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    Illusrative Problems

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    Mechanical Zombie
    The document discusses problems involving complex states of stress that can be solved analytically or graphically. It provides two example problems and their solutions: 1) A circular bar under axial tension, calculating shear stress on planes with a given normal stress value. 2) Given stresses in the wall of a cylinder, calculating principal stresses and their planes using analytical and Mohr's circle methods. Changing one stress value, it re-solves the problem graphically. Key aspects of Mohr's circle are explained, showing how it relates all stress states at a point and allows determining maximum shear and principal stresses and their planes.

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    Illusrative Problems

    Uploaded by

    Mechanical Zombie
    83 views8 pages
    The document discusses problems involving complex states of stress that can be solved analytically or graphically. It provides two example problems and their solutions: 1) A circular bar under axial tension, calculating shear stress on planes with a given normal stress value. 2) Given stresses in the wall of a cylinder, calculating principal stresses and their planes using analytical and Mohr's circle methods. Changing one stress value, it re-solves the problem graphically. Key aspects of Mohr's circle are explained, showing how it relates all stress states at a point and allows determining maximum shear and principal stresses and their planes.

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    Lecture 6

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    The document discusses problems involving complex states of stress that can be solved analytically or graphically. It provides two example problems and their solutions: 1) A circular bar under axial tension, calculating shear stress on planes with a given normal stress value. 2) Given stresses in the wall of a cylinder, calculating principal stresses and their planes using analytical and Mohr's circle methods. Changing one stress value, it re-solves the problem graphically. Key aspects of Mohr's circle are explained, showing how it relates all stress states at a point and allows determining maximum shear and principal stresses and their planes.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    83 views8 pages

    Illusrative Problems

    Uploaded by

    Mechanical Zombie
    The document discusses problems involving complex states of stress that can be solved analytically or graphically. It provides two example problems and their solutions: 1) A circular bar under axial tension, calculating shear stress on planes with a given normal stress value. 2) Given stresses in the wall of a cylinder, calculating principal stresses and their planes using analytical and Mohr's circle methods. Changing one stress value, it re-solves the problem graphically. Key aspects of Mohr's circle are explained, showing how it relates all stress states at a point and allows determining maximum shear and principal stresses and their planes.

    Copyright:

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    LECTURE 6

    ILLUSRATIVE PROBLEMS:

    Let us discuss few representative problems dealing with complex state of stress to be solved either analytically or
    graphically.

    PROB 1: A circular bar 40 mm diameter carries an axial tensile load of 105 kN. What is the Value of shear stress
    on the planes on which the normal stress has a value of 50 MN/m2 tensile.

    Solution:

    Tensile stress y= F / A = 105 x 103 /  x (0.02)2

       = 83.55 MN/m2

    Now the normal stress on an obliqe plane is given by the relation

    = ysin2

    50 x 106 = 83.55 MN/m2 x 106sin2

     = 50068'

    The shear stress on the oblique plane is then given by

    = 1/2 ysin2

        = 1/2 x 83.55 x 106 x sin 101.36

        = 40.96 MN/m2

    Therefore the required shear stress is 40.96 MN/m2

    PROB 2:

    For a given loading conditions the state of stress in the wall of a cylinder is expressed as follows:

    (a)  85 MN/m2 tensile

    (b)  25 MN/m2 tensile at right angles to (a)

    (c)  Shear stresses of 60 MN/m2 on the planes on which the stresses (a) and (b) act; the sheer couple acting on
    planes carrying the 25 MN/m2 stress is clockwise in effect.

    Calculate the principal stresses and the planes on which they act. What would be the effect on these results if
    owing to a change of loading (a) becomes compressive while stresses (b) and (c) remain unchanged

    Solution:

    The problem may be attempted both analytically as well as graphically. Let us first obtain the analytical solution
    The principle stresses are given by the formula

    For finding out the planes on which the principle stresses act us the equation 

    The solution of this equation will yeild two values  i.e they 1 and 2 giving 1= 31071' & 2= 121071'

    (b) In this case only the loading (a) is changed i.e. its direction had been changed. While the other stresses
    remains unchanged hence now the block diagram becomes.

    Again the principal stresses would be given by the equation.


    Thus, the two principle stresses acting on the two mutually perpendicular planes i.e principle planes may be
    depicted on the element as shown below:

    So this is the direction of one principle plane & the principle stresses acting on this would be 1 when is acting
    normal to this plane, now the direction of other principal plane would be 900 + because the principal planes are
    the two mutually perpendicular plane, hence rotate the another plane  + 900 in the same direction to get the
    another plane, now complete the material element if is negative that means we are measuring the angles in the
    opposite direction to the reference plane BC .
    Therefore the direction of other principal planes would be { + 90} since the angle  is always less in
    magnitude then 90 hence the quantity ( + 90 ) would be positive therefore the Inclination of other plane with
    reference plane would be positive therefore if just complete the Block. It would appear as

    If we just want to measure the angles from the reference plane, than rotate this block through 1800 so as to have
    the following appearance.

    So whenever one of the angles comes negative to get the positive value,

    first Add 900 to the value and again add 900 as in this case  = 23074'

    so 1 = 23074' + 900 = 66026'  .Again adding 900 also gives the direction of other principle planes

    i.e 2 = 66026' + 900 = 156026'


    This is how we can show the angular position of these planes clearly.

    GRAPHICAL SOLUTION:

    Mohr's Circle solution: The same solution can be obtained using the graphical solution i.e the Mohr's stress
    circle,for the first part, the block diagram becomes

    Construct the graphical construction as per the steps given earlier.

    Taking the measurements from the Mohr's stress circle, the various quantities computed are

    1 = 120 MN/m2 tensile

    2 = 10 MN/m2 compressive

    1 = 340 counter clockwise from BC

    2 = 340 + 90 = 1240 counter clockwise from BC

    Part Second : The required configuration i.e the block diagram for this case is shown along with the stress circle.
    By taking the measurements, the various quantites computed are given as

    1 = 56.5 MN/m2 tensile

    2 = 106 MN/m2 compressive

    1 = 66015' counter clockwise from BC

    2 = 156015' counter clockwise from BC

    Salient points of Mohr's stress circle:

    1.  complementary shear stresses (on planes 900 apart on the circle) are equal in magnitude

    2.  The principal planes are orthogonal: points L and M are 1800 apart on the circle (900 apart in material)

    3.  There are no shear stresses on principal planes: point L and M lie on normal stress axis.

    4.  The planes of maximum shear are 450 from the principal points D and E are 900 , measured round the circle
    from points L and M.

    5.  The maximum shear stresses are equal in magnitude and given by points D and E

    6.  The normal stresses on the planes of maximum shear stress are equal i.e. points D and E both have normal
    stress co-ordinate which       is equal to the two principal stresses.
    As we know that the circle represents all possible states of normal and shear stress on any plane through a
    stresses point in a material. Further we have seen that the co-ordinates of the point �Q' are seen to be the same
    as those derived from equilibrium of the element. i.e. the normal and shear stress components on any plane
    passing through the point can be found using Mohr's circle. Worthy of note:

    1. The sides AB and BC of the element ABCD, which are 900 apart, are represented on the circle by
     and they are 1800 apart.

    2. It has been shown that Mohr's circle represents all possible states at a point. Thus, it can be seen at a point.
    Thus, it, can be seen that two planes LP and PM, 1800 apart on the diagram and therefore 900 apart in the
    material, on which shear stress  is zero. These planes are termed as principal planes and normal stresses
    acting on them are known as principal stresses.

    Thus ,   1 = OL

    2 = OM

    3. The maximum shear stress in an element is given by the top and bottom points of the circle i.e by points J1 and
    J2 ,Thus the maximum shear stress would be equal to the radius of i.e. max= 1/2(12 ),the corresponding
    normal stress is obviously the distance OP = 1/2 (x+ y ) , Further it can also be seen that the planes on which
    the shear stress is maximum are situated 900 from the principal planes ( on circle ), and 450 in the material.

    4.The minimum normal stress is just as important as the maximum. The algebraic minimum stress could have a
    magnitude greater than that of the maximum principal stress if the state of stress were such that the centre of the
    circle is to the left of orgin.

    i.e. if      1 = 20 MN/m2 (say)

    2 = 80 MN/m2 (say)

    Then maxm = ( 1 2 / 2 ) = 50 MN/m2

    If should be noted that the principal stresses are considered a maximum or minimum mathematically e.g. a
    compressive or negative stress is less than a positive stress, irrespective or numerical value.

    5. Since the stresses on perpendular faces of any element are given by the co-ordinates of two diametrically
    opposite points on the circle, thus, the sum of the two normal stresses for any and all orientations of the element
    is constant, i.e. Thus sum is an invariant for any particular state of stress.
    Sum of the two normal stress components acting on mutually perpendicular planes at a point in a state of plane
    stress is not affected by the orientation of these planes.

    This can be also understand from the circle Since AB and BC are diametrically opposite thus, what ever may be
    their orientation, they will always lie on the diametre or we can say that their sum won't change, it can also be
    seen from analytical relations

    We know 

    on plane BC;  = 0

    n1 = x

    on plane AB;  = 2700

    n2 = y 

    Thus n1 + n2= x+ y 

    6. If 1 = 2, the Mohr's stress circle degenerates into a point and no shearing stresses are developed on xy
    plane.

    7. If x+ y= 0, then the center of Mohr's circle coincides with the origin of  co-ordinates.

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