Indian

Railways
Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway system
operated by the Ministry of Railways. It manages the
Indian Railways
fourth largest railway network in the world by size, with
67,368-kilometre (41,861 mi) route.[3]. Routes are
electrified with 25 kV AC electric traction while thirty
three percent of them are double or multi-tracked.[3][4]

Indian Railway (IR) runs more than 20,000 passenger

trains daily, on both long-distance and suburban routes,
from 7,349 stations across India.[3] The trains have a
five-digit numbering system. Mail or express trains, the
most common types, run at an average speed of 50.6
kilometres per hour (31.4 mph).[5] In the freight
segment, IR runs more than 9,200 trains daily. The
average speed of freight trains is around 24 kilometres
per hour (15 mph).[6]
Type Government Enterprises
As of March 2017, IR's rolling stock consisted of 277,987
Industry Rail transport
freight wagons, 70,937 passenger coaches and 11,452
locomotives.[3] IR owns locomotive and coach- Founded 8 May 1845[1]
production facilities at several locations in India. The Headquarters New Delhi, India
world's eighth-largest employer, it had 1.308 million Area served India
employees as of March 2017.[3]
Key people Piyush Goyal (Minister of
In the year ending March 2018, IR carried 8.26 billion Railways)
passengers and transported 1.16 billion tonnes of Vinod Kumar Yadav
freight.[2] In the fiscal year 2017–18, IR is projected to (Chairman, Railway
Board)
have revenue of ₹1.874 trillion (US$26 billion),
consisting of ₹1.175 trillion (US$16 billion) in freight Services Passenger railways
revenue and ₹501.25 billion (US$7.0 billion) in Freight services
passenger revenue, with an operating ratio of 96.0 Parcel carrier
Catering and tourism
percent.[2]
services
Parking lot operations
Other related services
Revenue ₹1.874 trillion
(US$26 billion)[2] (2017–
18)
Net income ₹64.25 billion
(US$890 million)[2] (2017–
18)
Owner Government of India
 Contents Number of 1.308 million[3] (2017)
employees
History Parent Ministry of Railways
Organisation Divisions 18 zones
Structure
Subsidiaries CONCOR
Subsidiaries and undertakings
RITES
Human resources
IRCON
Rolling stock
IRCTC
Locomotives
Goods wagons DFCCI
Passenger coaches RailTel
MRVC
Manufacturing
RVNL
Network
Tracks NHSRCL
Electrification IRFC
Signaling and telecommunication Website www.indianrail.gov.in (http
Links with adjacent countries ://www.indianrail.gov.in/)
Services indianrailways.gov.in (http
Passenger service ://indianrailways.gov.in/)
Station categories
Travel classes
Train types
Tourism
Ticketing
Freight services
UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Issues
Future
Infrastructure
Electrification and power
Safety

Records
See also Railway network map of India -
schematic
Notes
References
Reporting IR
mark
Further reading
Locale India
External links
Dates of 8 May 1845[1]–present
operation
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
History 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in)
762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 610 mm (2 ft)
1832.[7] The country's first train, Red Hill Railway (built by
Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran Electrification 25,367 kilometres
fro m Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in (15,762 mi)[3]
1837.[7] In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway
Length 67,368 kilometres
was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to
(41,861 mi) (route)[3]
supply stone for the construction of a dam over the
93,902 kilometres
Godavari River. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was
(58,348 mi) (running
built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction
track)[3]
materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River.[7]
121,407 kilometres
India's first passenger train, hauled by three steam (75,439 mi) (total
locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 track)[4]
kilometres (21 mi) with 400 people in 14 carriages on
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April
1853.[8][9] The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the
Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854.[10] Eastern India's first passenger train ran
24 miles (39 km) from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854.[1] The first passenger
train in South India ran 60 miles (97 km) from Royapuram- Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road
(Arcot) on 1 July 1856.[11]

On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) tram opened in Calcutta between Sealdah
and Armenian Ghat Street.[12] On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay
between Colaba and Parel.[13] In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway
companies. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria
Terminus and Kurla.[14]

The organisation of Indian railways into regional zones began in 1951,[15] when the Southern (14 April
1951), Central (5 November 1951) and Western (5 November 1951) zones were created.[16] Fans and
lights were mandated for all compartments in all passenger classes in 1951, and sleeping
accommodations were introduced in coaches. In 1956, the first fully air-conditioned train was
introduced between Howrah and Delhi.[17] Ten years later, the first containerized freight service began
between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced
in New Delhi.[18]

In 1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi; it was later
extended to Bhopal.[19] Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in
New Delhi.[20] In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from second
class) were introduced on IR. The CONCERT system of computerized reservations was deployed in New
Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996. In 1998, coupon validating machines (CVMs) were
introduced at Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. The nationwide Concierge system began
operation on 18 April 1999. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went online. [21] On 3 August
2002, IR began online train reservations and ticketing.[22] Indian Railways announced on 31 March
2017 that the country's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022.[23]


The smaller railway viaduct near Thane The longer railway viaduct near Thane
in 1855 in 1855

Railway map of India in 1909

Organisation

Structure
Indian Railways is headed by a seven-member Railway Board whose chairman reports to the Ministry
of Railways. Railway Board also acts as the Ministry of Railways. The officers manning the office of
Railway Board are mostly from organised Group A Railway Services and Railway Board Secretariat
Service. IR is divided into 17 zones, headed by general managers who report to the Railway
Board.[24][25] The zones are further subdivided into 68 operating divisions, headed by divisional
railway managers (DRM).[26][27][28] The divisional officers of the engineering, mechanical, electrical,
signal and telecommunication, stores, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial, security and
safety branches report to their respective DRMs and are tasked with the operation and maintenance
of assets. Station masters control individual stations and train movements through their stations'
territory. In addition, there are a number of production units, training establishments, public sector
enterprises and other offices working under the control of the Railway Board.[29]

Subsidiaries and undertakings

IR is a major shareholder in 16 public sector undertakings (PSU) and other organizations that are
related to rail transport in India. Notable among this list include:[30]

Financing, construction and project implementation: IRFC, RITES, IRCON, MRVC, RVNL
Land and station development: RLDA, IRSDC

Rail infrastructure: DFCCIL, PRCL[31]

Passenger and freight train operations: KRCL, CONCOR

IT and communications: CRIS, RCIL

Catering and tourism: IRCTC

Human resources
Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and D) employees.[32]
Gazetted employees carry out executive / managerial / officer level tasks. As of March 2017, the
number of personnel (Groups A & B) constitutes 1.2% of the total strength, while Group C & D
account for 92.6% and 6.2% respectively.[33]

Recruitment of Group A employees is carried out by the Union Public Service Commission by
examination.[34] Group B employees are recruited by way of promotion among the Group C
employees, by way of both seniority cum eligibility through a selection process. Recruitment of Group
C section and junior engineers and depot material superintendents is conducted by the Railway
Recruitment Board. Group C and D employees are recruited by 21 railway recruitment boards and
cells, which are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB).[35] [36]

The training of all groups is shared among seven centralized zonal training institutes and 295 training
centers located all over India.

IR offers housing and runs its own hospitals, schools and sports facilities for the welfare of its staff.[33]

Rolling stock

Locomotives
India uses electric and diesel locomotives, along with a few
CNG (compressed natural gas) locomotives.[37] Steam
locomotives are no longer in use, except in heritage trains.
Locomotives in India are classified by gauge, motive power,
the work they are suited for and their power or model number.
Their four- or five-letter class name includes this information.
The first letter denotes the track gauge; the second their
motive power (diesel or electric), and the third their suitable
traffic (goods, passenger, multi or shunting). The fourth letter
denotes a locomotive's chronological model number. In 2002,
a new classification was adopted in which the fourth letter
indicates a newer diesel locomotive's horsepower range.

A locomotive may have a fifth letter in its name, denoting a Ajni Loco Shed WAP-7-class broad
technical variant, subclass or subtype (a variation in the basic gauge AC electric locomotive
model (or series) or a different motor or manufacturer). In the
new diesel-locomotive classification, the fifth letter refines the
horsepower in 100-hp increments: A for 100 hp, B for 200 hp,
C for 300 hp an so on. In this classification, a WDM-3A is a
3100 hp, a WDM-3D a 3400 hp and a WDM-3F a 3600 hp
locomotive.[a] Diesel locomotives are fitted with auxiliary
power units, which save almost 88 percent of fuel during idle
time when a train is not running.[38]

WDM-3D broad-gauge diesel

Goods wagons locomotive

As of March 2017, IR fleet consisted of 277,987 goods wagons.

They carried 1,110 million tonnes of freight in Fiscal Year
2016–17.[3] Wagon types used by IR include BCACBM, BCCN,
BCNA, BCNHL, BOBRN, BOBYN, BOXN (BOXN-HL, BOXN-HS,
BOXN-HL, BOXN-CR, BOXN-LW, BOXN-AL, BOXN-EL), BRH,
BTPGLN, BTPN and VVN.

IR’s bulk requirement of wagons is met by wagon

manufacturing units both in public and private sectors as well
as other Public Sector Units under the administrative control The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, which
uses one of India's few running
of Ministry of Railways.[39]
steam locomotives

Passenger coaches
On long distance routes and also on some shorter routes, IR uses 2 primary types of coach design
types. ICF coaches, in production from 1955 until Jan 2018,[40] constitute the bulk of the current stock.
These coaches, considered to be having inadequate safety features, are slowly being phased out. As
of September 2017, around 40,000 coaches are still in operation.[41] The older coaches are being
replaced with LHB coaches. Introduced in mid '90s, these coaches are lighter, safer and are capable of
speeds up to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).[42]

IR has announced that two new self-propelled train set designs will be introduced starting from mid
2018. These two train types, termed as Train-18 and Train-20, are expected to replace locomotive-
hauled trains on long distance routes.[43]

On regional short distance routes, IR runs Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) or Diesel Electrical
Multiple Unit (DEMU) trains, depending on the traction available. These train sets are self-propelled
with capability for faster acceleration or deceleration and are expected to reduce congestion on dense
routes. Passenger locomotive-hauled trains, having frequent stops are slowly being replaced with train
sets across India.[44]

On suburban commuter routes around the large urban centers, IR runs trains with Electric Multiple
Unit (EMU) coaches. As of March 2017, about 9100 coaches are in operation.[45]

Manufacturing
Indian Railways is a vertically-integrated organization that produces majority of its locomotives &
rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent exceptions.
Locomotives:

Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan, West Bengal manufactures electric locomotives.

Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh manufactures diesel & electric locomotives.
Diesel Locomotive Factory in Marhowra, Bihar. It's a Joint Venture of Indian Railways & General Electric. It'll
manufactures high horse power of diesel locomotive especially for freight transportation.
Electric Locomotive Factory in Madhepura, Bihar. It's a Joint Venture of Indian Railways and Alstom SA. It
is manufacturing powerful electric locomotives.
Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works in Patiala, Punjab upgrades & overhaul the locomotive
Rolling Stock:

Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, Tamilnadu

Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala, Punjab
Modern Coach Factory in Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh

Wheel & Axle:

Rail Wheel Factory in Bangalore, Karnataka

Rail Wheel Plant, Bela in Chhapra, Bihar

The repair and maintenance of this vast fleet of rolling stock is carried out at 44 loco sheds, 212
carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops located across various zones of
IR.[45]

Network

Tracks
As of March 2017, IR network spans 121,407 km (75,439 mi)
of track length, while the route length is 67,368 km
(41,861 mi).[4] Track sections are rated for speeds ranging
from 80 to 200 km/h (50 to 124 mph), though the maximum
speed attained by passenger trains is 180 km/h (110 mph). As
of March 2017, most of the broad-gauge network is equipped
with long-welded rails, pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers
and high tensile strength 52kg/60kg 90 UTS rails.[4]

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, is the predominant gauge Comparison of gauges in India with
used by IR and spans 61,680 km (38,330 mi) of route (92% of the standard gauge

total route network). It is the broadest gauge in use across the

world for passenger movement.[4] Broad gauge generated 100% of the freight output (Net tonne-
Kilometres) and more than 99% of the passenger output (Passenger Kilometres) in the fiscal year
2016–17.[4]

The 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in) metre gauge tracks; 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge
tracks are present on fewer routes. All of these routes, except the heritage routes, are being
converted to broad gauge. The metre gauge tracks were 3,479 kilometres (2,162 mi) (5% of total
route network) and narrow gauges tracks were 2,208 km (1,372 mi) (3% of total route network) as of
31 March 2017.[4]
Electrification
As of 31 March 2018, IR has electrified 49% or 33,057 km (20,541 mi) of the route kilometers and 46%
or 55,240 km (34,320 mi) of the total running track. India uses 25 kV AC traction on all its electrified
tracks.[3]

Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train,

between Bombay Victoria Terminus and Kurla on the Harbour
Line, on 3 February 1925 on the Great Indian Peninsula
Railway (GIPR) at 1500 V DC. Heavy gradients in the Western
Ghats necessitated the introduction of electric traction on the
GIPR to Igatpuri on the North East line and Pune on the South
East line. On 5 January 1928 1500 V DC traction was
introduced on the suburban section of the Bombay, Baroda
and Central India Railway between Colaba and Borivili, and
Total Route Kilometers Covered in
between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the Madras and
the State as on 2018 (In
Southern Mahratta Railway on 11 May 1931, to meet growing Percentage).
traffic needs.[46] The 3000 V DC electrification of the
Howrah-Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was
completed in 1958. The first 3000 V DC EMU service began on the Howrah-Sheoraphuli section on 14
December 1957.[46]

Research and trials in Europe, particularly on French Railways (SNCF), indicated that 25 kV AC was an
economical electrification system. Indian Railways decided in 1957 to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard,
with SNCF their consultant in the early stages. The first 25 kV AC section was Raj Kharswan–
Dongoaposi on the South Eastern Railway in 1960. The first 25 kV AC EMUs, for Kolkata suburban
service, began service in September 1962. For continuity, the Howrah–Burdwan section of the Eastern
Railway and the Madras Beach–Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to 25 kV
AC by 1968. Because of limitations in the DC traction system, a decision was made to convert to 25
kV AC in 1996–97. The conversion from DC to AC traction was completed in 2012 by the Western
Railway, and in 2016 by the Central Railway. Since then, the entire electrified mainline rail network in
India uses 25 kV AC, and DC traction is used only for metros and trams.[46]

Railway electrification rate for leading Railway electrification trend and road
and laggard states of India map for India until FY 2022

Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the country's entire rail network would be electrified
by 2022.[23][47]

Though not a nascent concept, the electrification in India now has been committed with a fresh
investment of ₹35,000 crore (US$4.9 billion) to electrify the entire network and eliminating the cost of
fuel under transportation which will amount to a massive savings of ₹10,500 crore (US$1.5 billion)
overall. This will be a boon for savings for the Government to channelize the investments in
modernization of the railway infrastructure.[48]

Close to 30 billion units of electricity will be required for railway electrification on an annual basis by
2022, leading to excellent opportunities for IPPs of conventional power.[47]

Signaling and telecommunication

IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic
density and safety requirements.

As of March 2017, around 2,850 km (1,770 mi) of the route uses automatic block signalling for train
operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and junctions.[49] Remaining routes are
based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes
typically located at stations. Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with
communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens.[50] In a few sections,
intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment. As
of March 2017, 501 block sections have intermediate block signals on IR.[49]

IR primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced semaphores and disc-based signalling
(dependent on position or colour).[51] IR uses two-aspect, three-aspect and four (or multiple) aspect
color signalling across its network.[52]

Signals at most stations are interlocked using panel interlocking, route-relay interlocking or electronic
interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors. IR uses track circuiting, and
block proving axle counters for train detection.

As of March 2017, 5584 stations across IR (about 90% of stations on broad gauge) have interlocked
stations and multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes (A, B, C and D) have track circuitry or
block proving axle counters for automated train detection. Also, IR has about 51,000 route kilometers
o f optical fiber cable network across India, that is used for train control, voice and data
communication. Around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) of the route is covered by GSM-R based Mobile Train
Radio Communication.[49]

In December 2017, IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control
on key routes with an investment of ₹12,000 crore (US$1.7 billion).[53] Currently IR uses Centralised
Traffic Control (CTC) on the busy Ghaziabad – Kanpur route and real-time train monitoring systems on
Mumbai and Kolkata suburban routes.[49]

Links with adjacent countries

Rail links between India and neighboring countries are not well developed. Two trains operate to
Pakistan: the Samjhauta Express between Delhi and Lahore, and the Thar Express between Jodhpur
and Karachi. Bangladesh is connected by the four times a week Maitree Express that runs from
Kolkata to Dhaka and weekly Bandhan Express which began running commercial trips between
Kolkata and Khulna in November 2017.[54][55] Two rail links to Nepal exist: passenger service between
Jainagar and Bijalpura and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj.[56]
Indian and Bangladeshi governments has started work on a new rail link to ease surface transport.[57]
India will build a 13 km (8.1 mi) railway linking Tripura's capital Agartala with Bangladesh's
southeastern city of Akhaura, an important railway junction connected to Chittagong port, resource-
rich Sylhet and Dhaka.[58] An agreement to implement the railway project was signed between India's
former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh Premier Sheikh Hasina during her visit to
India in January 2010.[59] Total cost of the proposed project is estimated at ₹252 crore
(US$35 million). The Indian Railway Construction Company (IRCON) is constructing the new railway
tracks on both sides of the border. Of the 13 km (8.1 mi) rail line, 5 km (3.1 mi) of tracks fall in Indian
territory.[60][61] The Northeast Frontier Railways (NFR) is laying the connecting tracks for the new rail
link on the Indian side, up to Tripura's southern-most border town, Sabroom – 135 km (84 mi) south of
Agartala. From Sabroom, the Chittagong international sea port is 72 km (45 mi) away.[62]

No rail link exists with Myanmar but a railway line is to be built from Jiribam (in Manipur) to Tamu
through Imphal and Moreh.[63] The construction of this missing link, as per the feasibility study
conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd, is estimated to cost ₹29.41 billion
(US$410 million).[64] An 18 km (11 mi) railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara
in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan. No rail link exists with either China or Sri Lanka.[65]

Services

Passenger service

Station categories

From December 2017, stations are categorised into the Non-Suburban Group NSG1 to NSG6, the
Suburban Group SG1 to SG3, and the Halt Group HG1 to HG3 based on the earnings, passenger
footfall and strategic importance.[66]

Before December 2017, stations were classified into A1, A, B, C, D, E and F categories, based only on
the passenger earnings from the sales of platform tickets, thus limiting the ability of IR to better focus
its investments in passenger amenities.[66]

Travel classes
IR has several classes of travel, with or without air-
conditioning. A train may have one or several classes. Slow
passenger trains have only unreserved seating, and the
Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Garib Rath Express,
Double Decker Express, Tejas Express , Humsafar Express ,
Duronto Express , Yuva Express and Vande Bharat Express
have only air-conditioned classes. Fares for all classes differ,
and unreserved seating is the least expensive. Fares for the
Rajdhani, Duronto Shatabdi and Vande Bharat Express trains Interior of a first-class compartment
include food. In September 2016, IR introduced dynamic fares on the Rajdhani Express
for the Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains (except 1AC and
EC classes) to increase revenue.[67] Long-distance trains
usually include a pantry car, and food is served at the berth or seat itself. Luxury trains (such as
Palace on Wheels) have separate dining cars, but these trains
cost as much as—or more than—a five-star hotel room.

A standard passenger rake has four unreserved (general)

compartments, two at the front and two at the rear (one of
which may be for women). The number of other coaches
varies by demand and route. A luggage compartment may be
at the front or the rear. On some mail trains, a separate mail
coach is attached. Lavatories are communal, and Indian- and
Interior of a three-tier compartment
Western-style. The classes in operation are (although a train
on the Dakshin Express
may not have all these classes):

Class[68] Description[69][70]

IR has started to operate saloon coaches to give

hotel ambience on trains. These coaches operate
on charter basis i.e. booking is required. These
Saloon have a master bedroom, one normal bedroom, one
kitchen and window trailing. Four to six extra beds
are given to accommodate more people. [71] First of
these coach was attached to Jammu Mail. [72]

1A AC first class: The most luxurious and expensive Interior of an air-conditioned chair-car
class of Indian Railways, with fares almost at par coach on the Jan Shatabdi Express
with airfares. There are eight cabins (including two
coupes) in full AC first class coach and three
cabins (including one coupe) in the half AC first
class coach. The coach has an attendant, and
bedding is included in the fare. This air-conditioned
coach, present only on popular routes, can carry 18
(full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach).

2A AC two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have

sleeping berths across eight bays. Berths are
usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six: four
across the width of the coach and two lengthwise
across the corridor, with curtains along the corridor.
Bedding is included in the fare. A coach can carry
48 (full coach) or 20 passengers (half coach).

3A AC three tier: Air-conditioned coaches with 64

sleeping berths. Berths are similar to 2A, but with
three tiers across the width and two lengthwise for
eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well-
appointed, usually with no reading lights or
curtains. Bedding is included in the fare.

3E AC three tier (economy): Air-conditioned coaches

with sleeping berths on the Garib Rath Express.
Berths are usually arranged as in 3A, but with three
tiers across the width and three llengthwise.
Appointments are similar to 3A, and bedding is not
included. These coaches are also present in some
Duronto Express trains as well.
 IR operates Vistadome glass roof coaches on
some tourist routes. These include Araku Valley,
Konkan railway, Kalka-Shimla Railway, Kashmir
Vistadome Valley, Kangra Valley and Neral-Matheran route.
These coaches fare are equivalent to AC
Executive Chair Car. IR also has plans to start
Vistadome on Nilgiri mountain railway. [73]

EA Anubhuthi: Air-conditioned top-end class of

Shatabdi Express. These coaches were introduced
in January 2018. First train to get these coaches is
Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express

EC Executive chair car: An air-conditioned coach with

spacious seats and legroom. With four seats in a
row, it is used for intercity day travel and is
available on the Tejas , Shatabdi Express and
Vande Bharat Express.

CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned coach with five

seats in a row, used for intercity day travel. Air-
conditioned double-deck coaches are used on the
Double Decker Express.

SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most

common coach on IR, with ten or more SL coaches
attached to a train rake. They are sleeping coaches
with three berths across the width and two
lengthwise, without air-conditioning. They carry 72
passengers per coach.

2S Second seater: similar to CC, without air-

conditioning. Double-deck second seaters are used
on the Flying Ranee.

UR/GEN Unreserved/General: The least-expensive

accommodation, with a seat not guaranteed.
Tickets are valid on any train on a route if used
within 24 hours of purchase.

At the rear of the train is the guard's cabin. It contains a transceiver, and is where the guard usually
gives the all-clear signal before the train departs.

Train types
Trains are sorted into categories which dictate the number of
stops on a route, their priority on the network and their fare
structure. Each express train is identified by a five-digit
number. if the first digit is 1 or 2 in the train number, they are
long-distance express trains. If the first digit is 0, the train is a
special train which will operate for a limited period of time with
a different fare structure. A first digit of 5 denotes a passenger
train.

The Mumbai Rajdhani Express. The

The second digit indicates the zone operating the train.
long-distance, high-speed Rajdhani
However, for high-speed trains, the second digit is either 0 or
Expresses connect state capitals
2 (the first remains 1 or 2).[74] The third digit denotes the and large cities with New Delhi.
division within the zone which is responsible for maintenance
and cleanliness, and the last two digits are the train's serial
number.[74] The train numbering system was changed from
four digits from December 2010,[75] to accommodate an
increasing number of trains.

Trains traveling in opposite directions along the same route

are usually labelled with consecutive numbers.[74] However,
there is considerable variation in train numbers; some zones,
such as Central Railway, have a less-systematic method of Secunderabad-Yeshwanthpur Garib
numbering trains.[74] Rath Express, an economy air-
conditioned train
Trains are classified by average speed. [76] A faster train has
fewer stops (halts) than a slower one, and is usually used for
long-distance travel. Most express trains have special names to identify them easily. The names of
the trains usually denote the regions they connect, the routes they traverse, or a famous person or
tourist spot connected with the train.[77][78]

Train
Description
types

A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned day time journey train with facilities such as Wi-Fi, snack
Vande tables, CCTV cameras, hydraulic-pressure doors and a fire and smoke detection and
Bharat extinguishing system. It can run at a speed of 200km/h. It is the first hi-tech Loco-less train
Express set made in India. It was flagged off on 15th February 2019 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The model number for this particular train set is Train 18.

A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train which had its inaugural run on 24 May 2017, covering
551.7 kilometres (343 mi) in eight hours, 30 minutes. Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets, water-
level indicators, tap sensors, hand dryers, integrated Braille displays, an LED TV for each
Tejas
passenger with a phone jack, local cuisine, Wi-Fi, tea and coffee vending machines,
Express
magazines, snack tables, CCTV cameras and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing
system. It can run at a speed of 200km/h but it is restricted to 130km/h due to some technical
reasons.

Gatimaan The first semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train running between Delhi and Jhansi with a top
Express speed of 160 km/h (99 mph)

Air-conditioned, intercity trains for daytime travel. Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses,
the Shatabdi expresses make a round trip on the same day. The Bhopal Shatabdi Express
Shatabdi
(train number 12001/12002) is India's second-fastest train between New Delhi and Agra, with an
Express
average speed of 90 km/h (56 mph) and a top speed of 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph). The
limited-stop trains have Wi-Fi.

Limited-stop, air-conditioned trains linking state capital to national capital, they have a top
Rajdhani
speed of 130–140 km/h (81–87 mph). The 2014 railway budget proposed increasing the
Express
Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses to 180 km/h (110 mph).

Non-stop (except for technical halts) service introduced in 2009. In January 2016, it became
possible to book tickets from those technical stops. They connect India's metros and major
Duronto
state capitals, and were introduced to equal (or exceed) the speed of the Rajdhani Express.
Express
With air-conditioned one-, two- and three-tier seating, some have non-air-conditioned sleeper-
class accommodations.
 Air-conditioned, three-tier coach trains with LED screens displaying information about stations
Humsafar and train speed, a PA system, vending machines for tea and coffee, charging ports for
Express electronic devices, bio-toilets, smoke alarms, CCTV cameras, curtains and heating and
refrigeration facilities for food. Inaugural run was between Gorakhpur to Anand Vihar Terminal.

AC Air-conditioned, limited-stop trains linking major cities, with a speed of about 130 km/h
Express (81 mph).

Double
Decker Air-conditioned, limited-stop, two-tier express trains for daytime travel
Express

Uday
Air-conditioned double decker train for overnight travel.
Express

Garib Rath
Air-conditioned, economy, three-tier trains with a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph)
Express

Introduced with the Duronto Express to provide air-conditioned travel to young Indians, 60
Yuva
percent of its seats were reserved for passengers between 18 and 45 years of age. The trains
Express
were unsuccessful, and operate only on the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes.

Jan
A more-economical version of the Shatabdi Express, with air-conditioned and non-air-
Shatabdi
conditioned classes and a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph)
Express

Sampark
Kranti Express service to New Delhi
Express

Kavi Guru
Introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore, four pairs of the trains operate on the network.
Express

Vivek Introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013, four
Express pairs of Vivek Expresses run in the country.

Rajya Rani
Introduced to connect state capitals to major cities in that state.
Express

Mahamana
Superfast train with Indian Railways ModelRake coaches.
Express

Intercity Introduced to connect major cities on short routes with high and semi-high speeds. Trains
Express include the Deccan Queen, Flying Ranee and Bilaspur Nagpur Intercity Express.

Antyodaya
Non-reserved, high-speed LHB coaches on peak routes to ease congestion.
Express

Jan
Sadharan Non-reserved express trains on peak routes to ease congestion.
Express

Suvidha
High priority trains with dynamic pricing on high demand routes.
Express

Superfast Trains with a max speed greater than 100–110 km/h (62–68 mph), average speed greater than
Express 55 km/h (34 mph), whose tickets have a superfast surcharge, with stops at very few stations.

Trains with a max speed greater than 100 km/h (62 mph), average speed greater than 36 km/h
Express
(22 mph), with stops at few stations.

These trains earlier had separate mail coaches. Nowadays, mail is carried in luggage coach
Mail
like all other trains.
 Slow, economical trains which stop at every (or almost every) station on a route. With
Passenger
generally-unreserved seating. The trains travel at about 40–80 km/h (25–50 mph).

These trains operate in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Vadodara,
Suburban Surat, Bengaluru, Pune and between Kanpur and Lucknow, usually stop at every station, and
have unreserved seating.

Designed for urban transport, the first metro was the Kolkata Metro. Now Delhi Metro is
Metro
becoming largest metro network in the country.

Mountain Three of the lines were declared a World Heritage site as Mountain Railways of India by
Railways UNESCO. [79]

Tourism

Indian Railway operates tourist train or coach services on popular tourist circuits in different regions of
the country. The service offers tour packages inclusive of rail travel, local transportation,
accommodation, food and guided tours. IR offers various tourist services in this segment including
Luxury tourist trains, Semi luxury trains, Buddhist special trains, Bharat Darshan trains, Aastha Circuit
trains and Steam trains.[80]

The Palace on Wheels is a luxury-train service, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, to promote
tourism in Rajasthan.[81] The train has a seven-night, eight-day itinerary on a round trip from New
Delhi via Jaipur, Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bharatpur and Agra.

Royal Rajasthan on Wheels covers a number of tourist destinations in Rajasthan. The seven-day,
eight-night tour is a round trip from New Delhi's Safdarjung station via Jodhpur, Udaipur and
Chittaurgarh, Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur, Khajuraho, Varanasi and Sarnath, and Agra.[82]

Maharajas' Express, a luxury train operated by the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
(IRCTC), runs on five routes[83] to about 12 destinations across north-West and central India (centered
around Rajasthan) from October to April.

The Deccan Odyssey covers tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa. Its seven-night, eight-day
tour begins in Mumbai and stops at Jaigad Fort, Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Tarkarli and
Sawantwadi, Goa, Kolhapur and Pune (Day 5), Aurangabad and Ellora Caves, and Ajanta Caves and
Nashik.[84] The Golden Chariot runs on two tours: Pride of the South[85] and Splendor of the South.[86]

The Golden Chariot is a luxury train service.

The Mahaparinirvan Express, an air-conditioned service also known as the Buddhist Circuit Train, is run
by the IRCTC for Buddhist pilgrims. Its seven-night, eight-day tour begins in New Delhi and visits Bodh
Gaya, Rajgir and Nalanda, Varanasi and Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini, Sravasti and the Taj
Mahal.[87]

The Fairy Queen, a tourist attraction as the world's oldest operating steam engine, hauls a luxury train
from Delhi to Alwar.

Ticketing
Until the late 1980s, Indian Railways ticket reservations were made manually. In late 1987, IR began
using a computerized ticketing system. The system went online in 1995 to provide current information
on status and availability. The ticketing network at stations is
computerized with the exception of remote areas, As of March
2017, close to 6000 stations are networked with reserved or
unreserved ticketing systems across India.[80] IR now provides
multiple channels for passengers to book tickets between any
two train stations in the country.

Reserved tickets may be booked, up to 120 days in advance, IR ticket from Chennai Central to
on the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Vijayawada by Howrah Mail
website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation counters at
train stations or through private ticket booking counters. A
Tatkal train ticket can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice with a reserved
seat or berth, but such tickets are sold at higher fares than regular advance reservation tickets.[88]

Confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat
number(s) allocated to them on the ticket. If the reservation is not available on a particular train, the
ticket has a wait-list number. A person with a wait-listed ticket must wait for enough cancellations to
obtain a confirmed ticket. If their ticket is not confirmed on the day of departure, they cannot board
the train. Reservation against Cancellation tickets, between the waiting and confirmed lists, allow a
ticket holder to board the train and obtain a seat chosen by a ticket collector after the collector has
found a vacant seat.[89][69]

Unreserved tickets, for short distance or unplanned travels, may be purchased at stations at any time
before departure, and such ticket holders may only board the general compartments. Suburban
networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time or season passes with unlimited travel
between two stops for a period of time. Commuters can purchase tickets and season passes at
stations or through UTS mobile apps.[90]

A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and passenger traffic is subsidised by higher-
class fares.[91] Discounted tickets are available for senior citizens (over age 60), the differently-abled,
students, athletes and those taking competitive examinations. One compartment of the lowest class
of accommodation is earmarked for women on every passenger train. Some berths or seats are also
reserved for women or senior citizens.[92]

Freight services
In the freight segment, IR ferries various commodities and fuels in industrial, consumer and
agricultural segments across the length and breadth of India. IR has historically subsidised the
passenger segment with income from the freight business. As a result, freight services are unable to
compete with other modes of transport on both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous
erosion of market share.[93] To counter this downward trend, IR has started new initiatives in freight
segments including upgrading of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-
commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-tabled freight
trains and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix.[94] Also, end-to-end integrated transport
solutions such as roll-on, roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail system pioneered by Konkan Railway
Corporation in 1999 to carry trucks on flatbed trailers,[95] is now being extended to other routes
across India.

Perhaps the game changer for IR in the freight segment, are the new dedicated freight corridors that
are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully implemented, the new corridors, spanning around
3300 km, could support hauling of trains up to 1.5 km in length with 32.5 ton axle-load at speeds of
100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will
allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned to augment the
freight infrastructure in the country.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

IR has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus , Mumbai[96] and
t h e mountain railways of India.[97] The latter are three rail lines in different parts of India: the
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow-gauge railway in the Lesser Himalayas of West
Bengal; the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri
Hills of Tamil Nadu and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railway in the
Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh.[97]

Issues
IR carries an annual debt of over ₹200 billion (US$2.8 billion). The passenger division lost ₹300 billion
(US$4.2 billion) in FY 2013–2014, leading to a 23 paise (0.32¢ US) loss per passenger-km and a cash
surplus of ₹6.9 billion (US$96 million).[98] Its operating ratio was 109 percent from April to December
2016.[99] It's accounting systems are allegedly outdated.[100]

Between 2004 and 2014, 99 new rail projects were announced in the annual Rail Budgets without
additional funding. One project has been completed; the remaining 98 will require ₹5 trillion
(US$70 billion), including four projects which were 30 years old in 2014.[98] IR is losing passenger and
freight market share to other modes of transport.[101]

According to the Report of High Level Safety Review Committee of 2012, from 2007–08 to October
2011 casualties in train accidents accounted for 1,019 deaths and 2,118 injuries. In the same period
1,600 railway staff were killed and 8,700 injured. The committee estimated that almost 15,000
persons get killed each year by what is called unlawful trespassing.[102] A Daily Telegraph article[103]
stated that Indian Railway officials believe that a large proportion of bodies found dead on railways
died elsewhere and were put on the railway in dishonest attempts to get compensation from the
railway authorities and companies.

IR carries out various activities that are essentially uneconomic in nature, where it is either not able to
recover the costs (capital investments/operating costs) it incurs to deliver such services, or ends up
foregoing revenues. Such activities, termed by IR as Social Service Obligations, include concessional
tariffs for a few passenger segments or essential commodities and services in uneconomical train
routes.[104] While the assessment of actual losses to meet social service obligations requires a
scientific study, the estimation of such losses from IR for the fiscal year 2016–17 is ₹296.3 billion
(US$4.1 billion).[105]

Future
I R ' s Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) undertakes research, design and
standardisation. The railway has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and
improve its quality of service. The Indian government plans to invest ₹9.05 trillion (US$130 billion) to
upgrade IR by 2020.[106]

Infrastructure
Infrastructure modernisation projects include high-speed rail, with the first Ahmdabad-Mumbai train in
operation in 2022;[107][108][109] redevelopment of 400 stations by monetizing 2,700 acres (11 km 2) of
spare railway land under a ₹1,070,000 crore (US$149 billion) plan;[110] doubling tracks to reduce
congestion and delays while improving safety (15,000 km of double track existed in 2016, and funding
for 12,500 km more was approved that year);[111] the refurbishing of 12- to 15-year-old coaches at
the Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire
safety;[112][113] Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains to improve safety and
service;[114] Digital India-driven ₹3,500,000 million (equivalent to ₹3.7 trillion or US$51 billion in 2018)
digitalisation of the railway to improve efficiency and reduce cost;[111] rainwater harvesting, with 1885
systems installed by December 2016,[115] and reforestation of railway land and along the tracks.[116]

Electrification and power

All routes will be electrified to save on imported-fuel costs. 49 percent of the network was electrified by
March 2018, with full electrification planned by March 2021.[111] Off-the-grid Solar-powered trains are
planned with the installation of one gigawatt of solar and 130 megawatts of wind power between 2017
and 2022; India introduced the world's first solar-powered train and 50 coaches with rooftop solar
farms in June 2017.[117][118][119] Initial assessments of this experiment has been
positive[120].Rooftop solar electricity is planned at stations to reduce long-term fuel costs and protect
the environment,[121] and sustainable LED lighting at all stations is planned by March 2018 to cut
electricity costs.[122] Locomotive factories have been modernised, including two new factories in
Bihar: an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura and a diesel locomotive factory in Marhaura, and
2,285 bio-toilets were introduced from April to July 2014.[123][124][125] A ₹200 billion (US$2.8 billion)
partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[106]

Safety
Safety projects include the elimination of an average of 1,217 unguarded level crossings per year by
building an average of 1,066 overpasses and underpasses per year;[126][111] an automated fire alarm
system on Rajdhani Express trains was begun in 2013, extending to the air-conditioned coaches of all
trains,[127] and 6,095 GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices (replacing
the practice of placing firecrackers on tracks to alert train drivers) installed in 2017 in four zones:
Northern, North Central, North Eastern and North Western.[128]

Records
Vivek Express has the longest route in India, which covers 4,286 km in about 82 hours and 30 minutes. The
train runs between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari.
In its route, Howrah-Amritsar Express has 115 stops. The train has the record for maximum stops by an
Express/Mail train.
 Indian Railways constructed a subway crossing in just four-and-a-half-hour between Pendurthi and
Kottavalasa line in Andhra Pradesh
The fastest train in India is Vande Bharat Express which runs between Delhi and Varanasi.

See also
List of railway stations in India
Indian Railways Fan Club
Zones and divisions of Indian Railways

Notes
a. This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives, which retained their original class names
(such as M class or WP class).

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Further reading
Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility (University of Minnesota
Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on literature, film, and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the
Indian imagination. excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816665613/)
Bear, Linda. Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self
(2007) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/0231140029/)
Kerr, Ian J. Railways in Modern India (2001) excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/dp/01956482
85)
Kerr, Ian J. Engines of Change: The Railroads That Made India (2006)
Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun Mehrotra. Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself
(2009)
 "IR History: Early Day" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 19 June
2005.
"Zones" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 June 2005.
"Locomotives" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 June 2005.
"Production Units & Workshops" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shop.html). Indian Railways Fan Club.
Retrieved 26 June 2005.
"Signalling Systems" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 June
2005.
"Geography : International" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inter.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved
26 June 2005.
"Rolling stock" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html). Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 June 2005.
"Signal Aspects and Indications – Principal Running Signals" (http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-signal2.html).
Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 26 June 2005.
"Salient Features of Indian Railways" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050618234536/http://www.indianrail.go
v.in/abir.html). Indian Railways. Archived from the original (http://www.indianrail.gov.in/abir.html) on 18 June
2005. Retrieved 19 June 2005.
"Indian Railways Online Passenger Reservation Site" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030217/http://w
ww.indianrail.gov.in/). Indian Railways. Archived from the original (http://indianrail.gov.in/) on 1 June 2014.
Retrieved 10 June 2005.

External links
Ministry of Indian Railways, Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20130402130639/http://www.indian
railways.gov.in/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Railways&oldid=891483045"

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