SPE 23612

SPE
Society of Petroleum Engineers

Multi-Rate Test Evaluation Using Field Cases

E. Pacheco and G. Oa Prat, Halliburton Reservoir Services

SPE Members

Copyright 1992, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc

This paper was presented at the Second Latin American Petroleum Engineering Confllrance, II LAPEC, of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Caracas, V~ela, Man:h 8-11, 1992

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
presentsd, have not been reliiewed by the II LAPEC or the SPE and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the II
LAPEC or the SPE, its officers, or members. Papers presentsd at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Ed~orial Comnittees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Pemission to
copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. lIustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is
presented.
Write Pubtications Manager, SPE, P.O.Box 833836 Richardson TIC 75083-3836 U.S.A. Telex 730989 SPEDAl.

ABSTRACT

In this work, a brief summary is presented the form of graphycal displays also known
on the fundamental principles of multirate as type curves. Typical solution shown is
testing. The main objective is the ana- the wellbore flowing pressure for a well
lysis of several field cases where the producing at a constant rate. From a
technique has been successfully' in the practical point of view, it is often men-
determination of drainage area reserves. tioned that to keep a constant flow rate
The method of solution is presented for is many times the exception and not the
pressure transient analysis and involves rule and build-up tests are more common
the use of a numerical simulator in most than drawdo~)(2,ts. According to the
of the cases for an optimum reservoir literature • type curves for draw-
modeling. Examples of tests conducted in down test have been used to analyse build-
the Maracaibo Lake fields are presented. up data. The assumptions and limitations
Based on several field cases, an efficient have been also pointed out. With the ad-
design of the multi rate test in order to vent of advanced testing production equip-
get the reservoir evaluation objectives ment that permits a controled production
was obtained. An exte~ded flow rate perioc during the test and also to high resolution
was added to the conventional way to con- pressure gauges it is possible to carry outi
duct these tests resulting in a better pressure drawdown test with a high degree
reservoir description for the drainage are~ of confidence for the obtained results.
investigated. The results were used to Also and it is the case treated in this
determine the next development well in the paper, drawdown tests in the form of mul-
field under study. tirate test are preferred in cases where
shutting in the well is not convenient due
to dif~ered production. It is the objec-
INTRODUCTION tive of this work to show that multirate
tests can be successfully implemented from
It is very common to find the solutions an operational point of view and that by
for the transient well bore pressure as adding an extended flow period, a complete
predicted by a given reservoir model in evaluation for the well/reservoir system
is obtained. IPR and dynamic reserves
associated to the drainage area of the
REFERENCES AND ILLUSTRATIONS AT THE END well are obtained results from multirate
OF PAPER analysis.

21
SPE 23612 MULTIRATE TEST EVALUATION USING FIELD CASES 2

MULTIRATE TESTS

The conceptual aspects of multirate extended flow rate may be suggested as

testing has been presented in the past part of the multirate test. Reservoir
by many authors. Earlougher ( ) gives evaluation objectives are reserves es-
the fundamental principles involved in timation. Therefore, our surface equip-
multiple-rate test. As pointed out by ment should include separators and burners
the author, pressure build up testing is for oil or gas disposal in case of an ex-
a special kind of multiple-rate well test ploratory well. The safety aspects and
also that multirate testing has the ad- equipment quality are very important due
vantage of providing transient test data to long test duration in some cases (there
while production continues. Changes in may be cases where 50 MM SCFFD of gas
the wellbore storage coefficient and phase should be burned during three months).
segregation effect are minimized. From a Computerized data acquisition system is
practical point of view, many test end up recommended specially when dealing with
as multirate because of non-constant rates; low flowrates or low changes in a given
during flow or drawdown period previous to flowrate. Main variables to be recorded
the build up. In these cases, the main ob continuously (if possible) at the surface
jective was to obtain reservoir parameters are: wellhead pressure, wellhead tempe-
from build-up analysis and the effects of rature, flowrates and separator conditions
rate variations should be considered. Also, continuous control of the BS & W for
Almost any system used for pressure tran- each choke gives us an alert on possible
sient data analysis is prepared to handle formation sand problems regarding subsur-
a variRh(le production rate type of se- face equipment in a multi rate test the
quence 1). A multirate test involves pressure gauge used is critical. A gauge
flowing the well at different flow rates that has a rapid response to a flow rate
valves and recording the bottomhole flow- change is needed besides a high resolution
ing pressure. Usually the chosen valves is needed specially for the extended flow-
for the production rates are dependant on rate period wh~n p~essure may vary as low
the type of choke available. As a differ- as .5 psi/hr(1J. .
ence with a conventional constant rate
test, surface equipment for flow rate data
acquisition should be very resolutive and FIELD CASES
accurate. Pressure gauges very resolutive
or sensitive should be used. Main reasons The field cases presented in this section
are that test analysis is very sensitive will be illustratives of the methods of
as will be seen in the presented field analysis applicable to multirate testing.
case to the quality of the obtained data. The reason for conducting these tests
Fig. 1 shows typical surface equipment were mainly for reserves determination for
used for flowrate measurements. For mul- the drainage area and also to define
tirate test choke manifold are extremely drilling location for development wells.
important for controlling flowrate and/or In addition. the benefits of conducting
changes during the test. These manifolds these type of test were that diferred pro-
are designed to provide maximum versatility duction was minimized. This is a very
in well flow control and shut in. This is critical aspect specially for the fields
achieved by using either a four or five- in the Maracaibo Lake. In this area,
valve configuration. The latter configu- build up testing using downhole shut in
ration provides a full bore flowpath througk tool is also a common type of test(2)
the manifold allowing total bypass of chok~ mainly because bottom hole shut in reduces
control. On one side of the bypass, an ad~ build-up testing time by a factor of 10 in
justable choke is used, allowing for more some cases without losing the evaluation
flexible control for wellbore clean up aspects of the test. In general flow rate
rates. On the other side, is a positive sequence for the conducted multirates was
choke which is a more accurate flow contre in an increasing order that is to say from
for predetermined flow rates for various lowest to biggest choke to minimize any
test procedures. By using the valving and formation sand problem.
the adiustable choke, the positive choke
can be changed out without having to halt
operations or affect test objectives. An

22
3 EDUARDO PACHECO AND GIOVANNI DA PRAT SPE 23612·

FIELD CASE 1 Table 4). The reservoir area investi-

gated was 431.43 acres. However, these
General and reservoir data is presented in results should be taken with caution be-
Table 1. Fig 2 shows sequence of events cause average deviation between measured
and pressures and rates observed during and calculated pressures is 8 psi (high).
the test. Before the test, the well was
producing for about 4212 hours. A shut in FIELD CASE 2
was done in order to obtain a good value
for static pressure before starting the Similar than Field Case 1, test objective~
test. An extended flow rate period (about were the reservoir description for the
200 hrs) is included in the test for re- drainage area associated to the well.
servoir description studies. Also the multirate test was requested
based on minimizing differed oil pro-
Table 2 presents a list of obtained bottom' duction. Table (5) presents general and
hole flowing pressures and production data reservoir data for this well. From con-
versus time. For the analysis we used ventional and log-log analysis techniques
conventional techniques as well as re- basic reservoir parameters
gression and simulator methods (1) Fig were obtained. The values where used
3 is a plot of pressure in terms of rate- as input data for the RTZ numerical simu-
time function. The transient pressure lator. Table (6) presents the reservoir
behavior for all the test periods is shown fluid and well data. 102 radial blocks
in this plot. The shut-in period and the were considered and one layer. PVT pro-
four flow periods are presented. By quali perties are also shown.
tative analysis of the build up period
(eye inspection) it can be inferred the The problem solution as shown in Table 7
presence of two straight lines probably is a list of calculated bottomhole
indicative of the presence of a geol.ogycal flowing pressure and sandface rate.
fault. A linear regression analysis was Fig 7 shows calculated and measured
performed for the build up data. Table 3 pressures, an acceptable match is ob-
shows the obtained results. A permeability tained for the overall pressure profile.
k = 68 md is associated to a transient
radius of 1584 ft. The observed transient
pressure for the extended flow period is CONCLUSIONS
not the expected assuming a constant pro-
duction rate was maintained for all the Based on the work here presented, the
period. Departure from decline is observed following conclusions maybe derived:
after about 112 hrs cumul~tive testing time
even though we used a simulator for the * Multirate tests are a practical. alter-
analysis still this behavior could not be native to build up testing. The bene-
matched. A plot of the pressure versus fits besides minimizing differed pro-
square root of time was done (see Tig 4) duction is that a better reservoir
for diagnostic purposes, but no conclusion~ description is obtained from the ana-
can be derived. Perhaps a slightly pro- lysis of the obtained pressure data.
duction drop during this period could caus~
the observed behavior in the wellbore * The use of regression and numerical
flowing pressure. The RTZ simulator was simulation methods is highly suggested
used to analyze the data. 100 radial bloc~ for data analysis.
were utilized, input parameters were
k = 85 md, skin = 12 and an outer boundary * Appropriate surface production testing
radius of 6600 ft. Fig 5 and .6 show ob- equipment should be used in multirate
tained results. A reasonable match of cal- tests. Choke manifolds are extremely
culated and measured data was obtained. important for controlling flowrates.
Using same input values to initiate the Maximum versatility in wellflow control
regression analysis, it was found that the and shut in is a must.
well was in a 90 degree wedge boundary.·
A non flow boundary is located at 939.9 ft
from the well and the other non flow boun-
dary is at 1613.5 ft from the well. (See
23
 SPE 23612 MULTIRATE TEST EVALUATION USING FIELD CASES 4

REFERENCES

1.- Da Pratt G., Pacheco, E. and Sierra

L. : "New System for Advanced Well
Test Analysis". Paper SPE 23613
presented at the II LAPEC. March
8-11. 1992. Caracas, Venezuela

2. - Pacheco, E. and Da Prat, G.: "Re-

servoir Testing Using Downhole Shut
In Tool - Field Cases". Paper SPE
23609 presented at the II LAPEC.
March 8-11, 1992. Caracas ,Venezuela •

. 3.- Earlougher, Jr.: "Advances in Well

Test Analysis. SPE Monograph Vo~ume
5. 1977.

24
 , SeE . 23612
AB l E

II ••• PIIES
PBIA
GDiERAL AND RESERVDIlI DATA
1 •• 0'4 3411.060
2.217. 34.1.06'
2.2." 3551.454
JOB: HULTlRATE TEST 2.3011 3604.447
2.3261 3656.103
GAUGE: YELL TYPE: OIL 2.'344 3705.'.2
2.50'4 3710.'.4
STD.PRES.8ASE,PSI 14.650 ATMOSPHERIC PRES., PSI U.650 2.5761 3713.3'6
2.634. 3715.010
2.70'4 3716.5'0
2.7.44 3718 •• 3.
2.1.'4 3722 •• 04
3.2511 3725.314
3.'261 372S.06l
l.617' 3724.716
UFo YELL DEPnI, FT. 9718.0 l..... 3724.62'
4.1761 3724.511
WELLBORE DU., IN. a.500 TOP OF PERFS, FT • 9323.0 4.50'4 3724.683
I

CASING I.D.,IN. 6.002 BO'rl'OII OF PERFS,FT. 9718.0 241.'.44 Y"87.S4l

251.2344 "8•• 408
TUBING 1.0. ,IN. 2.441 RAno - TVD/KEP.S.DEPnI: 1.000 252.4844 "".551
253.7]44 3317.774
TUBING O.D. ,IN. 2.a75 GAUGE DEPTH,FT. 1817.5 254 ••84. "17.7Sl"
256.2344 '''l~O''
TUBING LENGTH, FT. 9718.0 PRESSURE DATDJI, FT. 9740.0 257.4.44 '''0.6.7
258.7344 3"3.041
PACXER DEPnI,FT. 9323.0 AVG.RESERVOIR DEPTH, FT. 9520.0 25•• 1011
"'2 .•'4
INT.RES.PRES.,PSIG 6415.00 RESERVOIR TEIIP. ,DEG.F , 21S.0

NET TIlIC1QfESS, FT • '0.0 RES. POROSITY, PCT 10.000

RES.WATER SAT.,~~ 25.0C··

au...., caa PIal

ftII/lIU' DCP IDl.T
IKIIIIl AVEIIAoGZ AVDAGK

1.80,nO 1380.000 ~.S.O

21.01771 0.000000 0.000000
".31271 200.0000 173.0_
48.4ot44 "4.0000 583.0000
51.'0"4 1128.000 "6.0000
258.8011 U80.000 1178.000

LINEAR REIOIlESSIOII AllALTSIS

LINE SOllRCE RADIAL nDV JK)I)EL

nIUASLE RATE c&SE vrrs a.9OLUrED RATE~

'I VB. SIDI(DQ*LQI;(Drl)
~ nDV DI JlUDWDI

BASIC DATAl

RESERVOIR FLUID on.

mrrI.AL PRESSUU. 642'.65 nu
AVERAGE PRESSUU. 4'20.36 nn
BASE PRESSURE. • • • • 14.65 nn
RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE. 211.0 DZIG.F.
OIL VOLUMll FACTOR. • • 1.505 DISTIl REGRESSION ANALTSIS RESULTS
FLUID VISCOSITY. • • • 0.427 CP. RADIAL ""nIX STSTEII
TOrAL COIIPJtESSIIIILIT'l. 13.907 V/,..,/PSI
!lET 'l'HIo:JIESS. • • • • '0.0 FT.
&lPZC11Va POROSrTY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10.00
~ RADIOS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0.4
204 •• 2
•
FT.
U/D
mE OF RESERVOIR - OIL
LAST nDV RATE • • • lve;. DEVIATION BftIfEDI IIEAS. , CALC. PRESSURES,PSI •• 01
LAST nD1I PRESSURE. • • • • • . ' . • • • • • 3411.06 p.n
ABSOLUTE ""nIX PEIIIIEAIIILITY. lID 14.211

AKALTSIS ~S: U'PAIlENT snJI ElTECT. DDIENSIDNLESS 12.ZI

DIITIAL PIIESSDIlE. nD:
AVG. DIlT. IIETIfEEN KEAS. AJII) CALC. PRESS • • 0.05 P.U AT COAOGE DATDJI 3930.00
PRESSURE INTERCEPT, PI oa P* • • • • • • • • 3711.10 P.U AT RESERVOIR DATDJI ]930.00
DTECTXVE PEllllEABILITT. • • • • • • • • • • ".045 lID.
SJtDI 1!:PnCT. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • : 7.n4 0.007'6
PRESS. DIlCIIEAIIE DUE TO SJ:IJI. • • • • • • • 15'.91
CDIIPLETION EFFICIEIICT. • • • • • • • • • • 57.5' ,
P.U

FT.
TRANSIENT RADIOS. • • , 15".1
AT TRANSIENT TDIE or. . 1'.201 lIltS. 1.0000
INITXAL OIL III PLACE. • • • • • • • • • • • • lI6.7 STII/AT
TJIAIISIENT RADIOS IJIVESTIc:ATED. FT. 1360•• ]
RESERVOIR ARJ:A IJIVESTIc:ATED, ACRES 431.43
RESEJIV.OIR 'l'HICZIIESS. FT. '0.0
KEAS.PRES. CALC. PRES. PRES. DIrT.
P.U nn P.I WELL RADIOS. FT. 0.354

4212.11 34u.oa 3411.0a 0.00 '0 DEGREE IIEIlGE IIOUllDARY DISTANCES FROII 08$. IIELL
4221.27 ]731.61 J7]1.55 0.06
4229.52 J7J2.24 J732.JJ -0.10 D1, NO FLOW BOUlfDUY. rT. - - - - - n'.9
J7JJ. DB J7JJ.06 0.02 03. NO nD1I IIOUIIDARY. FT • 1613.5
4230. " J7JJ.7J 0.02
4232.02 J7JJ.75

25
 =:>rt. i!' 0 1 2

TABLE S

~
-..L , . . . . . .1. DATA

. .UL ILICII •••••••••••••••••••••

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LA~••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
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""
1111 ........."1 '4._ A_ _ IC ..... " I 14._ PUlIl " " •••••••••••••••••••••••• OIL

OIL _ a l l l L i n C""..""'\) aG .....'7.

n.
I " . IIILL . . . . .

....
'!I4Z5.O MT. . .

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Wlu. oIA••• I. L2S0 14614.0

po". n . t.,
. . .KtIII VI_In
..
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. 'III'
CU.II • .0•••1 • ICInOII or 15QO.0 C.. CIIIITI,

Mill • .0•• 11. L441 IA'.O • nDlIUI.DII'TII1 '.ODD

..... ...
.... ,,..... ,
....
ft. '.M7Z

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M.II 0.0 •••1. 2.m _ DlPTI.fT. 14Z90.o Uf.
2M. ..".. m.

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M.II LIIIn.n. '''''.0 . . - DAnII.fT. 14Z90.o
sU. sU.
,.an .."..
PAmII DIPh.n. '4900.0 AlIII.IIaIVD'.DEPT'.fT. 141155.0 III.
..... ...."
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. . . . .111 .T•• PCr

"".27
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la.ODD
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. . . . . . .In.PCr
300.0

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m,.
....
sm.
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, , , , nas ,... • .35 ... 1.1.1 ...7 • .51 • .17 .... ... . '.76
...
1ft
e.. '.tI '." l.n 1.11
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S.IS 1.67 S.I1 4.a
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4..' S.17
n."
S.ll
U.D
6.14
14.64 .11.11
7.41
17.64 1'.'Z D.II

,
15.14 . .t7 J7'» 41." 41.,a 14.41

,....
JIM 19.ft 17•• '16.S1 116.11 18.51
141.40
IIZ.7D
n,.11

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115.51
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711.1,

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416.64
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lIITa _ I u n

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26
 Sf-EO 2361 2
TABLE 6 (CONT.)

IBI. DAI.

QIIf
e.... '
O.DS
,..
11_,
2.44
ID FWID a..
eW'IWl/,.n
0._'
_
eft.)
MIIIt.
."
(mID)

,m.
LAID
- ...
22.00 16.00 HZ.SO
0.'0 2.44 0._11 MIIIt. ,m.
o.,s 2.44 0._" MIIIt. ,m.
0.22 2.44 0._" MIIIt. ,m.
0.21 2.44 0._" ,... ,m.
0.]6 2.44 0._' MIIIt. ,m.
0.44 2.44 0._' MIIIt. ,m.
0.53 2.44 0._11 MIIIt. tin.
0.8 2.44 0._" tUZ9. tin.
0.73 2.44 0._" MIIIt. tin.
0.. 2.44 0._" MIIIt. ,m.
0..
'.'2
2.44
2.44
1._"
0._'
,m.
MIIIt.
,m.
MIIIt.
,.u 2.44 0._' ,... ,m.
'.44
'.62
2.44 1._' ,... ,m.
'.12
2.44
2.44 1._' _. ,m.
0._" ,...
tin.
2.~ 2.44 0._' ,... ,m.
_______l_._44____n~0-.0000---'.----'.
__2_.D ~~.~--'m~.--
.
I." L44 • 1._ _. "".
'54.SO 2.44 0.0000" ,... ,m.
'ft.47 2.44 0.-' ,... "".
'54M 2.44 0'-' ,... "".
157.19 2.44 0._" MIIIt. "".
,st.. 2.44 1._' MIIIt. "".
'"."
'8.07
2.44
2.44
0._'
0.0000"
,...
,...
,m.
,m.
,..36 2.44 0._' ,... "".
'67."
17D..
2.44
2.44
0'-'
0._'
MIIIt.
MIIIt.
"".
"".
,n.OJ 2.44 0.0000" MIIIt. lMI.
,n... 2.44 0._' ,... lMI.
,n.'7 2.44 1._' ,... ,....
'n.Z6 2.44 0.-' 1UZ9. lMI.
m.. 2.44 0'-' MIIIt. lMI.
,n.5' 2.44 0._' ,... lMI.
,n.1I 2.44 1._' ,... 1111.
,n.19 2.44 0._" 1UZ9. till.
'72." 2.44 .._11 MIIIt. till.
'72.44 2.44 0.000011 MIIIt. till.
'72.15 2.44 0._' ,... lMI.
'73.lZ 2.44 0._' ,... lMI.
'73.90 2.44 1._' 1UZ9. lMI.
'''.11
'75.11
2.44
2.44
0._'
.._ .
MIIIt.
1UZ9.
till.
1111.
'''.54 2.44 1'-' MIIIt. lMI.
'77.8 L44 0._11 _. till.
119.46 2.44 1.-. 1UZ9. lMI.
1I1.Q 2.44 1'-' 1UZ9. lMI.
tIS.. 2.44 0.-' ,... lMI.
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2.44
0._'
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m.D 2.44 I._II WIlt. -.
ZZS.lZ 2.44 0._' ,... _ •
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271.lI L44 ••_ . WIlt. _.
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271.92 L44 1._" WIlt. "".
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-'77 L44 0.0000" ,... "".

27
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