating at 1250 rpm that has 0.003 in
    (0.075mm) amplitude with the basket empty.
    The service factor is 0.3, and the effective
    vibration is 0.0009 in (0.0225mm). This point
    falls in class C and indicates only minor fault.

    1
    1.6

    Centrifuge, stiff-shaftb; multistage


    centrifugal pump

    Miscellaneous equipment,
    characteristics Unknown

    Centrifuge, shaft-suspended, on shaft


    near basket

    0.5

    Centrifuge, link-suspended, slung

    0.3

    Exercise 1

    A machine operates at a circular frequency of 31.4


    rad/s and causes its foundation to vibrate vertically
    at an amplitude of displacement of 0.13 mm in steady
    state vibration. Evaluate the response of persons to
    the vibration using:
    (a) Richarts chart, and (b) response spectra.

    Barkans Recommendations
    The foundation must be preferably placed above water level to
    reduce propagation of vibration.
    The machine foundation should be placed at a lower level than
    the surrounding structures and be separated from adjacent
    structures.
    The combined centre of gravity of machine and foundation, and
    the centroid of the base area should as for as possible lie in the
    same vertical line.
    There must be scope to incorporate future corrections in the
    base area or mass of the foundation if it becomes necessary
    due to inadequate performance of the foundation.

    KNS4553
    Soil Dynamics

    Dynamic Analysis of Block Foundations

    Degrees of Freedom of Block Foundations

    In general, 6 degrees of freedom


    3 translational modes (Vertical,
    Longitudinal, Lateral)
    3 rotational (Rocking, Pitching,
    Yawing)

    For cylindrical foundations, only 4


    degrees of freedom due to
    symmetry
    2 translational modes (Vertical,
    Sliding/Horizontal)

    2 rotational modes (Rocking,


    Torsional/Yawing)

    Dynamic Analysis Approaches

    Empirical and semi-empirical formulae


    Soil-as-spring approach
    Elastic half-space approach

    Empirical and Semi-empirical Formulae

    Formulae available for vertical vibration only.


    Damping is neglected. Therefore, resonant frequency is
    equal to natural frequency. (Keep operating speed away
    from natural frequency.)
    The formulae do not consider amplitude of displacement.
    Not possible to check whether within permissible limits.
    Can be used for approximate preliminary calculations, not
    for final design.
    Units as specified in the formulae should be used.

    Converse Formula

    = .

    .
    + .

    fn = natural frequency, cps


    = unit weight of soil, pcf
    G = shear modulus of soil, psi
    Pd = maximum dynamic load, lb
    Wv = static weight of vibrator or machine, lb
    ro = radius of foundation or of an equivalent circular area in the case
    of rectangular foundation, in

    Alpans Formula

    fn = natural frequency, cpm


    W = static weight of machine and foundation, kgf

    A = contact area of foundation, m2

    = a constant (3,900 for peat; 69,000 for plastic clay;


    82,000 for sand; 111,000 for sandstone)

    Exercise 2

    A foundation block and machine weigh 12,000 kgf.


    The foundation has a base area of 10 m2. If the block
    foundation rests on sand, make a preliminary
    estimate of its natural frequency.

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