CHAPTER 7

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT

A. Analytical Exposition Text
- An analytical exposition text evaluates a topic critically but focuses only on one side of an argument.
- In your life if you have tried to persuade anyone on a certain issue or argued relentlessly about something with someone, then you have used an
exposition.
- The argument and point of view have to be supported by facts and relevant information. The thesis statement has to be reiterated in the conclusion.
B. Social Function
The purpose of an exposition text is to persuade your audience to look at an issue with your perspective.
Examples of exposition text are: Legal defences, Speeches/Lectures, Editorials, Letters, Political Leaflets, Essays, Newspaper Articles.
C. Structure Of Exposition Text
- Title: Tells about the topic.
- Introduction: State the thesis statements of your text.
- Body: Support the viewpoint with factual data like graphs, pictures, charts, etc.
- Conclusion: Restatement of the thesis statement.
Reading Activity
Global Warming
Is it an end to our world?
Global warming is a phenomenon used to describe the gradual increase in the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Global warming not a
new problem but lately people are acknowledging that we are facing the serious problem. Climate change is apparent everywhere. Failed crops, economic
slowdown, and deforestation are among the several impacts of gobal warming.
First of all, there is irrefutable evidence that human activities have changed the atmosphere of our earth. Since the time we have been industrializing,
we started polluting our waters and air, and have been realising greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.
Secondly, according to research by the Greenpeace organization, there is evidence of extensive deforestation being carried out in Indonesia and other
tropical countries around the world. These forest are used to grow crops like palm sugar, palm oil and coffee-the lifeline of western society (Green-peace
report, 2007). The impact of climate change is noticable throughtout Asia-Pacific, either during hot days or too much rain accompanied by wind and
thunderstorm. This has started to affect the econmoy as well.
Furthermore, the shifting weather patterns have made it difficult for farmers to grow crops. A recent study has shown that due to unpredictable
weather patterns, there have been lot of failed crops (Reuters, 2007).
In conclusion, global warming is not a new problem nor are we solely responsible for it. But as the citizens of the wold, wehave to take every possible
action to help overcome this issue. It is ot only for us but for all the future generations to follow.
Discussion
Read the questions carefully. Note down your opinions and reactions to the
questions. During the discussion with your teacher and classmates, offer your
personal reaction and understanding of the text.
1. In your opinion, is global warming an imminent world threat? If yes, why?
If no, why not?
2. What action is the Indonesian government taking to address the issue of
global warming? Discuss.
3. What actions are you taking to address the issue of global warming?
Explain.
4. What are the effects of climate change on the nature and society?
Describe.
5. Do you think humans are responsible for causing the world climate
change? Give suitable examples to support your opinion.
6. What do you do in your daily life that would increase global warming?
7. Do you think educating masses on the issue of global warming will help
reduce it? Discuss.
8. How did global warming reach such an extent without us noticing it
sooner? Discuss.
9. Do you think global warming will bring next ice age? Discuss.
Lets practice!
Complete the article given below using the format of an exposition text and give it a suitable title.
Introduction (thesis ttatement)
Television is the most popular form of entertainment in every household in Indonesia. However, I
think watching television too much especially soap operas and dramas can have negative impacts on
the viewers.
Argument 1 + Elaboration

Argument 2 + Elaboration

Conclusion (restatement of thesis statement)

Writing Section
Choose one of the topics given below.
- Passive smoking is silent killer.
 - Why is learning English is important?
Let’s create: Create a pamphlet to educate people in your school on “Dangers of drug abuse
and cigarette smoking.”
 CHAPTER 8
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
WHAT IF? Conditionals
WHAT IF? Conditional
Conditionals are used to talk about possible or imaginary situations. Conditionals are sentences with two (2) clauses: an “if” clause and a main clause that are
closely related.
Zero Conditionals First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional

Is used for unreal

Is used for is used for real or impossible Is used for unreal
actions that are and possible things. past actions.
always true. situations.
Example: Example:
Example: Example: If I won the If it had rained,
If you heat If it rains, you will lottery, I would you would have
water, it boils. get wet. buy a car. got wet.

Conditionals Uses Sentence structure example

Zero We use zero If + present simple, - If you heat ice,

……..present simple
conditional to refer it melts.
to general truth. - When the sun
The time is now or sets, it gets
always and the dark.
situation is real and
possible

First We use first If+ present simple, - If it rains, you

…… will+ infinitive
conditional to refer will get wet.
 to possible - If it is a sunny
condition and its day, I will go to
probable result. the beach.
The time is present
or future and the
situation is real.

Second We use second If + past simple, - If it rained, you

…..would+ infinitive
conditional to refer would get wet.
to hypothetical - If I won a
condition and its lottery, I would
probable result. buy a big house.
The time is now or
any time and the
situation is unreal.

Third We use third If+ past - If it had rained,

conditional to refer perfect,,…..would + you would have
to an unreal past have+ past got wet.
condition and itsparticiple - If I had worked
probable past harder at
result. The time is school, I would
past and the have graduated.
situation is
contrary to reality.

Remember!
1.In conditionals will or would is not used in if-clauses.
Except: If will or would express willingness, as in requests,
they can be used in if-clauses.
For example:
- If you will come this way, the boss will see you now.
- I would be thankful if you would give me a little help.
2. After if, we can either use "someone, somewhere" or "anyone,
 anywhere”.
For example:
3. If you switch the clauses around and put IF in the middle, then you do not
use a comma.
For example:
- I would consider a bigger discount rate IF you buy more than 10 units.
- I will play with you IF you help me finish the chores.

Reading Activity
The Last Leaf
Many artists lived in Greenwich Village in New
York City. Sue and Johnsy, two artists also lived there in
a studio apartment. Their rooms were at the top of an
old building in Greenwich Village.
In November, it was very cold and with it a cold
unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia,
stalked the city, touching one here and there with his
icy fingers. The icy fingers of Pneumonia also touched
Johnsy. She was very ill, lying in her bed and not moving
at all. A doctor visited her every day but Johnsy was not
getting better. One morning, the doctor spoke to Sue
outside Johnsy's room. e a d i n g A c t i v
“I can' t help her,” the doctor said. “She is very sad and has no desire to
live. Someone must make her happy again. What is she interested in?”
“She is an artist,” Sue replied. “She wants to paint a picture of bay of Naples.”
“Painting!” said the doctor. “That won't help her!”
Sue was distressed by this news and didn't know what to do to help
Johnsy. She went into the workroom and cried and then she swaggered into
Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling ragtime. Johnsy lay silently in her
bed with her face towards the window. Sue stopped whistling, thinking Johnsy was
asleep.
Sue arranged her board and began drawing to illustrate a magazine story.
As Sue was sketching a figure of a hero, an Idaho cowboy, she heard a low sound,
several times repeated. She went quickly to the bedside.
Johnsy's eyes were open wide. She was looking out the window and
counting - counting backwards.
"Twelve," she said, and little later "eleven"; and then "ten," and "nine"; and then
"eight" and "seven", almost together.
Sue looked out of the window wondering what was there to count? There
was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and the blank side of the brick house was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and the blank side of the brick
house
twenty feet away. An old, old ivy vine, gnarled and decayed at the roots, climbed
half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had stricken its leaves from
the vine until its skeleton branches clung, almost bare, to the crumbling bricks.
"What is it, dear?" asked Sue.
"Six," said Johnsy, in almost a whisper. "They're falling faster now. Three days ago
there were almost a hundred. My head ached when I was counting them but now
it's easy. There goes another one. There are only five left now."
"Five what, dear? Tell me."
"Leaves on the ivy vine. When the last one falls I must go, too. I've known that for
three days. Didn't the doctor tell you?"
"Oh, I never heard of such nonsense," complained Sue, with magnificent scorn.
"What have old ivy leaves to do with your getting well? Try to sleep," said Sue. "I
must call Behrman up to be my model for the old hermit miner. I'll not be gone a
minute. Don't try to move 'til I come back."
Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor of the same
building. He was sixty years old and had always dreamed of painting a
masterpiece, but unfortunately till now he was not able to fulfill his dream. Sue
found Behrman in his dimly lighted apartment sitting in his chair. She told him of
Johnsy's condition. Old Behrman, with his red eyes plainly streaming, shouted his
contempt and derision for such idiotic imaginings.
Johnsy was sleeping when they went upstairs. Sue pulled the shade down
to the windowsill, and motioned Behrman into the other room. In there they
peered out the window fearfully at the ivy vine. Then they looked at each other for
a moment without speaking. A persistent, cold rain was falling, mingled with snow.
When Sue awoke from an hour's sleep the next morning she found Johnsy with
dull, wide-open eyes staring at the drawn green shade.
"Pull it up; I want to see," she ordered, in a whisper. Wearily Sue obeyed.
"It is the last one," said Johnsy. It will fall today, and I shall die at the same time."
"Dear, dear!" said Sue, leaning her worn face down to the pillow, "think of me, if
 you won't think of yourself. What would I do?" But Johnsy did not answer.
The leaf stayed on the vine all day. That night, there was more wind and rain.
When it was light enough Johnsy commanded that the shade be raised. The ivy
leaf was still there.
"I've been a foolish girl, Sue," said Johnsy. “I wanted to die but the last leaf
stayed on the vine to teach me a lesson. Please bring me some soup now.” “You
know Sue, some day I hope to paint the Bay of Naples."
The doctor visited the girls in the afternoon. “Take good care of your
friend,” he said. “She is going to get well. Now I have to go downstairs. I have to visit
Mr. Behrman. He has pneumonia too. I must send him to the hospital.”
The next day the doctor said to Sue: "She's out of danger. You won.
Nutrition and care now - that's all." And that afternoon Sue came to the bed where
Johnsy lay, contentedly knitting a woolen shoulder scarf. "I have something to tell
you, dear," she said. "Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia today in the hospital. He
was ill only two days. The janitor found him the morning of the first day in his room
downstairs helpless with pain. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy
cold. They couldn't imagine where he had been on such a dreadful night. And then
they found a lantern, still lighted, and a ladder that had been dragged from its
place, and some scattered brushes, and a palette with green and yellow colors
mixed on it, and - look out the window, dear, at the last ivy leaf on the wall. Didn't
you wonder why it never fluttered or moved when the wind blew? Ah, darling, it's
Behrman's masterpiece - he painted it there the night that the last leaf fell .”
(Adapted from The Last Leaf by O. Henry, 1907)

Discussion
Read the questions carefully. Note down your opinions and reactions to the
questions. During the discussion with your teacher and classmates, offer your
personal reaction and understanding of the text.
1. The story is based on multiple themes like love, sacrifice, hope, belief and
pessimism. Which one do you think is more obvious in the story? Why? Give
evidence to support your answer.
2. Why does Sue call “the last leaf” as Behrman's masterpiece? Do you think it
was a masterpiece?
3. Were you surprised at the ending of the story? Did you think it would end
differently? Why?
4. Painting the picture on the wall resulted in Mr. Behrman's death. Do you
think he would still have painted the leaf if he had known that it would result
in his death? Discuss and give reasons to support you answer.
5. If you were in Sue's shoes how would you have reacted to Johnsy's irrational
thoughts? Describe.
6. Why do you think Mr. Behrman made such a sacrifice? Discuss.
7. What would you have done if you were in Mr. Behrman's place? Discuss.
8. What is the greatest sacrifice you have ever made for your family or friends?
Describe.
9. Describe Mr. Behrman's personality based on the story?
10. Why do you think Johnsy never noticed that the last leaf never fluttered or
moved even though it was raining heavily?
Lets Practice!
1. Use the words in the parentheses (…….) in their correct form and
complete the conversation given below:
Did you read the news about the person who won 150 million dollars in
the lottery? If I (win)___________ that much money, I (travel) __________
around Indonesia and (stay)_____________in the most lavish hotels. If I
(want) ___________ anything. I (buy)______________ it, I would buy
Ferrari Sports car, my favorite. Well, I (do)____________good things with
the money as well. If anybody (need) ____________help, I
(give)______________them money to help them out. I (donate)
_________money to charities. I (give) _________money to help support
programs for poor children. If I (win) _____________that much money, I
wouldn't keep it all for myself. I (help) __________as many people as
possible.
2. Complete the following conditional sentences. The first one is done for
you.
If I decide to go out today, I will go to my friend's house.
If I get a headache, I _______________________________.
If I had a red sports car, _______________________________.
If we had bread, cheese, tomato, we _________________________.
If I were in Australia, __________________________.
If I didn't have any homework to do, ___________________________.
If it didn't rain tomorrow, we _____________________________.
If I had a pet dog, ______________________________________.
If I had worked hard, ________________________________.
If I knew her telephone number, ____________________________.
3. Fill in the blanks with the bold words given:
contempt, stranger, icy, derision, distressed, gnarled, decay, crumble,
magnificent, persistent
1. My sister wondered why her colleague gave her such an____________
glare.
2. Why are you behaving like a _________________, make yourself at
home.
3. The class bully laughed in _________________at my mistake.
4. The branches of this tree are old and _________________. They will fall
anytime soon.
5. Ajeng Kartini was a very _________________woman. She fought for
women rights despite all the opposition.
6. Can you _________________ the cookies? We will sprinkle them on the
fruit trifle.
7. If I had lot of money, I would live in the most _________________house
ever built.
8. If you eat too much candy, your teeth will _________________.
9. If you don't go home on time, your mother will be _________________.
10. The news reporter was charge for _________________ of court.
Writing Section
Faith can move mountains. It means that if you strongly believe that
something will happen, it will happen. What do you think? Have you
experienced something like this? Write down your reflections here.
What IF
I would...
1. What would you do IF you could fly?
.............................................................................
2. What would you do IF you won a lottery?
..............................................................................
3. Where would you go IF you could go anywhere?
................................................................................
4. What would you do IF you could be as small as an ant?
...................................................................................
5. What would you do IF you could be invisible for a day?
.................................................................................
6. What would you do IF you had a million dollar?
.....................................................................................
7. What would you do IF you saw a ghost?
...............................................................................
8. What would you do IF you were the leader of the OSIS?
...................................................................................
9. IF you could ask God one question what would it be?
.....................................................................................
10. IF the whole world were listening, what would you say?
..........................................................................................
Lets Create:
Choose one of the activities given below:
Time to create a masterpiece
A masterpiece is the greatest piece of art an artist can create. The painting
of Mona Lisa is widely considered as the masterpiece of Leonardo da Vinci.
1. Visualize the story “the last leaf” and illustrate favorite part of the
story. This illustration should be your masterpiece. Display it on the
wall in your class.
2. Visualize the story “The last leaf” and make a graphic novel.
 CHAPTER 9
FACTUAL TEXT
(Biography)

BIOGRAPHY: A life story written by someone. Biography is an account of

someone's life written by someone else. The word biography comes from Medieval Greek, from Bios= life + graphia=writing = biography. Biographies can
be few words long or they can fill an entire book or two. Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life. They try to find connections and
explain the meaning of unexpected actions or mysteries.

TYPE: A short Biography focuses only on highlights of a person's life. A long Biography
Talks about life and times of someone in a lot more detail.

DON’T FORGET: Biographies bring to light accomplishments or life achievements of people. It opens readers' eyes to people who have made a difference in
the world.

COMMON CHARACTERISTIC OF BIOGRAPHY

A biography:
- is not written by the subject
- is always written in third person.
- is based on research not on imagination.
- describes the person's surroundings (where, when and how the person
lived).
- shows how the person affected other people's life through their
behavior, discoveries, social reform etc.
- provides examples that demonstrate the person's behavior, their
accomplishments, goal, etc.
- supplies details that illustrate the person's individuality.
- uses vivid language to narrate events (Rosinsky, 2008).

FORMAT OF BIOGRAPHY:
A biography is a form of recount, so the structure resembles a recount
structure:
- Introduction
- Important events in chronological order and interpretation
- Closing remarks
Elements:
- Setting time and place (where the person's life events took place and
when it took place)
- Factual information about the person (the information has to be real,
not fabricated)
Print Features: Graphic Devices Forms
- Bold, italic font - Charts - Books
- Colored print - Timelines - Articles
- Bullets - Photographs - Letters
- Titles - Maps - Encyclopedia
- Subtitles - Tables - Textbooks
- Potraits - Memoirs
- Painting - Diaries
Some questions to focus on while writing biographies
WHO, WHY, WHERE, WHAT, WHEN and HOW.

Some tips for writing a biography:

1. It is important to hook your readers by using a title, which makes your biography sound
interesting.
2. Use strong sentences to grab reader's attention.
3. It is important to use clear transitions (after, before, then, etc).
4. Enhance your biography by dividing it into proper paragraphs and conclusion.
Reading Activity
Life and times of
Ki hajar dewantara
(Raden Mas Suwardi Suryaningrat)
The development of good character should be the heart and soul of education, and
should dominate the spirit of teaching. This was the philosophy of the “Father of Education” in
Indonesia, Ki Hajar Dewantara. The reason, he said, was that teaching and character building are like
two sides of a coin and cannot, and should not be separated.
Education, by definition, means guiding student lives in a strong foundation of good
character, so that they would be civilized humans of highest moral fibre, thus laying the foundation of
a great nation without distinction of religion, ethnicity, customs, economic and social status.
Ki Hajar Dewantara was born in the royal family of Yogyakarta on 2 May
1889. His given name was Raden Mas Suwardi Suryaningrat which he later changed to renounce his connections with the royal family. He transformed
himself into an activist, columnist, politician and pioneer of education for Indonesians. He fought for rights of Indonesians during Dutch and Japanese
colonial eras (www.tokoindonesia.com).
He was born into an aristocratic family that granted him the privilege of free access to education of his choice. He got his primary education from
ELS (Europeesche Lagere School), then he continued his education at Stovia (Java Medical School) but due to health reasons he couldn't finish it. He started
writing for newspapers and eventually all his writings were focused on Indonesian
patriotism, thus anti Dutch. He was involved in the early activities of Budi Utomo and the Indiesche Party, which were both important in the early
development of the pergerakan, the “movement” that grew up with a nascent Indonesian national political consciousness (www.indonotes.wordpress.com).
He was exiled between 1913 and 1919 following the publication of two of his articles: “Als ik eens Nederlander” (If I was a Dutchman) and “Eén
voor allen en allen voor één” (One for all and all for one). He used his time in exile to learn more a b o u t e d u c a t i o n a n d o b t a i n e d a E u r o p e e s
c h e c e r t i f i c a t e (www.tokoindonesia.com).
Following his return, he focused more on cultural and educational efforts paving way to develop educational concepts in Indonesia. He believed that
education is very important and the most important means of freeing Indonesians from clutches of colonization. He played a leading role in establishing
“National Onderwijs Institut Taman Siswa” in 1922. This institution was established to
educate native Indonesians during colonial times. This institution was based on
these principles:
1. Ing Ngarsa Sung Tuladha (the one in front sets example).
2. Ing Madya Mangun Karsa (the one in the middle builds the spirit and
encouragement).
3. Tut Wuri Handayani (the one at the back gives support)
(indonotes.wordpress.com).
As Ki Hajar believed that character was not merely a theoretical concept,
but a practical and living concept, he embodied his vision in his school, Taman
Siswa. The central goals of Taman Siswa emphasized character building, including
traits such as patriotism and love for the nation, and a sense of national identity.
His vision was that Indonesians would be free from colonial powers, to fight for
independence and have good character. He continued writing but his writings
took a turn from politics to education. These writings later laid foundation of
Indonesian education. Froebel, Montessori and Tagore influenced his educational
principles and in Taman Siswa he drew some inspiration from Tagore's
Shantiniketan (asrirahayudamai.wordpress.com).
 After independence, he was given the office of Minister of Education and Culture. For his efforts in pioneering education for the masses, he was
officially declared Father of Indonesian Education and his birthday is celebrated as National Education Day. His portrait was on 20,000 rupiah note till 2002.
He was officially confirmed as a National Hero of Indonesia by the 2 President of Indonesia on 28 November 1959 (Tokohindonesia.com).
Ki Hajar Dewantara passed away on 26th April 1952 at the age of 69 years.
His wife donated all Ki Hajar's belongings to Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum,
Yogyakarta. He was a great man who spent his whole life serving his people and
country.

Discussion
Read the questions carefully. Note down your opinions and reactions to the
questions. During the discussion with your teacher and classmates, offer your
personal reaction and understanding of the text.
1. Why do we need biographies? What is their purpose?
2. What information can we find about a person by reading a biography?
Discuss.
3. From Ki Hajar Dewantara's biography, how would you describe him?
4. Can you find any similarities between Ki Hajar Dewantara and yourself?
Describe.
5. Responsibility is being accountable to God and to others as you do your
duties or obligations in a faithful way. Do you think Ki Hajar Dewantara was
a responsible person? How did he show it? Discuss.
6. Think of an example of task or event in your life that required
responsibility. Were you responsible in fulfilling this duty or obligation?
Share your example.
7. Do you think there were some significant events that changed Ki Hajar
Dewantara's life? How did those events shape or change him? Discuss.
8. What kind of impact did Ki Hajar Dewantara have on people? Discuss.
9. Ki Hajar Dewantara has had great impact on Indonesian struggle for
freedom, especially education. Discuss with your peers what may have
been different if he was not there.
10. Ki Hajar made lot of sacrifices for his country. If you were in his place, what
would you do? Describe.
11. What did you know about the Ki Hajar Dewantara prior to reading his
short biography? Did you learn anything new about him? Did anything you
read changed your opinion about him?
Let’s Practice!
Read the information given below and write short biographies about the
heroes of Indonesia.
Name Cut Nyak Dhien or Tjoet Nja' Dhien
Date and place of birth 1848/Lampadang, Aceh
Father's name Teuku Nanta Setia
Spouse Teuku Cek Ibrahim Lamnga
Children Cut Gambang
Accomplishments National Hero
Leader of guerrilla forces during Aceh war
Date and place of death 6th November 1908/Sumedang, West Java

Biography of Cut Nyak Dhien

Name Raden Ajeng Kartini
Date and place of birth 21st April 1879/ Jepara, central Java, Dutch East
Indies
Mother's name Ngasirah
Father's name Sosroningrat
Siblings 7
Spouse Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat
Children One son
Accomplishments National Hero
Date and place of death Women's emancipation
Established school for women
th 17 September 1904/Rembang, Central Java,
 Dutch
East Indies

Biography of Raden Ajeng Kartini

Fill in the blanks with words given below:
emphasize, renounce, civilize, dominate, developed, philosophy,
distinction, pioneer, nascent, embody,
1. Ki Hajar ____________________ his aristocratic title to get more close to
people.
2. The educational ____________________ of Taman Siswa is deeply rooted
in principles of Ki Hajar Dewantara.
3. Project based learning ____________________ on active learning.
4. My mother believes that we always have to behave in a
____________________ manner.
5. My brother has ____________________ a strong liking for Lampung
coffee.
6. Mary ____________________ the stage throughout the play. She has a
strong personality.
7. Our batch is the ____________________ of Project based learning in our
school.
8. My sister’s _________ acting career as of yet has only a fiew short ad films
to show for.
9. She has ____________________ all the revolutionary ideas.
10. There should not be any ____________________ between humans. All
are created by God.
74 Kela
Writing Activity
Write a short biography on a person of your choice. Follow the format of biography
writing you have learnt in building blocks. Once you are done with the biography,
give it to anyone of your classmates for peer editing. Correct the mistakes and give
the biography to your teacher. You can publish your writing on a blog or display it
on the wall in your class.
Your biography should be arranged like this:
Title:
Opening Paragraph (use opening hook)
Main Idea (tell the readers who the biography is about and why he/she is
important)
Paragraphs (about childhood, adulthood, accomplishments)
Closing statement.

Let’s Create
1. Make a biography poster for a person you consider as a hero. Fill in the details in the poster given below. You can use the same poster or make a
different one based on your creativity. After you are done, display the poster on the soft board or the wall in your classroom.
2. Use the graphic organizer to fill information about anyone of your parents or grand parents. Once you have all the information, write a
short biography.