RATIO ANALYSIS

An Empirical Study of the Aluminum Industries in India

2018

Submitted By:

Puja Makwana

Roll No. UPG16MFM-035

Under the Guidance of:

Miss Namita Malla

Department of Professional Courses

Gangadhar Meher University,

Sambalpur – 768004, Odisha

DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that the work incorporated in the project report is original and Dissertation
report entitled “Ratio Analysis-An empirical study of Aluminium companies” submitted by me
for the MBA (FM) degree under the guidance of Sri. Namita Mall, and has not been formed the
basis for the award of any degree in this or any other University.

I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the
project report.

(Ms. Puja Makwana)

Signature of the Candidate

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report of the project submitted is an outcome of the Dissertationentitled
“Ratio Analysis-An Empirical Study of Aluminium Companies.” carried out by Puja
Makwana, bearing Roll No.: UPC16MFM-035 under my guidance and supervision for the partial
fulfillment of MBA (Financial Management) under Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur
(Odisha), India.

To the best of my knowledge the report,

 Embodies the work of the candidate herself,

 Has duly been completed,

 Fulfils the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the MBA (FM) degree of the College,
and

 Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words are indeed inadequate to convey my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have
helped me in completing this summer project to the best of my ability. Being a part of this
project has certainly been a unique and a very productive experience on my part.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude toMiss Namita Malla giving me the opportunity to
work in this esteemed organization, and helping me complete the project in a successful manner.

I am really thankful to our HOD Dr. Srinibash Dash for making all kinds of arrangements to
carry out the project successfully and for providing their constant guidance and help to solve all
kinds of queries regarding the project work. Their systematic way of working and incomparable
guidance has inspired the pace of the project to a great extent.

I would also like to thank all the others teachers for their moral support and help in all respects
for the completion of my work.Last, but not the least, I would also like to thank to my esteemed
Faculty Dr. Srinibash Dash (Head of the Department of Professional Courses), their constant
support continued and invaluable guidance at each step of this Dissertation project.

Above all in my heart I am quite thankful to my teachers, close friend & parents whose support
directly or indirectly went into the successful completion of the project.
 CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No. No.
1. Introduction
1.1 Summary of the Dissertation 8
1.2 Scope of the study 9
1.3 Objectives of the study 9-10
1.4 Limitations of the Study 10

2. Review of Literature 12-16

3. Theories of Study
3.1 Theoretical Background 18
3.2 Standards of comparison 18-20
3.3 Nature of ratio analysis 20-21
3.4 Interpretation of the ratios 21
3.5 Guidelines or precautions for use of ratios 21
3.6 Use and significance of Ratio Analysis 21-23
3.7 Limitations 23-25
3.8 Classification of ratios 25-33

4. Research Methodology
4.1 Research Objective
4.2 Research Hypothesis 35
4.3 Sample Design 35
4.4 Data Collection 35
4.5 Statistical tool used 35
5. Data Analysis& Interpretation
5.1 Liquidity Ratio 37-38
5.2 Leverage Ratio 38-40
5.3 Profitability Ratio 40-42

6. Conclusion
6.1 Conclusion 44

References / Bibliography
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter – 1: Introduction
1.1 Summary of the Dissertation-:
The importance of financial statement analysis lies in the fact that it presents facts on a
comparative basis and enables the drawing of inference regarding the performance of a firm.
Analysis is relevant in assessing the performance of a firm in respect of the following aspects:

 Liquidity position

 Profitability position

 Solvency position

 Shareholder’s ratio

 Overall profitability

Financial statements contain a wealth of information, which if properly analyzed and interpreted,
can provide valuable insights into a firm’s performance and position; analysis of financial
statements is of interest to several groups for variety of purposes. The principal tool of financial
statement analysis is financial ratio analysis, which essentially involves a study of analysis
between various items or group of terms in financial statements.

During the tenure of my study I have taken of following secondary data:

Annual report

o Annual account

o Balance sheet

o Profit & loss account

The tools, which are used for the study, are:

 Financial ratio analysis

 Through tabulation, the data are put in the form of tables.

Ratio analysis is defined as the systematic use of the ratio to interpret the financial statements. So
that the strengths and weaknesses of a firm, as well as its historical performance and current
financial condition can be determined. Ratio reflects a quantitative relationship helps to form a
quantitative judgment.

A Complete set of Financial Statements (Decision Tool), the income statement, the cash flow
statement, the statement of owner equity and the financial performance measures is available to
do a comprehensive financial analysis of Aluminium Companies.

The scope of this report includes its financial performance. To analyse this, ratio analysis is
applied. In this report, various ratios are calculated and interpreted which have significant impact
on the performance of the company. This findings is very useful in understanding the
performance and taking required actions to strengthen financial hold in the country.

Therefore, the prime objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate and analyse various
financial ratios and their effect on financial performance of Aluminium Companies.

This study is divided into various chapters for ease of access. The first chapter gives a brief
introduction, objectives and limitations of the study whereas the second chapter provides a basic
profile of the company followed by the theoretical explanation of ratio analysis in the third
chapter.

The fourth part deals with the study of previous works carried out on ratio analysis whereas the
fifth part entails the implementation of the research methodology followed by the observations &
findings and analysis & interpretation of data along with various opportunities & threats for the
organisation in the sixth part.

The seventh part entails the summary and lists necessary recommendations for the improvement
of the same along with the conclusion.

1.2 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is limited to collecting financial data published in the annual reports of
the company every year. The analysis is done to suggest the possible solutions. The study is
carried out upon 4 years data (2013-14; 2014-15; 2015-16 & 2016-17).

1.3 Objectives of the Study

To study the performance of Aluminium companies on the basis of the data collected from 31st
March 2013 to 31st March 2017. The main objectives of recent study aimed as:
 To study the present financial system at Aluminium companies.
  To know the financial condition of the company.

 Interpret the financial statement so that the strength and weakness of a firm Historical
performance and current financial condition can be determined. To analyse, interpret and
to suggest the operational efficiency by comparing the balance sheet & profit & loss a\c.

 To analyze the liquidity position of the company.

 Throw light on a long term solvency of a firm.

 To offer appropriate suggestions for the better performance of the organization.

1.4 Limitations of the Study

 Non-monetary aspects are not considered making the results unreliable.

 Different accounting procedures may make results misleading.

 In spite of precautions taken there are certain procedural and technical limitations.

 Accounting concepts and conventions cause serious limitation to financial analysis.

 Lack of sufficient time to exhaust the detail study of the above topic became a hindering
factor in my research.
 CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter – 2: Review of Literature
The contemporary literature on financial statement analysis to a significant extent
addresses the use of various financial ratios to assess a company’s performance for a certain year
or period of time as the ratio analysis is considered as a cornerstone for conducting financial
statement analysis. The computation of financial ratios based on information in a company’s
financial statements to evaluate profitability, operating efficiency and risk is one of the important
and useful analytical tools and shows relations among various balance sheet and income
statement items

Gupta and Heffner (1972)-: examined the differences in financial ratio averages between
industries. The Conclusion of both the studies was that differences do exist in mean profitability,
Activity, leverage and liquidity ratios amongst industry groups.

Pinches et al. (1973)-: used factor analysis to develop seven classifications of ratios, and found
that the classifications were stable over the 1951-1969 time periods.

Chuetal. (1991)-:analyzed the hospital sectors to observe the differences of financial ratios
groups between hospital sectors and industrial firms sectors. Their study concluded that financial
ratios groups were significantly different from those of industrial firms’ ratios as well these ratios
were relatively stable over the five years period. A significance relationship for about half of
industries studied indicated that results might vary from industry to industry.

(Khan, Jain, 1993)-: involves a study of the relationships between income statement and
balance sheet accounts, how these relationships change over time (Trend Analysis), and how a
particular firm compares with other firms in industry (Comparative Ratio Analysis).

Lamberson (1995)-: who studied how small firms respond to changes in economic activities by
changing their working capital positions and level of current assets and liabilities. Current ratio,
current assets to total assets ratio and inventory to total assets ratio were used as measure of
working capital while index of annual average coincident economic indicator was used as a
measure of economic activity. Contrary to the expectations, the study found that there is very
small relationship between charges in economic conditions and changes in working capital.

.
Phillips, Michael D., Volker, John X. & Anderson, Steven J.(2001)-:conducted an analysis to
evaluate the cross-sectional variations of financial ratios among different size private companies.
The study examines four ratio categories for the retail and service sectors over the period 1998 to
2000. The ratio categories include: (1) liquidity, (2) activity, (3) leverage, and (4) profitability.
Results provide strong evidence that small retail firms perform differently than larger retail firms
in all categories and time periods. Service firms had the strongest and most consistent differences
in activity and profitability ratios. Separate comparisons of the retail and service sectors also
showed significant performance differences in every ratio category.Their findings demonstrate
that size, as measured by total sales, is a critical factor in the behavior of the financial
performance of small, privately-held service and retail companies. Specifically, the largest and
smallest firms exhibit significant differences in their respective liquidity, activity, leverage, and
profitability ratios for firms in the retail sector. Service firms exhibited the strongest differences
in their respective activity, debt and profitability ratios. Furthermore, an examination of the
behavior of the metrics between retail and service firms of similar size showed significant
differences. An important implication of these results is that size and sector need to be
considered when using this data as a benchmarking tool. In a life-cycle context, these findings
suggest a behavioral view of the growth path for small retail operations. Liquidity is highest
during the early phase when the capital structure is first put in place. Since small firms do not
have easy access to long-term financing after the initial financing is in place, growth occurs from
existing liquidity, liquidity generated from ongoing operations, and from increases in the use of
short-term financing. Total debt capacity is relatively stable as the companies grow; only the
relative mix between short and long term debt changes over the size categories. The findings also
suggest that competition is increasing with the sales gains since profitability is falling.
Additionally, as firms grow in sales, the relative proportions of current assets to total assets
remains stable. As such, asset structures tend to be set in the initial phase of the life-cycle for
both retail and service firms.

Erich P. Helfert (2001) classifies and discusses financial ratios in accordance with three major
viewpoints: management’s viewpoint, owners’ or investors’ viewpoint and lenders’ viewpoint. A
certain ratio becomes useful when it best serves the objectives of the analysis and relates to the
viewpoint defined by the analyst. Managers are more interested in margin ratios, return on assets,
EBIT, EBITDA, turnover ratios, and free cash flow whereas investors pay close attention to
measures such as return on equity, earnings per share, dividends per share, total shareholder
return, price to earnings ratio, and lenders assess a company’s solvency and liquidity based on
the current ratio, quick ratio, debt ratios and coverage ratios.

Kieso, Jerry(2001)-: the common equity section of the balance sheet is divided into three
accounts, common stock, paid-in capital, and retained earnings. Common stock and paid-in
capital accounts arise from the issuance of stock which is main source of capital to corporations.
The difference between the selling price and the nominal value of stock is called paid-in capital.
Retained earnings are built up over time as the firm reinvests a part of its earnings rather than
paying all earnings out as dividends. The breakdown of the common equity shows whether the
company actually earned the funds reported in its equity accounts or whether the firm’s earnings
came mainly from selling stock.
Dr. Nabil M. Al-Nasser (2002)-: conducted a study on “The Impact of Financial Analysis in
Maximizing the Firm’s Value "A Case Study on the Jordanian Industrial Companies". Financial
statement analysis involves a study of the relationships between income statement and financial
position statement accounts, how these relationships change over time, and how a particular firm
compares with other firms in the same industry. His study aims to point out the impact of
financial analysis in maximizing the firm's value. Financial analysis outcomes can be used to
help both managers and external parties in making financial and investment decisions to
maximize the wealth and benefits of each stakeholder. For achieving this purpose, number of 100
questionnaires has been designed, circulated by hand to a selected sample of employees working
in different Jordanian industrial companies. Resolution data were analyzed using the statistical
program SSPS. Finally, the study concluded that, financial analysis has a significant positive
effect on helping managers in taking effective decisions that can increase the profitability and the
value of the firm. According to data analysis, and hypothesis testing the study had concluded that
financial analysis has a significant positive effect on helping managers in taking effective
decisions that can increase the profitability and the value of the firm and proper preparation and
analysis of financial statements minimizes risk of business failure, and reveals the strength,
weaknesses, and opportunities of a business enterprise. According to the study conclusions the
researcher recommends that managers depend on financial statements while taking decisions, so
there should be a continuous controlling process over accounts; as accounts reflects the real
activities of the firm, there should be; management should take into consideration other tools
than financial ratios as it has a significant effect on decision making and financial analysis will
not say why something is going wrong and what to do about a particular situation; they only
pinpoint where the problem is.
Sathyamoorthi (2002)-: focused on good corporate governance and in turn effective
management of business assets. He observed that more emphasis is given to investment in fixed
assets both in management area and research. However, effective management working capital
has been receiving little attention and yielding more significant results. He analyzed selected Co-
operatives in Botswana for a period of 1993-1997 and concluded that an aggressive approach has
been followed by these firms during all the four years of study.
Abuzar (2004)-: empirically investigated the relationship between profitability and liquidity for
sample firms in Saudi Arabia. Correlation and regression were used and the researcher took cash
gap and current ratio as a measure of liquidity and it was observed that size had a significant
effect on profitability.

Filbeck and Krueger (2005)-: highlighted the importance of efficient working capital
management by analyzing the working capital management policies of 32 non-financial
industries in USA. According to their findings significant differences exist between industries in
working capital practices over time.

Charles Horngren et al. (2006)-: state that the most important part in ratio analysis is the
interpretation and evaluation of financial ratios computed that require making three types of
comparisons to determine whether they indicate good, average or bad performance. These
comparisons include time-series analysis which implies that the set of financial ratios calculated
for a certain year are compared with the entity’s historical financial ratios, benchmark analysis
when computed financial ratios are compared with general rules of thumb and cross-sectional
comparisons that imply an analysis of a company’s financial ratios in relation to those of peers or
industry averages.

(Harness, Chatterjee, Finke, (2008)-:.A problem with using ratios as tools is that the extant
literature testing their value is limited. For example, there is little evidence that a capital
accumulation ratio of 0.7 is better than one of 0.3, or that the protection provided by holding 6
months of assets in liquid investments is worth the tradeoff in expected return

(Boundless, 2014) -: Financial ratios allow for comparisons and, therefore, are intertwined with
the process of benchmarking, comparing one's business to that of others or of the same company
at a different point in time. In many cases, benchmarking involves comparisons of one company
to the best companies in a comparable peer group or the average in that peer group or industry. In
the process of benchmarking, investor identifies the best firms in their industry, or in another
industry where similar processes exist, and compares the results and processes of those studied to
one's own results and processes on a specific indicator or series of indicators.
 CHAPTER-3
THEORIES OF STUDY
Chapter – 3: Theories of study
3.1 Theoretical Background –
The term “Ratio” refers to the numerical and quantitative relationship between two items or
variables. This relationship can be exposed as:

o Percentages

o Fractions

o Proportion of numbers

Financial ratios are mathematical comparisons of financial statement accounts or categories.

These relationships between the financial statement accounts help investors, creditors, and
internal company management understand how well a business is performing and areas of
needing improvement.

Financial ratios are the most common and widespread tools used to analyze a business’ financial
standing. Ratios are easy to understand and simple to compute. They can also be used to compare
different companies in different industries. Since a ratio is simply a mathematically comparison
based on proportions, big and small companies can be use ratios to compare their financial
information. In a sense, financial ratios don’t take into consideration the size of a company or the
industry. Ratios are just a raw computation of financial position and performance.

Ratios allow us to compare companies across industries, big and small, to identify their strengths
and weaknesses. For example, consider current ratio. It is calculated by dividing current assets
by current liabilities; the ratio indicates a relationship- a quantified relationship between current
assets and current liabilities. This relationship is an index or yardstick, which permits a
quantitative judgment to be formed about the firm’s liquidity and vice versa. The point to note is
that a ratio reflecting a quantitative relationship helps to form a qualitative judgment. Such is the
nature of all financial ratios.

3.2 Standards of comparison –

A number of financial tools have come into existence for the analysis of financial statements.
Financial statement analysis means a meaningful study of the financial statements, the balance
sheet and the profit and loss account, relating to a period of an industry, to ascertain the
prevailing state of affairs and reasons therefor. It is not enough to say that firm A is more
profitable than firm B; one must also be able to say the causes and factors that are probably
responsible for this. The object of the financial statement analysis is of great importance; for
example, one’s approach to comparison of two firms will be different from the approach of
assessing profitability of investment in a firm.

Standards are creatures of experiences, which are modified from time to time to meet changing
conditions; they are an ideal or an average or normal results to be attained under certain
conditions. Because of the changing nature of standards, constant acquaintance with the
conditions under which they are set up is essential so that causes of variations from the standard
can be intelligently appreciated. Standard ratios provide a bench – mark against which actual
ratios can be compared. The significance of a ratio calculated can be grasped only after it is
compared with the ratio. For this purpose four types of standards are employed:-

 Absolute standards –

These ratios are determined by the rule of thumb. For example, in the case of current ratio
2:1 is considered to be desirable. This type of standards are those which become
generally recognised as being desirable regardless of the company, its type, the time,
stage of the business cycles, or the objectives of the analyst. “The absolute standard is the
weakest of all, for it suggests the existence of some inherent trait common to all business,
which is generally far from the case”.

 Historical standards –

These are the past ratios of the company. Present performance can be judged on the basis
of past performance and the persons concerned can draw inferences about the
improvement or otherwise of the particular aspect. Comparison with historical standards
is also known as “Trend Analysis”. For this purpose, the trends rather than the actual
ratios are important. Hence the behaviour of the ratios over a period is observed. By
presenting a picture of operations over an extended time, trend – analysis of ratios
becomes a valuable tool for the financial manager. The trend of the ratios indicates
whether the concern has been moving in the direction in which it is tending to go, e. g.,
for measuring the rate of turnover, the ratio may be computed weekly or monthly and the
 points plotted on a graph to show the trend of the rate of turnover. However, it is not
satisfactory from the standard point of view. It can merely compare the present efficiency
with the efficiency of the past.

 Horizontal standards –

These are the average ratios calculated for the entire industry or the ratios of some other
firm engaged in the same line, i. e., Inter–Firm Comparison “Comparison can also be
made against the achievements of other business where available. It is difficult to be sure
that such comparison are on a like for like basis, even if operating in a similar market or
industry, partly as to the comparison of profit, but more particularly concerning the scope
of the business under comparison.” However, the difficulty in using such ratios is that no
two firms are similar in size, accounting policies and corporate objectives. So, naturally
there will be significant difference between the standard opted and the actual ratio. The
ratios calculated for the industry as a whole provide a satisfactory standard to judge and
interpret the ratios of the individual firm.

 Budgeted standards –

These standards are based on budgeted figures. The actual ratios are compared with
budgeted ratios and are, therefore, useful for the internal management as a tool of
performance and evaluation and control. The utility even for the internal analyst depends
much upon the care with which budgets are drawn up. Sometimes the assumptions made
at the time of preparing the budget may go wrong because of abnormal developments.
External analysts usually look to historical and / or horizontal standards.

It can be concluded that ratios themselves do not directly answer the important questions
about the firm. Instead they simply are relationship that, when compared to a standard of
performance, identify difference or variations. Such difference can lead to understanding
that brings forth changed performance. “Again as a matter of perspective, remember that
the manager uses financial statements mainly to locate problems and issues that need
managerial attention. And the alert manager is interested in developing and establishing
valuable and realistic standards against which ratios can be measured”.

3.3 Nature of ratio analysis –

Ratio analysis is a technique of analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It is the
process of establishing and interpreting various ratios for helping in making certain decisions. It
is only a means of understanding of financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm. There are a
number of ratios which can be calculated from the information given in the financial statements,
but the analyst has to select the appropriate data and calculate only a few appropriate ratios. The
following are the steps involved in the ratio analysis.

 Selection of relevant data from the financial statements depending upon the objective of
the analysis.

 Calculation of appropriate ratios from the above data.

 Comparison of the calculated ratios with the ratios of the same firm in the past, or the
ratios developed from projected financial statements or the ratios of some other firms or
the comparison with ratios of the industry to which the firm belongs.

3.4 Interpretation of the ratios–

The interpretation of ratios is an important factor. The inherent limitations of ratio analysis
should be kept in mind while interpreting them. The impact of factors such as price level
changes, change in accounting policies, window dressing etc., should also be kept in mind when
attempting to interpret ratios. The interpretation of ratios can be made in the following ways.

 Single absolute ratio

 Group of ratios

 Historical comparison

 Projected ratios

 Inter-firm comparison

3.5 Guidelines or precautions for use of ratios–

The calculation of ratios may not be a difficult task but their use is not easy. Following
guidelines or factors may be kept in mind while interpreting various ratios

Accuracy of financial statements

Objective or purpose of analysis

Selection of ratios
 Use of standards

Caliber of the analysis

3.6 Use and significance of ratio analysis –

The ratio is one of the most powerful tools of financial analysis.

It is used as a device to analyze and interpret the financial health of enterprise. Ratio analysis
stands for the process of determining and presenting the relationship of items and groups of
items in the financial statements. It is an important technique of the financial analysis. It is the
way by which financial stability and health of the concern can be judged. Thus ratios have wide
applications and are of immense use today. The following are the main points of importance of
ratio analysis:

a. Managerial uses of ratio analysis –

1. Helps in decision making –

Financial statements are prepared primarily for decision-making. Ratio analysis helps in making
decision from the information provided in these financial Statements.

2. Helps in financial forecasting and planning –

Ratio analysis is of much help in financial forecasting and planning. Planning is looking ahead
and the ratios calculated for a number of years a work as a guide for the future. Thus, ratio
analysis helps in forecasting and planning.

3. Helps in communicating –

The financial strength and weakness of a firm are communicated in a more easy and
understandable manner by the use of ratios. Thus, ratios help in communication and enhance the
value of the financial statements.

4. Helps in co-ordination –

Ratios even help in co-ordination, which is of at most importance in effective business

management. Better communication of efficiency and weakness of an enterprise result in better
co-ordination in the enterprise.

5. Helps in control –
Ratio analysis even helps in making effective control of business. The weaknesses are otherwise,
if any, come to the knowledge of the managerial, which helps, in effective control of the
business.

a) Utility to shareholders/investors –
An investor in the company will like to assess the financial position of the concern where he is
going to invest. Ratio analysis will be useful to the investor in making up his mind whether
present financial position of the concern warrants further investment or not.

b) Utility to creditors –
The creditors or suppliers extent short-term credit to the concern. They are interested to know
whether financial position of the concern warrants their payments at a specified time or not.

c) Utility to employees –
The employees are also interested in the financial position of the concern especially profitability.
Their wage increase and amount of fringe benefits are related to the volume of profits earned by
the concern.

d) Utility to government –
Government is interested to know overall strength of the industry. Various financial statement
published by industrial units are used to calculate ratios for determining short term, long-term
and overall financial position of the concerns.

e) Tax audit requirements–

Sec44AB was inserted in the income tax act by financial act, 1984. Clause 32 of the Income Tax
Act requires that the following accounting ratios should be given:

Gross profit/ turnover

Net profit/ turnover

Stock in trade/ turnover

Material consumed/ finished goods produced

Further, it is advisable to compare the accounting ratios for the year under consideration
with the accounting ratios of previous two years so that the auditor can make necessary
enquiries, if there is any major variation in the accounting ratios.
3.7 Limitations of ratio analysis –
Ratio analysis can be used to compare information taken from the financial statements to gain a
general understanding of the results, financial position, and cash flows of a business. This
analysis is a useful tool, especially for an outsider such as a credit analyst, lender, or stock
analyst. These people need to create a picture of the financial results and position of a business
just from its financial statements.

However, there are a number of limitations of ratio analysis that you should be aware of. They
are:

a. Historical –

All of the information used in ratio analysis is derived from actual historical results. This does
not mean that the same results will carry forward into the future. However, you can use ratio
analysis on pro forma information and compare it to historical results for consistency.

b. Historical versus current cost –

The information on the income statement is stated in current costs (or close to it), whereas some
elements of the balance sheet may be stated at historical cost (which could vary substantially
from current costs). This disparity can result in unusual ratio results.

c. Inflation –

If the rate of inflation has changed in any of the periods under review, this can mean that the
numbers are not comparable across periods. For example, if the inflation rate was 100% in one
year, sales would appear to have doubled over the preceding year, when in fact sales did not
change at all.

d. Aggregation –

The information in a financial statement line item that you are using for a ratio analysis may
have been aggregated differently in the past, so that running the ratio analysis on a trend line
does not compare the same information through the entire trend period.

e. Operational changes –

A company may change its underlying operational structure to such an extent that a ratio
calculated several years ago and compared to the same ratio today would yield a misleading
conclusion. For example, if you implemented a constraint analysis system, this might lead to a
reduced investment in fixed assets, whereas a ratio analysis might conclude that the company is
letting its fixed asset base become too old.

f. Accounting policies –

Different companies may have different policies for recording the same accounting transaction.
This means that comparing the ratio results of different companies may be like comparing apples
and oranges. For example, one company might use accelerated depreciation while another
company uses straight-line depreciation, or one company records a sale at gross while the other
company does so at net.

g. Business conditions –

You need to place ratio analysis in the context of the general business environment. For example,
60 days of sales outstanding might be considered poor in a period of rapidly growing sales, but
might be excellent during an economic contraction when customers are in severe financial
condition and unable to pay their bills.

h. Interpretation –

It can be quite difficult to ascertain the reason for the results of a ratio. For example, a current
ratio of 2:1 might appear to be excellent, until you realize that the company just sold a large
amount of its stock to bolster its cash position. A more detailed analysis might reveal that the
current ratio will only temporarily be at that level, and will probably decline in the near future.

i. Company strategy –

It can be dangerous to conduct a ratio analysis comparison between two firms that are pursuing
different strategies. For example, one company may be following a low-cost strategy, and so is
willing to accept a lower gross margin in exchange for more market share. Conversely, a
company in the same industry is focusing on a high customer service strategy where its prices are
higher and gross margins are higher, but it will never attain the revenue levels of the first
company.

Point in time – Some ratios extract information from the balance sheet. Be aware that the
information on the balance sheet is only as of the last day of the reporting period. If there was an
unusual spike or decline in the account balance on the last day of the reporting period, this can
impact the outcome of the ratio analysis.
3.8 Classification of ratios –
Financial ratios are divided up into six main categories for our research purpose: liquidity, solvency,
efficiency, profitability, market prospect, investment leverage, and coverage.

Here we only deal with those ratios which can be applicable in this firm or relevant for our study.

1. Liquidity ratios –

Liquidity ratios analyze the ability of a company to pay off both its current liabilities as they
become due as well as their long-term liabilities as they become current. In other words, these
ratios show the cash levels of a company and the ability to turn other assets into cash to pay off
liabilities and other current obligations.

The following are the most common ratios which indicate the extent of liquidity of the
MCL –

a. Current ratio –

Current ratio measures a firm’s ability to pay off its short-term liabilities with its
current assets. The current ratio is an important measure of liquidity because short
term liabilities are due within the next year.

This means that a company has a limited amount of time in order to raise the funds to
pay for these liabilities. Current assets like cash, cash equivalents and marketable
securities can easily be converted into cash in the short term. It indicates the
availability of current assets in rupees for every one rupee of current liability.

Formula –
current assets
current ratio=
current liabilities

b. Quick ratio –The quick ratio or acid test ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures the
ability of a company to pay its current liabilities when they come due with only quick
assets. Quick assets are current assets that can be converted to cash within 90 days or
in the short-term. Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments or marketable
securities, and current accounts receivable are considered quick assets.
 The quick ratio is often called the acid test ratio in reference to the historical use of
acid to test metals for gold by the early miners. If the metal passed the acid test, it was
pure gold. If metal failed the acid test by corroding from the acid, it was a base metal
and of no value.

The acid test of finance shows how well a company can quickly convert its assets into
cash in order to pay off its current liabilities. It also shows the level of quick assets to
current liabilities.

Formula –
cash +cash equivalents+ short term investments +current receivables
Quick ratio=
current liabilities

c. Working capital ratio –

The working capital ratio, also called the current ratio, is a liquidity ratio that
measures a firm’s ability to pay off its current liabilities with current assets. The
working capital ratio is important to creditors because it shows the liquidity of the
company.

Current liabilities are best paid with current assets like cash, cash equivalents, and
marketable securities because these assets can be converted into cash much quicker
than fixed assets. The faster the assets can be converted into cash, the more likely the
company will have the cash in time to pay its debts.

When current assets exceed current liabilities, the firm has enough capital to run its
day-to-day operations.

Formula –
current assets
working capital ratio=
current liabilities

2. Solvency ratio –

Solvency ratios, also called leverage ratios, measure a company’s ability to sustain operations
indefinitely by comparing debt levels with equity, assets, and earnings. In other words, solvency
ratios identify going concern issues and a firm’s ability to pay its bills in the long term. Many
people confuse solvency ratios with liquidity ratios. Although they both measure the ability of a
company to pay off its obligations, solvency ratios focus more on the long-term sustainability of a
company instead of the current liability payments.

Solvency ratios show a company’s ability to make payments and pay off its long-term obligations
to creditors, bondholders, and banks. Better solvency ratios indicate a more creditworthy and
financially sound company in the long-term.

The following are the most common ratios which indicate the extent of solvency of the
MCL –

a. Debt to equity ratio –

The debt to equity ratio is a financial, liquidity ratio that compares a company’s total
debt to total equity. The debt to equity ratio shows the percentage of company
financing that comes from creditors and investors. A higher debt to equity ratio
indicates that more creditor financing (bank loans) is used than investor financing
(shareholders).

b. Equity ratio –

The equity ratio highlights two important financial concepts of a solvent and
sustainable business. The first component shows how much of the total company
assets are owned outright by the investors. In other words, after all of the liabilities
are paid off, the investors will end up with the remaining assets.

The second component inversely shows how leveraged the company is with debt. The
equity ratio measures how much of a firm’s assets were financed by investors. In
other words, this is the investors’ stake in the company. This is what they are on the
hook for. The inverse of this calculation shows the amount of assets that were
financed by debt. Companies with higher equity ratios show new investors and
creditors that investors believe in the company and are willing to finance it with their
investments.
 b. Debt ratio –Debt ratio is a solvency ratio that measures a firm’s total liabilities as a
percentage of its total assets. In a sense, the debt ratio shows a company’s ability to
pay off its liabilities with its assets. In other words, this shows how many assets the
company must sell in order to pay off all of its liabilities.

This ratio measures the financial leverage of a company. Companies with higher
levels of liabilities compared with assets are considered highly leveraged and more
risky for lenders.

Formula –
total liabilities
debt ratio=
totalassets

3. Profitability ratio –

Profitability ratios compare income statement accounts and categories to show a

company’s ability to generate profits from its operations. Profitability ratios focus on a
company’s return on investment in inventory and other assets. These ratios basically
show how well companies can achieve profits from their operations.

Investors and creditors can use profitability ratios to judge a company’s return on
investment based on its relative level of resources and assets. In this sense, profitability
ratios relate to efficiency ratios because they show how well companies are using their
assets to generate profits. Profitability is also important to the concept of solvency and
going concern.

 Gross margin ratio –

Gross margin ratio is a profitability ratio that compares the gross margin of a business to
the net sales. This ratio measures how profitable a company sells its inventory or
merchandise.

Gross margin ratio is often confused with the profit margin ratio, but the two ratios are
completely different. Gross margin ratio only considers the cost of goods sold in its
calculation because it measures the profitability of selling inventory. Profit margin ratio
on the other hand considers other expenses.
 Formula –
gross margin
gross marginratio=
net sales

 Profit margin ratio –

The profit margin ratio, also called the return on sales ratio or gross profit ratio, is a profitability
ratio that measures the amount of net income earned with each rupee of sales generated by
comparing the net income and net sales of a company. In other words, the profit margin ratio
shows what percentage of sales are left over after all expenses are paid by the business.

Creditors and investors use this ratio to measure how effectively a company can convert sales
into net income. Investors want to make sure profits are high enough to distribute dividends
while creditors want to make sure the company has enough profits to pay back its loans. The
return on sales ratio is often used by internal management to set performance goals for the future.

Formula –
net income
profit margin ratio=
net sales

a. Return on assets ratio –

The return on assets ratio, often called the return on total assets, is a profitability ratio
that measures the net income produced by total assets during a period by comparing
net income to the average total assets. In other words, the return on assets ratio or
ROA measures how efficiently a company can manage its assets to produce profits
during a period.

Since company assets’ sole purpose is to generate revenues and produce profits, this
ratio helps both management and investors see how well the company can convert its
investments in assets into profits. You can look at ROA as a return on investment for
the company since capital assets are often the biggest investment for most companies.
In this case, the company invests money into capital assets and the return is measured
in profits.

In short, this ratio measures how profitable a company’s assets are.

 Formula –
net income
return on assets ratio=
average total assets

b. Return on equity ratio –

The return on equity ratio or ROE is a profitability ratio that measures the ability of a
firm to generate profits from its shareholders investments in the company. In other
words, the return on equity ratio shows how much profit each rupee of common
stockholders’ equity generates.

So a return on 1 means that every rupee of common stockholders’ equity generates 1

rupee of net income. This is an important measurement for potential investors because
they want to see how efficiently a company will use their money to generate net
income.

ROE is also an indicator of how effective management is at using equity financing to

fund operations and grow the company.

Formula –
net income
return on equity ratio=
shareholde r ' s equity

4. Market Prospect ratios –

Market Prospect ratios are used to compare publicly traded companies’ stock prices with
other financial measures like earnings and dividend rates. Investors use market prospect
ratios to analyze stock price trends and help figure out a stock’s current and future market
value.

These ratios are helpful for investors to predict how much stock prices will be in the
future based on current earnings and dividend measurements. For instance, a downward
trend in earnings per share and dividend yield point to profitability problems and could
even raise going concern issues. All of these issues point to a lower stock evaluation.

Here are some of the basic market prospect ratios that investors tend to analyze:
  Earnings Per Share

 Price Earnings Ratio or P/E Ratio

 Dividend Payout Ratio

 Dividend Yield

5. Efficiency ratio –

Efficiency ratios also called activity ratios measure how well companies utilize their
assets to generate income. Efficiency ratios often look at the time it takes companies to
collect cash from customer or the time it takes companies to convert inventory into cash
—in other words, make sales. These ratios are used by management to help improve the
company as well as outside investors and creditors.

Here are the most common efficiency ratios include:

a. Accounts receivable turnover –

It’s an efficiency ratio or activity ratio that measures how many times a business can
turn its accounts receivable into cash during a period. In other words, the accounts
receivable turnover ratio measures how many times a business can collect its average
accounts receivable during the year.

A turn refers to each time a company collects its average receivables. If a company
had $20,000 of average receivables during the year and collected $40,000 of
receivables during the year, the company would have turned its accounts receivable
twice because it collected twice the amount of average receivables.

This ratio shows how efficient a company is at collecting its credit sales from
customers. Some companies collect their receivables from customers in 90 days while
other take up to 6 months to collect from customers.

Formula –
net credit sales
accounts receivable turnover=
average accounts receivable

b. Asset turnover ratio –

 The asset turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that measures a company’s ability to
generate sales from its assets by comparing net sales with average total assets. In
other words, this ratio shows how efficiently a company can use its assets to generate
sales.

The total asset turnover ratio calculates net sales as a percentage of assets to show
how many sales are generated from each rupee of company assets. For instance, a
ratio of .5 means that each rupee of assets generates 50 cents of sales.

Formula –
net sales
assets turnover ratio=
average total sales

c. Inventory turnover ratio –

The inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that shows how effectively
inventory is managed by comparing cost of goods sold with average inventory for a
period. This measures how many times average inventory is “turned” or sold during a
period. In other words, it measures how many times a company sold its total average
inventory rupee amount during the year. A company with $1,000 of average inventory
and sales of $10,000 effectively sold its 10 times over.

This ratio is important because total turnover depends on two main components of
performance. The first component is stock purchasing. If larger amounts of inventory
are purchased during the year, the company will have to sell greater amounts of
inventory to improve its turnover. If the company can’t sell these greater amounts of
inventory, it will incur storage costs and other holding costs.

The second component is sales. Sales have to match inventory purchases otherwise
the inventory will not turn effectively. That’s why the purchasing and sales
departments must be in tune with each other.

Formula –
cost of goods sold
inventory turnover ratio=
a verage inventory
 CHAPTER-4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter – 4: Research Design

4.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The research will be conducted for threeAluminium company on their ratio values. The study
will be undertaken for the period of March 31 st 2014 –march31st 2017.The aim of the study to
find out financial statement of the three AluminiumCompany.

4.2 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS-:

Ho1-: There is no significant difference in liquidity ratio of the selected ratios.

Ho2-: There is no significant difference between in profitable ratio of the selected companies.

Ho3-: There is no significant difference between in leverage ratio of the selected company.

4.3 SAMPLE DESIGN-:

Three leading Aluminium companies have taken in to consideration whose annual data has taken
into 4 years.

4.4 Data collection-:

Data have been collected from the secondary sources.

4.5 Tools for analysis-:

Anova is used for testing the hypothesis.
 CHAPTER-5

DATA ANALYSIS &

INTERPRETATION

Chapter – 6: Data Analysis & Interpretation

Financial ratios are divided up into three main categories: liquidity, leverage, and
profitabilityfor the purpose of the research.
Here we only deal with those ratios which can be applicable in this firm or relevant for our study.

1. Liquidity ratios–

 Current ratio –

Year Vedanta Hindalco Nalco

2014 1.3 1.55 2.18
2015 1.31 1.78 1.77
2016 0.36 1.81 1.93
2017 0.53 1.34 3.33

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Su Averag Varianc
Groups Count m e e
0.25136
Column 1 4 3.5 0.875 7
6.4 0.04833
Column 2 4 8 1.62 3
9.2 0.49769
Column 3 4 1 2.3025 2
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 4.07811 2.03905 7.67148 0.01136 4.25649
Groups 7 2 8 1 1 5
2.39217 0.26579
Within Groups 5 9 7
6.47029
Total 2 11

ANOVA RESULT-: From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value
of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 7.67.Here the calculated value is greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be rejected. It means there is no significant
difference in current ratio of selected company during the study period.

b. Quick ratio –
Year Vedanta Hindalco Nalco
2014 0.94 0.71 1.03
2015 0.74 0.9 2.05
2016 0.27 0.95 1.04
2017 0.38 0.77 1.09
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Su Averag Varianc
Groups Count m e e
2.3 0.09709
Column 1 4 3 0.5825 2
3.3 0.01242
Column 2 4 3 0.8325 5
5.2 0.24902
Column 3 4 1 1.3025 5
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 1.06906 0.53453 4.47256 0.04480 4.25649
Groups 7 2 3 2 6 5
1.07562 0.11951
Within Groups 5 9 4
2.14469
Total 2 11
ANOVA RESULT-: From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value of F
is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 4.47.Here the calculated value is greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be rejected. It means there is no significant
difference in quick ratio of selected company during the study period.

2. Leverage ratios–
The leverage or solvency ratio refers to the ability of a concern to meet its long term
obligations. Accordingly, long term solvency ratios indicate firm’s ability to meet the
fixed interest and costs and repayment schedules associated with its long term
borrowings.

The following ratio serves the purpose of determining the solvency of the concern:

a. Debt to Equity ratio –

Year Vedanta Hindalco Nalco

2014 0.28 0.6 0.1
2015 0.29 0.62 0.5
2016 0.64 0.57 0
 2017 0.61 0.39 0.01

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Su Averag Varianc
Groups Count m e e
1.8
Column 1 4 2 0.455 0.0387
2.1
Column 2 4 8 0.545 0.0111
0.6 0.05569
Column 3 4 1 0.1525 2
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 0.33821 0.16910 4.80914 0.03796 4.25649
Groups 7 2 8 8 3 5
0.31647 0.03516
Within Groups 5 9 4
0.65469
Total 2 11

ANOVA RESULT-: From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value
of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 4.80.Here the calculated value is greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be rejected. It means there is no significant
difference in debt to equity ratio of selected company during the study period.

 Fixed assets to turnover ratio –

Year Vedanta Hindalco Nalco

2014 0.67 0.46 0.44
2015 0.48 0.54 0.12
2016 0.38 0.5 0.53
2017 0.32 0.53 0.74
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Su
Groups Count m Average Variance
1.8
Column 1 4 5 0.4625 0.023492
 2.0
Column 2 4 3 0.5075 0.001292
1.8
Column 3 4 3 0.4575 0.066425
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.006067 2 0.003033 0.099772 0.906031 4.256495
Within Groups 0.273625 9 0.030403
Total 0.279692 11
1321.85 3 2084.68 694.8933 18540.47
8055.45 3 21919.33 7306.443 19582.36
0.16 3 0.29 0.096667 0.000433
ANOVA RESULTS-From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated
value of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 0.09.Here the calculated value is less than
the tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be accepted. It means there is significant
difference in debt to equity ratio of selected company during the study period.

3. Profitability ratio–
 Operating Margin –

Year Vedanta Hindalco Nalco

2014 8.1 8.94 8.36
2015 14.24 9.89 9.12
2016 16.98 9.76 10.72
2017 18.14 13.03 8.86
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
57.4
Column 1 4 6 14.365 20.11823
41.6
Column 2 4 2 10.405 3.239367
37.0
Column 3 4 6 9.265 1.040367
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 57.3216 2 28.6608 3.524163 0.074073 4.256495
Within Groups 73.1939 9 8.132656
Total 130.5155 11
ANOVA RESULTS-: From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value
of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 4.80.Here the calculated value is greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be rejected. It means there is no significant
difference in debt to equity ratio of selected company during the study period.

 Earnings per share –

Vedant
Year a Hindalco Nalco
2014 9.15 12.75 9.73
2015 9.92 11.33 10.55
2016 60.6 8.96 10.72
2017 42.94 13.03 8.86
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
122.6 646.676
Column 1 4 1 30.6525 5
3.46089
Column 2 4 46.07 11.5175 2
Column 3 4 39.86 9.965 0.7295
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 1062.04 531.020 2.44760 0.14164 4.25649
Groups 2 2 8 1 4 5
1952.60 216.955
Within Groups 1 9 6
3014.64
Total 2 11

ANOVA RESULTS-:From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value
of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 2.44.Here the calculated value is not greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be accepted. It means there is no significant
difference in debt to equity ratio of selected company during the study period.

 Price earning (P/E) ratio –

 Vedan Hindalc
Year ta o Nalco
2014 3.19 3.84 16.44
2015 5.65 167.15 11.65
114.9
2016 9 167.28 13.76
123.6
2017 5 167.28 14.31
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Averag Varian
Groups Count Sum e ce
247. 4414.1
Column 1 4 48 61.87 78
505. 126.38 6674.6
Column 2 4 55 75 21
56.1 3.8744
Column 3 4 6 14.04 67
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
25429. 12714. 3.4386 0.0777 4.2564
Between Groups 57 2 78 98 29 95
33278. 3697.5
Within Groups 02 9 58
58707.
Total 59 11

ANOVA RESULTS-:From the above Anova table it can be analyzed that the tabulated value
of F is 4.25 and the calculated value of F is 3.43.Here the calculated value is not greater than the
tabulated value, so that the null hypothesis may be rejected. It means there is significant
difference in debt to equity ratio of selected company during the study period.
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter – 6: Conclusion
6.1 CONCLUSION

The “financial statement analysis” plays a vital role in helping the financial manager and top
management of company to plan and control their financial structural operations. An efficient
analysis would therefore highlight the pitfalls in management in terms of financial matters such
as income, expenditure, export and domestic sales, profitability, fund availability, liquidity, etc.
this give an idea about controllable and uncontrollable variables. These can be re-examined and
integrated to evolve idea, which can give efficient financial decision. A sound financial decision
gives the way for higher profitability and performance. It is nothing but a fine-tuning of control
systems in financial structure.
 Reference / bibliography

Websites–
 www.google.com
 www.nalcoindia.com
 www.aluminium-india.org
 www.bseindia.com
 www.moneycontrol.com
 www.yahoofinance.com
 www.myaccountingcourse.com
Annual Reports –
 2014 – 2015
 2015 – 2016
 2016 – 2017

Referred Books–
 Financial Management - I. M. Pandey
 Financial Analysis Tools & Techniques – Erich A. Helfert
 Interpreting & Analyzing Financial Statements – Karen P. Shoepack
 Research Methodology – C. R. Kothari