(HyperDebrid - Net) - Countering Terrorism PDF
(HyperDebrid - Net) - Countering Terrorism PDF
(HyperDebrid - Net) - Countering Terrorism PDF
Countering Terrorism
and Violent Extremism
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved. Other than for purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Australian
Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted without prior permission. Inquiries should be directed to the publisher.
Subjects: Terrorism--Australia--Prevention.
Radicalism--Australia--Prevention.
National security--Australia.
Terrorism--Law and legislation--Australia.
Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism is Volume 410 in the ‘Issues in Society’ series of
educational resource books. The aim of this series is to offer current, diverse information
about important issues in our world, from an Australian perspective.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Titles in the ‘Issues in Society’ series are individual resource books which provide an overview on a specific subject
comprised of facts and opinions.
The information in this resource book is not from any single author, publication or organisation. The unique value
of the ‘Issues in Society’ series lies in its diversity of content and perspectives.
The content comes from a wide variety of sources and includes:
hh Newspaper reports and opinion pieces hh Statistics and surveys
hh Website fact sheets hh Government reports
hh Magazine and journal articles hh Literature from special interest groups
CRITICAL EVALUATION
As the information reproduced in this book is from a number of different sources, readers should always be aware
of the origin of the text and whether or not the source is likely to be expressing a particular bias or agenda.
It is hoped that, as you read about the many aspects of the issues explored in this book, you will critically evaluate
the information presented. In some cases, it is important that you decide whether you are being presented with
facts or opinions. Does the writer give a biased or an unbiased report? If an opinion is being expressed, do you
agree with the writer?
EXPLORING ISSUES
The ‘Exploring issues’ section at the back of this book features a range of ready-to-use worksheets relating to
the articles and issues raised in this book. The activities and exercises in these worksheets are suitable for use by
students at middle secondary school level and beyond.
FURTHER RESEARCH
This title offers a useful starting point for those who need convenient access to information about the issues
involved. However, it is only a starting point. The ‘Web links’ section at the back of this book contains a list of
useful websites which you can access for more reading on the topic.
CHAPTER 1
The threat of terrorism and violent extremism
T
his is the fourth edition of the Global Terrorism they were active in to 28. This is largely why a record
Index which provides a comprehensive summary number of countries recorded their highest levels of
of the key global trends and patterns in terrorism terrorism in any year in the past 16 years.
over the last 16 years, covering the period from the There was a ten per cent decline from 2014 in the
beginning of 2000 to the end of 2015. number of terrorism deaths in 2015 resulting in 3,389
Produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace, fewer people being killed. Iraq and Nigeria together
the GTI is based on data from the Global Terrorism recorded 5,556 fewer deaths and 1,030 fewer attacks than
Database which is collected and collated by the in 2014. However, with a global total of 29,376 deaths,
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism 2015 was still the second deadliest year on record.
and Responses to Terrorism (START), a Department While the weakening of ISIL and Boko Haram in
of Homeland Security Centre of Excellence led by their central areas of operations in Iraq and Nigeria is
the University of Maryland. The Global Terrorism positive, this change has coincided with two key negative
Database is considered to be the most comprehensive trends which have driven up terrorism in the rest of the
dataset on terrorist activity globally and has now
codified over 150,000 terrorist incidents.
The research presented in this report highlights a There was a ten per cent decline from 2014
complex and rapidly changing set of dynamics in global in the number of terrorism deaths in 2015
terrorism. While on the one hand the top-line statis- resulting in 3,389 fewer people being killed
tics highlight an improvement in the levels of global ... However, with a global total of 29,376
terrorism, the continued intensification of terrorism deaths, 2015 was still the second deadliest
in some countries is a cause for serious concern, and year on record.
highlights the fluid nature of modern terrorist activity.
The complexity of this year’s GTI is underscored by the
fact that although 76 countries improved their GTI
scores compared to 53 countries that worsened, the
overall global GTI score deteriorated by six per cent
since last year as many moderately affected countries
experienced record levels of terrorism.
The 2016 GTI finds there has been a change from the
pattern of the previous four years. 2015 saw the total
number of deaths decrease by ten per cent, the first
decline since 2010.
The number of countries recording a death from
terrorism also decreased by one. This decline in
terrorism deaths is mainly attributed to a weakened
Boko Haram and ISIL in both Nigeria and Iraq due to the
military operations against them. However, expanded
activities by both of these groups in other countries is
posing new threats in other parts of the world. Boko
Haram has expanded into Niger, Cameroon and Chad,
increasing the number of people they have killed
through terrorism in these three countries by 157 per
cent. Meanwhile ISIL and its affiliates were active in 15
new countries, bringing the total number of countries
35,000
ISIS declares caliphate
30,000
Iraq
Deaths from terrorism
25,000
20,000 Nigeria
Syrian civil
September 11 US invades Iraq US troop surge war begins
15,000
US invades
Afghanistan Afghanistan
10,000
5,000
Rest of the world
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year Source: START GTD, IEP calculations
grievances and political violence with terrorist activity. prevention, Cunningham and Koser from GCERF outline
When analysing the correlates of terrorism there the role the private sector can play in preventing violent
are different factors that are statistically significant extremism, and von Einsiedel from the United Nations
depending on the level of development. In the OECD University Center for Policy Research describes the
countries, socio-economic factors such as youth unem- history of the UN’s work to resolve conflicts is stemming
ployment, militarisation, levels of criminality, access to terrorism.
weapons and distrust in the electoral process are the most While terrorism as a form of violence has a major
statistically significant factors correlating with terrorism. psychological impact on the societies it touches, there
This reinforces some of the well-known drivers of are other forms of violence which are more devastating.
radicalisation and extremism. In developing countries, Major armed conflicts resulted in more deaths in 2015
the history of conflict, levels of corruption, acceptance as well as the wholesale destruction of economies. The
of the rights of others and group based inequalities are global homicide rate is 15 times the death rate from
more significantly related to terrorist activity. terrorism.
Individual terrorist acts are unpredictable but the
report highlights some common statistical patterns. KEY FINDINGS
These patterns help inform the future deadliness of
terrorist organisations, the trends in their tactics and 2016 GTI RESULTS
the effectiveness of counter-terrorism operations. •• Seventy-six countries improved their scores in the
The 2016 GTI report reinforces the fact terrorism is a 2016 GTI while 53 countries deteriorated. However,
highly concentrated form of violence, mostly committed the overall GTI score deteriorated by six per cent
in a small number of countries and by a small number of since last year due to many countries experiencing
groups. The five countries suffering the highest impact record levels of terrorism.
from terrorism as measured by the GTI; Iraq, Afghan- •• The five countries with the highest impact from
istan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria, accounted for 72 per terrorism as measured by the GTI are Iraq,
cent of all deaths from terrorism in 2015. Similarly, only Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria. These five
four groups were responsible for 74 per cent of all these countries accounted for 72 per cent of all deaths
deaths; ISIL, Boko Haram, the Taliban and al-Qa’ida. from terrorism in 2015.
This report also includes commentary on various •• Deaths from terrorism decreased by ten per cent in
aspects of terrorism. This includes efforts to understand 2015 to 29,376. This is the first decrease in number
terrorism such as Maggiolini and Varvelli from ISPI who of deaths recorded since 2010.
explore why there are hotbeds of radicalisation, and •• Iraq and Nigeria had the biggest decreases with
Schori Liang from GCSP who looks at the connection 5,556 fewer deaths. This constitutes a 32 per cent
between criminal networks and terrorism. There are reduction in these two countries since 2014.
also explanations of what is being done to discourage •• In OECD member countries, deaths from terrorism
and prevent the spread of terrorism. The Victoria Police dramatically increased in 2015, rising by 650 per
Counter Terrorism Command’s Specialist Intelligence cent when compared to 2014. Twenty-one of the 34
Team describe their experiences with community-driven OECD countries experienced at least one terrorist
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T
can, and have been, harmed in indiscriminate attacks
his bulletin should be read in conjunction with or attacks aimed at others.
country advisories, which provide details on any Social media and online platforms are a primary
specific and credible terrorism threats at your vehicle to support and encourage attacks in western
destination. Travel advice explained also outlines ways countries and against western interests elsewhere.
to manage risk for our country levels. These calls are intended to motivate sympathisers
to attack Western interests, often in unsophisticated
Nature of the terrorist threat but lethal ways. The attack in Nice in July 2016
Terrorism is violence aimed at achieving political or highlights the capacity of terrorists to conduct such
ideological objectives. Attacks can be centrally directed attacks against soft targets in Western countries with
from a structured organisation or network or by no warning. Attacks in San Bernadino and Orlando in
individuals acting without any direct external control the United States also highlight how individuals can
(the so called ‘lone wolf’). radicalise quickly, under the radar of local authorities.
There is a continuing and long-standing threat of As seen from the spike of attacks in June and July
terrorist attack across the world. Since 2000, there 2016, the period surrounding Ramadan presents
has been a nine-fold increase in the number of deaths additional risks.
from terrorism, rising to 32,685 in 2014 (sourced from
Institute for Economics and Peace). The countries Foreign fighters
with the most number of attacks include Iraq, Nigeria, A large number of foreigners are currently fighting in
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Syria. Syria and Iraq. Information on the action taken by the
While locals of foreign countries are often the Australian Government under the Criminal Code Act
ones most impacted, numerous terrorist groups have 1995 against Australian fighters and on the declared
demonstrated the intent and capability to attack area in Syria is at the National Security website.
Western interests.
The terrorist threat to Australians overseas has Types of attacks
become more diffuse in recent years as new groups have Modes of attack by terrorists may include one or a com-
emerged, individuals have become self-radicalised, and bination of the following:
existing groups such as central Al-Qaeda (AQ) remain •• Kidnappings: hostage taking is a long-established
a threat. At the same time, terrorist safe havens have terrorist tactic. Significant ransom payments are
emerged in Mali, Libya, Nigeria, Somalia, Syria/Iraq typically demanded for the kidnapping victim’s
and Yemen. This affords a wider range of groups the release, though most recently a number of hostages
opportunity to plan more sophisticated attacks. taken in Syria have been executed for ideological
Recent events in France, Bangladesh, Turkey, United propaganda purposes, as described in the
States, and Australia highlight the risks posed by individ- Kidnapping page.
uals motivated by the current situation in Syria and Iraq. •• Armed attackers: the use of weapons such as
Australia and Australians are viewed by the Islamic firearms or bladed weapons often against symbolic
State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other terrorist targets such as members of the security forces, or
groups as a target for terrorist attacks. This threat against unarmed civilians. Such attacks have been
extends worldwide. Even in cases where attacks may carried out in London, Belgium, Ottawa, Dhaka
not specifically target Australian interests, Australians and Paris in recent years, including in November
countries due to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. In the •• Reports produced by private analysts, think
past decade, major terrorist attacks have occurred tanks and non-government organisations on
in a number of European cities, such as Glasgow, security issues, such as the Lowy Institute and the
London, Madrid, Moscow, Oslo, Volgograd, Paris, Australian Strategic Policy Institute
Brussels and Nice. Targets have included public •• Information on the terrorism threat published
transport and transport hubs as well as public places by the governments of the countries they intend
frequented by foreigners. European security services to visit, such as the UK’s Terrorism and National
are taking robust measures in response to the Emergencies website and the US Homeland
current threat. An attack in July 2016 in Germany, Security website
involving a radicalised person attacking train •• The US State Department annual terrorism report
commuters with an axe, underscores the ongoing for details of trends in terrorist attacks.
risk of attacks by individuals and small groups.
For business travellers
Rest of the world The Advice for Australian Business Travellers page
•• Groups such as FARC and Shining Path have provides tips on risks for Australian employers and
operated in Colombia and Peru for decades. The individual business travellers to consider as part of
recent ceasefire negotiations between FARC and their routine risk assessment process for short-term
the Colombian Government may lead to a decrease overseas travel for meetings and conferences, longer-
in tensions, but attacks will still occur. Terrorist term deployments overseas and travel to high-threat
attacks occur regularly in Colombia, and we remote locations.
encourage travellers to read the travel advice for The ASIO Business Liaison Unit provides credible,
Colombia to understand the risks of travel. intelligence-backed information on matters which
Credible terrorist threats are may affect the security of Australian businesses in
reflected in the travel advice offshore locations.
If the Australian Government has any specific and
credible information on terrorist attack planning, this For all travellers
will appear in the relevant country-specific advisory at Be a smart traveller. Before heading overseas:
smartraveller.gov.au. We encourage Australians who •• Organise comprehensive travel insurance and
are planning to travel overseas to subscribe to this free check what circumstances and activities are not
service before travelling, so that you stay informed on covered by your policy
the latest risks. Terrorist attacks may occur without •• Register your travel and contact details, so we can
warning and in areas where the risk of terrorist attack contact you in an emergency
has not been previously highlighted. •• Subscribe to this travel advice to receive free email
updates each time it’s reissued
Where to get additional information •• Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
Travellers can get additional information on the threat
of international terrorism from: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2016).
•• The Australian Government’s National Security Terrorist Threat Worldwide. Retrieved from
website www.smartraveller.gov.au on 24 November 2016.
T
he National Terrorism Threat or groups have developed both the Australia. Those radicalised to
Advisory System is a scale of intent and capability to conduct a violent extremism may display
five levels to provide advice terrorist attack in Australia. The behavioural changes, develop new
about the likelihood of an act of public should continue to exercise social networks and associations,
terrorism occurring in Australia: caution and report any suspicious withdraw from previous ones and
When the threat level changes, incidents to the National Security promote an extremist ideology.
the Australian Government prov- Hotline by calling 1800 1234 00. Recent large, coordinated terror-
ides advice on what the threat level Life-threatening situations should ist attacks are concerning and the
means, where the threat is coming be reported to the police by calling small number of Australia-based
from, potential targets and how a Triple Zero (000). ISIL sympathisers and supporters
terrorist act may be carried out. We must maintain vigilance in might be emboldened by the
The National Terrorism Threat the face of an escalating global perceived success of their overseas
Level is regularly reviewed in line terrorist threat that continues to counterparts. Additionally, ISIL
with the security environment and affect Australia. This multifac- will glorify recent attacks, such as
intelligence. eted threat was the reason the those in France and Mali and the
It is important to be aware of the Commonwealth Government took attack on Metrojet Flight 9268, in
current threat level and to report any the unprecedented step of raising propaganda to motivate and inspire
suspicious incidents to the National the national terrorism threat level their Western-based sympathisers
Security Hotline on 1800 1234 00. in September 2014. The factors that and supporters. Elements of some
underpinned that decision persist, of these recent attacks, such as the
Public advice and some have worsened. Those use of firearms and explosives as
The National Terrorism Threat Level who wish to do us harm, some weapons, the capturing of hostages,
for Australia is PROBABLE. Credible located here and some overseas, and the focus on ‘soft’ targets,
intelligence, assessed by our security continue to view Australia as a could be employed in an attack in
agencies indicates that individuals legitimate target. Australia.
Y
es, we assess that a terrorist attack in Australia The government has recently introduced new national
is PROBABLE. We know about a small number security legislation.
of individuals in Australia and abroad, who Australia has a National Counter-Terrorism Plan
want to cause us harm. We know that some will or are in place. It details how Australian, state and territory
being seduced by the extremist propaganda of ISIL. governments and national security agencies will work
Unfortunately we fear some individuals will probably together to detect, prevent and respond to terrorism.
seek to undertake acts of terror here. Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy outlines the
current terrorist threat that Australia is facing, and what
What does the threat level mean for me? our governments are doing to counter it. It focusses on
Unless government authorities tell you otherwise, five core elements: challenging violent extremist ideolo-
there is no need to change how you go about your daily gies, stopping people from becoming terrorists, shaping
business. But it is a reminder of the environment we are the global environment to counter terrorism, disrupting
now in and the threat we face. It is important to keep terrorist activity within Australia and having effective
yourself aware of the advice on the current level of threat responses and recovery should an attack occur.
and keep up to date with advice from local authorities. A full list of national security agencies and their
You should continue to exercise caution and report responsibilities is available at www.nationalsecurity.
any suspicious incidents to the National Security Hotline gov.au/WhatAustraliaisdoing/Pages/NationalSecurity
on 1800 1234 00 or in an emergency, call 000. Agencies.aspx
Is the threat level ever likely to go down? How will I be kept informed about
The National Terrorism Threat Level is set from intel- Australia’s national security?
ligence. If the level of threat is assessed as being lower, The Australian Government will keep all Australians
the Government will announce the change. informed about what is being done to protect Australia
However, this is unlikely to happen anytime soon. through public statements and this website. In an emer-
Unfortunately we are now living in a heightened threat gency situation, follow the instructions of authorities.
environment that is expected to last for some time. Any change to the National Terrorism Threat Level
will be announced by the Australian Government based
What should we do if the threat level is raised again? on advice from the Director-General of ASIO, with
It’s important to remember that every situation is going advice to the public about what it means for them.
to be unique. Information on the current level, including public
If the level changes you will be provided with advice advice on the nature of the threat and what it means
what the threat level means, where the threat is coming for all Australians is available on the National Terrorism
from, potential targets and the means by which a Threat Advisory System page on the website.
terrorist act may be perpetrated.
Should I stay away from sporting and music
What is being done to protect Australia events or change my domestic holiday plans?
from terrorism? There is no reason for any of us to stay away from public
Ensuring a safe and secure Australia is the first priority places or change our normal routines or domestic holiday
for all Australian governments. plans. Australian governments work closely with police
A range of measures have been put in place to reduce and event organisers across Australia so the community
the threat of terrorism in Australia but a significant can enjoy themselves in a safe and secure environment.
threat remains. It is essential that we do not allow the threat of
Our security and law enforcement agencies are terrorism to change the way of life we value so highly.
engaged in disruption efforts to prevent or mitigate
against attacks but we have to be prepared for the fact Is it safe to travel overseas? Are other countries
that we might not detect all threats in time. experiencing an increased threat?
The Australian Government, law enforcement and The situation in Syria and Iraq has increased global con-
intelligence agencies, together with our international cern about terrorism, but this should not stop people from
partners are actively working to counter-terrorism travelling for work or holidays where it is safe to do so.
domestically and internationally. For the latest international travel advice and to register
Australia’s current counter-terrorism capabilities are your travel plans, go to the smartraveller.gov.au website.
I work in the industry sector, is there anything What if my children become concerned
I should do? or anxious about terrorism?
The Australian Government has published the National Talk with your children about what is happening and
Guidelines for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure from what is being done to protect them. Encourage them to
Terrorism, including a guide of security measures to say how they feel.
consider in relation to changes in the security situation, Be honest about things being discussed in the media
which should be used as a basis for your security plans. and in your community.
If your organisation has been identified as critical If anyone in your family becomes anxious to a point
infrastructure or a place of mass gathering in your state where it starts interfering with daily life, consult a
or territory, you should ensure that your security plans health professional.
are up to date and that the counter-terrorism unit within
your police service has your current contact details How many reports have been made to
(including for after hours). the National Security Hotline?
Organisations in the aviation, maritime and offshore The National Security Hotline has received over 200,000
oil and gas sectors regulated by the Australian Govern- reports since it was established in December 2002. For
ment Department of Infrastructure and Regional monthly report numbers since July 2014, see the National
Development will be provided with additional advice. Security Hotline statistics page on the website.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2015.
How likely is a chemical, biological or
radiological attack by terrorists? Australian National Security. Frequently asked questions.
The current advice from official intelligence services Retrieved from www.nationalsecurity.gov.au on 22 February 2016.
A
ccording to an ANUpoll, more Bali terrorist attacks in which 202 Mother-of-three Katrina Dawson
than half of the country’s people, many of them Australian, and Lindt cafe manager Tori Johnson
adults are concerned Australia were killed. Since Bali, terrorist were killed in the Martin Place siege
will be a target for terrorism at home attacks overseas have claimed the in December 2014.
and strongly believe the government lives of more than 110 Australians. The most serious terrorist plot
needs to introduce greater preven- Even taking the overseas deaths in Australian history dates back
tive measures to combat it. But the into account, Australians can afford to 2005, more than a decade ago,
reality is less alarming. to feel more secure at home. Police referred to most commonly as
More Australians have died at say they were able to successfully Operation Pendennis, the name of
the hands of police (lawfully or foil 11 terrorist plots and four terror the joint police and ASIO operation
unlawfully) in ten years (50 at least attacks against the Australian public that prevented any attacks.
from 2006 to 2015) or from domestic in the last two years. Australian According to an academic study,
violence in just two years (more security services, supported by the 22 men were charged with terrorism
than 318 in 2014 and 2015) than from public and community groups, have offences for planning or helping
terrorist attacks in Australia in the been very successful in monitoring co-ordinate attacks in Melbourne
last 20 years. the threats. According to the govern- and Sydney. Of these, 18 were finally
Although Australia’s terrorism ment’s 2015 review, the number of convicted. The success by our security
threat level is set at probable, the people in the country who have services in thwarting these attacks
likelihood of an individual being been prepared to commit terrorist may have deterred similar plots.
killed or wounded from a terrorist acts here remains low. As my grandchildren left our
attack in this country is extremely The review found there had hotel on Bastille Day in France this
low. Terrorist attacks in Australia only been two terrorist attacks on year for the fireworks, there was no
have claimed the lives of only three Australian soil since 2001. NSW denying I felt some concern about a
victims in the last two decades. police accountant Curtis Cheng was possible terrorist attack. Luckily, the
Australian fears are necessarily killed by a teenager allegedly vowing kids went to the Eiffel Tower, and
shaped by memories of the 2002 allegiance to Islamic State in 2015. not to the Promenade des Anglais
in Nice where 84 people were killed
Terrorist attacks in Australia have claimed the lives of and more than 100 injured.
only three victims in the last two decades. I remain concerned about such
attacks but am not afraid enough to
consider preventing loved ones from
travelling in Western countries.
Respondents to the 2016 ANUpoll
may have felt more fearful of an
attack than usual because of the
public debate that was circulating
at the time. The poll was conducted
during and just after the last federal
election, in which Pauline Hanson
was propagandising a link between
all Muslims and terrorism.
The ANUpoll was also conducted
during the coroner’s inquest into the
Lindt Café siege, and just after the
Orlando massacre in June. It also
closely followed the prime minister’s
invitation of Muslim leaders to
Kirribilli House, where Malcolm
Turnbull mentioned the connection
between the Muslim community
and defence against terrorism.
T
he poll found a significant majority (71%) are concerned about the possible orist attacks in Australia conforms
rise of Islamist extremism in Australia, but 70% also believe Muslims in to a more longstanding phenom-
Australia should not be subject to additional scrutiny based on their religion. enon of Australian insecurity
The Australian National University poll found strong support for the federal
and exaggeration of international
government’s strict border protection controls, retention of telecommunications
metadata, revoking citizenship for foreign fighters with dual nationalities, and for
threats in almost all quarters.
bans on Australians travelling to conflict areas. However, a majority (55%) were It also comes from the exagger-
not concerned about being a victim or having a family member as a victim of a ated fear of becoming a victim of
future terrorist attack in Australia, while 45% were concerned. domestic crime.
In this environment of super-
Key findings charged public anxiety about
hh 56% of poll respondents believe the government could do more to prevent
terrorist threats on Australian soil,
terrorist attacks; 36% believe the government is doing all it can; 8% believe
the government has done too much
opinion leaders in politics, the
hh 67% support retention of communications metadata media and academia have a respon-
hh 59% believe counter-terrorism policies single out Muslims for surveillance sibility to not inflame them. The
and monitoring, and 46% of those say they are bothered by that ANUpoll might have framed some
hh 80% approve or strongly approve current border control measures as needed additional questions to speak to
to protect Australia from extremism and terrorism the excellent record of the security
hh 69% say Australia should prevent citizens from participating as fighters in services at home and the relative
overseas conflicts safety they provide.
hh 85% support removing citizenship from dual nationals involved in terrorist
activities overseas; but most support the courts having the power to remove Greg Austin is Professor, Australian
citizenship rather than the Immigration Minister Centre for Cyber Security, UNSW,
hh 71% are either concerned or very concerned about the possible rise of Islamic Australia.
extremism in Australia, with personal concerns easing as education levels rise
hh 70% believe Muslims in Australia should not be subject to additional scrutiny
due to their religion.
The ANUpoll is a result of a national random telephone survey
of 1,200 people interviewed between late June and early July 2016. Austin, G (18 October 2016). Australians have
Source: Australian National University, Australians want tougher action against little to fear from terrorism at home – here’s why.
terrorism – ANUpoll (Media release, 10 October 2016), www.anu.edu.au Retrieved from http://theconversation.com
on 17 November 2016.
I
n September 2014, for the first time, Australia’s
National Terrorism Public Alert level was raised to
High. This reflected the judgement of the Australian
Security Intelligence Organisation (ASID) that a terr-
orist attack was likely. The heightened threat level is
likely to endure.
Australian governments are proactively dealing
with the threat. We are working with our international
partners and with the Australian community to lower
the risk of a terrorist attack and strengthen our ability
to respond to, and recover from, any attack.
The purpose of releasing this Strategy is to provide
information to the community on the threat Australia
faces and what we are doing to counter it. Import-
antly, it highlights the community’s role in preventing,
preparing for, responding to and recovering from a
terrorist attack. retain the intent and capability to mount major attacks.
This Strategy sets out the framework for Australia’s ISlL, in particular, exerts a direct influence in
counter-terrorism arrangements. It situates the Australia through its aggressive promotion of violent
current terrorism threat within the global context and extremism. This group’s violent ideology, persuasive
articulates how we are countering it. It sits above and propaganda, and its grooming of young people online
is complemented by the National Counter-Terrorism is directly responsible for the radicalisation to violent
Plan; an important resource that outlines governance extremism of a significant number of individuals in our
and jurisdictional arrangements and operational community. As a direct flow-on result, there is now a
responsibilities for preventing, preparing, responding higher risk of attacks by individuals or by small groups
to and recovering from domestic terrorist attacks. than ever before.
Violent extremist influences in Australia will be
Our Strategy is based on the following principles: exacerbated by foreign fighters seeking to return from
•• Protecting lives is the absolute priority conflict zones in the Middle East. Some of these foreign
•• Governments and the community must face the fighters will seek to return with the skills, experience
challenge of terrorism together and a predisposition to violent action that will make
•• Terrorist acts are crimes to be dealt with through them a significant risk to the community.
the criminal justice system. Terrorism based on other ideological, religious, or
political beliefs – such as right wing or left wing extrem-
Terrorism and Australia ists – is also of concern, though it does not represent
Globally, ISIL, AQ and associated groups represent the the same magnitude of threat as that posed by violent
most significant terrorist threat. extremists claiming to act in the name of Islam.
These groups are motivated by a selective, violent and
extreme interpretation of Islam. Such an interpretation Resilience of the Australian community
is alien to the overwhelming majority of Muslims. The Australian community’s resilience is important to
Though ISlL is the most threatening manifestation everything we do to counter terrorism. Building and
of this terrorist threat, AQ and some associated groups maintaining our resilience allows us to push back against
T
he Australian Government is committed to preventing
violent extremism – that is, the use or support of violence
to achieve ideological, religious or political goals.
Countering violent extremism is a shared effort between all
Australian governments. The objective of the countering violent
extremism programme is to combat the threat posed by home-grown
terrorism and to discourage Australians from travelling overseas to
participate in conflicts. The Attorney-General’s Department coordinates
this comprehensive national approach.
Australian governments and communities work together to build
resistance to all forms of violent extremism, whether politically, religiously or
racially motivated. Every day, federal, state and territory government agencies
are engaging with communities and forming vital partnerships. The Australian
Government’s approach comprises four complementary streams of activity.
Work across these four tiers is underway, and includes:
Supporting activities
hh International engagement for collaboration and information sharing on best practice approaches to this common challenge.
hh Engagement with academia to leverage knowledge and expertise.
For more information on how communities and governments are working together to counter violent extremism, visit the
Living Safe Together website, www.livingsafetogether.gov.au
© Commonwealth of Australia 2015.
Attorney-General's Department. Countering violent extremism. Retrieved from www.ag.gov.au on 17 February 2016.
O
ur national security agencies have well-defined responsibilities and the authority to detect, prevent and respond to
acts of terrorism in Australia. Terrorist incidents involving Australian interests outside Australia are in the first instance
dealt with by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The roles and responsibilities of Australia’s national
security agencies and authorities are listed below.
The Australian Government: Border Protection Command provides security for
hh Maintains counter-terrorism capabilities and national coor- Australia’s offshore maritime areas. Combining the
dination arrangements within its agencies (listed below) resources and expertise of the Australian Customs Service
hh Maintains national policies, legislation and plans and the Department of Defence, and working with officers
hh Determines Australian Government prevention strategies from the Australian Fisheries Management Authority,
and operational responses to threats the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and
hh Supports the states and territories in responding to other Australian, state and territory agencies, it delivers
terrorist situations in their jurisdictions a coordinated national approach to Australia’s offshore
hh Can, where the nature of the incident warrants it and maritime security.
with the agreement of the affected states and territories,
declare a national terrorist situation. In such a situation The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)
the Australian Government would determine policies and aims to advance the interests of Australia and Australians
broad strategies in close consultation with affected states internationally. It works with Australia’s allies and partners
or territories. to confront terrorism and to enhance international counter-
terrorism cooperation. It provides advice about specific
The Prime Minister takes the lead role in Australian security threats abroad for people travelling overseas and
Government counter-terrorism policy coordination. provides consular services to Australians living abroad. It
also provides information in relation to the protection of
The Attorney-General, supported by the National Security foreign dignitaries.
Committee of Cabinet and other ministers, is responsible for
operational coordination on national security issues. The Department of Health leads a whole-of-government
approach to strengthening Australia’s readiness for disease
The Attorney-General’s Department coordinates national threats, national health emergencies and other large-scale
security and crisis management arrangements and provides health incidents.
legislative advice.
The Department of Immigration and Border Protection
The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation maintains the Movement Alert List and enforces Australia’s
(ASIO) is Australia’s national security intelligence service. visa regime. It is also actively engaged in a number of
Its main role is to gather information and produce international data-accessing initiatives aimed at preventing
intelligence so that it can warn the government about the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups and has
activities or situations that might endanger Australia’s responsibility for border control.
national security.
The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service coordinates Australian Government counter-terrorism
manages the security and integrity of Australia’s borders. policy in collaboration with intelligence agencies and the
It works closely with other government and international states and territories. It also provides the secretariat for
agencies to detect and deter unlawful movement of goods the Secretaries Committee on National Security and the
and people across the border. National Security Committee of Cabinet. It co-chairs and
provides the secretariat for the Australia-New Zealand
The Australian Defence Force maintains capabilities that
Counter-Terrorism Committee (ANZCTC) and advises the
can assist civil authorities in emergencies.
Prime Minister on matters related to counter-terrorism.
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) investigates national
The Department of Infrastructure and Regional
terrorist offences, provides overseas liaison and protective
Development regulates the security of airports, airlines,
services and performs a state policing function in the ACT.
sea ports and other forms of transport, with state and
The AFP Protective Service provides physical protection
territory authorities.
services in relation to foreign embassies and certain
government facilities, and also counter-terrorism first The Office of National Assessments assesses and
response at major airports. analyses international political, strategic and economic
developments for the Prime Minister and senior ministers in
The Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) is
the National Security Committee of Cabinet.
Australia’s overseas secret intelligence collection agency. Its
primary goal is to obtain and distribute secret intelligence © Commonwealth of Australia 2015.
about the capabilities, intentions and activities of individuals
or organisations outside Australia, which may impact on Australian National Security. National security agencies.
Australia’s interests and the wellbeing of Australian citizens. Retrieved from www.nationalsecurity.gov.au on 15 February 2016.
S
mall pieces of information A member of the public reported d. If in a shopping mall or
from members of the public strange comings and goings of building, contact security
can help keep Australia safe men wearing gloves, which led to e. Or call local police or the
from terrorism. Police and security the arrest of terrorists who had National Security Hotline on
agencies are working hard but already attacked Heathrow Airport 1800 1234 00.
you could help them complete three times.
the picture. If you see anything KNOW WHAT TO DO IN
suspicious call the 24-hour National Unusual purchases of large
quantities of fertiliser,
AN EMERGENCY
Security Hotline on 1800 1234
00. Trained operators take every chemicals or explosives Be prepared
call seriously and you can remain Fertiliser is a widely available pro-
Preparing for terrorism should be
anonymous. duct that has been used in many
approached like any emergency such
terrorist bombs. In 1995 a bomb in
as fire or flooding. This is known
Some things to look out for Oklahoma City killed 168 people.
as the ‘all hazards’ approach. A few
Terrorists rely on surprise, so we One of the people involved was
basic, common sense measures are
cannot predict every possible situ- arrested following the discovery of a
outlined below, which you may wish
ation. However, local and overseas receipt for nearly a tonne of fertiliser
to put in place.
experience has given us some poss- that was used to make the bomb.
ible warning signs to look out for. Develop an emergency plan
A lifestyle that doesn’t add up Decide who in your household will
Unusual videotaping or photo- While planning an attack, terrorists do what in an emergency and make
graphy of official buildings or may lead lives that appear unusual sure everyone knows his or her
other critical infrastructure or suspicious. Before the 11 role. For example, who will check
Videotaping is one of the ways September 2001 attacks, terrorists on elderly neighbours or pick up
terrorists gather information in the US undertook flight training children from school?
about a target. In 2001, a major but weren’t interested in learning
terrorist plot in Singapore was how to take off or land. The leader Ask someone to be your
averted when videotapes of build- of that group also paid cash for key contact
ings to be attacked, including the many large purchases such as the Choose an out-of-town friend or
Australian High Commission, were flight training, accommodation, relative who is prepared to be a
discovered. vehicles and air tickets. point of contact if the members of
your household are separated in
Suspicious vehicles near significant False or multiple identities an emergency. Make sure everyone
buildings or in busy public places Terrorists frequently use stolen or (including your key contact) has a
Terrorists use vehicles for many fake documents, including pass- full list of your contact details.
different purposes, from surveil- ports and driver’s licences. They can
lance to planting bombs, as in Bali also have several identities and may Agree on a meeting place
in 2002. Vehicles may be parked for give conflicting details to those they Decide where your group will
an unusually long time, sometimes come into contact with. Overseas, meet in the event of an incident
in no-parking areas. Explosives can alert bank employees noticed a that makes it impossible for you
be heavy, so cars and vans may sit series of unusual transactions and to go home.
abnormally low on their suspension. identified an account that had Know your home
They may be out of registration, or been opened in a false name. They In some emergencies you may need
have false or missing number plates. reported it to authorities, who to turn off your electricity, water or
Overseas, a terrorist attack was uncovered links to a terrorist group. gas. Make a note of where the main
foiled after police became suspicious switches and valves are located.
of a car with front and rear number Unattended bags
plates that didn’t match. If you see an unattended package Find out about your local
or bag in a public place, with no emergency services
Suspicious accommodation needs apparent reason for it being there, Record the numbers of your local
The way terrorists use, rent and here’s what to do: police, fire, ambulance and council,
TERRORIST ACT OFFENCES or she means to engage in that conduct. A person has
AND HOW THEY APPLY intention with respect to a circumstance if he or she
believes that it exists or will exist. A person has intention
Australia’s terrorist act offences are contained in the with respect to a result if he or she means to bring it
Criminal Code Act 1995. about or is aware that it will occur in the ordinary
course of events.
What is a terrorist act? A person is reckless with respect to a result or a
A
‘terrorist act’ is an act, or a threat to commit an circumstance if the person is aware of a substantial risk
act, that is done with the intention to coerce that the result or circumstance will exist and having
or influence the public or any government regard to the circumstances known to the person, it
by intimidation to advance a political, religious or is unjustifiable to take the risk.
ideological cause, and the act causes:
•• Death, serious harm or endangers a person TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS
•• Serious damage to property AND RELATED OFFENCES
•• A serious risk to the health or safety of the public, or
•• Seriously interferes with, disrupts or Australia’s terrorist organisation offences are contained
destroys critical infrastructure such as a in the Criminal Code Act 1995.
telecommunications or electricity network.
What is a terrorist organisation?
A terrorist act does not cover engaging in advocacy, A terrorist organisation is an organisation that:
protest, dissent or industrial action where a person •• A court finds is either directly or indirectly engaged
does not have the intention to urge force or violence in preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the
or cause harm to others. doing of a terrorist act, or
If found guilty of committing a terrorist act, a person •• An organisation that has been listed by the
could face up to life imprisonment. Government.
Australia if the funds in such accounts belong to, or are A control order does not come into effect until the
derived from, a listed terrorist organisation. person subject to it is notified and must not last longer
than 12 months.
EXPLAINING CONTROL ORDERS A person can apply for a control order to be varied,
revoked or declared void as soon as the person is notified
What is a control order? that an order is confirmed.
A person can be subject to a control order if it substan- In deciding whether to issue a control order, a court
tially assists in preventing a terrorist attack or if the must consider the impact of each of the control order
person has trained with a listed terrorist organisation. requirements upon the person’s circumstances, includ-
Control orders must be issued by a court. ing their financial and personal circumstances.
A person subject to a control order and his or her
A control order can stop a person from: lawyer are able to obtain a copy of the order which
•• Being in certain areas or leaving Australia contains a summary of the grounds for the order.
•• Communicating or associating with certain people A control order cannot apply to children under 16
•• Owning or using certain articles years of age. For people aged at least 16 years but under
•• Carrying out certain activities, including work 18 years, a control order can only apply for a maximum
•• Accessing certain forms of technology, including of three months. For people aged 18 years or over, a
the internet. control order can last for up to 12 months.
A
ustralia has enacted a range National Security Legislation broad range of circumstances. The
of laws aimed at combatting Monitor (INSLM). The INSLM Commission has expressed concern
the threat of terrorism. It is has a statutory mandate to review that the regime unjustifiably limits
critically important that security the operation, effectiveness and individual rights to privacy and
agencies have appropriate powers implications of Australia’s counter- freedom of expression.3
to ensure national security, even terrorism and national security laws
where this impinges on individual on an ongoing basis. In his annual RECOMMENDATION
rights and freedoms. However reports to parliament the first The Commission recommends that
such limitations must be clearly INSLM repeatedly recommended Government ensure all counter-
expressed, unambiguous in their that government moderate aspects terrorism laws remain under constant
terms and legitimate and proport- of counter-terrorism laws better review to ensure that any infringe-
ionate responses to potential harms. safeguard rights and freedoms. ment of human rights is legitimate
Government has not yet responded and proportionate.
KEY ISSUES to any of the INSLM’s reports
Federal law provides for the opera- nor has it adopted the INSLM’s NOTES
1. For example, in his 2012 report, the INSLM
tion of control orders, preventive recommendations to moderate recommended that control order provisions
detention orders and questioning counter-terrorism laws.1 be repealed. Rather than addressing this
and detention orders. Control orders Over the past year, the govern- recommendation, in 2014, the government
may place significant prohibitions ment has enacted laws that make it expanded the control order regime and
and restrictions on a person’s free- an offence, punishable by imprison- weakened associated safeguards.
dom of movement, expression, ment, for any person including a 2. See further Australian Human Rights
Commission Submission to the Parlia-
association and right to privacy. journalist, to report on matters that mentary Joint Committee on Intelligence
Preventive detention orders allow are defined under the act as a ‘special And Security Inquiry into the National
the detention of persons without intelligence operation’.2 The laws Security Legislation Amendment Bill (No.
criminal conviction or charge. Ques- further expand powers of security 1) 2014 (21 August 2014), paras 54-63.
tioning and detention warrants agencies to obtain information 3. See further Australian Human Rights
Commission, Submission to the
allow for those who have not been without warrant.
Parliamentary Joint Committee On
suspected of any offence to be ques- In early 2015 the Australian Intelligence And Security Inquiry into the
tioned and detained for the purposes government introduced a mand- Telecommunications (Interception and
of gathering intelligence about atory data retention scheme. The Access) Amendment (Data Retention) Bill
terrorism offences. These provisions scheme requires service providers 2014 (14 January 2015).
can interfere with individual rights to retain communications data for Australian Human Rights Commission (2015).
and freedoms. two years. This data would then Fact sheet: Counter-terrorism laws.
In 2011 the Government created be available to law enforcement Retrieved from www.humanrights.gov.au
the office of the Independent agencies without a warrant in a on 22 June 2016.
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ince 2001, Australia has enacted over 60 counter- needs merely to enter or remain in the area. As a defence,
terrorism laws.1 These laws contain a wide range the person may show that he or she travelled to the area
of criminal offences and grant broad investigative solely for a legitimate purpose.5 There is a list of specified
powers to the police and intelligence agencies. Many legitimate purposes, such as conducting official duties,
of these laws infringe upon fundamental human visiting a family member or providing humanitarian
rights by restricting the rights to liberty, privacy, and aid.6 However, this list of defences is short and does
the freedoms of speech, movement, and association. not include a range of legitimate reasons why a person
might travel to a foreign country in conflict (such as
OFFENCE OF ENTERING OR REMAINING visiting a friend, or conducting business transactions).
IN A ‘DECLARED AREA’ The government has not technically reversed the
In October 2014, the Abbott government passed the onus of proof, as the prosecution must still prove
Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment (Foreign each element of the offence beyond reasonable doubt.
Fighters) Act 2014 (Cth) (Foreign Fighters Act) in response However, the offence is framed in such a way that is has
to the threat of foreign fighters returning from the essentially the same effect. The offence clearly infringes
conflicts in Iraq and Syria. The Foreign Fighters Act the right to freedom of movement by prohibiting
introduced a new offence, punishable by 10 years’ Australians from travelling to designated ‘no-go zones’.
imprisonment, of entering or remaining in a ‘declared
area’.2 The Minister for Foreign Affairs may declare Proposed recommendation
part of a foreign country as a declared area if he or she Australia should repeal the offence of entering or
is satisfied that a terrorist organisation is engaged in remaining in a declared area.
a hostile activity in that area.3 This might include, for
example, parts of Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan or OFFENCE OF ADVOCATING TERRORISM
Indonesia. The Foreign Fighters Act also introduced a new offence
There are no other elements to this offence, such as of ‘advocating terrorism’.7 This offence will be made
an intention to engage in hostile activity.4 The person out where the person counsels, encourages, urges or
Proposed recommendation
Australia should repeal the offence of advocating terrorism.
COUNTER-TERRORISM POWERS
Some of Australia’s most controversial counter-terr-
orism powers – namely control orders,10 preventative
detention orders (PDOs),11 and a power that allows ASIO
(Australia’s domestic intelligence agency) to question
non-suspects while detaining them for up to a week12
– were due to expire under sunset clauses in late 2015
and early 2016. Through the Foreign Fighters Act, the
Abbott government extended the operation of these
powers until September 2018.13
These powers allow the police and ASIO to place
significant restrictions on an individual’s liberty
without a finding of criminal guilt. They had been 3. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 119.3(1).
4. As in other foreign incursions offences: see Criminal Code Act
discredited in major inquiries by the Independent
1995 (Cth), s 119.1.
National Security Legislation Monitor (INSLM), the 5. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 119.2(3).
COAG Counter-Terrorism Review and parliamentary 6. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 119.2(3).
committees, which recommended that the powers 7. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 80.2C.
be repealed or substantially amended.14 For example, 8. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 11.4.
the COAG Counter-Terrorism Review remarked that 9. Because it extends to the ‘promotion’ of violence, and because
powers such as PDOs “might be thought to be unac- the person need only be reckless (rather than intend) that violence
ceptable in a liberal democracy”.15 In extending the will occur: see, eg, R v Chonka [2000] NSWCCA 466 [77].
operation of these powers, the government bypassed 10. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), div 104.
11. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), div 105.
a major opportunity for their amendment or repeal.
12. Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth),
Other new powers relating to the threat of terrorism pt III div 3.
– including a mandatory data retention regime – pose 13. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), ss 104.32, 105.53; Australian
a significant risk to the privacy of Australian citizens.16 Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth), s 34ZZ.
These laws should similarly be reviewed and amended 14. Independent National Security Legislation Monitor, Declassified
in line with Australia’s international human rights Annual Report (2012) 44, 67; Australian Government, Council
obligations. of Australian Governments Review of Counter-Terrorism
Legislation (2013) 68; Parliamentary Joint Committee on ASIO,
Proposed recommendation ASIS and DSD, Parliament of Australia, An Advisory Report on
Australia should review and amend its counter- the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation
terrorism powers – particularly control orders, Amendment (Terrorism) Bill 2002 (2002) vii.
PDOs, ASIO’s questioning and detention powers, 15. Australian Government, Council of Australian Governments
Review of Counter-Terrorism Legislation (2013) 68.
and mandatory data retention – to ensure that they
16. Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Amendment
are consistent with the rights to liberty, privacy, and (Data Retention) Act 2014 (Cth). See also ASIO’s power to seek
Australia’s other international human rights obligations. computer access warrants in Australian Security Intelligence
Organisation Act 1979 (Cth), s 25A.
NOTES
1. George Williams, ‘The Legal Legacy of the War on Terror’
(2013) 12 Macquarie Law Journal 3, 7. Human Rights Law Centre (2015). Australia’s 2015 UPR-NGO Coalition
2. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), s 119.2. Fact Sheet 7. Retrieved from http://hrlc.org.au on 24 February 2016.
O
ur success as a unified and ands of young and vulnerable people raised the National Terrorist Threat
cohesive nation created in the community are susceptible to Level to HIGH: our security agen-
from a diversity of cultures, radicalisation. cies assess that a terrorist attack in
ethnicities and faiths could be The scale of involvement by Australia is likely. Since then, we have
challenged by a home-grown threat Australian civilians in the conflict seen an attack in Melbourne and the
from people who reject our values in Syria and Iraq far outstrips any Martin Place siege; other attacks have
and are prepared to resort to violence previous conflict. There are at least been disrupted. Twenty-three people
to impose ideological, political or 100 Australians fighting with or have been arrested and charged as a
social change. supporting terrorist groups in Iraq result of counter-terrorism opera-
The recent Counter-Terrorism and Syria. Australian security agen- tions in the last eight months – one
Review concluded that Australia cies are investigating close to 160 third of all terrorism-related arrests
has entered a new, long-term era people in Australia who are actively since 2001.
of heightened terrorism threat, supporting extremist and terrorist The Government is serious about
with a much more significant groups; the overwhelming majority countering home-grown terrorism.
‘home-grown’ element. It assessed of these people are young people. We are investing $1.3 billion in new
that the threat of terrorism in This includes a small number who counter-terrorism capabilities, and
we have systematically updated our
national security legislation to give
Citizens who become involved in terrorism are rejecting our law enforcement and security
Australia’s values and commitment to a safe and harmonious agencies the powers they need to
society. Support for, or involvement in, politically motivated tackle the threat of home-grown
violence is not acceptable to Australians. So it is reasonable terrorism.
Robust security and law enforce-
to consider measures to act against those who betray the ment efforts are essential. So too
allegiance inherent in their citizenship of our nation. are stronger efforts to counter rad-
icalisation in the community. We
are developing new programmes to
challenge terrorist propaganda and
to provide an alternative narrative
based on Australian values. All
Australian governments are work-
ing with local communities to
counter violent extremism.
As part of this overall strategy,
we want to examine how we might
build on existing citizenship laws to
help deal with the terrorism threat.
Citizens who become involved in
terrorism are rejecting Australia’s
values and commitment to a safe
and harmonious society. Support
for, or involvement in, politically
motivated violence is not acceptable
to Australians. So it is reasonable
to consider measures to act against
those who betray the allegiance
inherent in their citizenship of
our nation.
S
tripping citizenship for terrorism offences has These unlikely bedfellows share a substantial body
received a lot of attention and commentary in the of common views on the issue, arguing that individuals
six months since it was proposed. suspected of terrorist sympathy and conduct should
For all the discussion, however, there appears to be a be subject to substantial and ongoing monitoring and
lot of misinterpretation and understanding about what surveillance by law enforcement and where possible
the proposal will mean. “locked up”. Both agree strongly that the bill will have
The amendments to the Citizenship Act are expected no impact on the terrorist threat in Australia.
to pass in the Senate this week, so it is useful to reflect The irony of some members of the left arguing for
on what this will actually mean. increased surveillance and monitoring throughout the
Commentary has ranged from the left expressing counter-terrorism legislation debate appears to have
outrage at the bill allegedly breaching international been missed.
humanitarian law and leaving Australians “adrift” Firstly, context.
internationally, while the right expresses horror that
the bill doesn’t go far enough in permanently rooting
What are Australia’s laws?
out all terrorist threats to Australia, and should also be
How does Australia’s proposed approach sit interna-
extended to those holding only Australian citizenship.
tionally? It might surprise some to know that the way
Australia deals with citizenship is not shared by all other
countries. Many countries do not permit dual citizen-
There are no hard and fast standards ship, or only do so in narrowly prescribed circumstances,
of how citizenship may be conferred or and revoke citizenship on grounds including security.
withdrawn, and it remains very much a Austria, Norway and Spain, for example amongst
matter for consideration by individual others, generally do not allow their citizens to have
states, and at different times. more than one citizenship. Some that do recognise dual
citizenship, including the UK, have or are considering
actions to limit it on security grounds. That said, it will
be interesting to see how new Canadian prime minister
Justin Trudeau navigates an election promise to repeal
citizenship revocation in the wake of the Paris attacks.
The current Australian system of allowing dual
citizenship without renouncing original citizenship
is a relatively recent phenomenon, instituted in 1986.
And it was only in 2002 – yes, just over a decade ago
– that Australian law was changed to allow citizens to
become citizens of another country without renoun-
cing Australian citizenship.
An oath of allegiance, in some form, outlining rights
and responsibilities of Australian citizenship has been
part of naturalisation as an Australian since 1948.
There are no hard and fast standards of how citizen-
ship may be conferred or withdrawn, and it remains very
much a matter for consideration by individual states,
and at different times.
In Australia’s case, economic drivers to further
migration have featured prominently in our citizenship
arrangements for the past 30 years. Security issues have
had less prominence, but have nonetheless featured in
consideration of citizenship laws, both in the original
1948 Act and the 2007 Citizenship Act. It is reasonable
that citizenship has been considered as part of the
current review of counter-terrorism arrangements.
Ideological violence
The motivation for violent extremism in Australia is
V
iolent extremism is the beliefs and actions of often political. This includes right wing or nationalist
people who support or use violence to achieve extremism which has the goal of preserving the per-
ideological, religious or political goals. This ceived majority culture (usually white/Anglo-Saxon
includes terrorism and other forms of politically moti- culture/race) at the expense of other cultures. These
vated and communal violence. ideologies justify violence based on patriotism or a
belief of superiority to other cultures and races.
Violent extremism In Australia there are a small number of extreme
When a person’s beliefs move from being relatively nationalist groups, some of which promote Neo-Nazi
conventional to being radical, and they want a drastic type beliefs. They are sometimes called ‘hate’ groups
change in society, this is known as radicalisation. This because of their negative racist propaganda, which is
is not necessarily a bad thing and does not mean these often anti-immigration (e.g. ‘keep Australia white’),
people will become violent. anti-Semitic or anti-Islam. While their beliefs are
However, if a person or group decides that fear, offensive to many, their words and actions are not
terror and violence are justified to achieve ideological, necessarily unlawful. Using or advocating violence
political or social change, and then acts accordingly, to promote these or other beliefs, however, is
this is violent extremism. always unlawful.
Ideological violent extremism can also be motivated
Violent extremism in Australia by religious beliefs. In this instance the underlying
Australia has enjoyed a peaceful history, relatively motivation is also generally political, but is justified
free from violent extremism. Though the threat to the using interpretations of traditional religious texts
Australian community from violent extremist behav- and teachings, or following guidance from influential
iour is small, it still exists. people here and overseas.
Actions of violent extremists threaten Australia’s In Australia, acts of violence have been committed in
core values and principles, including human rights, the name of many different religions. They have often
the rule of law, democracy, equal opportunity and been planned by small groups or individuals inspired by
freedom. The Australian Government rejects all forms overseas organisations such as al-Qaeda.
of violent extremism and promotes a harmonious and An example of an individual motivated to violent
inclusive society. action by an interpretation of religious beliefs is
Christian fundamentalist and anti-abortionist Peter
Motivations for violent extremism James Knight, who killed one person in an attack on
There are many different types of violent extremism. an abortion clinic in Melbourne in 2001.
What is radicalisation?
In Australia only a very small number of people have used or will ever use violence to promote their cause.
Those who do have most likely undergone a process called ‘radicalisation’.
Freedom of expression
E
veryone in Australia has the right to express their beliefs and group interests openly. As a democratic society, Australia
protects the rights of all law-abiding people, including those who belong to minority political, religious and ethnic
groups. However, it becomes a concern to everybody, including families, communities and law enforcement, if a person
begins to advocate or use violence to achieve a political, religious or ideological goal.
What is radicalisation?
Radicalisation happens when a person’s thinking and behaviour become significantly different from how most of the
members of their society and community view social issues and participate politically. Only small numbers of people
radicalise and they can be from a diverse range of ethnic, national, political and religious groups.
As a person radicalises they may begin to seek to change significantly the nature of society and government. However,
if someone decides that using fear, terror or violence is justified to achieve ideological, political or social change – this is
violent extremism.
Exactly what influences individuals to go down a path of using or supporting violence to seek change can be difficult to
determine, but there can be a number of factors. The radicalisation process is unique to each person who undergoes it, and in
most cases will not cause serious harm. In exceptional circumstances, however, the decisions made by a person radicalising
can result in a serious and lethal act of violent extremism.
Those who radicalise and display threatening behaviour, incite hatred or promote the use of violence for their cause require
some form of intervention. This may come from family, religious or community leaders or law enforcement.
Communities play a vital role in assisting people to move away from violent extremism and intervening to stop acts of
violence before they are committed.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2015.
Living Safe Together. What is radicalisation? Retrieved from www.livingsafetogether.gov.au on 17 February 2016.
I
n Sydney, two teenagers try to board a plane to the The local expert
Middle East to fight for Islamic State. In Melbourne, Associate Professor Anne Aly, the founding chair of
friends and family of Jake Bilardi, the teenager People Against Violent Extremism, also says she is
suspected of carrying out a suicide bombing in Iraq, try “cautious of” an approach whereby the Government
to come to terms with his actions. identifies who is at risk of radicalisation and pushes
In a week that has seen high-profile examples of them towards so-called service providers.
young Australians becoming swept up in violent “There is so much resistance to any kind of
extremism, we spoke to key players about what’s luring government-designed ideas, or policy concepts ... of
young people to the militant group and what can be radicalisation – these kids are going to resist it,” she
done to stop it happening. says. “They need to be done by the people who are
more likely to have success in engaging young people.”
The community leader Like Ali Kadri, she says the “ripple effect” of getting
A few months ago, a young Brisbane man came to see through to one well-connected, at-risk young person
Ali Kadri, who works with the Holland Park Mosque in cannot be underestimated. She mentors young Somali
Brisbane, and told him he wanted to make something men in Perth, where she is based, and gets them
of his life – that he was a qualified panel beater before involved in her research work at Curtin University.
he joined a rebel motorcycle gang. “These three young men have all seen their friends
Mr Kadri took the man to Centrelink; he helped him become radicalised. They have been targeted by radical
through a Certificate IV in Bookkeeping. preachers at one point in their lives. And they have all
“He likes accounting,” says Mr Kadri, who also runs come into contact with a radicalising influence or a
an accounting firm and works with the Islamic Council radicalising environment,” she says.
of Queensland. “They have now gone back out there saying, ‘We are
“So he is going to do that, and I am going to employ doing all this really cool stuff, I’m working in an office’.
him, and train him while he is working for me.” Now, other young Somali men are saying, ‘Wow, that
In targeting the roots of violent extremism, Mr Kadri sounds really good, how can I get involved?’
says a key factor is the knock-on effect that can occur “You don’t go out and say, ‘Right, you, you’re rad-
when you help a young, marginalised member of the icalised, you need deradicalisation, come here, go to
Muslim community – those most susceptible to the lure this training program, go to this education program,
of extremist ideology, according to Mr Kadri. go see this counsellor’. It doesn’t work.”
“These people go out and then say ‘You know what, Associate Professor Aly says while there is a point
Ali’s not all that bad, he can help us get job, we’ll have a at which intelligence and monitoring are important,
career, we’ll have a life, blah blah blah’,” he says. in combating initial radicalisation, the Government
“But Government doesn’t want to do this; the should not be taking such a stringent national security-
Government wants to do it their own way, they don’t style approach.
see it being effective this way. Government is saying: “Because it is only ever seen as a national security
we will tell you who to help. And I’m saying: no, the issue, and the response is only ever going to be a national
community knows who to help.” security response,” she says.
For Mr Kadri, the Government’s recently announced “If you want to do prevention, you are working with
Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) program, in young people who haven’t committed any crime and
which community organisations specialising in educa- who shouldn’t be on any watch list. But you should be
tion or counselling can apply for extra funding and able to engage them in ways that stop them engaging
become 'service providers', is misguided. with radicalising influences.
“Employment is a problem, alienation is a problem, “I understand that people within the Government
marginalisation is a problem. So you create a program are well-intentioned, but I think one of the biggest
which attracts people like this. And they will come to mistakes they are making is assuming that they can
you,” he says. drive this, and that they should.”
“More likely they will come to you than you going [to
them and saying], ‘Listen, the Government has told me The international expert
that you are becoming a radical’, because then they’ll “Some of them are pious, others are not,” says Peter
say ‘F-off’ or they’ll go more into their hole and it’ll be Neumann, director of London’s International Centre
more hard to monitor them.” for the Study of Radicalisation, of the roughly 100 men
The Government
Dr Clarke Jones, a former government national
security official and now visiting fellow at ANU, says
the Government should set up a centre for expertise to
liaise with the proposed community service providers.
“The way it has been going, there has been a lot
of money being thrown at these small, individual
programs, and I don’t think there’s been enough assess-
ment – firstly whether they are appealing to the right
people, whether the money is going to right place, what
T
he events of the Sydney siege use of violence as a valid means of find support for their ideas among
this week evolved amid a furthering that cause. like-minded individuals.
torrent of speculation and The factors that result in radi- But there is no support for the
theorising about the motivations calisation are complex and varied. assumption that the internet accel-
and intent of the hostage-taker They include individual psychology, erates radicalisation and promotes
Man Haron Monis. Some media personal and group identity, demo- self-radicalisation without phys-
reporting during the Sydney siege graphics, individual circumstances ical contact.
even sought to compare the incident and contact with radicalising Research has also shown that
to America’s 9/11 and the London settings or influences, including theories and assumptions about
bombings in 2005. personal contact with recruiters or radicalisation are not supported in
The fact Monis forced his hos- influential people. many cases of violent extremism.
tages to raise the flag bearing the The marginalisation hypothesis that
Islamic testimony of faith certainly What about the internet? argues that radicalisation is a result
suggested that he may have been a Research suggests that the internet of individual frustration and aliena-
radicalised violent extremist acting plays some role in radicalisation tion does not explain why some who
with a political or ideological motive. though assumptions about the role have travelled to fight alongside the
of the internet in self-radicalising so-called Islamic State come from
The process of radicalisation individuals are overstated. Empirical well-adjusted family backgrounds
Violent extremism describes a situ- evidence supports the assumption and were well-integrated in the
ation in which the extreme belief that the internet creates more opp- broader community.
in a social, political or ideological ortunities to become radicalised and Contrary to popular belief,
cause is coupled with a belief that serves as a space for individuals to ideology and religion play a less
violence is necessary and justi-
fied as a means to further that
cause. Very few extremists actually Violent extremism describes a situation in which the extreme
become radicalised to the opera- belief in a social, political or ideological cause is coupled
tional phase where they carry out with a belief that violence is necessary and justified as a
acts of violence – but those that do means to further that cause.
can perpetrate horrendous crimes
in the name of their adopted cause.
Terrorism is a form of violent
extremism. Although there is no
universally agreed upon definition
of terrorism, most definitions
include elements of violence or the
threat of violence carried out for
the purpose of spreading fear (or
terror) and coercing governments
and societies.
There is still much we do not
know about the exact nature of
radicalisation to violent extremism.
That is because there is no singular
profile to explain who becomes a
violent extremist and why. Most
theories or models of radicalisation
concur that it is a process, not
necessarily linear, by which an
individual progresses through a
mild interest in a political, social or
ideological cause to accepting the
The radicalisation process the Australian Government and the wider community
T
here is no single pathway of radicalisation have a responsibility to act.
towards violent extremism, as the process is
unique to each person. However, there are some Ideology
common elements in the experiences of most people In the process of radicalisation, ideology refers to a
who have become radicalised in Australia, regardless significant shift in the way a person views the world.
of their beliefs or motivations. Ideologies are only concerning if they advocate the
These elements include significant behavioural use of violence or other unlawful activity to promote
changes in major areas of a person’s life including particular beliefs.
ideology, social relations and criminal activity. If As the radicalisation process builds, some people
someone is radicalising towards violent extremism, will promote an increasingly strict and literal under-
changes can often occur in all three of these areas. standing of a given belief. They may increasingly use
A person’s behaviour must also become more ideological language that vilifies or discriminates others.
intense and extreme over time, when compared with In Australia, the small numbers of people who radicalise
that person’s previous or ‘normal’ behaviour. Their and promote violence often do not have a genuine
circumstances and environment should also be taken understanding of the ideology they claim to represent.
into account.
If there is a valid alternative explanation for the Increasing religious devoutness or
changes in behaviour, these changes should not be
considered a sign of radicalisation.
commitment to unconventional beliefs is
If a person radicalises to the point of promoting, not the same as radicalisation towards
threatening or using violence for an extremist cause, violent extremism.
Criminal activity
During the radicalisation process, a person may start
to ‘act up’ to draw attention to their beliefs or send
a message to a specific group. These activities might
not cause serious harm but might still be illegal. They
might include actions like vandalism, minor property
damage, trespassing or illegal protesting.
More radicalised individuals might try to influence a
government or a section of the community by making
threats. If someone begins to support the use of violence
to promote a cause, radicalisation to violent extremism
becomes a serious concern.
Once a person becomes committed to violent action,
an actual violent attack may take place very quickly. If
a person considers unlawful and criminal activity to
be acceptable, they might also become increasingly
The use of the internet to view, download and suspicious and cautious. This might mean that they
spread material promoting violent extremism is often become nervous about the activities of governments,
part of the radicalisation process. Some people may security and intelligence agencies or law enforcement.
occasionally view such material out of curiosity, but
people who are radicalising tend to collect and share Identifying radicalisation
this material with others who hold the same beliefs. Most individuals begin the radicalisation process in
Hateful ideology and anti-social ideas might one of the three key areas – ideology, social relations or
be disturbing or offensive, but if someone has not criminal activity. This normally means that a person’s
committed to using violence or advocating the use of behaviour will noticeably change in one area first, and
violence, it should not be considered radicalisation to not across all three areas at the same time, but change
violent extremism. in these areas can happen very quickly.
Most people do not go all the way to becoming a
Social relations violent extremist. Something or someone might inter-
Many people join extremist groups for social reasons. rupt the radicalisation process, and the person does not
In Australia, people are most vulnerable to involvement get to the point of threatening or using violence, and
in violent extremism through the influence of close may even reject their radical ideas. When this happens
personal relationships. This is especially true for it is called disengagement. The active involvement of
young people. families, friends and the community in this process is
very important.
If a person radicalises to the point of
promoting, threatening or using violence More information
If you are concerned somebody you know may be radi-
for an extremist cause, the Australian calising, you can find more in the following information
Government and the wider community sheet (see next page): I am worried somebody I know is
have a responsibility to act. radicalising ... What can I do?
© Commonwealth of Australia 2015.
As people start to become radical, they will often
pull away from normal, mainstream activities and Living Safe Together. Understanding the radicalisation process.
friendship groups. There may be conflict with family Retrieved from www.livingsafetogether.gov.au on 17 February 2016.
and friends over political or ideological views.
At the same time, some people will start to interact
more often with smaller, tight-knit networks of
people who share their specific beliefs. Some extreme
groups may even require a person to go through an
W
••
hen someone begins to members further intervention is required.
separate from their family, •• Changes in living or However, those who are under-
friends and community employment situation going the radicalisation process
or demonstrates a significant move •• Exposure to hateful attitudes often become increasingly diffi-
towards extreme beliefs and atti- and actions, either as a victim or cult to communicate with. They
tudes, that person may be in the early as an offender may refuse many well-intentioned
stages of the radicalisation process. If •• Overseas events that harm their attempts to help them. This can
that same person begins to advocate community, family or friends be hurtful but such refusals should
or promote the use of violence to •• Personal issues such as health not discourage those around them
achieve an ideological, political or problems, addiction, anger or from trying to intervene to help
religious goal, they may be radical- social problems the person.
ising towards violent extremism. •• Negative changes in friendships
and/or personal relationships WHAT ELSE CAN I DO?
OPEN COMMUNICATION •• Dropping out of school or If a person continues to promote
The best way to deal with the university, and the use of violence and other illegal
problem of radicalisation is to main- •• The experience of discrimination activities to achieve an ideological,
tain open communication with or social unfairness. religious or political goal, a stronger
the person. A positive relationship intervention may be required. The
and open communication can be You should not assume that any most helpful response involves
an effective intervention in itself. one of these problems will lead a early action by concerned families,
Even if someone decides to separate person to radicalise, but interven- friends and communities, with
themselves from close friends and tion and assistance from immediate further assistance from government
family, these people will still be family and the community to help services where needed, in the three
helpful to them in the future. deal with any of these types of issues areas of a person’s life impacted by
To help them, listen to their can be particularly effective in pre- radicalisation – social relations,
reasons for becoming involved with venting the radicalisation process. ideology and criminal activity.
a radical ideology or group. Try to
understand their perspective. It is There is a wide range of social
also important to separate their and health services available to all
behaviour from who they are as a Australians. These include:
person. Even if you disagree with •• Education and employment
what they are saying, it is important services
to find some way to let them know •• Health services
they are accepted and that you are •• Housing services
there to help them. •• Mental health and counselling
•• Refugee help services
EARLY INTERVENTION •• Religious and cultural centres
Early intervention is best. However, •• Telephone counselling services,
before you try to intervene, try to and
fully understand a person’s situa- •• Youth community centres.
tion and motivation.
A significant event, or a build-up If you cannot approach a service
of incidents, can trigger and/or provider directly, ask a friend,
accelerate the radicalisation process. colleague or your local doctor to
If issues can be dealt with before assist. These services are there to
they become large problems, this help all Australians deal with issues
may prevent a person from radical- and become active, contributing
ising further. members of their community. Once
M
ore than a decade of security-based trans- others do not. They find themselves disillusioned by the
national approaches to combating terrorist gap between the propaganda and the reality of foreign
activity and propaganda have demonstrated conflict. Rehabilitation for this latter group is essential.
that these alone are ineffective. Sometimes, security The Hayat program in Germany and the Aarhus pro-
measures can actually damage efforts to roll back the gram in Denmark are good examples of how to bypass
appeal and take-up of violent extremism. While such over-securitisation of returned fighters and instead
measures should be used in domestic contexts where offer counselling, support and rehabilitation. These
threats are critical or imminent, failure to accompany programs acknowledge the different reasons people
these with robust ‘soft power’ initiatives will prove fatal participate in foreign conflicts. These reasons include
in the longer-term. idealism, humanitarianism and peer pressure, as well
Business as usual is not an option. Here is what needs as a commitment to violent extremism as an ideology.
to change if we are to succeed in countering violent A key benefit of rehabilitating returnees is that they
extremism. have greater credibility with potential recruits and can
positively influence them.
1. Rethink current approaches to creating Embracing those who respond to rehabilitation
a counter-narrative demonstrates the principles of a supportive society.
Counter-narrative remains a key strategy in the struggle That in itself is a powerful message to undermine the
to diminish violent extremism’s appeal, especially for narrative of alienation, isolation and rejection that
young people. Governments around the world have terrorist recruiters promote.
been slow to respond to community needs and desires
regarding this. 3. Assertively challenge media’s role in
Most governments now accept that credible coun- fostering disunity and xenophobia
ter-narratives must be community – rather than govern- Some media reporting can severely undermine the
ment-generated. Yet many agencies have remained crucial message of social inclusion by amplifying
ambivalent about forming genuine partnerships with xenophobia, eroding trust and promoting social
community organisations that can develop authentic disharmony. The more coverage of terrorist-related
counter-narratives to reach and, more importantly, issues demonises Muslim communities at large, the
influence those at risk. more entrenched a victim mentality can become for
Communities have tuned out to the ‘negative those targeted by sensationalised coverage.
case’ made by standard counter-narratives. They are
seeking more ‘affirmative’ narratives that offer genuine
alternatives to hatred, enmity and terror.
Greater effort is needed to promote social inclusion
and community belonging for those who feel margin-
alised and disempowered. This involves focusing on
what binds us together rather than on what divides us.
An inclusive narrative must acknowledge the social
and political idealism that makes some young people
vulnerable to dimensions of terrorist messaging that
promise a new or better world. We must offer genuine
alternative forms of social activism and transformation,
which explicitly reject violence while seeking change.
A
not only on police and intelligence cooperation but
ustralia has a long history of fighting wars in the to strengthen policy thinking on domestic counter-
Middle East. Participation in those conflicts was radicalisation. That should prompt an expansion of
based on contemporary judgements about our the Prime Minister’s initiative to Germany, Belgium
strategic interest, but our policy focus on the region and the Scandinavian countries. These countries are
has been inconsistent and driven by crises. We have few in effect the new front line in dealing with a wave of
deep specialists in the Middle East in any part of public radicalisation sweeping Western societies. Substantial
administration. The strategic drivers of change in the international cooperation already takes place, most
Middle East are seldom publicly explained or related effectively with Australia’s Five Eyes intelligence
to the purpose of Australian military involvement. A partners – the US, the UK, Canada and New Zealand.
deeper knowledge of the region will produce more But the tempo needs to be stepped up if it’s to address
effective counter-terrorism policies. the demands of domestic security in an accelerating
The government should ensure that our diplomatic threat environment.
presence in the Middle East is sufficient to address the Australia could play an important international role
security interests that we claim to have there. This by gathering the best thinking on policy, intelligence
calls for modestly increased investment in Australian and policing on counter-terrorism and deradicalisation
diplomatic, intelligence and defence engagement in strategies. This should include more active sharing of
the region. The opening of an Australian diplomatic the profiles of individuals who have been radicalised,
mission in Doha, announced in May 2015, is a welcome as a foundation for thinking about necessary responses.
development. The Establishment of a Foreign Fighters Taskforce
Based on a developing deeper understanding of the under the auspices of the Australian Crime Commission
region, the Australian Government should continue the (ACC) is directed to strengthening international
practice adopted in recent years of making regular state- cooperation in this area. The Commission reported
ments to Parliament about Australia’s military operations to Senate Estimates hearings in May 2015 that it was
and counter-terrorism interests in the Middle East, “deploying officers in the coming year to Asia, the USA,
including setting out the strategic rationale for those Canada, Europe and the Middle East. We are doing that
activities. The government should also engage more in conjunction with the Australian Federal Police and
directly with online critics of Australian policy by using other partners internationally” (Dawson 2015, p.52). The
means such as ministers’ and senior officials’ speeches, ACC has coercive powers to compel individuals and
opinion pieces in newspapers and credible websites. organisations to provide information when questioned.
In September 2014 the ACC advised that they had
2. Urgently expand counter-terrorism “conducted 40 coercive hearings on 24 individuals” in
cooperation with key international partners the previous twelve months (Keenan 2014).
Following a late April 2015 visit to Paris, Prime Minister Of course, cooperation with European and North
Abbott and President Francois Hollande issued a joint American partners shouldn’t come at the expense of
statement promising to: regional engagement, but, with the exception of work
8. Revise the public terrorism advisory system 9. Explain how government agencies
Anthony Bergin and Clare Murphy (2015) have use counter-terrorism powers
pointed out the following about Australia’s threat and The Australian Parliament has given law enforcement
warning system. and intelligence agencies extensive new powers to deal
Our usually classified terrorism threat level and with the terrorism threat. While some measures have
public alert level were both raised to ‘high’ in September been controversial, experience to date has shown these
2014. This was the first time that ASIO made the changes to be necessary and proportional. Australian
threat level public and raised it to ‘high’: we’d been on agencies are also deeply engaged in counter-terrorism
medium level for 13 years. There was some confusion operations here and overseas and conduct many
about how the public was supposed to react to the cooperative activities with international partners.
raised alert level, and about the role that terrorism However, community support for these powers and
advisories play in our counter-terrorism machinery. actions is essential for maintaining confidence in the
Five immediate changes could help. First, it would existing arrangements and for arguing the case for any
be sensible to collapse the two systems into one future additions or expansions to powers.
public alert system, decided by the Director-General Australian governments, through COAG, should
of ASIO, that can be made public and accompanied promote confidence in our agencies by presenting
by an unclassified narrative. Second, there should be a 12-monthly public update on the use of counter-
a sunset clause that mandates the expiry of a raised terrorism powers in Australia. That report should
level after six months unless there’s evidence that include all information required by law (for example,
it shouldn’t be changed. Third, a generic alert level reporting on the use of delayed notification warrants
system isn’t appropriate for a country as large as and the data retention scheme) but also detailed infor-
Australia. Our terrorism warning system should offer mation on relevant matters such as the use of control
more advice about likely areas at increased risk. This orders, passport cancellations, numbers of continuing
would strengthen the system as an effective tool for investigations, individuals referred for diversion
communicating useful information to the public. programs, international cooperation activities, relevant
Our fourth suggestion is that the language used financial actions, court outcomes, and reporting
for terrorism advisories shouldn’t be arbitrary or about police and military operations. Of course, the
ambiguous. It would be prudent to test the narratives, report should respect the privacy of individuals and
the security of intelligence and operations. Beyond
that, it should present a comprehensive explanation
of how and why the agencies have used their powers,
and what’s been done in the Australian public’s name
to suppress terrorism here and overseas.
Authors: Anthony Bergin, Michael Clifford, David Connery,
Tobias Feakin, Ken Gleiman, Stephanie Huang, Grace
Hutchison, Peter Jennings, David Lang, Amelia Long, Clare
Murphy, Simone Roworth, Rosalyn Turner, Samina Yasmeen.
CONTENTS
BRAINSTORM 54
WRITTEN ACTIVITIES 55
MULTIPLE CHOICE 56
Brainstorm, individually or as a group, to find out what you know about terrorism and violent extremism.
1. What is terrorism?
4. What is radicalisation?
Complete the following activity on a separate sheet of paper if more space is required.
Since 2001, Australia has enacted over 60 counter-terrorism laws. These laws contain
a wide range of criminal offences and grant broad investigative powers to the police
and intelligence agencies. Many of these laws infringe upon fundamental human rights
by restricting the rights to liberty, privacy, and the freedoms of speech, movement, and
association.
Human Rights Law Centre (2015), Australia’s human rights score card: counter-terrorism.
Consider the above statement, and in the space below list the pros and cons of at least three of
Australia’s most controversial counter-terrorism laws. In your response, consider whether or not certain
these laws should be repealed, or the powers invested in them sustained or increased, and explain why.
What are the common elements in the experiences of most people who have been radicalised in Australia?
What non-violent measures can the Australian community take to counter the radicalisation of young
Australians and prevent them from participating in violent extremism or terrorist acts?
Complete the following multiple choice questionnaire by circling or matching your preferred responses.
2. Which of the following are considered to be terrorist organisations by the Australian government?
(circle all that apply)
a. Abu Sayyaf Group
b. Al-Qa’ida
c. Boko Haram
d. Hamas’ Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades
e. Hizballah’s External Security Organisation
f. Islamic State
g. Jemaah Islamiyah
h. Lashkar-e-Tayyiba
3. Which of the following are NOT among the 5 listed National Terrorism Threat Levels?
(circle all that apply)
a. Certain
b. Inevitable
c. Expected
d. Probable
e. Improbable
f. Not expected
g. Unexpected
4. Since 2001, how many Australians have been killed in terrorist attacks in public places?
a. Under 10
b. Under 100
c. 100-200
d. 1,000-,2000
e. 3,000-4,000
f. 5,000-6,000
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The publisher is grateful to all the contributors to this book for granting permission to reproduce their works.
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THANK YOU
hh Attorney-General’s Department
hh Australian Strategic Policy Institute
hh Australian Government (Australian National Security, Living Safe Together).
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