Animal Breeding DPR (Raju Gugloath) Updated PDF

2018
Animal breeding and

farming (Goat
+sheep) Business
Proposal
DETAIL PROJECT REPORT
RAJU GUGOLATH CONTACT NUMBER- 8074393028
Table of Contents
1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................
1.2 PROJECT PROMOTERS ...........................................................................................................
1.3 LOCATION .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 SMALL RUMINANT FARMING ..............................................................................................
2.0 IMPORTANCE .........................................................................................................................
Why Goat Farming Is Profitable: ........................................................................................
Farming Business Plan – MARKET ANALYSIS .......................................................................
2.1 CENSUS ..................................................................................................................................
2.2 MEAT CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN INDIA .........................................................................
2.3 MUTTON PRICES IN TS ...........................................................................................................
3.0 DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS .............................................................................................
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES......................................................................................
DISADVANTAGES .....................................................................................................................
SEMI – INTENSIVE ....................................................................................................................
INTENSIVE or ZEROGRAZING ...................................................................................................
3.1 THE NEED OF ZEROGRAZING .................................................................................................
3.2 TYPES OF ZEROGRAZING .......................................................................................................
3.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ZEROGRAZING .....................................................................................
3.4 PROFIT POTENTIAL ................................................................................................................
3.5 IDEAL SIZE OF THE UNIT ........................................................................................................
3.6 SELECTION OF BREEDERS ......................................................................................................
3.7 QUARANTINE .........................................................................................................................
3.8 HOUSING ...............................................................................................................................
3.9 FOOT BATH ............................................................................................................................
3.10 MANURE PIT ........................................................................................................................
3.11 VETERINARY SERVICES .........................................................................................................
3.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS .................................................................................................
4.0 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDER EWE ............................................................................
4.1 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDING RAM ..........................................................................
4.2 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF LAMB..........................................................................................
4.3 PER DAY MANAGEMENT and MAINTANANCE COST .............................................................
4.4 ESTIMATED AVERAGE INCOME FROM EACH ADULT PER DAY ..............................................
5.1 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDER DOE ............................................................................
1
5.2 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDING BUCK.........................................................................
5.3 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF KID ..............................................................................................
5.4 PER DAY MANAGEMENT and MAINTANANCE COST .............................................................
5.5 ESTIMATED AVERAGE INCOME FROM EACH ADULT PER DAY ..............................................
6.1 FEEDING MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................................
6.2 COMMON TERMS OF FEEDING .............................................................................................
6.3 CULTIVATION OF FODDER .....................................................................................................
6.4 FODDER TREES,BUSHES .........................................................................................................
6.5 A. CULTIVATION OF MAIZE ...................................................................................................
6.5 B.CULTIVATION OF MULTICUT SORGHUM ............................................................................
6.6 C.MAKING OF SILAGE WITH MAIZE WHOLE CROP ................................................................
7.1 PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES...........................................................................................
7.2 BREEDING CARE .....................................................................................................................
7.3 CARE DURING PREGNANCY ...................................................................................................
7.4 CARE FOR LAMBS AND KIDS ..................................................................................................
8.0 Financials: ..............................................................................................................................
2
1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
A.INTENSIFIED FARMING The main objective of this project is intensified farming

of small ruminants. Reasons being
Vast gap between demand and supply of meat products.
Sourcing a good quality meat always found to be difficult task in Indian
domestic market.
Mutton prices are increasing by 15-20% every year.
The demand for mutton is ever increasing.
The present traditional farming system is unorganized and neglected.
Non existence of grazing lands.
B. IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL SHEEP In traditional (Extensive open

grazing) system sheep and goat goes to the natural pastures searching for their daily
fodder allowance where they don’t get balanced feed/fodder. Where as in zero grazing
system they are stalled and provided with green fodder, dry fodder and concentrated
feed as per the small ruminant feeding standards, with a targeted growth rate of 150-
200 gms/day in lambs, and to get lamb / kid crop once in every 8 months.
C.CONSERVING THE LOCAL BREEDS Another objective is to conserve Local

Sheep breeds ie Deccani, Nellore brown, Nellore jodipi, Nellore palla .
D.UPGRADING THE GENETIC POTENTIALITY. The genetic potentiality of

OSMANABADI Goats and other domestic Goats will be upgraded with BOER
SEMEN.
1.2 PROJECT PROMOTERS
The Promoter of this project on zero grazing system Shri P.Shyam Sundhar resident
of H.no 1-5-268/5, Sri Venkateshwara Colony, Surya Nagar, Old Alwal, Secunderabad
is well qualified and belongs to traditional agriculture farming community. Shri P.
Shyam Sundhar and family members have vast experience in traditional livestock
farming, in agriculture, and in Fodder cultivation. The promoters have visited several
3
sheep and Goat breeding farms, located in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka,
Maharastra., where sheep and goat maintained under Zerograzing system with intensive
feeding. Main Person behind this is Subhash Baira Vishwa Agro Tech ltd.
1.3 LOCATION
FARM LOCATION : Village- Bhavojigudem,

Mandal- Maripeda
Dist Mahabububad
Pin- 506315
1.4 SMALL RUMINANT FARMING
India is an agricultural country. Raising of animals is as old as civilization itself in

India. Livestock especially cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat are the backbone of Indian
agriculture. Livestock are domesticated animals, internationally reared in an
agricultural setting for want of food or fiber, or for their labor.
In India, Small ruminant farming is traditional and has community professional
existence. It is by and large rural based, disorganized, and a neglected field. Sheep and
Goats provide meat for larger sections of Indian population. India’s wellbeing and
national economy is closely knit with Sheep and goat which provides wool, skin, meat,
milk and manure.
2.0 IMPORTANCE
The Indian sheep and goats are mutton producers. The body weight of adult female
varies between 35-40 kg and that of a male between 45-55 kg with dressing percentage
of 45-60 per cent.
Realizing the importance of goat in the agrarian economy of the country, various
developmental activities have been taken up by Govt. of India. The Central Government
had established Central Institute for Research on Goats at Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura
District, and Uttar Pradesh.
Mutton is one kind of meat towards which there is no prejudice by any community in
India. The per capita meat consumption in India is 5.5 kg per year, which is much lower
than 10.8 kg per year as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) which a great scope paving way for entrepreneurship in sheep and Goats
farming.
4
Small ruminants are major contributors of animal proteins for human consumption in
India. NSSO survey indicates that Indian food consumption patterns are slowly shifting
towards processed foods, meat and meat products. The demand for mutton has been
steadily increasing and will continue to rise with the rise in the standard of living of
people because of economic development.
There is huge demand for the meat products for internal consumption itself and it is
increasing at annual compound growth rate of 1.28%. Meat production (including fish
and poultry) will have to grow by 6% per year to fulfill the actual requirement.
Sheep and Goats are domesticated animals. They play a vital role in improving the
socio-economic conditions of the rural masses. Small ruminants provide a dependable
source of income to the poor shepherds through sale of animals, skin and manure
particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions.
As per 2007 livestock census India has 65.6 million of Sheep and 123.3 million of
Goat. India ranks third in sheep, and second in goat population in the world
In India, AP Stands at No. 1 position with 26.5 million sheep population, and at No.7
position with 9.4 million Goats.
India has large no of sheep and goats. The reasons include
• low cost and handy technology to the landless laborers, marginal farmers
and industrial workers particularly.
• Small ruminants require little concentrated food. On an average, they
get 80 to 90 per cent of their protein from forages only. Small ruminants
are an economical converter of grass, leaves into meat, milk and wool.
• Manure of Small ruminants also provides substantial income which is
used to enrich and increase soil fertility.
• Small ruminants require less labor than other kinds of livestock and get
along well with low-cost housing and equipment.
• more resistant to diseases
• easily manageable by child or female
• easy market accessibility.
• has a significant potential for round the year employment generation
particularly in rural areas?
• provides subsidiary source of livelihood to the people living below the
poverty line due to lack of enough agricultural land to sustain,
particularly in the draught prone, hilly, tribal and other remote areas
where crop production on its own may not be capable of engaging them
fully
• Goat, in true sense, is called as poor man's cow due to its tremendous
economic importance in contributing milk, meat and ultimately the
household nutrition security and livelihood to the downtrodden people.
• Goat makes a valuable contribution to the livelihood of economically
weaker sections of the society.
• Sheep and goats are an economical converter of grass into meat, milk,
and wool. In fact, the sheep and goats are the only domestic animals
which can convert fodder into meat and wool.
5
Skills for Goat Farming Business
You must have proper skill and knowledge about goat farming, before starting the
business. If you are not aware of the skills, it is advised to contact your local Animal
Husbandry Departments for free training. They generally conduct free training sessions
and workshops for small business entrepreneurs. It is really very helpful and effective.
You can also contact with existing and established goat farmers for more information
and knowledge.
Breed Selection for Goat Farming
According to the desired product, selecting the right breed is the most crucial
issue. There are different breeds out there which are considered as profitable breed
selection. But basically, it depends hugely on the region and climate of the location.
Breeds are categorized in two-part like pure breed and cross breed. Some of the popular
pure breeds are
Sirohi
Jamnapari
Tota Pari
Barbari
Beetel
Black Bengal
Some of the popular crossbreeds are
The crossbreed of Sirohi and black Bengal (Sirohi buck and black Bengal doe)
Crossbreed of Jamnapari and Sirohi (Jamnapari buck and Sirohi doe)
The crossbreed of black Bengal and Beetel. (Beetel buck and black Bengal doe)
Fodder Planning for Goat Farming

Fodder planning plays an important role in health issues and cost management. In
addition, with the dry fodder, green fodder is very important to provide essential
nutrients to the goats. Grazing of goats is very important for this you must have a
surplus grazing area with greenery so as for proper movement of the goats which
helps in their digestion and enhance metabolism. Giving properly balanced diet with
the right ratio in important in goat feeding.
Health & Care in Goat Farming

Proper health care and vaccination in must in this business. Make sure that a
veterinarian doctor is available near your farm. If possible, stock some necessary
vaccines and medicines in your farm. And always vaccinate your goats timely. Goats
can get sick very easily and they die very fast. Goats need to be watched and treated
early and fast. You need to plan on learning what is normal in your goats, what is not
normal and have emergency medications on hand. Two hours difference in giving a
medication may mean the difference between life and death.
Vaccination Schedule
Disease Animal Vaccine Dose
Polyvalent
Foot & Mouth All cloven- FMD
Disease footed animals vaccine 3 ml.
Hemorrhagic HS
Septicemia (HS) cattle, buffalo Vaccine 5 ml.
6
BQ
Black Quarter cattle. buffalo Vaccine 5 ml.
Anthrax
All species of spore
Anthrax animals vaccine 1 ml.
Enterotoxemia ET
(ET) Sheep & Goat Vaccine 5 ml.
Contagious
Caprine Pleuro
Pneumonia IVRI 0.2
(CCPP) Sheep & Goat Vaccine ml.
Peste Des Pettis PPR

Ruminants (PPR) Sheep & Goat Vaccine 1 ml.
Female cattle
& Buffalo calf
age 4-8 months Brucella
Brucella only Vaccine 2 ml.
Cattle & calves

above 2 months Theileria
Theileriosis of age Vaccine 3 ml.
Rabies Post
All species of Bite
Rabies animals Vaccine 1 ml.
Note: Before any vaccination deworming should be compulsory to get better results.
Why Goat Farming Is Profitable:

#1. The initial investment needed for Goat farming is low.
#2. Due to small body size and docile nature, housing requirements and manage
mental problems with goats are less.
#3. Goats are friendly animals and enjoy being with the people.
#4. Goats are prolific breeders and achieve sexual maturity at the age of 10-12 months
gestation period in goats is short and at the age of 16-17 months, it starts giving milk.
Twinning is very common, and triplets and quadruplets are rare.
#5. In drought-prone areas risk of goat farming is very much less as compared to other
livestock species.
#6. Unlike large animals, in commercial farm conditions, both male and female goats
have equal value.
#7. Goats are ideal for mixed species grazing. The animal can thrive well on wide
variety of thorny bushes, weeds, crop residues, agricultural by-products unsuitable for
human consumption.
7
#8. Under proper management, goats can improve and maintain grazing land and
reduce bush encroachment (biological control) without causing harm to the
environment.
#9. Goats are 2.5 times more economical than sheep on free range grazing under
semi-arid conditions.
Goat farming business is a time-consuming business. You must learn about farm
management, medication, and fodder cultivation, and marketing of your farm
produces. Daily basis record keeping will help you in getting confidence about the
financials of your business and revenue return. Always plan for both short term and
long term for successful goat farming business.
Farming Business Plan – MARKET ANALYSIS
• Market Trends
One of the common trends in the commercial livestock farming line of business is that
most players in the industry are no longer concentrating only on farming a species of
livestock or just livestock / goat farming alone. They now find it easier to run both
livestock farming and crop cultivation. Some even go ahead to include meat
processing and packaging business alongside their product offerings; it helps them
maximize profits in the agriculture industry.
Even though commercial goat farming / livestock farming has been in existence since
time immemorial, that does not in any way make the industry to be over saturated;
commercial goat farmers are exploring new technology to continue to improve goat
farming processes and meat preservation and packaging process. The fact that there is
always a ready market for commercial goat farming makes the business ever green.
As a matter of fact, one of the new trends in livestock farming industry is that with the
recent advancement in technology livestock farmers can now improve the various
breeds of the animals they are breeding. As a matter of fact, it is now easier for
livestock farmers to comfortably import the kind of breed of domestic animal they
want to breed from any country of their choice and advancement in technology has
made it easier to cross – breed different animal.
• Our Target Market
Naturally, the target market of those who are the end consumer of livestock farm
produce and those who benefits from the business value chain of the agriculture
industry is all encompassing; it is far – reaching.
Every household consumes produce from livestock farms be it goat meat, goat milk,
and the skin (leather) used for bags, belts and shoes production et al. So also, a large
chunk of manufacturing companies depends on livestock farms for some of their raw
materials. A goat farmer should be able to sell his or her farm produce to as many
people as possible.
8
We will ensure that we position our business to attract consumers of agriculture
produce not just in the United States of America alone but also other parts of the
world which is why we will be exporting some of our farm produce either in raw form
or processed form to other countries of the world.
• Our Competitive Advantage
It is easier to find entrepreneur flocking towards an industry that is known to generate

consistent income which is why there are more commercial farmers in the United
States of America and of course in most parts of the world.
For example, Statistics has it that there were 2.2 million farms in the United States of
America, covering an area of 922 million acres. These goes to show that there are
appreciable numbers of farmers in the United States of America but that does not
mean that there is stiffer competition in the industry.
As a matter of fact, entrepreneurs are encouraged by the government to embrace
commercial farming / livestock farming. This is so because part of the success of any
nation is her ability to cultivate her own food and export foods to other nations of the
world.
Jonah Livingston and Family Farms Ltd is fully aware that there are competitions
when it comes to selling livestock and meats all over the globe, which is why we
decided to carry out thorough research to know how to take advantage of the available
market in the United States and in other parts of the world.
We have done our homework and we have been able to highlight some factors that
will give us competitive advantage in the marketplace; some of the factors are
effective and reliable livestock farming processes that can help us sell our livestock
and processed meat at competitive prices, good network and excellent relationship
management.
Another competitive advantage that we are bringing to the industry is the fact that we
have designed our business in such a way that we will operate an all – round standard
commercial livestock farms that will be involved in diverse areas such as animal
rearing and meat processing and packaging plant. With this, we will be able to take
advantage of all the available opportunities within the industry.
Lastly, our employees will be well taken care of, and their welfare package will be
amongst the best in the industry meaning that they will be more than willing to build
the business with us and help deliver our set goals and achieve all our objectives as a
standard commercial livestock farms with a meat processing and packaging plant.
Goat Farming Business Plan – SALES AND MARKETING STRATEGY
We are quite aware that the reason why some commercial livestock farms hardly
make good profits is their inability to sell off their livestock to a larger market. In
view of that, we decided to set up a standard meat processing and packing plant to
help us maximize profits.
Over and above, we have perfected our sale and marketing strategies first by
networking with agriculture merchants and companies that rely on raw materials from
the livestock farming industry who are likely to refer become our customers.
9
In summary, Jonah Livingston and Family Farms Ltd will adopt the following
strategies in marketing our commercial farm produce;
• Introduce our business by sending introductory letters alongside our brochure

to stake holders in the agriculture industry, companies that rely on the
livestock farming industry for their raw materials, hotels and restaurants and
agriculture produce merchant et al.
• Advertise our business and livestock farms in agro – allied and food related
magazines and websites
• List our commercial livestock farms on yellow pages ads (local directories)
• Attend related agriculture and food expos, seminars, and business fairs et al
• Leverage on the internet to promote our business
• Engage in direct marketing
• Encourage the use of word of mouth marketing (referral
2.1 CENSUS
SHEEP & GOATS population & Ranking (2007)

TYPE WORLD INDIA AP (Millions) Rank of Rank of AP
OF India in in India
ANIMA (Billions) (Millions) World
L
SHEEP 1.11 65.6 26.5 3 1
GOATS 0.92 123.3 9.4 2 7
SHEEP population Trend from 1982-2007 (In Millions)

1982 1992 1997 2003 2007
TS 7.5 7.7 9.7 21.1 26.5
INDIA 48.7 50.7 57 61 65.6
GOATS population Trend from 1982-2007 (In Millions)

1982 1992 1997 2003 2007
AP 5.6 4.3 5.2 6.2 9.4
INDIA 95 115 122 124 123.3
✓ No of Sheep in the world: More than 1.11 billion

✓ No of Goat in the world: More than 0.92 billion.
10
✓ AP has highest no. of sheep (2007) holding no.1 rank in INDIA with 40% of
all India sheep population i.e. 26.5 million.
✓ AP has 9.4 million no.of Goats (2007) holding no.7 rank in INDIA with 10%
of all India Goat population.
✓ 8,00,000 Traditional farming families involved in sheep and goat farming in
AP.
2.2 MEAT CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN INDIA
Meat consumption per capita refers to the total meat retained for use in country per
person per year.
Total meat includes meat from animals slaughtered in countries, irrespective of their
origin, and comprises horse meat, Poultry and meat from all other domestic animals,
wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer, and game animals.
Per capita consumption of meat in world 39.7 kgs Per capita consumption of
meat in Asia 29.6 kgs
In India Per capita consumption of meat

recommended by ICMR is 10.8 kgs. Per capita consumption of meat is
5.5 kgs
Because
A large segment of the population (20%) is strictly vegetarian.
Because of religious and legal restrictions, Hindus who comprises around

80.5% of the total population do not consume beef,
while 13.4% Muslims do not eat pork.
The only two primary meat sources for Indians are small ruminants (sheep &
Goats), and poultry.
2.3 MUTTON PRICES IN TS
12 years back, ie in the year 2000-01, Mutton price is Rs.80

In the last three years i.e.
in the year 2010-11 is Rs.380 - 420 (avg 400)
11
FUTURE PROJECTIONS
Till the year 2015,
✓ If the sheep and Goat population remains same in AP,
✓ if the Human population remains same,
✓ if the nonvegetarians in AP remains same and
✓ If the Mutton prices increases @ Rs 20 Only per year
Then the Mutton prices in AP may be
in the year 2013-2014 Rs.440 - 480 (avg 460)

in the year 2014-2015 Rs.460 - 500 (avg 480)
in the year 2015-2016 Rs.480 - 520 (avg 500)
3.0 DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
There are three farming systems 1. Extensive
2.Semi intensive
3.Intensive
• EXTENSIVE
This is the traditional and conventional style of sheep and Goat farming in India,
where the animals are let out for grazing on natural pastures every day for 6-8
hours. Majority of sheep and goat in India are maintained on degraded
community rangelands where the carrying capacity is a serious limitation.
Farmers are unable to sustain their flocks in summer, thus resorting to
migration. The concept of cultivated pastures is almost nonexistent in India.
12
ADVANTAGES
• No feeding cost
• No skilled labor
• No need of cultivation of fodder
• No designed sheds
• no Infrastructure
DISADVANTAGES
• Can keep 6-8 ewes only per acre
• One can hold limited numbers only i.e. @ 50-60 per head
• Non-availability of fresh Drinking water
• Overgrazed on poor grasslands
• Non-availability of enough fodder
• Animals lose weight in migration
• poor nutrition
• Low disease resistance
• High risk of diseases
• High risk of internal parasitism
• High mortality in lambs
• Irregular breeding cycles
• Increased interabang period
• Low lambing percentage
• Low birth weights
• Low feed conversion efficiency 10-12% only
• Finishing weight of male lambs is lower and
13
• the age at it attained is higher than desired
• Chances of Inbreeding
• Chances of predators
SEMI – INTENSIVE
It is also a range system of grazing, with necessary supplementation of cultivated
greenfodder and concentrates. The Advantages and disadvantages are almost same
except better growth rates in lambs due to supplementation. To Some extent better
than extensive system.
INTENSIVE or ZEROGRAZING
A system of feeding in which animals are kept in sheds and
yards and all the roughages and concentrates are provided
depending on bodyweight, age, physiological status, and milk yield.
The broad objective of zero grazing is to achieve 30 kg finishing weight at 6
months of age with about 1:5 i.e. 20% FCR.
In this system Roughages and water offered adhibited.
Normally, sheep does not require any special exercising, apart from letting out for
grazing. Stallfed Sheep and Goats should be allowed to roam about in open paddock
once or twice a day. One way of making sheep move about is to keep water troughs
away from feed mangers and / or feeding concentrates in the open area.
ADVANTAGES
▪ Can keep 100 animals in one acre of land.
▪ Can keep in multiples of hundreds/thousands.
▪ Fresh drinking water.
▪ Balanced nutritive feed and fodder available.
▪ No chances of predators.
14
▪ Regular breeding cycles.
▪ Every 2 years we may get 3 crops.
▪ Lambing percentage is 150-180.
▪ Good birth weights.
▪ Low mortality in lambs and adults.
▪ No chances of Inbreeding.
▪ Desired growth rates with better FCR i.e. 20%.
▪ Quick returns.
▪ Low risk of diseases and internal parasitism.
DISADVANTAGES
▪ Requires sheds and infrastructure like chaff cutter etc.
▪ Requires electricity
▪ Requires Agri land @Two acre per every 100 breeders
▪ Non-availability of established Breeders suppliers
▪ No organized sale market by weight of animals
3.1 THE NEED OF ZEROGRAZING

There is high need for integrated intensive small ruminant farming in India, because of
the following Three reasons.
1.LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF ANIMALS IN THE PRESENT SYSTEM
2.VAST GAP BETWEEN DEMAND & SUPPLY
In the traditional extensive farming system, due to migratory nature, and the
ignorance of the flock-owners about modern techniques of breeding, and inadequate
and improper feeding are some of the reasons for low productivity from sheep and
Goats. There is significant mortality also from birth to slaughter. Hence, unable to
meet the local demand, creating vast gap between demand & supply.
3.DECREASING NO. OF PROFFESSIONAL FARMERS

Though there is strong domestic market in India for mutton and there is no marketing
problem in sale of animals……it is alarming to note that, traditional small ruminant
farming is showing downward trend because of several valid reasons, like
Depreciating grazing lands,
Inadequate quantity and inferior quality fodders.

The concept of cultivated pastures is almost nonexistent
Urbanization
Western culture of younger generation and Increasing Literacy.
4.THERE IS NO ALTERNATE MEAT SOURCE
15
There is no other major meat source for Indians other than sheep, goats and poultry.
5.INCREASING POPULATION.
India is the second most populous country in the world, with 1.21 billion people (2011-
census), containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be, the world's
most populous country by 2025, surpassing China (19.4%).
Population projections of INDIA
6.INCREASING NON-VEGETARIANISM
Non-vegetarianism is increasing in younger generation of India.
3.2 TYPES OF ZEROGRAZING
1. WITH GREEN FODDER
a. Cut & Carry system (preferred)

b. Silage system (Optional)
c. Combination of both a & b
2. WITHOUT GREEN FODDER
a. by using dry fodder

b. by using byproduct feedstuffs
CUT & CARRY SYSTEM: in this system, two types of Fodder cultivated in two acres
of land i.e. NL fodder in one acre and Legume fodder in one acre. As per the daily
requirement, it is cut and carried every day to the farm, chopped and offered to the
animals.
It is two types a.Own cultivation in own land
b. Outsourcing of fodder by contract cultivation
SILAGE SYSTEM: Silage means preserved green fodder. If green fodder of single cut
NL-Annual grain crops (Maize/Jowar/Bajra/Oats) is available abundantly, it can be
preserved and fed to the animals. It is expensive than cut carry system. The initial Non-
recurring Investment cost will be around Rs 2000 extra, per each animal towards
construction cost of silopits. Fodder may be from own cultivation or Outsourcing.
COMBINATION OF CUT&CARRY AND SILAGE SYSTEM : Depending on the

availability of fodder, land & agar labour, combination of both the above systems can
be followed.
16
DRYFODDER: In this system, dry fodders like chopped straws (Jowar/Bajra/Oats) and
commercial concentrate feed is used. It is also expensive. But the advantage is, there is
no need of agr.land and no need of fodder cultivation. Labor can be minimized.
BYPRODUCT FEED STUFFS: The by products used are Groundnut shells, Maize
cobs, Citrus peel& pulp, Urea, Molasses & other supplements.
3.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ZEROGRAZING
For every 100+5 breeders, 1+1 acres of agr.land for cultivation of NL fodder
and Legume fodder
Land for Animal sheds and for other rooms @0.1 acres for every 100+5
Breeders
Breeders @ 20:1
Sick animals’ room
Lambing/kidding room
Quarantine shed
Feeders & Waterers
Overhead water tank
Dipping tank
Chaff cutter with power backup
Grasscutter
Grinder cum mixer
Hammer mill
Weighing machine
Silage pit
Manure pit
Ear tags & Tagging machine
Hoof trimmer
Castrator
Deluder
Refrigerator
Farm equipment like manure collecting trolleys, Spades, Sickles etc.
Vehicle for procuring animals and dry fodder
Farm labor @1 for every 100+5 breeders
Agri labor @1 for every 1 hector
Supervisor cum technician @ one for every 1000+50 breeders
17
Office room
Room for chaff cutter & for chopping
Room for Dry fodder storage
Rooms for Supervisor, Farm labor & Agri labor
Farm records
THE REQUIREMENTS VARY ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF

ZEROGRAZING SELECTED and SIZE OF THE UNIT.
3.4 PROFIT POTENTIAL

In sheep and Goats farming returns come quickly because of short gestation period (5
months) and short finishing period (150-180 days), a total of less than one year from
mating to marketing. Sheep/Goats generates income from meat and manure.
The greatest single factor that affect profit potential is, number of lambs/Kids
marketed per Ewe/Doe per year i.e. lambing/Kidding percentage which should be
minimum 1.2 per year in sheep and 2.4 in Goats which can be achieved if Ewes/Does
deliver every 8 months, producing 3 crops in every two years.
The other factors that affect the profit potential are
Predator losses
getting quick body growths in lambs/kids i.e. @ 125 – 175 gms per day
feed cost which comprise more than 50% of all costs, by greater utilization of
forages, crop residues
Culling of unproductive stock
mortality of adults and lambs/kids
Land & Housing costs and their annual depreciation
Interest on capital barrowed
Labor costs
3.5 IDEAL SIZE OF THE UNIT

If it is a breeding unit, the unit size should be minimum 500+25 Sheep or 500+25
Goats. Or it can be a combination of both species. An ideal size will be 1000+50.
3.6 SELECTION OF BREEDERS

Lifespan of small ruminants is relatively low.
They live up to 12 -15 years
18
Reproductive efficiency of Sheep and goats is better between 1 to 7 years of
age.
After 7 years of age their reproductive performance starts declining.
Age of the animals is of practical importance in selecting breeding stock.
Selection of breeders is made by two methods
a. By determine age by checking incisor teeth
Approximate age of an animal can be determined within certain limits by examining

the incisor teeth of lower jaw as shown in table below
Temporary teeth 0-9 months age

Permanent teeth 10 months to 4 years
Wear and tear 4-7 years
Determining age of Sheep

Possible age in Eruption of incisors
months
At Birth (A) 0 to 2 pairs of temporaries 2 years old
6- 10 (B) All temporaries
14- 20 (c) Permanent centrals
21- 25 (D) Second Pair
26- 30 (E) Third Pair
30- 40 (F) Permanent corners
✓ Breeder Ewes/Does, having good physiological features of 1-2 years of age are
to be purchased. Prefer pregnant or suckling animals.
✓ Breeding Ram/Buck with good physical and physiological appearance of 1 1/2
- 2 years age only, are to be purchased @ one Breeding Ram/Buck for every 20
breeder Ewes/Bucks’
19
✓ Replace breeding Ram/Buck every two years to prevent inbreeding among the
flock.
b.by physical appearance
The general appearance of an animal will also tell whether it is young or old.
Experienced persons only can select animals by seeing the physical appearance
of small ruminants.
Older animals are weak jointed
slow moving
loose skinned
brokenmouthed, and
in them depressions appear at the temporal regions i.e. behind ears and below
ears on either side.
20
4.Health status of the animals at the time of selection
• Ewes/Does in good health are to be purchased.

• Check for signs of health.
• Purchase animals which are in advance pregnancy or animals with lamb/Kids.
• Check for any contagious or infectious diseases.
5.Mating of male & female… For higher productivity
• Male Female ratio should be 1:20

• There should be separate pens for breeding Rams/Bucks and Breeder
Ewes/Does to regularize breeding cycles, to get three crops in every two years
for maximum productivity.
• Replace breeding Ram/Buck every two years to prevent inbreeding among the
flock.
B. WEEDING
Culling of uneconomic, unhealthy, unproductive, low producing animals is to be done

periodically.
C.FEEDING
Feeding is giving balanced rations in to each animal proportionate to its bodily
requirements and productive capacity.
In this system Roughages and water offered adlibitum.
Avoid overfeeding and Underfeeding.
D.HEEDING
is day to day management of animals including sanitation, hygiene, disease control,
housing and care.
3.7 QUARANTINE
At the time of purchasing animals, collect the history of flock health programmed and
about the prevailing diseases if any in that area.
Take the disease profile of the area where the farm is established.
Keep the newly purchased animals under quarantine for about 15 days and
then mix with the general flock.
Check for signs of illness
A healthy sheep/Goat
21
Eats well
Chews its cud
has a shiny coat
has strong legs and feet
has bright and clear eyes
Normal faces
A Sick, ill sheep/Goat
not alert
offered, off water
no signs of cud chewing
abnormal temperature
do not confirm to the normal habits
allows ears to droop
have a stare look and fixed expression to their eyes
Refuse to eat and
Segregate themselves from the rest of the flock or stands at the
feedthrough with healthy sheep and appear to be eating, while
in effect she is not.
Young lambs that wiggle (moving in small, side to side, up and down, or turning)
their tails appear to be nursing may not be getting milk and die of starvation.
Check for symptoms of any contagious diseases like
PPR,
SHEEP POX
BLUE TONGUE
FMD
HS
22
FOOTROT.
Check for bronchopneumonia.

Check for skin infections
Check for Parasitic gastro enteritis
Check for presence of proglottids (Tapeworm)in faces.
Identify the newly purchased animals by suitable identification mark either by

ear tag or by neckband.
Check for external parasites and Detrick the animals by spraying or by

dipping.
Deworm and Vaccinate the newly purchased animals against the diseases.
check for adoptability of animals. Replace the animals which are not adopted
to the intensive system.
3.8 HOUSING
1.SELECTION OF THE SITE
✓ Should be near to the market & Nearer to towns.

✓ Availability of water and electricity supply
✓ High-level and levelled area
✓ Proper drainage
✓ Sun exposure …should obtain maximum sun exposure from north and
minimum sun exposure in south.
23
✓ wind protection. Should protect from strong prevailing winds
✓ Site with many trees around to provide natural shade and to act as wind
breakers.
✓ Should be nearer to the all-weather road
2. PLANNING AND DESIGNING.
✓ should be properly located

✓ should be economically constructed
✓ should be properly ventilated
✓ should be properly spaced out
✓ comfort of the animals is important
✓ should reduce the labor to the minimum
✓ should lead to efficient management
✓ should afford protection from extreme weather conditions.
3.TYPE OF HOUSING
As the sheep are not handled daily loose housing system is preferred. This comprises
keeping animals loose in an open paddock throughout the day and night except at the
time of feeding. Enough linear feeding space is provided for each animal. If the
number of animals are 500 and above,Stalls may be arranged in two rows with a
feeding passage between them saving time and labour, making management and
maintanance easy.
It is two types a.Onground Shed
b.Elevated Shed.It is
o Expensive
o Flooring is always dry
o Manure collection made easy
o Animals not stained with manure & Urine
o lamb/kid infections minimised
24
4.DIRECTION OF THE SHED
Should have long axis East to WEST with the open paddocks facing the north to get
direct sunlight ,allowing flooring for sundrying & air drying.
5.HEIGHT, LENGTH & WIDTH OF THE SHED
Height of the shed should be 8ft from fooring,and 6 ft at heaves.Sides of the shed and
internal partitions should be made with steel grills,so as to allow free air flow through
the shed.
Length & width of the shed depends on the number of animals ie length of the shed
in feets should be equal to the no.of animals to be housed, and the width of the shed
should be 12 ft for sheep & 15 ft for Goats . There should be partitions in the shed and
openpaddock for every 50 to 100 animals.
6.THE ROOF : may be sloping type.
7.SIDE WALLS: Covered area has side walls of 3 feet.
8.FLOOR SPACE REQUIREMENTS
a. Covered area space required for
Adult sheep 9 sft Adult Goat 12 sft

Breeding Ram 18 sft Breeding buck 24 sft
Lamb 03 sft Kids(2) 06 sft
b.Open paddock area space required for
Adult sheep 18 sft Adult Goat 24 sft

Breeding Ram 36 sft Breeding Buck 48 sft
Lamb 06 sft Kids(2) 12 sft.
25
In general open paddock area should be 2-3 times of covered area space. There
should be partitions in open paddock also along with the partitions in the shed for every
50 to 100 animals. To make the fencing of the openpaddok strong enough to prevent
26
the animals moving out, use 8-guage,6 ft ht,2” gap Chain link mesh. Try to plant as
many shade-giving-trees as possible in open paddock area.
9.TYPE OF FLOORING
a.Covered area floor :
should be 12 inches above the ground level ,and 6 inches above the open paddock
floor level. As shown in the picture, should be made by laying clay bricks evenly.This
will facilitatate absorption of urine voided by animals making it dry always. In
summer,the quantity of urine voided by animals is comparatively less and the same
gets evaporated within a short time after voiding due to heat. Collection of dung
becomes easy on this type of flooring.
If it is elevated shed slatted,wooden

flooring should be made as shown in
the photograph.
b.Open paddock floor :should be

6(six) inches above the ground level
and 6(six) inches below the shed
floor level. Floor should have coarse
MOORUM.
10.FEEDERS & WATERERS :
Should be in the covered area only. The feeders and waterers should be of continuous
type.
Generally, all the animals may feed at the same time. so, the length of the manger
should be enough to provide feeding space for all the animals. All the animals,
always, should have free access to feeders and water troughs. Offer Roughages
adhibited throughout the day and night in all seasons.
27
Preferably PVC pipes may be used as Feeders and waterers, to prevent rust, wear and
tear and for easy maintenance, cleaning.
Feeder space
09 Linear inches for Sheep

12 Linear inches for Ram
06 Linear inches for Lambs
12 Linear inches for Does & Buck

06 Linear inches for Kid
Water space
The length of the water troughs should be enough for about 10% of animals to
drink, as all never drink water at a time. Provide clean drinking water adlibitum
throughout the day and night, in all seasons.
3.9 FOOT BATH
A foot bath is constructed near the entrance, filled with a germicide solution.
This prevents disease producing germs entering in to the farm through
incoming vehicles,animals,visitors and labor and protects animals from
contagious diseases.
3.10 MANURE PIT

The dung of Sheep and goats is in the form of aggregates of small globules. They are
hard enough, so that can easily be swift off floors. The dung of sheep and goats has a
good manorial value.
Hence it should be collected completely, if possible, twice daily and stored in manure
pits. It may contain feed wastes, soiled beddings also. It should be well conserved so
28
that it may not loose plant nutrients, gets well composed. By doing so we can prevent
fly menace.
If the dung is left uncleared from shaded area and open paddock, it may become ideal
breeding place for pathogens and disease carrying insects. During rainy season,the
dung may get mixed with rain water.Extra care,Proper hygiene & sanitation is
required in rainy season.
Manure pit should be located as far-off as possible from sheds to prevent foul
odour,insects & flies. The pit should be impermeable to water. A roof over pit is must
to prevent quick dessication,allowing for decomposition and to prevent rain water
from getting in to the manure.At the same time roof should permit for free circulation
of air over the manure,lest anaerobic conditions within the manure,which causes high
temperature within causing deterioration & decomposition which is necessary for
destruction of eggs and larvae of parasites that are normally present in dung.
The size and no.of pits depends on the production of manure on the farm.It is better to
have two moderate sized pits. One is being filled and in the other which is already
full,fermentation and decomposition proceeds.
Each cft of manure pit holds 25-30 kgs of solid dung. Including feed waste ,the
estimated dung production per year from 1000+50 unit is 1050 MTons ie @ One MT
from each animal.
A simple pit dug out on an elevated land ,as far-off as possible,from sheds is
sufficient. Two pits,each with 20x15x6 (LWD) dimensions, can hold 900-1080 MT.
Manure is removed Once or twice a year from the pits.
3.11 VETERINARY SERVICES

Veterinary services should be made available at the farm site by employing one
residential farm supervisor cum Vets. Technician for every 1000 flock. One qualified
veterinary doctor should be supervising the technical programmed and guide the vety.
technicians in providing veterinary care and aid.
The following services may be made available.
Quarantine of new stock

Deworming
Weaning
Care of new born
Debudding
Docking
Hoof trimming
Castration
Dipping
Disease preventive management
Periodical Vaccination as per the flock health programmed
Curative Treatment
Issue of health certificates, insuring the animals, conducting postmortem of
dead animals.
29
Maintenance of Farm Records like
✓ Daily feed & fodder utilization record
✓ Individual Ewe/Doe history sheet
✓ Individual RAM/BUCK history
✓ Lambing/Kidding data
✓ Preventive health information
✓ Daily treatment record
✓ Daily weight gain of lambs/kids record
✓ Animal replacements record
✓ Animal Sales record
✓ Animal postmortem records
✓ Animal claims record
3.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

This project is completely environment friendly. Facts includes…
• Since ZERO GRAZING method is being used, there will not be any harm to
pre-grown plants in the area.
• Major portion of the project area will be cultivated with Fodder crops and useful
Fodder trees will ensure complete greenery in the area, which boosts
environment better. The manure collected from the project is very useful for the
nearby agricultural farms for organic farming.
4.0 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDER EWE

A. GREENFODDER NL @ 3.00 kg @ 00.25/kg Rs 00.75
Legume @ 0.75 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 00.75
B.CONCENTRATE FEED @ 250 gms @ 16.00/kg Rs 04.00
C.SUPPLEMENTS COST Rs 00.50
D.FLOCK HEALTH PROGRAMME preventive & Curative Rs 00.50
TOTAL Rs 06.50
4.1 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDING RAM
A.GREENFODDER NL @ 4.00 kg @ 00.25/kg Rs 01.00

Legume @ 1.00 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 01.00
B.CONCENTRATE FEED @500 gms/day @ 16.00/kg Rs 08.00
30
TOTAL Rs 11.00
One breeding ram is maintained for every 20 ewes.

Hence the feeding and maintenance cost is to be divided by 20 ie per day extra cost
on each Ewe is Rs 00.55
4.2 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF LAMB

A. From birth to 45th day of age (45 days)
A.MOTHERS MILK Rs. 00.00
B.CREEP FEED COST 100 gms/day @ 25.00/kg Rs 02.50
D.HEALTH CARE Rs 00.50
TOTAL Rs 03.50
B. From 46th-180 th day of age (135 days)

A. GREENFODDER NL @ 2 kg @ 00.25/kg Rs 00.50
Legume @ 0.5 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 00.50
B.FINISHER FEED @200 gms @ 16.00/kg Rs 03.20
TOTAL Rs 05.20
TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON LAMB from BIRTH to SLAUGHTER

45 DAYS X Rs 3.50 Rs 157.50
135 DAYS X Rs 5.20 Rs 702.00
859.50
As we get 1.2 % of lambs every year,the total expenditure per year on lambs will be
(1.2x859.50 =) Rs 1031.40
4.3 PER DAY MANAGEMENT and MAINTANANCE COST

1.SALARIES
A.FARM LABOUR
@1 person /100+5 sheep(including lambs)
@Rs 6000/per month ie Rs 2.00
B.SUPERVISOR-TECH. salary @10000/pm/1000 sheep ie Rs 0.33
C.FARM MANAGER salary @15000/pm/1000 sheep ie Rs 0.50
2. INSURANCE
A. Premium @4% per annum on EWE Rs 0.90

B. Premium @4% per annum of RAM Rs 0.10
31
3.FARM OPERATION EXPENSES
(water,electricity etc) Rs 0.50
TOTAL Rs 04.33
4.4 ESTIMATED AVERAGE INCOME FROM EACH ADULT PER DAY

A.FROM SALE OF LAMBS FOR MEAT
We get 1.2 % of lambs for sale from each adult female in a year.
Each lamb weighs around 30 kgs Liveweight
Sale price of lambs is Rs.250/kg LW
SALE PROCEEDS OF LAMBS 1.2 X 30 kgs X Rs 250 = Rs 9000
B.FROM SALE OF MANURE
The manure we get per day from ewe including lamb..Rs 01.00/day
NOTE PROFITS MAY DECREASE DUE TO VARIATION OF SLAUGHTER

WEIGHTS
5.1 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDER DOE

Legume @ 1.00 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 01.00
B.CONCENTRATE FEED @ 500 gms @ 16.00/kg Rs 08.00
TOTAL Rs 11.00
5.2 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF BREEDING BUCK

Legume @ 1.25 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 01.25
B.CONCENTRATE FEED @500 gms/day @ 16.00/kg Rs 08.00
TOTAL Rs 11.50
One breeding Buck is maintained for every 20 Does.

Hence the feeding and maintenance cost is to be divided by 20 ie per day extra cost
on each Doe is Rs 00.58
32
5.3 PERDAY FEEDING COST OF KID
A. From birth to 45th day of age (45 days)
A.MOTHERS MILK Rs. 00.00
B.CREEP FEED COST 100 gms/day @ 25.00/kg Rs 02.50
TOTAL Rs 03.50
B. From 46th-180 th day of age (135 days)

A. GREENFODDER NL @ 2 kg @ 00.25/kg Rs 00.50
Legume @ 0.5 kg @ 01.00/kg Rs 00.50
B.FINISHER FEED @200 gms @ 16.00/kg Rs 03.20
TOTAL Rs 05.20
TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON KIDS from BIRTH to SLAUGHTER

45 DAYS X Rs 3.50 Rs 157.50
135 DAYS X Rs 5.20 Rs 702.00
859.50
As we get 2.4 % of Kids every year,the total expenditure per year on Kids will be (2.4
x 859.50 =) Rs 2062.80
5.4 PER DAY MANAGEMENT and MAINTANANCE COST

1.SALARIES
A.FARM LABOUR
@1 person /100+5 Goats(including Kids)
@Rs 6000/per month ie Rs 2.00
B.SUPERVISOR-TECH. salary @10000/pm/1000 Goats ie Rs 0.33
C.FARM MANAGER salary @15000/pm/1000 Goats ie Rs 0.50
2. INSURANCE
A. Premium @4% per annum on DOE Rs 0.90

B. Premium @4% per annum of BUCK Rs 0.10
3.FARM OPERATION EXPENSES

(water,electricity etc) Rs 0.50
TOTAL Rs 04.33
33
5.5 ESTIMATED AVERAGE INCOME FROM EACH ADULT PER DAY
A.FROM SALE OF KIDSS FOR MEAT
We get 2.4 % of Kids for sale from each adult female in a year.
Each Kid weighs around 30 kgs Liveweight
Sale price of Kids is Rs.250/kg LW
SALE PROCEEDS OF KIDS 1.2 X 30 kgs X Rs 250 = Rs 9000
B.FROM SALE OF MANURE
The manure we get per day from doe including Kid.Rs 01.00/day
NOTE PROFITS MAY DECREASE DUE TO VARIATION OF SLAUGHTER

WEIGHTS OF KIDS.
6.1 FEEDING MANAGEMENT
✓ Supply of cultivated fodder from own farm may be ensured.

✓ Suggested green fodders: Lucerne,and multicut Bajra. For preservation as
silage,cultivate Maize or Sweet sorghum .
✓ As a thumb rule 3/4ths of the energy requirements should be met through
roughages and 1/4th should be met from concentrate feed. One fourth of the
roughages should be leguminous green fodders and rest should be non
leguminous grasses.
✓ Lambs/Kids should be fed colostrum up to 5 days of age. Later on they can be
put on artificial and automated milk feeding.
✓ Creepfeed should be offered to lambs/Kids from 45 days onwards.
✓ Provide salt and mineral mixture to lambs/Kids at all times
✓ Additional concentrates should be given to Rams/Bucks and Ewes/Does during
breeding season.
✓ Care should be taken to meet the nutrient requirements as recommended.
6.2 COMMON TERMS OF FEEDING

o FOOD : Any nourishing substance taken into body to sustain
life,which provides energy,promotes growth etc,.
o FEED : Food for domestic livestock. It is two types.
1.Roughage – contains
more moisture (15-85%) ,
high crudefibre (>18%),
high nondigestible material and
34
relatively low proteins
Depending on moisture content ,roughages are further classified in to

Green/succulent roughages (>85% moisture) and
dry roughages (<15% moisture).
2.Concentrates – contains
low moisture (<15%),
low crudefibre (<18%),
relatively has more digestibility,and
more proteins
o FODDER : crops grown for animal feed. It is Coarse food composed of entire
plant.
Leaves & stalks of a cereal crop also called as fodder.
o FORAGE : Fibre containing ,Bulky food like silage,hay ,grass or pasture for
browsing & grazing.
o PASTURE : Suitable for grazing only. These are either cultivated or naturally
developed.
o GRASS : The narrw leaved green vegetation is grass.
o HERBAGE : The low growing plant,whose blades & stems are eaten.
o FODDER TREES : Trees which gives fodder are fodder trees.

Example: Subabul,Avisa(sesbania),Babul,Jhandi(Jammi),Neem
o MEAL : Food served and eaten in one sitting is meal
o RATION : Food required for a day is ration. The amount of feed fed over a 24
hour period, or a specific amount given on a regular basis.
o BALANCED FOOD: A computed food which contains all the nutrients

needed for health at the recommended levels.
o FORB: broad-leafed herbaceous plant.
o DRY MATTER: The portion of the feed that is not water
o DCP: The percentage of digestible protein in a feed
o TDN: Total Digestible Nutrients - The energy value of feeds that is digestible.
35
o BROWSE: Broad-leafed woody plants, shrubs or brush.
6.3 CULTIVATION OF FODDER
A. MULTICUT BAJRA (NL FODDER)
It is advised to cultivate NUTRIFEED for cut & carry system.

Fodder seed is available with ADVANTA INDIAL LIMITED.
NUTRIFEED (PAC 981) is a

o Pearl millet
o Nonlegume, Annual crop
o Multicity variety & Duel purpose
o High nutrient fodder
o Contains high protein (16-20%)
o Contains high nutritive values
o High met. Energy(10mj/kg)
o No prussic acid
o Drought resistant
o Very juicy & Palatable with soft stems & leaves
o suitable for early feeding
o High yielding
COST OF CULTIVATION
1.SEED RATE 7.5 KG/Hector

2.SEED COST @700/KG RS 5250.00
3.OTHER COSTS
a. ploughing Rs 3200.00
b.sowing Rs 2000.00
c.Irrigation Rs 2000.00
d.Fertilisers
FYM Rs 5000.00
DAP Rs 1500.00
urea Rs 1500.00
e.labour charges
@6000/pm/Ha Rs 72000.00
TOTAL Rs 92450.00
4.YIELD/Acre :
Gives 6-8 cuts per year with a gap of 45-60 days
36
1st cut 60 days after sowing or
at the height of 1.2 meters 25 MT’s
2 cut to 6th cut 5 cuts X 25 125 MT’s
nd
TOTAL 150 MT’s
5.YIELD/Hector TOTAL 375 MT’s
6.PRODUCTION COST/KG FODDER is Rs 00.25

B.CULTIVATION of LUCERNE
(MEDICAGO SATIVA)
(Alfalfa, Queen of fodder crop or Green Gold)
Lucerne Varieties - Co.1., T-9., LLC-3., LLC-5., Anand -2., Anand-3.
Its key nutrients are Protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorous. It is a valuable
persistent, productive, heat and drought tolerant and provides better seasonal
distribution. In the summer, it grows fast suiting to fed along with green maize, Jowar,
Bajra, Hybrid napier etc. Lucerne, either in the green or hay form will make up the
protein, calcium and other mineral dificiencies, while feeding paddy straw, wheat
bhusa, dry fodder of sorghum, Bajra and maize, which are practically devoid of
digestible crude protein. Hybrid Napier, which contains large quantities of oxalates in
the young stages causes calcium deficiency in the cattle leading to kidney disorders and
milk fever. When fed along with Lucerne, it counteracts such deleterious effects.
Lucerne is also an excellent source of protein for the ruminants.
Lucerne performes better in cooler and drier conditions than in cloudy, humid
and wet seasons. Too hot and too low temperature restrict the growth of forage.
It remains dormant under drought and rejuvenace on receipt of rain or moisture.
Cannot withstand water logging and high humidity in the rainy seasons.
Land must be thoroughly ploughed, deep upto fine tilth, providing pre-soaking
irrigation.
Seed crop be sown normally during Oct to Nov. The seed crop be sown in rows
50-60 apart. The depth should be kept at 0.75-1.25 cms.
37
Seed rate: 12-15 kgs per hectare for line sown crop.
20:60:30 kgs of NPK per hectare applied basally is sufficient for good crop.
Boron deficiency can be overcome by spraying the crop with 0.2% borax.
Irrigate the crop as and when required. One irrigation at full bloom and another
at pod filling stage are essential.
Keep the field weed free, especially cuscuta (Dodder) Parasite at least by cutting
it not allowing to form seeds.
Harvesting of the crop should be done when two thirds of ear heads have
matured. Harvesting be done early in the morning to prevent shedding ear heads
in the hot and dry noons and after noons.
Threshing should be done on pucca bricks or cement floors after drying the crop.
Yield
Green forage yield vary from 10-12 MT/acre/cut. First fodder cutting taken at the bud
stage i.e 60 days after sowing. Later 7 to 8 cuttings are taken in an year with a gap of
4 weeks at onetength bloom or at beginning of flowering. Population of 40 plants/m 2
with irrigation and 30 plants/m2 under rainfed situation ensures maximum green yields
Toxicity
Lucerne is containing 4-5% of cytoplasmic protein, a foaming agent, which

causes bloat on much intake of Lucerne fodder. Silicones and turpentine oil
relieves and prevents bloat. Poloxaline, the bloat preventing surfactant may be
added to the concentrate mixture every day @ 10-20 gms to prevent bloat.
Re-productive disorder is also a threat for the cattle consuming much quantity
of Lucerne fodder as it contain oestrogen.
Histamin of Oestrogen present in Lucerne fodder may cause dermatitis-

inflamation of skin marked by reddening, swelling, oozing, crusting or scaling
– for which the animals are to be kept in dark, feeding dry fodder for recovery.
Young plant of Lucerne contains saponin of Oestrogen, which may retard

growth of lambs. Feeding grown up plants of Lucerne and Saponin free
cultivates may be selected to overcome the situations.
However, it is emphasized that the above cases are very rare in our country as over
feeding of Lucerne will never occur and the chances of the above disorders are very
remote avoiding all speculations.
6.4 FODDER TREES,BUSHES

A.MULBERRY
38
Mulberry leaves can meet the maintenance requirements of adult sheep. The leaves
are highly palatable and nutritious Up to 500 gms of leaves per day can be fed sheep
& goat.The mulberry leaf stalks remnants, left after feeding silkworms, can also be
used for feeding. The chemical composition of leaf stalks (% in DM basis) was: 11.5
CP, 7.0 true protein, 34.0 CF, 76.5 total carbohydrates, 9.3 total ash, 1.56 Ca, 0.20 P
The mulberry is a shade bearing tree and it can with advantage be grown as an
understory with other light demanding species It is monoecious, occasionally dioecious
shrub or moderate-sized tree with a fairly cylindrical straight bole, up to 3.0 m high and
1.8 m in girth. Leaves are very variable, ovate or broadly ovate, serrate or crenate-
serrate, and often deeply lobed. The plant is frost-hardy but liable to wind-damage. It
regenerates itself naturally from seeds which are dispersed by birds and to a limited
extent by jackals and also human beings. It can be propagated artificially by seeds or
cuttings. It grows rapidly in the early stages and reaches maturity at an early age; the
growth rate falls off rapidly after approximately 10 years. It coppices vigorously and
pollards well. When grown close in plantations, the tree develops a long clean boleThe
mulberry plant in tropical belt is grown as low bush while as high bush in temperate
regions.
In tropical conditions, individual leaf and branch harvest is done with a yield of 10 to
30 ton/ha/yr, while it is shoot harvested in temperate regions with a leaf yield of 25 to
30 ton/ha/yr. Leaf yield varies with the fertility of the soil, irrigation and frequency of
plucking of the leaves., one hectare of well manured and irrigated plantation can yield
about 19 to 28 tons of leaves in five pluckings.
39
The leaf fodder of mulberry is reported to be of good quality and can be profitably
utilised as a supplement to poor quality roughages The percentage of moisture, protein
and carbohydrates are higher in temperate regions when compared to tropics. The
contents of protein and soluble sugars in leaves decrease with the maturity of leaves;
fibre, fat and ash constituents increase. Young leaves are more acidic than older ones.
On DM basis, the leaves contained 15.0 - 27.6 % crude protein , 9.1 - 15.3 % crude
fibre, 63.3 % total carbohydrates. The cell wall constituents were: neutral detergent
fibre (NDF) 33 - 46 %, acid detergent fibre (ADF) 28 - 35 %, hemicellulose 5 - 10 %,
cellulose 19 - 25 %, and lignin approximately 11 % . The content of total phenols was
very low (1.8 % as tannic acid equivalent).
Protein preparations from young mulberry leaves form an excellent supplement to
protein-deficient diet Non-protein nitrogen accounts for approximately 22% of the total
N in young leaves and approximately 14% in mature leaves. The mulberry leaves are
rich in Ca and ascorbic acid (200-300mg/100g; 90% of which is present in the reduced
form) and low in CF. They also contain carotene, vitamin B1, folic acid, folinic acid
and vitamin D. The presence of glutathione in leaves has been re-ported. Copper, zinc,
boron and manganese occur in traces. Phytate phosphorus accounts for 18 % of total
phosphorus. Sulphur is required together with nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis
in the rumen. Concentrations of sulphur greater than 1.5 g/kg dry matter or nitrogen :
sulphur ratios less than 15:1 are considered adequate. Both these requirements are met
in mulberry leaves. Similarly the levels of potassium and iron in mulberry leaves are
also higher than their recommended levels than the required level in diet could be useful
for high yielding ruminants during early stages of lactation. Calcium is closely
associated with phosphorus metabolism. High ratio of Ca : P in mulberry leaves could
create some problem with calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism at high level
of supplementation of leaves in diets.
B.SUBABUL
Subabul is a popular farm forestry tree . It is one of the fast growing hardy
evergreen species. It is a vigorous coppicer and responds well to pollarding, lopping
& pruning. It has deep and strong taproot and even the seedlings are deep rooted.
Subabul is best suited for warm regions and grows well between 22 and 30ºC in
regions of 500 to 2000 mm annual rainfall. Because of its strong and deep root
40
system, the tree is highly drought resistant. It withstands variations in rainfall,
sunlight, windstorm, slight frost and drought. It cannot withstand water logging. It
requires deep well drained neutral soil and can tolerate saline and acid soil. It can also
be grown in steep slopes, hilly terrains, gravelly areas and sandy loams.
C.SESBANIA (AVISI)
41
D.JHAND (JAMMI CHETTU)
Jhand is a small moderate sized evergreen thorny tree, with slender branches armed
with conical thorns and with light bluish-green foliage. Leaves are double compound.
The leaflets are dark green, and have a tiny point.
The tree is evergreen or nearly so. It produces new flush leaves before summer. The
flowers are small in size and yellow or creamy white in colour, appear from March to
May after the new flush of leaves. The pods are formed soon thereafter and grow rapidly
in size attaining full size in about two months time. This tree is a legume and it improves
soil fertility. It is an important constituent of the vegetation system. It is well adapted
to the arid conditions and stands well to the adverse vagaries of climate and browsing
by animals. Camels and goats readily browse it. In areas open to goat browsing, the
young plants assume cauliflower shaped bushy appearance.
E. NEEM
F.HEDGE LUCERNE
42
G.BABUL (THUMMA CHETTU)
6.5 A. CULTIVATION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L)

A specific open pollinated variety African
Tall Maize plant meant mainly for fodder grows
upto 11 feet height. The plant leaves are green,
long upto 3 feet, broad (11 to 14 cm) and the stem
is juicy from bottom to top. Maize fodder is
devoid of any deleterious effect at any of its
growth stage. Entire plant is edible, palatable and
highly nutritious containing 60-70% digestable
carbohydrates, which is the main factor of increasing the milk yield the very next day
of its feeding to ruminants. African Tall Variety is highly responsive to intensive
cultivation, yielding more with more fertilizer and irrigation. The fodder yield in
summer may become less due to high temperature, which condition too can be managed
by copius irrigation at short intervals adding more quantity of well decomposed FYM.
Maize fodder can be grown through out the year in A.P.
✓ Climate - Annual short day plant, adopted to droughty conditions well suited to
arid tropics with high temp varying 16-40C.
✓ Soil- The crop can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loam to
clay loams. Drainage should receive utmost attention particularly during the
early stage of the crop. Comparatively it is more tolerant to saline conditions
than maize. It performs best under irrigated conditions on heavy and fertile soils.
✓ Seed Rate - 20 kgs per acre.
✓ Manures and Fertilizers - 10-15 tonnes of well decomposed farm yard manure
be applied during last ploughing. NPK @ 80:40:40 kg/ha, out of which 40:40:40
kgs of NPK be applied basally and the remaining 40 kgs N, 30-35th day after
sowing.
43
✓ Irrigation - Immediate irrigation after sowing followed by weekly or 10 days
interval based upon the climate and the water holding capacity of the soil.
✓ Harvest - Crop will be ready for fodder harvest in about 70 days duration. Crop
of fodder should be cut when grain attains dough stage.
✓ Yield - African tall maize seed produces on an average about 22 – 25MT of
green fodder /acre/crop.
MIXED CROPPING
Maize Seed 35 kgs and Cowpea 15 kgs. Can be mixed and sown for better quality
fodder. Mixed fodder will supply the balanced carbohydrate and protein to the
ruminants increasing the total yield and fat percentage of milk, besides maintaining
the health of the animal for long.
6.5 B.CULTIVATION OF MULTICUT SORGHUM
SUGARGRAZE (SWEET SORGHUM)
o An ideal crop for making silage.

o It is Sweet
o Juicy
o Palatable with soft stems
o Multicut crop
o Good standability
o Late maturity
o High protein (11-13%)
o High met.energy (9.6 mj/kg)
COST OF CULTIVATION OF SORGHUM (SUGARGRAZE) PER HECTOR
1.SEED RATE 12.5 kg

2.SEED COST @300/kg Rs 3750.00
3.OTHER COSTS
a.ploughing Rs 3200.00
b.sowing Rs 2000.00
c.Irrigation Rs 2000.00
d.Fertilisers
FYM Rs 5000.00
DAP Rs 1500.00
urea Rs 1500.00
e.Pest control Rs 1000.00
44
f.labour charges
@6000/pm/Ha Rs 72000.00
TOTAL Rs 91950.00
4.Yield/Acre
Gives 2-3 cuts per year with a gap of 80-90 days
1st cut 80 days after sowing 30 MT’s

2nd cut 80days after 1stcut 25 MT’s
3rd cut 80 days after 2nd cut 20 MT’s
TOTAL 75 MT’s
5.Yield/Hector 187.5 MT’s
6.Production cost/kg fodder is Rs 00.49
6.6 C.MAKING OF SILAGE WITH MAIZE WHOLE CROP
Silage is the feedstuff resulting from the preservation of green forage crops by
acidification. Fermentation in the silo can be a very uncontrolled process leading to
less than optimal preservation of nutrients. Silage additives have been used to
improve the ensiling process.
For making silage, nonlegume - annual single cut crops like maize, jowar,
bajra are preffered. Legume crops like Lucerne, cowpea also can be preserved by
acidification. Maize whole crop at the age of 80 – 85 days or at second milk line stage
is harvested with moisture content of 65% for making silage. More than 50% of the
dry matter of corn silage is grain corn. Due to its high sugar content, it ferments well
and packs well in all types of silos.
REQUIREMENTS FOR MAKING CORN SILAGE
1.SILOPITS:
Silos are constructed either above the ground or below the ground.
a.Pit Silos: These are constructed below ground level as shown below. The main
advantage of pit silos is their low capital cost and these are well suited in Indian
conditions.
45
pitsilo dug in hard soil silo walls made withbrick
b.Bunker silos: These are constructed above the ground, in flat areas which are
unsuitable for pit silos. The walls are constructed using concrete, earth or wood and
braced with timbers or concrete buttresses. These are expensive.
The correct height and width to make a silo depends on daily silage usage
based on the removal of a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) per day from the silage face.
Removing less silage leads to spoilage or freezing problems. The silo should be as
high as possible to minimize silo width, thereby minimizing surface spoilage.
Increased silage height aids in packing. Silo Length, width, and depth depends on the
total silage needed every month.
2.WHOLE MAIZECROP AT SECOND MILKLINE STAGE
Maize crop Corncob Cross section of Corncob
3. CHAFFCUTTER:
A chaffcutter with 3 blades,600 RPM. With 7.5 hp powerdriven/15 hp diesel engine is
required. A proper steel frame with wheels is to be arranged to make the chaff cutter
mobile so as to move it to silopit, as shown below in the photograph.
46
4. 200 GSM POLYETHELENE SHEET:
A polyethelene sheet of 200 gsm is required which is to be laid on the floor, and all
the four sides of the silopit to prevent moisture from the ground and sides.
5. SILAGE ADDITIVES:
There are three categories of Silage additives
✓ Stimulants of fermentation (LAB, molasses)

✓ Inhibitors of fermentation (salt)
✓ Nutrient additives. (Ammonia, urea, DCP)
LAB:
a combination of 3-5 lactic acid bacillus strains is to be mixed @106 per each
gram of green forage.
MOLASSES:
has been used as a fermentation stimulant. Molasses is a by-product of the sugar-
cane and sugar-beet industries and contains 79% soluble carbohydrates; 45 to
50%, of which sucrose is the main component. Molasses provides a relatively
cheap source of fermentable carbohydrate for lactic acid bacteria and has been
applied at a rate of 1-2 kg per ton of fresh forage.
SALT:
47
at the rate of 1kg per ton added for improving the aerobic stability of corn silage
where pH is low.
AMMONIA :
is an economical source of crude protein. It prolongs bunk life during feeding ,
helps in less molding and heating during ensiling; and decreases protein
degradation in the silo .
UREA:
has been added to corn silage as an economical source of crude protein. urea
improves bunk life and decreases proteolysis
DCP:
as corn silage is low in calcium DCP is to be added @ 1 kg per ton greenforage at
the time of chopping.
Salt DCP Molasses
A variety of enzymes, particularly Plant fiber-digesting enzymes (celluloses and

hemicellulases) are also used as enzyme additives.Care should be taken when
choosing a silage additive.
6.GRANITE STONES:
after filling the pit with chopped maize crop, it is to be covered immediately by
properly compacting to create anaerobic condition in silopit, with silage grade poly
ethelene sheet or 200 gsm poly ethelene sheet and packed well with heavy weights by
using granite stones, and the silopit is to be protected from rain,sun and wind by
keeping asbestos or steel sheets as shown below in the picture.
48
The ensiling and storage system's main functions are to exclude air during the ensiling
process and to prevent air from entering the silage during storage.
PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING DIFFERENT STAGES OF MAKING SILAGE
SAFETY IN SILAGE STORAGE
49
When nitrates are degraded in the ensiling process, nitrogen oxides are formed as
products of microbial metabolism. The N02 which results when nitrogen monoxide
contacts air is often called "silo gas" and is highly toxic to man and animals when
present in concentrations greater than 10 to 25 ppm. Always assume that both C02,
and N02, are present in a tower silo and if exposure is not fatal, respiratory tract
damage can occur. Relapses are common after apparent recovery. Since N02 is
heavier than air, the brown gas is sometimes clearly visible inside silos or around silo
openings. Most of the N02 is evolved from the silage in the first week of
fermentation, with production peaking at two to three days after ensiling. Production
of N02 essentially stops after the material has been in the silo for more than 10 days.
PHOTOGRAPHS OF TAKING OUT SILAGE
FERMENTATION END PRODUCTS IN SILAGE
Item Corn Silage

DM 35 - 40%
PH 3.7 -4.2
Lactic acid 4-7
Acetic acid 1-3
50
Propionic acid <0.1
Butyric acid 0
Ethanol 1-3
Ammonia-N% of 5-7
PHOTOGRAPH OF GOOD QUALITY SILAGE
REASONS FOR REDUCED QUALITY OF SILAGE ARE
Failure in limiting air present in the silage.

Slow silo filling.
If forage is not chopped finely enough.
Inadequate packing and allowing air to enter stored silage.
Using poor quality polyethelene sheet.
Prolonged exposure of surface area at the time of feedout.
51
PHOTOGRAPHS OF SPOILED SILAGE
PHOTOGRAPHS OF NELLORE BROWN & RAMBOULLIET SHEEP EATING

SILAGE
52
COMMON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
7.1 PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES
✓ Be alert for signs of illness such as reduced feed intake, fever, abnormal
discharge or unusual behavior.
✓ Consulting the nearest veterinary aid center for help if illness is suspected.
✓ Protect the animals against common diseases.
✓ In case of outbreak of contagious diseases, immediately segregate the sick
animals from healthy one and take necessary disease control measures.
✓ Deworm the animals periodically. Use proper deworming medicine as per the
advise of local veterinarian. Deworm lambs/Kids first time at the age of 2
months,and once a month till 6 months age or till they sold.
✓ According to farm capacity keep one vety technician in the farm.
✓ Provide clean and uncontaminated feed and water for minimizing the health
disorders.
53
Strictly follow the recommended vaccine schedule as per the advice of local
veterinarian.
7.2 BREEDING CARE
✓ It should be planned to obtain 3 lambing’s/Kidding’s in 2 years period.

✓ For every 20 females 1 male should be provided in one breeding season.
✓ Breed the animals 12 hours after the onset of the first symptoms of heat for
maximum conception.
7.3 CARE DURING PREGNANCY

✓ A separate space to be ear-marked for lambing/Kidding within the main shed.
✓ The space for lambing/Kidding should be thoroughly dis-infected.
✓ In advanced stage of pregnancy, the Ewes/Does must be transferred to the
space for lambing/Kidding.
7.4 CARE FOR LAMBS AND KIDS
✓ Take care of new born lambs/kids by providing guard rails.

✓ Treat / disinfect the naval cord with Tr. iodine as soon as it is cut with a sharp
knife.
✓ Protect the lambs/Kids from extreme weather conditions, particularly first two
months.
✓ Protect Lambs/Kids from cold and Heatwaves.
✓ Start giving Creep feed as per the guidance of veterinarian.
✓ Dehorn the lambs/Kids during first two weeks of age
✓ Vaccinate the lambs/Kids as per the recommended schedule
✓ Wean the lambs/Kids at the age of 6-8 weeks
✓ Proper selection of lambs/Kids based on initial body weight and weaning weight
should be initiated by maintaining appropriate records for replacing the culled
adult stock as breeders.
✓ Additional feed requirements of lactating Ewes/Does must be ensured for
proper nursing of all the lambs/Kids born.
54
8.0 Financials:
PROJECT AT A GLANCE
NAME OF THE UNIT Sheep and Goat Farms
CONSTITUTION PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
YEAR OF 2018-2019
CONSTITUTION
NAME OF THE Sheep and Goat Farms
COMPANY
LOCATION OF THE Village- Bhavojigudem Mandal- Maripeda Dist
UNIT Mahabububad Pin 506315
COST OF THE PARTICULARS AMOUNT

PROJECT (In Rs.)
1.COST OF THE ANIMALS 7050000
2.LAND DEVELOPMENT 2500000

3.MACHINARY 2700000
4.CIVIL 1300000
5.WATER FACILITY 450000

6.ELECTRICITY 300000
7.MISC EXPENSES 700000
TOTAL 15000000
MEANS OF FINANCE
Equity 1500000
Subsidy 5000000
Bank Funding 8500000
TOTAL 15000000
55
Means of Finance
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
Equity Subsidy Bank Funding
PROJECT DETAILS
INITIAL INVESTMENT
S.No PARTICULARS UNIT SIZE TOTAL (In
PRICE Rs.)
(In
Rs.)
1.COST OF THE ANIMALS
Breeding Rams 13000 25 325000
Breeding Bucks 13000 25 325000
Breeding Ewes 6400 500 3200000
Breeding Does 6400 500 3200000
2.Machinary
Watering Toughs 1200000
Wooling machine 500000
Lamb Weighing Machines 200000
Electrified Frences 400000
coral Fences 200000
Creep Feeder 200000
3.LAND DEVELOPMENT
land development 2500000
4.CIVIL STRUCTURES
Onground Goats shed 454000
Onground Sheep shed 400000
Fencing of open paddock of Goats 40000
shed
Fencing of open paddoc of Sheep 36000

shed
Labour quarters 170000
56
Store & godown room 50000
Overhead tank 150000
5.WATER FACILITIES 450000

6.ELECTRICITY 300000
7. Misc Expenses 700000
TOTAL 15000000
Break up of total project cost
1.COST OF THE ANIMALS Breeding Rams

Breeding Bucks Breeding Ewes
Breeding Does
2.Machinary Watering Toughs
Wooling machine Lamb Weighing Machines
Electrified Frences coral Fences
Creep Feeder 3.LAND DEVELOPMENT
land development 4.CIVIL STRUCTURES
Onground Goats shed Onground Sheep shed
57
Gross Profit:
BREEDING CYCLE WISE ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATED INCOME –

EXPENDITURE – GROSS PROFIT
Sl. Breeding Month of Income Expenditure Gross

no Cycle the (In Rs.) (In Rs.) Profit
Project (In Rs.)
1 1 12 6266625 3843712.5 2422912.5
2 2 20 6762750 3146992 3615758
3 3 28 7075250 3696992 3378258
4 4 36 6762750 3321992 3440758
5 5 44 6762750 3146992 3615758
6 6 52 7075250 3696992 3378258
7 7 60 6762750 3321992 3440758
8 8 68 6762750 3146992 3615758
9 9 76 7075250 3696992 3378258
10 10 84 6762750 3146992 3615758
TOTAL 68068875 34166640.5 33902234.5
ESTIMATED INCOME – EXPENDITURE – GROSS PROFIT OF

THE PROJECT (SHEEP+GOATS)
(Breeding Cycle Wise)
Sl. BREEDING MONTH INCOME EXPENDITURE GROSS
no CYCLE OF THE (In Rs.) (In Rs.) PROFIT
PROJECT (In Rs.)
1 1 12 9495750 6474837.5 3020912.5
2 2 20 10488000 5356667 5131333
58
3 3 28 11113000 6456667 4656333
4 4 36 10488000 5706667 4781333
5 5 44 10488000 5356667 5131333
6 6 52 11113000 6456667 4656333
7 7 60 10488000 5706667 4781333
8 8 68 10488000 5356667 5131333
9 9 76 11113000 6456667 4656333
10 10 84 10488000 5356667 5131333
TOTAL 105762750 58684840.5 47077909.5
Estimated Profit on Goats +Sheep

12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sl. no BREEDING CYCLE MONTH OF THE PROJECT INCOME EXPENDITURE GROSS PROFIT
(In Rs.) (In Rs.) (In Rs.)
BREEDING CYCLE WISE ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATED INCOME

– EXPENDITURE – GROSS PROFIT
Sl. Breeding Month of Income Expenditure Gross

no Cycle the (In Rs.) (In Rs.) Profit
Project (In Rs.)
1 1 12 3229125 2631125 598000
59
2 2 20 3725250 2209675 1515575
3 3 28 4037750 2759675 1278075
4 4 36 3725250 2384675 1340575
5 5 44 3725250 2209675 1515575
6 6 52 4037750 2759675 1278075
7 7 60 3725250 2384675 1340575
8 8 68 3725250 2209675 1515575
9 9 76 4037750 2759675 1278075
10 10 84 3725250 2209675 1515575
TOTAL 37693875 24518200 13175675
Gross profit as per breeding cycle

4500000
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Breeding Cycle Month of the Project Income Expenditure Gross Profit

(In Rs.) (In Rs.) (In Rs.)
PROJECTED FLOCK CHART OF SHEEP (in 7 YEARS)
S.N Opening STOCK AT END OF THE MONTHS

o Stock
6 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 1 7 7 8
2 4 0 2 8 0 6 8 4 6 2 4 0 2 8 4 6 8 4
0
1 Bree 25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ding 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Rams
60
2 Bree 500 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ewes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Mort 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
alit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y of
bree
ding
ewes
@ 4%
per
br.c
ycle
4 Cull 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of
bree
ding
ewes
@
10%
5 Bree 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ewes
purc
hase
d to
main
tain
full
stoc
k
6 Repl 0 2 2 2
aced 5 5 5
bree
ding
rams
7 Purc 0 2 2 2
hase 5 5 5
d
bree
ding
rams
8 Male 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
lamb 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
born
9 Fema 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
le 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
lamb 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
s
born
10 Male 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
lamb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
read
y
for
sale
afte
r
10%
mort
alit
y
11 Fema 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
le 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lamb 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s
read
y
for
sale
afte
r
10%
61
mort
alit
y
* Adult mortality is taken care of by

adding additional ewes
• Pregnant
PROJECTED FLOCK CHART OF GOATS (in 7 YEARS)
S Op STOCK AT THE END OF THE MONTHS

. en
N in 6 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8
o g 2 4 0 2 8 0 6 8 4 6 2 4 0 2 8 0 6 8 4
St
oc
k*
1 Bre 25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
edi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ng
Buc
ks
2 Bre 50 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
edi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Doe
s
3 Mal 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
e 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
kid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
bor
n
4 Fem 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ale 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
kid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
bor
n
5 Mor 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
tal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ity
of
bre
edi
ng
doe
s @
4%
per
bre
edi
ng
cyc
le
6 Cul 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
lin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
g
of
bre
62
edi
ng
doe
s
@
10%
fro
m
2nd
kid
din
g
7 Sal 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of
cul
led
bre
edi
ng
doe
s
8 Pur 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
cha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
se
of
bre
edi
ng
doe
s
in
pla
ce
of
cul
led
doe
s
and
mor
tal
ity
to
mai
nta
in
ful
l
sto
ck.
9 Sal 0 2 2 2
e 5 5 5
of
rep
lac
ed
bre
edi
ng
buc
ks
1 Pur 0 2 2 2
0 cha 5 5 5
se
of
bre
edi
63
ng
buc
ks
in
the
pla
ce
of
cul
led
bre
edi
ng
doe
s
1 Mal 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kid 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
s
sol
d
1 Fem 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 ale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kid 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
s
sol
d
* Adult mortality is
taken care of by adding additional does
• Pregnant
BREEDING CYCLE OF GOATS
YEAR 1st Year 2nd Year
64
Mont 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
hs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Bree Breeding cycle Breeding Cycle 2 Breeding Cycle 3

ding 1
cycl
e
Preg Pregnanc Pregnancy Pregnancy 3
nanc y 1 2
y
kids 2 2 2
born
Kids 2 2
for
sale
BREEDING CYCLE OF SHEEP
YEA 1st Year 2nd Year

R
MON 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
THS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
BRE Breeding cycle Breeding Cycle 2 Breeding Cycle 3

EDI 1
NG
CYC
LE
PRE Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy 3
GNA 1 2
NCY
LAM L L L
BS 1 2 3
BOR
N
(af
ter
end
of
the
mon
th)
65
TECHNO-ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF GOATS
Sl.No. PARTICULARS
1 Breeding Bucks 1 1/2 to 2 years age
2 Breeding Does 1-2 years age (Pregnants or
suckling)
3 Age a first 15-18 months
lambing
4 Kidding 90%
percentage
5 No. of Kids per 2 from second kidding
Kidding
6 No.of Kids per 2 per breeding cycle
Doe
7 Lambs Sex ratio 50:50
8 Kidding interval 8 months
9 Mortality 4% (Per one breeding cycle)ie 6% pa
Adults
10% 0-180 days(till slaughter)
Kids
10 Culling rate 10% (Per one breeding cycle)
among Does from
2nd breeding
cycle
11 Replacement of once in two years
Breeding Bucks
12 Fodder Multicut bajra/maize and lucerne
cultivation
13 Daily feeding NLGF + Cost of Cost of Cost
cost of green lucerne NLGF Lucerne Rs/day
fodder (Kgs/day) (Rs/kg) (Rs/Kg)
4 + 1.00 0.25 1 1.50

Breeding Doe
Breeding Bucks 5 + 1.25 2.00
Kids 2 + 0.5 1.00
14 Daily feeding Cost (Rs/kg) Feeding
cost of Concentrate Cost
concentrate & (Kgs/day) Rs/day
other
supplements
0.500 16.00 8.00
Breeding Doe
Breeding Bucks 0.500 8.00
Cost of Rs 0.50/day
supplements
Cost of Creep Cost Rs. 25 per kg Rs 2.50/day
feed for Kids
(0-45
days)@100gms/day
66
Cost of finisher Cost Rs. 16 per kg Rs 3.20/day
feed for
Kids(46th -
180th
day)@200gms/day
15 Flock health 0.25/day Curative + 0.25/day
programme Preventive
16 Insurance 4% of cost of animal / year
premium
17 Sale price of Kids 30 kg Rs. 250
animals per Kg 40 kg Rs 200
live weight Culled ewes
Replaced 50 kg Rs. 250
Bucks
18 Income from From Doe + Kids per day Rs.1.00
Manure
19 Manpower
20 Agr labour one for one Hector @Rs 6000
pm
21 Farm Labour one for every 100 sheep @Rs 6000
pm
Supervisor cum 1 for 1000 flock @ Rs 10000 pm
technician
Farm manager 1 for 1000 flock @ Rs 15000 pm
TECHNO-ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF SHEEP
Sl.No PARTICULARS
.
1 Breeding Rams 1 1/2 to 2 years age
2 Breeding Ewes 1-2 years age (Pregnants or with
lamb)
3 Age a first 15-18 months
lambing
67
4 Lambing 90%
percentage
5 No. of lambs 1
per lambing
6 No.of lambs per 1 per breeding cycle
ewe
7 Lambs Sex ratio 50:50
8 Lambing 8 months
interval
9 Mortality 4% (Per one breeding cycle)ie 6% pa
Adults
10% 0-180 days(till slaughter)
Lambs
10 Culling rate 10% (Per one breeding cycle)
among ewes from
2nd breeding
cycle
11 Replacement of once in two years
Breeding Rams
12 Fodder Multicut bajra/maize and lucerne
cultivation
13 Daily feeding NLGF + Cost Cost Cost
cost of green lucerne of of Rs/day
fodder (Kgs/day) NLGF Lucern
(Rs/kg e
) (Rs/Kg
)
3 + 0.75 0.25 1 1.50
Breeding Ewe
Breeding Ram 4 + 1.00 2.00
Lamb 2 + 0.5 1.00
14 Daily feeding Cost (Rs/kg) Feedin
cost of Concentrat g Cost
concentrate & e Rs/day
other (Kgs/day)
supplements
0.250 16.00 4.00
Breeding Ewe
Breeding Ram 0.500 8.00
Cost of Rs 0.50/day
supplements
Cost of Creep Cost Rs. 25 per kg Rs 2.50/day
feed for lambs
(0-45
days)@100gms/da
y
Cost of Cost Rs. 16 per kg Rs 3.20/day
finisher feed
for lambs(46th
- 180th
day)@200gms/day
15 Flock health 0.25/day Curative + 0.25/day
programme cost Preventive
68
16 Insurance 4% of cost of animal / year
premium
17 Sale price of 30 kg Rs.
animals per Kg Lambs 250
live weight 40 kg Rs
Culled 200
ewes
50 kg Rs.
Replaced 250
rams
18 Income from From ewe + Lamb per day Rs.1.0
Manure 0
19 Manpower
20 Agr labour one for one Hector @Rs 6000
pm
21 Farm Labour one for every 100 sheep @Rs 6000
pm
Supervisor cum 1 for 1000 flock @ Rs 10000 pm
technician
Farm manager 1 for 1000 flock @ Rs 15000 pm
FLOCK HEALTH PROGRAMME IN SHEEP & GOAT
Month Sheep & Goat Adult Sheep Adult Goat
69
January Deworming-I PPR PPR
HS-II
February Oral B complex with liver
extract
March Diticking
April Deworming-II ET-I ET-I
May Oral B complex with liver

extract
June
July Deworming - HS-I
III
August Oral B complex with liver
extract
September Diticking
October Deworming - Sheep pox Goat Pox

IV vaccination ET-II
ET-II
November Oral Bcomplex with liver
extract
December
Note: Vaccination should be conducted 3 to 7 days after

deworming.
FLOCK HEALTH PROGRAMME IN LAMBS & KIDS

AGE LAMB / KID
(after completion
of)
2nd week ANF@1gram per day for 5 days Oral Bcomplex
with liver
1st Month Start giving tender leaves extract
45 days Start giving feed and fodder
2nd Month Deworming-I ET, HS(only for lambs)& PPR
3rd month Oral calcium for 7 to 10 days
4th Month Deworming-II
5th Month Oral calcium for 7 to 10 days
6th Month Deworming -III
70
REPAYMENT SCHEDULE OF TERM LOAN
REPAYMENT OF TERM LOAN & INTEREST CALCULATIONS
Rs. In
Lakhs
S. For the financial Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NO. year ends on
31st March
A Loan amount 9214285
Accumulated 15.03
interest for 1
Year.
B 9214300.
03
1 Instalment 23.62 141.7

1
2 23.62 118.0
9
3 23.62 94.4
7
4 23.62 70.8
5
5 23.62 47.2
3
6 23.62 23.6
1
7 23.61 0.00
Total 165.33 141.7 118.0 94.4 70.8 47.2 23.6 0.00

1 9 7 5 3 1
Interest 14.17 11.81 9.45 7.10 4.72 2.36 0.00
C Repayment
Amount
Principal 23.62 23.62 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6
2 2 2 2 1
Accumulated 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36
Interest
Total 25.98 25.98 25.9 25.9 25.9 25.9 25.9
8 8 8 8 7
Interest 14.17 11.81 9.45 7.10 4.72 2.36 0.00
Total Repayable 40.15 37.79 35.4 33.0 30.7 28.3 25.9
3 8 0 4 7
Total Interest 16.53 14.17 11.8 9.46 7.08 4.72 2.36
1
FEEDING STANDARDS IN SHEEP & GOATS
71
DRYMATTER requirement
@3% of bodyweight of
Sheep
Goats
Lambs/Kids
3/4 or 75-80% ROUGHAGES

1/4 OR 20-25% CONCENTRATES
3/4 GREEN FODDER 1/4 DRY FODDER
3/4 NONLEGUME 1/4 LEGUME
14.00% OF
DM SHOULD COME FROM LEGUMES
42.25% OF
DM SHOULD COME FROM NON LEGUMES
18.75% OF
DM SHOULD COME FROM DRY FODDER
25.00% OF
DM SHOULD COME FROM CONCENTRATE
72

Animal Breeding DPR (Raju Gugloath) Updated PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Animal Breeding DPR (Raju Gugloath) Updated PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Animal Breeding DPR (Raju Gugloath) Updated PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are the different farming systems discussed in the document?

What are the different farming systems discussed in the document?

What are the feeding standards recommended for sheep and goats?

What are the feeding standards recommended for sheep and goats?

2018

Animal breeding and

A.INTENSIFIED FARMING The main objective of this project is intensified farming

B. IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF LOCAL SHEEP In traditional (Extensive open

C.CONSERVING THE LOCAL BREEDS Another objective is to conserve Local

D.UPGRADING THE GENETIC POTENTIALITY. The genetic potentiality of

1.2 PROJECT PROMOTERS

FARM LOCATION : Village- Bhavojigudem,

1.4 SMALL RUMINANT FARMING

India is an agricultural country. Raising of animals is as old as civilization itself in

India has large no of sheep and goats. The reasons include

Fodder Planning for Goat Farming

Health & Care in Goat Farming

Peste Des Pettis PPR

Cattle & calves

Why Goat Farming Is Profitable:

Farming Business Plan – MARKET ANALYSIS

• Our Target Market

• Our Competitive Advantage

It is easier to find entrepreneur flocking towards an industry that is known to generate

• Introduce our business by sending introductory letters alongside our brochure

SHEEP & GOATS population & Ranking (2007)

SHEEP 1.11 65.6 26.5 3 1

GOATS 0.92 123.3 9.4 2 7

SHEEP population Trend from 1982-2007 (In Millions)

TS 7.5 7.7 9.7 21.1 26.5

INDIA 48.7 50.7 57 61 65.6

GOATS population Trend from 1982-2007 (In Millions)

AP 5.6 4.3 5.2 6.2 9.4

INDIA 95 115 122 124 123.3

✓ No of Sheep in the world: More than 1.11 billion

2.2 MEAT CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN INDIA

In India Per capita consumption of meat

A large segment of the population (20%) is strictly vegetarian.

Because of religious and legal restrictions, Hindus who comprises around

while 13.4% Muslims do not eat pork.

2.3 MUTTON PRICES IN TS

12 years back, ie in the year 2000-01, Mutton price is Rs.80

Till the year 2015,

✓ If the sheep and Goat population remains same in AP,

✓ if the Human population remains same,

✓ if the nonvegetarians in AP remains same and

✓ If the Mutton prices increases @ Rs 20 Only per year

Then the Mutton prices in AP may be

in the year 2013-2014 Rs.440 - 480 (avg 460)

3.0 DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS

3.1 THE NEED OF ZEROGRAZING

1.LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF ANIMALS IN THE PRESENT SYSTEM

2.VAST GAP BETWEEN DEMAND & SUPPLY

3.DECREASING NO. OF PROFFESSIONAL FARMERS

Inadequate quantity and inferior quality fodders.

4.THERE IS NO ALTERNATE MEAT SOURCE

3.2 TYPES OF ZEROGRAZING

1. WITH GREEN FODDER

a. Cut & Carry system (preferred)