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CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE

JC1 PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATION 2008
0800 – 1100 hrs

PHYSICS 9745
Higher 2
Thursday 2nd October 2008
3 hours
Additional materials: MCQ answer sheet for Section A
Writing paper for Section B

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

There are 20 questions in Section A. Answer all questions.

Record your answer in soft 2B pencil on the MCQ answer sheet.
Each correct answer will score two marks. Marks will not be deducted for a wrong
answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.

There are 9 questions in Section B. Answer all questions.

Begin each new question on a fresh sheet of writing paper.
Write in dark blue or black pen on the writing paper provided. You may use a soft
pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
Total marks for Section B is 100 marks.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Write your name and tutorial group on all the work you hand in.

Total marks for Section A and B is 140 marks.

A maximum of 2 marks will be deducted for mistakes made in units and
significant figures.

This question paper consists of 17 printed pages

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PHYSICS DATA:

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 x 108 m s-1

permeability of free space µo = 4 π x 10-7 Hm-1
permittivity of free space εo = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1
= (1/(36 π )) x10-9 Fm-1
elementary charge e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Planck constant h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s
unified atomic mass constant u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
rest mass of electron me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 J K-1
gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
acceleration of free fall, g = 9.81 m s-2

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PHYSICS FORMULAE:
uniformly accelerated motion, s = u t + ½ a t2
v2 = u2 + 2 a s
work done on / by a gas, W = p ∆V
hydrostatic pressure P = ρgh
gravitational potential, Gm
φ = −
r
displacement of particle in s.h.m. x = x0 sin ωt
velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

± ω x0 − x2
2
=
resistors in parallel 1/Reff = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 +…

resistors in series Reff = R1 + R2 +…

electric potential Q
V =
4πε 0 r
alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ωt
transmission coefficient T = exp(-2kd)

8π 2 m(U − E )
where k =
h2
radioactive decay x = x0 exp(−λt )
decay constant 0.693
λ = t1
2

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SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that R, the total energy radiated by a blackbody per unit surface area
per unit time is given by R = σT4, where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and T is the
thermodynamic temperature of the blackbody. What is the base unit of σ?
A kg s-3 K-4 B kg s-3 K4 C kg m2 s-2 K-4 D kg m2 s-2 K4
R = σT 4
2 −2
 E  kg m s
[σ ] = [R]4 =  At4 = m 4s = kg s -3 K -4
  2

[T ] [T ] K
2 Four students A to D measured and calculated the electronic charge, e. The table shows the results
obtained. Which student obtained a set of results that could be described as accurate but not precise?
Student Electron charge, e / 10-19 C
A 1.62 1.59 1.59 1.61 1.60
B 1.57 1.63 1.64 1.58 1.59
C 1.59 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.57
D 1.58 1.62 1.65 1.59 1.66

Student Electron charge, e / 10-19 C Average Conclusion

/ 10-19 C
A 1.62 1.59 1.59 1.61 1.60 1.60 P, A
B 1.57 1.63 1.64 1.58 1.59 1.60 NP, A
C 1.59 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.57 1.58 P, NA
D 1.58 1.62 1.65 1.59 1.66 1.62 NP, NA
3 A ball rolls off the top of a flight of steps. Assuming elastic collisions with the steps, which graph
shows the variation of the resultant vertical force, F acting on it with respect to time, t?

A F B F

t t

C F D F

t t

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4 A particle starts from rest and moves in a straight line. Its motion is represented by the displacement–
time graph shown below. At which point is its velocity maximum?

displacement
D
B
C time

Gradient of d-t graph is velocity, and gradient at point B is the steepest.

5 A cube of side length 0.100 m and mass 0.150 kg is held at the bottom of a pool of water. When
released, it rises up. Find the value of the drag force in Newton (N) due to water when it is travelling
with constant speed if the density of the water is 1000 kg m−3.
A Zero B 1.47 C 8.34 D 9.81

U = mg + D U
ρVg = mg + D
D = ρVg − mg D
D = 8.34 N mg

6 A heavy flagpole PQ is hinged at a vertical wall at end P and held in place by a wire connected to end
Q and a point R on the wall. The weight of the flagpole is W and the tension in the wire is T.

What is the direction of the force exerted by the wall on the flagpole if the flag pole is in equilibrium?
A PR B PS C PQ D PX
The forces must all pass through the same point for three forces to be in equilibrium (corollary
forces)

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7 A small ball of weight W is suspended by a light string. The

tension in the string is T. Two additional forces, F and R
θ T
act on the ball as shown in the diagram.
R F
Which of the following equations is correct if the ball in
in equilibrium? W
A T sin θ = W B T sin θ = F − R C W tan θ = F D T 2 = F2 + W 2
This is obtained by summing forces in the horizontal direction.

8 What is the force F required to be applied horizontally at the axle of a wheel of weight W and radius r,
in order to raise it over a curb of vertical height h?

A F=W B
F=
Wh C
F=
Wr D
F=
W (2rh − h ) 2

r (r − h) (r − h )

Taking moments about the curb,

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

F (r – h) = W r −(r − h)
2 2

F
F=
W (2rh − h )2
r-h r
(r − h)
r 2 −(r − h)2
h

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9 Two identical helical springs are fixed to a body m1 of mass 1 kg. In another configuration, only one of
the springs is fixed to the mass. What is the ratio of the period of oscillation of set up (a) to set up (b)?

A 1:1 B 1:2 C 2 :1 D 2:1

−1
1 1 k
K eff @( a ) =  +  =
k k  2
K eff @(b ) = k
2m
T1 k 2
= =
T2 m 1
k

10 A home made rocket is fired and it reaches a height of 100 m. If it has a mass of 50 kg, and has an
efficiency of 65%, what is the energy delivered in kJ from its fuel? (Assume fuel has negligible weight)
A 31.9 B 65.5 C 75.5 D 85.5
PE at highest elevation = mgh = 50(9.81)(100) = 49050 J
Input power = PE/0.65 = 75.5 kJ

11

In the diagram given, the smaller gear spins in a clockwise direction and drives the larger gear.
Which of the following statements describing the motion of the resulting motion is true?
A The angular velocity of the two gears are equal
B The tangential velocity of the two gears are equal

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C The angular velocity of the larger gear is higher.

D The tangential velocity of the bigger gear is higher.
12 The minimum speed with which a body of mass m should be projected from the Earth’s surface in order
to reach an infinite distance is about 1.1 x 104 m s-1. [This is called the escape speed.] Estimate the
escape speed in m s-1 for a body of mass 2m.
A 2.2 x 103 B 0.6 x 104 C 1.1 x 104 D 1.6 x 104
By Conservation of Energy,
½ mv E2 – 0 = 0 – [-GMEm/RE]

vE2 = 2GME/RE ------ (1)
Escape speed is independent of m
escape speed for 2m is the same as that for m.

13 The graph below shows that variation of displacement with time for two particles performing simple
harmonic motions with the same frequency and amplitude.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

What is the phase difference between the motions?

π π π π
A 6 B 4 C 3 D 2
2 π
φ= 2π =
12 6

14 Which effect provides direct experimental evidence that light is transverse, rather than a longitudinal,
wave motion?
A Light can be diffracted.
B Two coherent light waves can be made to interfere.
C The intensity of light from a point source falls off inversely as the square of the distance from the
source.
D Light can be polarized.
Only transverse waves can be polarized.

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15 In a Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength 564 nm, the fifth bright
fringe is observed at an angle of 0.32O to the central bright fringe. Calculate the slit separation in
metres.

5th bright fringe

0.32O
Central bright fringe

Screen
A 2.8 x 10-6 B 1.0 x 10-4 C 5.0 x 10-4 D 2.5 x 10-3
λD
x=
a
5λD
5x =
a
5x 5λ
= tan θ =
D a
5λ 5 × 564 x10 −9
a= = = 5.0 × 10 − 4 m
tan θ tan 0.32 O
16 A water wave P is incident on a wall. A reflected wave Q moves away from the wall. The diagram
illustrates the position of P and Q at time zero.

X, Y and Z represent three separate positions of the resulting stationary wave.

In which order does this stationary wave have these positions, beginning at time zero?
A X Y Z Y
B Y X Y Z
C Y Z Y X
D Z Y X Y
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At time=0, there is destructive interference, and hence starting point is Y. In the next
instant, wave Z is the resultant and hence answer is C
17 The diagram below shows one of the wheels of a car which is about to go over a road hump. The
shock absorber system of the car will be damped critically after the wheel has gone over the hump.

Which graph represents the variation of vertical displacement x of the body of the car with time t after
the wheel has gone over the hump?
A B

C D

Part A shows free oscillations, B shows light damping and D shows heavy damping. Only part
C shows critical damping.
18 A cell is connected in series with a 2 Ω resistor. Its internal resistance is 0.5 Ω. If the current in the
circuit is 3 A, what is the e.m.f. of the cell in V?
A 1.5 B 3.0 C 6.0 D 7.5
Total voltage across both resistances = e.m.f. = IR = 3(2+0.5) = 7.5 V

19 Which graph represents the I-V characteristic of a semiconductor diode?

A B C D

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20 A uniform electric field is produced between two parallel plates 10 mm apart. The potential difference
between the plates is 100 V. A point charge of 1 µC is transferred along a 10 mm diagonal path from X
to Y.

What is the work done in µJ by the electric field on the charge as the charge moves from X to Y?
A 10 µJ B 25 µJ C 50 µJ D 100 µJ
W = FE (s cos60°) = qE(s cos60°) = qV/d(s cos60°)
= (1 x 100/10)(10 cos60°) = 50 µJ ]

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SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1 (a) During a laboratory class, Christopher used the vernier callipers to measure the diameter of a
Styrofoam ball. He recorded the ball’s diameter as (5.28 ± 0.01) cm. Looking up the density table
of materials, he found that the density of Styrofoam is 150 kg m-3.

(i) Calculate the mass, in kg, of the Styrofoam ball. [2]

4
m= πρr 3
3
3
4  d
= πρ 
3 2
1
= πρd3 [M1]
6
1
(
= π × 150 × 5.28 × 10 −2
6
3
)
= 1.16 × 10 −2 kg [ A1]

(ii) Calculate the fractional uncertainty in the mass of the Styrofoam ball. [2]

1
m= πρd3
6

∆m ∆d
=3 [M1]
m d
0.01
= 3×
5.28
= 5.68 × 10 −3 [ A1]

(iii) Hence express the mass of the Styrofoam ball, together with its uncertainty, to an [2]
appropriate number of significant figures.

∆m
= 5.68 × 10 −3
m
∆m = 5.68 × 10 −3 × 1.16 × 10 −2
= 6.56 × 10 −5 kg [M1]

m ± ∆m = (1160 ± 7 ) × 10 −5 kg [A1]

(b) Christopher then put the Styrofoam ball in a basin of water of density 1000 kg m-3 and observed
that the ball is floating on water.

(i) State the condition which must be satisfied in order for the Styrofoam ball to float on
water. [1]

Upthrust on Styrofoam ball = Weight of Styrofoam ball (Principle of Flotation) [B1]

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(ii) Hence calculate the fraction of the Styrofoam ball submerged in water. [2]

U=W
ρ water × fV × g = ρ ball × V × g [M1]
ρ ball
f=
ρ water
150
=
1000
= 0.15 [ A1]

(iii) Describe what will happen when the Styrofoam ball is transferred into a basin of sea
water. [1]

Since density of sea water is greater than the density of fresh water, the fraction of Styrofoam
ball submerged in water is less. [B1]

2 An C-130 transport aeroplane is flying horizontally at an altitude of 20 metres and it flies at a

constant velocity of 50 ms-1. A supply package is dropped out of the the plane at the instant shown
in the diagram below. Assume air resistance is negligible.

50ms −1

20 m

Figure 2

(i) What is the time taken for the package to reach the ground? [2]
1 M1
s = ut + at 2
2
1
20 = (9.81)t 2 ⇒ t = 2.02 s A1
2
(ii) What is the speed of the package just before hitting the ground? [2]
−1
v y = u + at = 9.81(2.02) = 19.8ms M1

v = v x + v y = 50 2 + 19.8 2 = 53.77 ms −1
2 2
A1
(iii) What is the angle to the horizontal at which the package hits the ground? [2]
19.8 M1
θ = tan −1
= 21.6° CCW from negative x direction. A1
50

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(iv) Ignoring the effect due to air resistance sketch on the same graph showing how the [2]
horizontal and vertical velocities vary with time.
Assume downward direction is positive and left direction is positive as well. B2 for
shape.
horizontal

50
vertical
19.8

(v) If the package was pushed backwards out of the plane at 2 ms-1 relative to the [2]
plane, explain qualitatively how would your answer in part (i) and part (ii) be
affected?
Actual initial speed of package reduced to 48.
No change to part (i), B1
but reduces the resultant velocity in part (ii) B1

3 A red ball, of mass 0.3 kg and velocity 10 m s–1, collides elastically and head-on with a blue ball, of
mass 0.2 kg and velocity 15 m s–1, moving in the opposite direction
(a) (i) State the law of conservation of momentum. [2]
In an isolated system B1
Total momentum is conserved. B1
(ii) State the condition for a collision to be considered elastic. [1]
Kinetic energy is conserved. B1
(iii) What do you expect to see in the subsequent motion if the collision is head on. [1]
Velocities before and after collision are in a straight line B1
(b) Find the relative velocity of separation of the two vehicles after the collision [2]
u1 − u 2 = v 2 − v1 = 10 − ( −15) = 25ms −1
(c) Hence, or otherwise, find the respective magnitude of the final velocities of the two balls [4]
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m 2 v 2
0.3(10) + 0.2(−15) = 0.3(v1 ) + 0.2(v 2 )
From part (b)
v 2 = 25 + v1
∴ 0 = 0.3v1 + 0.2(25 + v1 )
− 5 = 0.5v1
v1 = −10ms −1
v 2 = 25 + (−10) = 15ms −1

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4 During the National Day parade, the Black Knights performed a series of stunts for the audience.
In one such stunt, an F16 flies horizontally at a speed of 170 m s-1 before flying upwards in a
vertical loop, 1000 m high, as shown in the diagram below.

1000 m

Figure 4
(a) Explain why a body in uniform circular motion must experience a resultant force. [2]
Speed is constant but direction is changing and hence the velocity is changing. B1
Hence there is an acceleration.
By Newton’s 2nd Law, if there is an acceleration, there is a resultant force. B1
(b) Draw fully labelled free body diagrams of the pilot, of mass 70 kg at; [2]
1. Point A
2. Point B

N
B1 (for each
FBD with
proper
labels. All
N forces must
be present
and
mg mg
labelled)
Pt A Pt B
(c) Show that the normal reaction force on the pilot is greater at Point A. (Assume that the [4]
speed of the plane is constant in the whole loop).

mv 2
= N − mg M1
r
At Pt A,
mv 2 70(170) 2
NA = + mg = + (70)(9.81) = 4732.7 N
r 500

mv 2
= N + mg M1
r
and at Pt B,
mv 2 70(170) 2 A1(for both
NB = − mg = − (70)(9.81) = 3359.3 N correct
r 500
answers)
Since plane is moving at constant speed, N at pt B is smaller than at
point A. A1

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(d) Extra energy is required from the engine to maintain constant speed in the loop. [2]
Suggest two possible reasons.
Work done against air resistance B1
Work done against gravity B1

5 (a) Explain the term simple harmonic motion. [2]

Oscillatory motion such
that the acceleration is always proportional to (x0), the displacement from a fixed point. B1
and it is directed always toward the fixed point. B1
(b) (i) State the defining equation for simple harmonic motion [1]
a = −ω 2 x0 A1
(ii) Write down a solution to the equation giving the displacement x in terms of the [1]
amplitude of oscillation x0, the angular frequency ω and the time t
x = x 0 cos ωt A1
(c) The velocity v of a body of mass m undergoing simple harmonic motion is given by, [1]
v = ±ω x − x
2
o
2

Find the kinetic energy of the body in terms of its displacement x, and ω and x0
1 2 1 A1
KE = mv = mω 2 ( x 0 − x 2 )
2

2 2
(d) Sketch two separate graphs, to show how the velocity and kinetic energy vary with the [3]
displacement of a body undergoing simple harmonic motion.
(B2 for
shape)

(B1 for
correct
labelling)

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6 This question is about the physics of seismic waves.

When an earthquake occurs, two kinds of seismic wave travel from their source through the
body of the earth. Primary or P waves have the greater speed and are longitudinal. The
slower Secondary or S waves are transverse.
(a) The diagram shows a Secondary wave approaching a tall building from underneath. [1]
Copy and indicate, with a double-headed arrow, in which direction you would expect the
building to vibrate when the wave reaches it.

B1

Figure 6.1
(b) The centre of an earthquake produces both longitudinal waves (P waves) and
transverse waves (S waves). The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
distance d moved by the two types of wave.

d / km P wave S wave
1200

800

400

0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
t/s
Use the graph to determine the speed of
(i) The P waves [1]
600000 A1
speed = = 9600ms −1
62.5
(ii) The S waves [1]
800000 A1
speed = = 5818ms −1
137.5

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(c) The waves from an earthquake close to the Earth’s surface are detected at three
laboratories L1, L2 and L3. The laboratories are at the corners of a triangle so that each
is separated from the others by a distance of 900 km, as shown in the diagram below.
900 km

L1 L2

L3
Figure 6.2
The records of the variation with time of the vibrations produced by the earthquake as
detected at the three laboratories are shown below. All three records were started at the
same time.

L1

L2

start of trace L3

time
Figure 6.3
On each record, one pulse is made by the S wave and the other by the P wave. The
separation of the two pulses is referred to as the S-P time interval. The S-P time
intervals are 68 s, 42 s and 27 s for laboratories L1, L2 and L3 respectively.

(i) Use the formula “speed = distance / time” to write an expression for the distance, [1]
in m, traveled by the P waves, dp, from the source to station L1.
d p = speed P t = 9600t
(ii) Hence write an expression for the distance traveled by the S waves, ds, from the [1]
source to the L1 seismological station.
d S = speed S (t + t SP ) = 5818(t + 68)
(iii) Given that dp = ds, calculate the time taken for the P waves to travel from the [1]
source to the L1 seismological station.
9600t = 5818(t + 68)
t = 104.6 s
(iv) Hence determine the distance from the source to L1. [1]
d p = speed P t = 9600(104.6) = 1004km

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(v) Hence, derive a formula that you can use to determine the distance from the [1]
source to L1, in terms of vP (the speed of the P wave), vS (the speed of the S
wave), and tSP (the S-P time interval).
v p t = v s (t + t SP )
t SP
t = vS
v p − vs
 t  t SP
d p = v p t = v P v S  SP  = (9600)(5818) = 14.768t SP km
v −v  9600 − 5818
 p s 
(vi) Determine the distance from the source to the seismological station for L2 and L3. [2]
d L 2 = 14.768(42) = 620km
d L 3 = 14.768(27) = 398km
(vii) Copy diagram A and show how you could determine a possible site of the [2]
epicenter of the earthquake. (label the point E)
900 km
(B1 for arcs drawn)

L1 L2

E B1 for correct location

(rough)
L3
(viii) State one assumption made in this method of calculation that might lead to [1]
inaccurate results.
The calculation assumes the earthquake originates at the surface of the Earth B1
instead of below the surface.

7 (a) State what is meant by

(i) an electric field of force, [1]

(ii) a gravitational field of force. [1]

[(a)(i) An electric field of force is a region around an electric charge in which an electric force is exerted on
another electric charge. [B1]
(a)(ii) A gravitational field of force is a region around a body of finite mass in which a gravitational force is
exerted on another body of finite mass. [B1]

(b) Two ions A and B are separated by a distance of 0.80 nm in a vacuum, as shown in Figure
7.1. A has a charge of +3.2 x 10-19 C and B has a charge of -1.6 x 10-19 C.
A point X is positioned vertically above B, at a distance 0.50 nm.

Copy Figure 7.1 and draw labeled arrows to represent

(i) the electric field EA at the point X due to A only, [1]

(ii) the electric field EB at the point X due to B only. [1]

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[(i) arrow points away from A; arrow should be along the line joining A and X. [B1]
(ii) arrow points towards B; arrow should be along the line joining B and X. [B1]

(iii) the resultant field E at the point X. [1]

[Completes vector diagram to show magnitude and direction of E. Makes use of answer in d(i) for direction.
[B1] ]

0.50 nm

A 0.80 nm B

Figure 7.1

(c) (i) Sketch on the diagram in (b), lines representing the electric field between the two ions. [4]
Include the field line passing through X.

[no. of field lines leaving A is twice that terminating at B. [B1]

Shape of field lines. [B1]
Direction of field lines. [B1 ]
Field line at point X is tangential to E drawn in (d)(ii). [B1 ]

(ii) Indicate clearly on the diagram in (b), the position of the null point (where electric field
is zero, other than at infinity). [1]

Null point is to the right of charge -q B1

(iii) Explain why the null point exists at this position [1]
Null point exists because at this point, the Electric force from +2q and that of –q cancel B1
each other out.
(d) (i) Find the magnitude of the electric force that A exerts on B. [2]

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[FE = QAQB/4πεor2 [M1]

= 7.19 x 10-10 N [A1] ]

(ii) Explain quantitatively why the gravitational force is usually not considered at the
atomic scale.

mass of A, mA = 5.81 x 10-26 kg

mass of B, mB =3.98 x 10-26 kg [3]

[FG = GmAmB / r2 [M1]

= 2.41 x 10-43 N [A1]

Ratio FE/FG = 2.98 x 1033

The electric force is about 33 orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force. Hence the
gravitational force is negligible compared to the electric force. [B1 – for comparing]

(e) Figure 7.2 shows two identical conducting spheres of uniform density. Each sphere has mass
M and carries an overall charge +Q. They are placed in a vacuum with their centres distance
d apart. When the two conductors are brought into this set up, the charges redistribute as
shown in the diagram.

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Figure 7.2

(i) Explain why the electric force FE between them the two conductors cannot be found
using the equation below.
Q2 [1]
FE =
4πε o d 2

The net effect of the charges does not act through the center of the spheres. The expression above can be
used only to find the electric force between point charges or between bodies with a spherically symmetric
charge distribution. [B1]

(ii) Suggest a condition under which the electric force FE between them may be
approximated by the expression in (e)(i). [1]

When the spheres are separated by an infinitely large distance. [B1]

OR when the distance between the conductors is infinitely larger than the diameter of the conductors.
(iii) Explain whether the expression below can be used to calculate the gravitational force
between the spheres.
GM 2
FG = [2]
d2

[Yes. This expression is valid for point masses or bodies with a spherically symmetric mass distribution. The
gravitational force exerted by a body with a spherically symmetric mass distribution on a particle outside is
the same as if the entire mass were concentrated at the centre. [B1]

The redistribution of the electrons on the spheres does not cause a significant change in the mass
distribution since electrons are of negligible mass. Hence the expression can be used. [B1] ]
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8 (a) In a Young’s double-slit experiment, coherent light from two slits S 1 and S 2 falls on a screen 800
mm beyond the slits. The distance between the centres of the slits is
0.600 mm. There is a central bright fringe at O and the third bright fringe is formed at P, 2.00 mm
away from O.

P
S1
O
S2

Figure 8.1

(i) Show that the distance S1P is 800.0018 mm [1]

P
S1 1.700 mm
2.00 mm
800 mm 0.300 mm
0.600 mm O

S2

Using Pythagoras’ theorem, S1P 2 = 1.70 2 + 800 2 , S1P = 800.0018 mm [A1]

(ii) Show that the distance S2P is 800.0033 mm [1]

P
S1 2.00 mm

0.600 mm O
0.300 mm
S2 800 mm

Using Pythagoras’ theorem, S 2P 2 = 2.30 2 + 800 2 , S 2P = 800.0033 mm [A1]

(iii) By considering the path difference │S2P - S1P│, hence calculate the wavelength of light [2]
used.

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P is the 3rd bright fringe, hence path difference is equal to 3 wavelengths.

Path difference = S 2P − S1P = 3λ [M1]

800.0033 – 800.0018 = 3λ
λ = 5.00 × 10 −4 mm = 500 nm [A1]

(b) A spectrometer and diffraction grating were set up to study the Balmer series of the hydrogen
spectrum. The emission spectrum of an element was viewed in the second order and visible lines
were observed. The angular positions of these lines measured against the scale on the
spectrometer are shown in the table.

Angular position of the zero order = 126.4O

Number of rulings per unit length = 450 000 lines per m

Figure 8.2
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the violet line from the angular position given. [2]

θ = 148 .07 O − 126 .4 O

= 21.67 O

N = 4.5 × 10 5 m −1

d sin θ = nλ
sin θ
= nλ
N
d sin θ
λ=
Nn
sin 21.67 O
= [M1]
4.5 × 10 5 × 2
= 4.10 × 10 −7 m [ A1]

(ii) Calculate the maximum number of violet lines possible. [2]

For highest order, θ = 90O

d sin θ = nλ
d sin θ
n=
λ
2.22 × 10 −7 × sin 90 O
=
4.10 × 10 −7
=5 [M1]

Maximum number of violet lines observed = 2 x 5 + 1 = 11 [A1]

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(iii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using the larger order spectrum instead
of the first order spectrum. [2]

Advantage: The angle of diffraction for the larger order spectrum is larger than that of the first
order spectrum, therefore there is less percentage uncertainty in the measurement of the
angle for a given precision of the measuring instrument. [B1]

Disdvantage: The intensity of the larger order spectrum is lower than that of the first order
spectrum. [B1]

9 (a) State the difference between e.m.f. and potential difference. [2]
Rate of energy converted from non-electrical to electrical when 1 C of charge is delivered a B1
circuit while the potential difference is the energy dissipated when 1 C of charge flows B1
between two points.

(b) How many electrons pass a point in 3 minutes when the current flowing is 3 A? [2]
Q=It = 3(3)(60) = 540 C M1

540 = Ne
540 540
N= = = 3.38 × 10 21 A1
e 1.6 × 10 −19
(c) A 5 V rated battery is connected with a switch in series with a component that has an
effective resistance of 2 Ω. If the battery has an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω,
(i) State the electromotive force delivered by the battery? [1]
Emf = 5V A1
(ii) Calculate the terminal potential difference when the switch is closed? [1]
2 4
V = 5 = 5 = 4V A1
2 + 0. 5 5
(iii) Calculate the power dissipated at the component? [2]
Total resistance = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5Ω

V 5 M1
I= = = 2A
R 2.5

Power = I 2 R = 2 2 ( 2) = 8W

A1
(iv) Calculate the power loss in the battery? [2]

Power loss = I 2 r = 2 2 (0.5) = 2W M1

A1

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End of Paper

End of Paper

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