Seamum indicum

Vernacular name:-
Latin name-Seamum indicum
Arabic-Juljulan,
Zelzlane,
Sumsum,
Simsim
Chinese-Zhi ma,
Zi ma,
Zi Moa,
Hu ma
English-Semsem, Gingelly
French-Sésame,
Teel, Till
German -Sesam,
Vanglo
Japanese-Goma,
Shima
Hindi name-Til,
Kali til (black),
Sphed til (white);
Gingli
Korean-Chamggae,
Cham-kkae,
Ggaessi,
Ssisaem,
Ggae,
Kkae
Spanish-Ajonjolí,
Sésamo
English name-Seamum

Introduction:-
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), is likely one of the
oldest cultivated plants in the world grown for
edible oil. Production records have been found
dating back to 1600 B.C from the Tigris and
Euphrates valleys. Many wild relatives are found in
sub-Saharan Africa, with somewhat fewer also
found in in India. Sesame was widely adopted as
an early crop, because it had the ability to grow in
areas where other crops couldn’t, particularly
udner hot and dry conditions. It been called a
‘survivor’ crop.

Sesame was introduced into the U.S. in the

1930’s, though historical documentation indicates
that Thomas Jefferson grew sesame seed in test
plots more than 200 years ago. He referred to it as
beni or benne, the name used in Africa. The first
U.S. commercial production began in the 1950s
following the discovery of a non shattering
mutation in 1943 that allowed breeding and
development of varieties suitable for machine
harvest.

Synonyms:-
Dysosmon amoenum Raf.
Sesamum africanum Tod.
Sesamum occidentalis Heer
Sesamum mombazense De Wild. & T.Durand
Sesamum parviflorum Seidenst.
Sesamum pedalioides Welw.

नियु नि:-

“तिल-तिल स्निग्धिा क्योंकि सवावयवेषु स्निग्धत्वािृ इति

।”

“तिल िेहने ।”

यह स्निग्ध होने िे िारण शरीर िे सवृ अवयवों िो

स्निग्ध रखिा है।अि: इसिो तिल िहिे हैं।

Family:-

Pedaliacea
Geographic Distribution and Habitat –

The original distribution of Sesamum indicum is in

fact between East African and Indies, so much so
that it is cultivated in the Middle East from the
beginning of history. Sesame cultivation is believed to
be the oldest man-made oilseed crop. Although the
area of origin of the plant is uncertain many wild
species are common in Africa and some others in
India.
Biological classification:-

Sesame is an annual plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1.6

to 3.3 ft) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (1.6 to
5.5 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad
lanceolate, to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of the
plant, narrowing to just 1 cm (0.4 in) broad on the
flowering stem. The flowers are yellow, tubular, 3 to 5
cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long, with a four-lobed mouth.
The flowers may vary in colour, with some being
white, blue, or purple. Sesame seeds occur in many
colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded
variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other
common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish,
gray, and black. The colour is the same for the hull
and the fruit.

Sesame fruit is a capsule, normally pubescent,

rectangular in section, and typically grooved with a
short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule
varies from 2 to 8 cm, its width varies between 0.5
and 2 cm, and the number of loculi varies from four to
12. The fruit naturally splits open (dehisces) to
release the seeds by splitting along the septa from
top to bottom or by means of two apical pores,
depending on the varietal cultivar. The degree of
dehiscence is of importance in breeding for
mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of
the first capsule.

Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the

thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds
are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm
thick. The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and
somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than
at the opposite end. The weight of the seeds is
between 20 and 40 mg.The seed coat (testa) may be
smooth or ribbed.

Types:-

“तिल िृष्ण: कहिों रक्त: सवन्योल्पतिल:स्मृि:।”

1-Black
2-White
3-Red
As per Bhavaprakasha –

िृष्णः श्रेष्ठिमस्तेषु शुक्रलो मध्यमः स्नसिः |

अन्ये हीनिरः प्रोक्तास्तज्ज्ञै रक्तादयस्नस्तलाः ||५५|

Environment Requirements:
- Climate:-
 Commercial varieties of sesame require 90 to
120 frostfree days. Daytime temperatures of 77°F to
80°F are optimal; below 68°F, growth is reduced, and
at 50°F germination and growth is inhibited.
Sesame is very drought-tolerant, due in
part to an extensive root system. However, it requires
adequate moisture for germination and early growth
and a minimum rainfall of 20 to 26 in. per season is
necessary for reasonable yields. Moisture levels
before planting and flowering have the greatest
impact on yield. Sesame is intolerant of water-
logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth
and increases shattering losses. Wind can cause
shattering at harvest and is cited as one reason for
the failure of commercial sesame production in
France.
Initiation of flowering is sensitive to
photoperiod and varies among varieties. The oil
content of the seed tends to increase with increased
photoperiod. Because protein content and oil content
are inversely proportional, seed with an increased oil
content has a decreased protein content.
- Soil:
Sesame is adaptable to many soil types, but it
thrives best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium
texture and neutral pH. Sesame, which has an
extensively branched feeder root system, appears to
improve soil structure. Sesame has a very low salt
tolerance and cannot tolerate wet conditions.
+ Growth Habits:
Sesame is an erect annual (or occasionally a
perennial) that grows to a height of 20 to 60 in.,
depending on the variety and the growing conditions.
Some varieties are highly branched, while others are
unbranched.
Leaves are variable in shape and size and
may be opposite or alternate.
The bellshaped white to pale-rose flowers
begin to develop in the leaf axils 6 to 8 weeks after
planting and this continues for several weeks.
Multiple flowering is favored by opposite leaves.
Sesame is normally self-pollinated, although
cross pollination by insects is common. The fruit is a
deeply grooved capsule (1 to 3 in. in length) that
contains 50 to 100 or more seeds. The seeds mature
4 to 6 weeks after fertilization. The growth of sesame
is indeterminant; that is, the plant continues to
produce leaves, flowers and capsules as long as the
weather permits. Sesame seeds are small and vary
in color. One thousand seeds weigh about one
ounce. The lighter colored seeds are considered
higher quality.
Properties And function:-

Pharmacodynamics:-

आचायय कनघण्टु िे अनुसार:-

“स्निग्धोष्णो मधुरस्नस्तक्त्: िषाय: िटू िस्नस्तल:।

त्वच्य: िेश्यश्रव बत्यश्रव वािध्व: िफकित्तिृि ।।”

“ईषत्कषायो मधुर: सतिक्त: सागृकहि: कित्तिरस्तथोष्ण:।

तिलो कविािे मनचलों बललष्ठ: स्निग्धो वृणालेिन एवं

िथ्य:।।”

Rasayana:Madura Anurasa:Kasaya tikta

Guna:Guru,Snigdha Virya:Madhura
Dosakarma:Tridosasamaka

“तिल: िषायो मधुरस्नसिक्क: िटु िो रस:।

कविािे िटु ि: स्वादु: सुस्नसनग्धो बलिृत्गुर:ृ ।।”

“िेन्द्रों वृणाकहिस्त्वच्यो कहमस्पशोकनलािह:।

दन्त्योल्पमूञो मेधाकि टफकित्त कववधृन:।।”

Karma- kesya
Balya
Snehana
Yogavai
VnasodhNa ropana
Vadanasthapana
Vajikarna
Sandhaya
Medhya
Dipana grahi sulapasamana
Raktasavarodhok
Arttavajanana.

Roga:-Kesavikara- khalitya palitya

Vatavikara
Siroroga-sirahsula
Vrana-sotha
Visa-kitavisa
Ksaya
Vatarakt
Rasayana
Yakratpliharoga
Atisar
Arsa
Mastiskadourbalya
 Rojorodha kastartava
Stanayalpata- kamasktihrasa
Agnumandya-grahni
Hikka-svasa
Prmeha puyameha
Dantodourbalya
Netraroga-timira
Ksaya-dourbalya-karsya
Visa kita-vrscikavisa
Raktgulma.

Used parts:-

Sesame Seed, oil and whole plant. The whole

plant is used in the preparation of special
Ayurvedic medicine called Tila Kshar.

Dosage:-
The appropriate dose of sesame depends on several
factors such as the user's age, health, and several other
conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific
information to determine an appropriate range of doses
for sesame (in children/in adults). Keep in mind that
natural products are not always necessarily safe and
dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant
directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist
or physician or other healthcare professional before
using.

Uses:-

1-For Unction

ं ज्योतिः प्रिाशाथं दशयनं बुद्तधरात्मनः|

“शास्त्र

िाभ्यां तिषि् सुयुक्ताभ्यां तचकित्सन्नािराध्यति||

(च. सू. ९/२४)”

Gruel made of ample tila and ghee mixed with salt

acts as an uncting agent.
2- Among all oils tila oil us regarded as the best one
for promotion of strength and Unction.But it should
not able be used by those suffering from
kustha,oedena and prameha.

2-Diarrhoea:-
1-Paste of tila and murdha and also the soup of the
latter is wholesome.
2-Paste of black sesamum mixed with1/5sugar and
taken with goat's milk checks blood immediately.

3-Hyper-digestion
In case of excessive intensity of digestive fire
preparation of oily seeds made with sugar depress
the fire.Fatty meat soups also act as similarly.

4- Piles:-
1-Bleeding piles go aways by regular use of butter
and sesamum,nagakesara,butter and sugar and
churned fatty layer of curd.
2-One should take balck sesamum 80 or 40 gm with
cold water in morning.It stimulates digestion and
destroy haemorrhoids.
3-intake of tila and bhattataka combined promtes
digestion and alleviates kustha And piles.

5-Udararoga:-
Tila mixed with salt should be used and also satpala
ghrta.

6-Abdominal pain:-
1-Balls made of tila should be rolled on the
abdomen.It pacifies even severe pain.

7-Vatayadhi:-
1-Old ghee and oils of sesamum and mustered are
useful.

8-Polyuria:-
Tila is the best remedy for polyuria.

9-Sinus:-
Paste of tila and apamarga fruits mixed with salt
should be applied on the wound and bandaged.

Paste of tila mixed with ghee should be applied

locally.

11-Wound healing:-
1-Paste of tila and madhuka mixed with ghee is
wound healing.
2-Wounds which are free from pus but do not heal
should treated with the application of paste of tila
mixed with honey.

12-Baldness and greying of hairs:-

1-Tila amalaka kamalakeshara maddhuka and honey
this paste applied on head promote growth of hair
and also dyes them.

13-USE OF TIL IN HINDU FESTIVALS &

CEREMON:-

Possibly, knowing the fact of its nutritional

importance, it was linked
with the tradition and culture in North India so much
so that certain Til it
is known as festivals and ceremonies are celebrated
under different names
in different regions. In Panjab, Lohri, or Bhugga, or
Pugga in the plains of
U.P. and in western Uttar Pradesh and in other parts
it is celebrated under
the name of Sakat in which, Til preparations are
made in homes, mainly of
black Til and its laddoos with gur are prepared and
offered to Gaeśa, who,
is supposed to be fond of laddoos. These are also
sold in Bazar only for a
week or so. It is believed to be auspicious to eat til
laddoos or its other preparation.

14-Medicational uses:

Importance of (sesame) Oil in curing Vatika

diseases.

नास्नस्त िैलाि् िरं कितिदौषधं मारुिािहम्|

व्यवाय्युष्ण गुरु िेहाि् संस्काराद्वलवत्तरम्||१८१||

गणैवािहरैस्तस्माच्छिशोऽथ सहस्रशः|

स्नसद्धं स्निप्रिरं हकि सूक्ष्म मागय स्नथथिान् गदान्||१८॥

basis of most of the fragrant or scented massage
oils, and hair oils used in India. It is used before
taking a bath, and also as
a medicated oils prepared along with various
vegetable drugs or animal
drugs like, scorpion, lizard, etc. It is used in different
kinds of body pains,
in neuralgia and in old age disease, paralysis, gout,
rheumatism used as
massage oil and also as a hair-oil, and are sold in the
marke.

15-FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL USES

There are many foods in which sesame is an ingredient
(Table 2). Europeans sometimes use it as a substitute
for olive oil. Sesame oil is an excellent salad oil and is
used by the Japanese for cooking fish (The Nut Factory
1999). Aqua hulled sesame seeds undergo a special
hulling process which produces a clear white seed.
These seeds are then double washed, dried, and used
on hamburger buns. This special process allows the
seed to stick to the bun while maintaining a white color
after baking. About one-third of the imported crop from
Mexico is purchased by McDonalds for their sesame
seed buns (The Nut Factory 1999). The seeds are also
used on bread and then eaten in Sicily. Sesame seed
has a nutty taste when the seed is roasted. Bread,
breadsticks, cookies, chocolate, and ice cream are ideal
products for roasted natural sesame seed. In Greece
seeds are used in cakes, while in Togo, Africa seeds are
a main soup ingredient. Mechanically hulled sesame
seed enriches bakery and candies plus it is also the
basis for the creamy, sweet wholesome tahini. Tahini is
rich in protein and a very good energy source. Sesame
flour is an edible, creamy and light brown powder from
sesame seeds. Sesame flour has high protein, high
levels of methionine and tryptophan, and 10% to 12%
sesame oil (Dipasa). Sesame seeds contain three times
more calcium than a comparable measure of milk
(Home Cooking 1998).

16-आचायय योगरत्नािर िे अनुसार:-

चिुष्य:े -

“िान िृष्णातिलै: चांकि चिुष्यमकनलािहम्।”

वाजीिरणो:-

“तिलगोिुरचूणेन बंतधि जांगल िरंिु।

िीत्वा सशिृरािौद् शीघ् गच्छति बढ़िा।”

Side effect:-

There is not enough information available to know if

sesame is safe to take for medical conditions by other
routes.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Sesame is LIKELY
SAFE when taken by mouth in amounts commonly
found in food. There is not enough information available
to know if sesame is safe to take in amounts used for
medicine while pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the
safe side and avoid use.

Children: Sesame is LIKELY SAFE when taken by

mouth in amounts commonly found in food. Sesame is
POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately,
short-term. A dose of 5 mL of sesame oil has been used
safely before bedtime for up to 3 days.

Diabetes: Sesame might affect blood sugar levels. In

theory, sesame might affect blood sugar control in
people with diabetes.

Low blood pressure: Sesame might lower blood

pressure. In theory, sesame might make blood pressure
drop too low in people who already have low blood
pressure.

Surgery: Sesame might affect blood sugar levels. In

theory, sesame might interfere with blood sugar control
during and after surgery. If you have a planned surgery,
stop using sesame as a medicine at least 2 weeks
before.

Harvesting:-

The harvesting takes place when the fruit at the base

are ripe, the seeds from the fruit get the color specific to
the variety, and the leaves at the base of the stem have
fallen. Sesame is usually ready for harvesting between
90 to 130 days after planting.

On small surfaces sesame is harvested with the sickle

and then bounded into bundles, where it continues to
dry without losing its quality. After drying, the bundles
collapse to the ground. On larger surfaces it is harvested
in two phases. First, it’s cut with a windrower and left in
the swaths which, after drying, are collected with a
combine harvester.

Store sesame seeds:-

Poor storage conditions can decrease the quality of

sesame seeds. Dirt, sand or stone can easily mix with
the small sesame seeds, so it’s important to ensure the
quality of the harvested seeds.

The harvested seeds are laid in a thin layer and shaken

from time to time until they reach 9% humidity.
Approximately 1,500 kilograms per hectare can be
obtained. The seeds must be threshed without having
further contact with the soil, to avoid any possible
contamination that affects their quality.

Sesame is left to dry in the field and stored only when

there is about 6% moisture. Moist seeds lead to low
yields, especially for oil production and they can also
clog parts of the machinery used for oil pressing. In
addition, moist seeds are prune to fungal infestation;
therefore, ensuring that the seeds are dry enough before
storing them into containers is critical.

Economic Importance:-

Sesame seed, commonly known as Til in India is largely

produced for its oil and is also used as a flavoring agent.
The seeds come in several colours like red, white, black,
yellow, depending upon the variety of the seeds.
Sesame seeds have high nutritive value and are used in
numerous cuisines all over the world, especially in the
Middle Eastern countries. The seeds have high oil
content around 55%. Sesame oil is used in cooking and
in preparation of salads and also finds its use in the
production of margarine, soaps, pharmaceuticals, paints
and lubricants. The residue left after the extraction of oil
is known as the oil seed cake which is used as cattle
feed.

A new method of propagation of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field
cropped sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Though arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are

indigenous to agricultural soils, their beneficial effects
to host plants could be further improved by
inoculation with efficient species. The method of AM
propagation described in the present study uses oil
cake as a supporting medium for the simultaneous
delivery of sesame seeds and AM inoculum to the
field. Experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field
located at Avoor, Kerala, India where sesame was
cultivated as a winter crop in rice fallows. Oil cake
entrapped with sesame seeds (var. Tilatara) and AM
fungus (Funneliformis dimorphicus) inoculum was
prepared by thoroughly mixing sterilized coconut
cake and neem cake (5:1 v/v), surface sterilized
sesame seeds and sterilized spore sieving of F.
dimorphicus from a pot culture in a 10% solution of a
polysaccharide gum obtained from the seeds of
Strychnos potatorum L. Entire mix was moulded into
2.5 cm cubes (ca. 5g) containing approximately 25–
30 seeds and 200–300 spores cube⁻ ¹ and shade
dried before application. The cubes were broadcast
@ 600 kg ha⁻ ¹ in inoculated treatments. In
uninoculated treatments, the oil cake cubes devoid of
the fungal component was used. Harvested root
samples from the inoculated treatments showed a
high frequency (%F) and intensity (%M) of
colonization by AM fungi as well as frequency of
vesicles (%V) and arbuscules (%A) compared to
uninoculated control. The growth (root length, shoot
length and leaf area) and yield characters (pod
number, seed number, seed weight and oil content)
of sesame plants were significantly (p=0.05)
improved under the present method of AM
propagation indicating its viability under field
condition.

Cultivation:-
Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types.
The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained,
fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH.
However, these have low tolerance for soils with high
salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial
sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost free days.
Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth
and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor
soils, the best yields come from properly fertilized
farms.

Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and

to sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the
oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod
increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is
inversely proportional to its protein content.
Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its
extensive root system. However, it requires adequate
moisture for germination and early growth. While the
crop survives drought, as well as presence of excess
water, the yields are significantly lower in either
conditions. Moisture levels before planting and
flowering impact yield most.

Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of

water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs
growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the
seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also
cause shattering at harvest.

Market price:-
According to India Mart price tags of sesame
seeds in different state:-
Variations in price:-

*Sesame seeds black:-Makarpure Vadodard=200rs

per kg.

*Til seeds:-
Lal penwaja Ahmadabad:-150rs per kg.

*Natural sesame seeds:-New Delhi=125rs per kg.

*Red sesame seeds:-Pune=110rs per kg.

*Skill diamond:-Prahlad nagar Ahmadabad= 110rs

per kg.

*Sesame seeds:-Old Palasia Indore= 110rs per kg.

*Sesame seeds:-Pedamedu,Loimbatore=100rs per

kg.

*Sesame seeds:-Bohap Ahmadabad= 100rs per kg.

*Sesame seeds:-Mulund west Mumbai= 95 rs per kg.

*Sesame seeds:-Sidhpur=90rs per kg.

*Dried sesame seeds:-Ganeshpeth colony

Nagpur=89rs per kg.

*Natural sesame seeds:-Sidhpur=85rs per kg.

*Brown gingerly seed:-Tirunelveli=62rs per kg.

*Black sesame seeds:-Maharanala Pune

Siliguri=40rs per kg.

Oil content form seeds:-

Actually cold pressed oil has very low yield about
35% . So about 2.8 kg to 3 kg of sesame is required
for 1 litre of oil.

At seasons, we remove unnecessary sediments yet

retaining nutrients to give you value for your buck.

Allergy:-

Sesame seeds and sesame oil are a serious allergen

to some people, including infants. In Australia, the
occurrence of allergy to sesame seed was estimated
to be 0.42% among all children, while in the United
Kingdom, the allergic reaction was found to affect
0.04% of adults. The occurrence of allergy to sesame
in patients with some form of food allergy was found
to be much higher than in the general population,
ranging from 0.5% in Switzerland to 8.5% in
Australia. In other words, allergy to sesame affects a
small percentage of overall human population, but
sesame allergy is high in people who already show
symptoms of allergy to other foods.

The symptoms of sesame seed allergy can be

classified into:
Systemic reactions: Primarily presenting
anaphylaxis[42] characterized by symptoms including
hives (urticaria), lip and eyelid swelling (angioedema
) sneezing, nasal itching, congestion, rhinorrhea,
wheezing, cough, tightness of throat, hoarse voice,
difficulty in breathing, abdominal pain,
unconsciousness, shock with drop of blood pressure.
In the systemic reactions can also be included severe
reactions like dizziness, drowsiness, chills and
collapse as has been reported in patients after
ingestion of a falafel burger.
Other symptoms: Facial or generalized redness
("flushing"), hives (urticaria) on smaller or larger parts
of the body, swelling of the eyelids, lips or other parts
of the face, itching of the eyes or of the skin in
general, hay fever symptoms in the eyes and
eczema. Respiratory symptoms observed include hay
fever, asthma, cough, wheeze, or difficulty in
breathing. Gastrointestinal symptoms: Itching in the
mouth and/or tongue soon after chewing and
ingesting (Oral allergy syndrome) and abdominal
pain.
Amounts as low as 100 mg of sesame seeds or flour
and 3 ml of oil can trigger allergic reactions in severe
cases of sesame allergic individuals. Most patients,
however, show allergic reactions after consuming 2–
10 g of sesame seeds or flour. The onset of the
symptoms may occur within a few minutes up to 90
minutes after ingestion of a sesame seed product.
Most patients had other allergic diseases such as
asthma, hay fever, and eczema, and most patients
also had a relative with an allergic disease. More
than two-thirds of the patients with sesame allergy
also had allergic reactions to other foods.
Chemical constituents:-

Lipids (45-60%)

i. Fixed oil-mixture of glycerides- the fatty acid

constituents of which are oleic and linoleic acid
and a small percentage of Palmitic, stearic acid
etc.

ii. Sesamolin, a lignan of the unsaponifiable portion

of oil.

iii. Sisamolin on hydrolysis yields sesamol a

phenolic constituent responsible for the excellent
stability of the oil.

iv. Vitamin- A and E.

Conclusion:-
Hence people have been exploring plants since
ancient times for the new drugs. Knowledge about
chemical constituents of plants is desirable and
valuable for the synthesis of complex chemical
substances. In indigenous medicinal systems plants
have been used in different forms. Plant products
can be derived from different parts of the plant like
bark, leaves, flowers, seeds etc. This has led to the
use of large number of medicinal plants which
provide curative properties to treat various
diseases.3 In traditional medicinal systems a single
plant or combinations of many plants are used to
prepare different formulations. The efficacy of the
compound or the formulation depends upon the use
of proper plant part and its biological potency.2
Hence different medicinal plants must be
investigated for the better knowledge of their
properties, safety and efficiency. Drugs of the plant
origin are easily available, less expensive, safe and
efficient and rarely have side effects.1 This article
gives ethno medicinal review on sesame and points
the need for further investigation on the
phytochemical profile of the same. This kind of the
study can increase the use of sesame in health care
and in its other applications.