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STUDENT'S BOOK UPPER-INTERMEDIATE

 LANGUAGE INPUT SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
READING

Grammar Vocabulary 1 Vocabulary 2 Revision Skill Topic

1 The tense system Parts of the body Keeping vocabulary Dates and numbers Exploiting prior English as a world
Present, past and future Nouns used as verbs records Fractions and decimals knowledge language
Compound nouns Skimming
Simple and continuous
Perfect and non-perfect Suffixes and prefixes (1)
Active and passive

2 Present Perfect Simple Associating words with a Guessing the meaning of " Pronunciation ot '.:.. Literary The Seven Ages of
and Continuous period of one's life unknown words via alphabet appreciation Man by William
linguistic and contextual Spelling long words Shakespeare
Relating past actions and clues
activities to the present English names
Suffixes and prefixes (2)
Abbreviations

3 Gerunds Categorizing words to do Adjectives describing Short answers Intensive reading The right job for you
After certain verbs with work personal characteristics So do I/neither do I Completing a
questionnaire
After prepositions
As subject
Infinitives
After certain verbs and
adjectives

4 Question forms Guessing meaning A poem on the Have Apprecuoae Reincarnation

irregularities of English popular fiction
Subject/object questions Dramatic and neutral spelling - auxiliary verb
styles - full verb PrcdKXKConmt
Short questions Who to? Guessing the spelling of feoiBalMMfc
Indirect questions words - to express obligation
Tag questions
Questions + preposition

5 Narrative tenses Means of transport and Homonyms and Common expression? Bra-nag far The nightmare side
Past Simple and their associations homophones Exclamations
Continuous Jokes with a play on words 5^ ^ ^ j^, travel
Past Perfect Simple and
Continuous

6 Expressing quantity The language of statistics Health Modal verbs - a rt\ i: Pin nfci nag,. The health hazards
Mass and count nouns Clauses of comparison Illnesses, symptoms and forms and concept? j i ^ ^..ji, . °f modern-day life
diagnoses wraer'swttr
Compounds with some
and any Courses of treatment
Few versus a few
Much and many

7 Future time Nouns and verbs Gap filling Short answers aner . fiimifcuut Monster cities of the
Will and going to of opinion rc . year 2000
- with the same form and Exploring synonyms
pronunciation I think so
Present Continuous and
Simple - with shifting stress I dor ' ' '
Future Continuous 'increase in 'crease
Future Perfect
May, might, could
 SPEAKING LISTENING WRITING

\ctivity Topic Skill Topic Focus Activity

Discussion How do you learn Identifying different Description of six Proof-reading to find Writing an
languages? accents of English capital cities mistakes autobiography
Listening for specific Esperanto, the artificial
information language
Transferring information

3tolef)lay Who should get the Listening for specific The audition Word order Writing a biography
part? information
Transferring information

You've been made Summarizing An unusual first job The style of formal Writing a letter of
redundant. What are letters application
you going to do?

survey Fears and phobias Note taking A ghost story Text comparison Writing an appraisal
of a book or film

Plus, minus and interest Predicting Adventures of a lorry Conjunctions and Writing a narrative
points of international Completing a map driver prepositions of time
travel

Planning a menu Listening for specific Holistic medicine Formal and informal Rearranging jumbled
information letters texts
Transferring information Writing a formal and
an informal letter

~ -scussion Yesterday's and today's Listening for specific An interview with Joining contrasting Presenting both sides
problems information Jonathon Porritt, ideas of an argument
• ieplay An optimist and a Note taking Director of Friends of Discourse markers
pessimist the Earth
 LANGUAGE INPUT SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
READING

Grammar Vocabulary 1 Vocabulary 2 Revision Skill Topic

t Description Compound adjectives Describing objects - shape, Different meanings of get Literary The Lotus Eater by
Relative clauses Expressing negative material, colour Get + preposition appreciation - Somerset
qualities a short story Maugham
Present and past participles Multi-word verbs (1) -
Modifying adverbs Physical descriptions used literally

) Modal verbs of deduction Multi-word verbs (2) Idiomatic expressions Words commonly Jigsaw The relationship
Expressing degrees of - literal Identifying the key word to confused Comparing and between father and
certainty about the idiomatic expressions Rob versus steal exchanging daughter
present and past - particle as intensifier information
- non-literal Actually versus at the
Must, might, may, could, moment
can't

9 Expressing present and past Money Words with similar Time expressions Matching topic Meanness
habit meaning - synonyms and The day before yesterday sentences to
collocation paragraphs
Present Simple and
Continuous
Will
Would
Used to + infinitive
(compared with used
to + noun/gerund)

1 'Hypothesis Driving Formal versus neutral style Sentence stress Inferring Things I wish I'd
Should have done Emphatic do/does/did known at 18
Wish
Third conditional

2 Articles Multi-word verbs (3) Guessing the meaning of a Singular or plural nouns? Predicting Life isn't a rehearsal
Nouns formed from word from the example in Countable or Summarizing
A, the and the zero article
multi-word verbs uncountable nouns?
Poem - The Things That
Matter
 SPEAKING LISTENING WRITING

Activity Topic Skill Topic Focus Activity

Lecturettes Describing a person, Note taking Hitch-hiking in the Text comparison Writing two
place or occasion snow Fact and opinion in descriptions of a
descriptions town

Communication game Solve the murder! Intensive listening An arranged marriage Verb patterns in Writing a report of an
reported speech interview
Summarizing

Roleplay 'Writer seeks Predicting An interview with Rearranging jumbled Writing a dialogue, a
companion for a year Johnny Morris about texts to develop letter or an essay
on a trnniral island 1 Note taking nets in onr lives awareness of text
cohesion

Discussion Pros and cons Form filling Failing a driving test Sentence combination Manipulating complex
clauses to produce
Paradoxes coherent writing

Discussion Periods in world history Listening for information An interview with Mrs Linking devices Writing an essay
1.ime .travel.
T Thatcher
,,. . about
Victorian ,
values
 ^^Bfcjj^^g^^^^''

The tense system

Languages and
language learning

. Discussion point
Answer the questions using the list
below.
1 Which language in the world is
spoken by most people?
2 Which language has the largest
vocabulary?
3 Which is the oldest written
language? AFFA1RES : les chevaliers de
4 Which sub-continent has the
largest number of languages? LE MONDE
5 Which language has no irregular
verbs?
6 Which language has the most
letters in its alphabet?
7 In which language is the largest
encyclopaedia printed? Demain, tes robots a la ferme (page
Is i t . . . Spanish/Cambodian/
English/Egyptian/Esperanto/ 30 000 F A LEFIGAB/
Mandarin Chinese/Indian? premier quotidian-
The answers are on the next page.

CORRIEnE
Key:
1 Mandarin Chinese is spoken by
700 million people (70% of the
population of China). English is English as a world language
the most widespread, with 400
Countries in which English is spoken as mother tongue.
million speakers.
2 English has the largest vocabulary,
with approximately 500,000 words
and 300,000 technical terms.
3 The oldest written language is
Egyptian, which is 5000 years old.
4 India has the most languages, with
845.
5 There are no irregular verbs in
Esperanto, an artificial language
invented in 1887.
6 Cambodian has 72 letters.
7 The largest encyclopaedia is
printed in Spanish.

Reading English as:

mother tongue
Pre-reading task 1 ' I second language
Work in pairs. pidgin and Creole
Do you think the following I I foreign language
statements are true or false? Write ' Other English-speaking Carabbean countries include: St Christopher,
Nevis. Antigua. Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent, Barbados, and Grenada.
[T] or [F] in the boxes.
1 OH English was already an
important world language four Today, when English is one of the major and plural, tense, person, etc., but over the
languages in the world, it requires an effort of centuries words have been simplified. Verbs
hundred years ago. the imagination to realize that this is a rela- now have very few inflections, and adjectives
2 O It is mainly because of the tively recent thing - that in Shakespeare's do not change according to the noun.
United States that English has time, for example, only a few million people FLEXIBILITY. As a result of the loss of
spoke English, and the language was not inflections, English has become, over the past
become a world language. thought to be very important by the other five centuries, a very flexible language.
3 Q One person out of seven in the nations of Europe, and was unknown to the Without inflections, the same word can
world speaks perfect English. rest of the world. operate as many different parts of speech.
English has become a world language Many nouns and verbs have the same form, for
4 Q There are few inflections in because of its establishment as a mother example swim, drink, walk, kiss, look, and
modern English. tongue outside England, in all the continents smile. We can talk about water to drink and to
5 Q In English, many verbs can be of the world. This exporting of English began water the flowers; time to go and to time a race;
in the seventeenth century, with the first settle- a paper to read and to paper a bedroom.
used as nouns. ments in North America. Above all, it is the Adjectives can be used as verbs. We warm our
6 O English has borrowed words great growth of population in the United hands in front of a fire; if clothes are dirtied,
from many other languages. States, assisted by massive immigration in the they need to be cleaned and dried. Prep-
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that has ositions too are flexible. A sixty-year old man is
7 O In the future, all other given the English language its present standing nearing retirement; we can talk about a round
languages will probably die in the world. of golf, cards, or drinks.
out. People who speak English fall into one of three OPENNESS OF VOCABULARY. This
groups: those who have learned it as their involves the free admissions of words from
native language; those who have learned it as a other languages and the easy creation of
Skim reading compounds and derivatives. Most world
second language in a society that is mainly
Read the article on English as a bilingual; and those who are forced to use it for languages have contributed some words to
a practical purpose - administrative, profes- English at some time, and the process is now
world language. Find out the being reversed. Purists of the French, Russian,
sional or educational. One person in seven of
answers to the true/false statements. the world's entire population belongs to one of and Japanese languages are resisting the arrival
There is one statement for each these three groups. Incredibly enough, 75% of English in their vocabulary.
paragraph. Discuss your answers in of the world's mail and 60% of the world's THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH. Geo-
telephone calls are in English. graphically, English is the most widespread
pairs. Then read the article in more language on Earth, second only to Mandarin
depth. Chinese in the number of people who speak it.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS It is the language of business, technology,
SIMPLICITY OF FORM. Old English, sport, and aviation. This will no doubt
like modern German, French, Russian and continue, although the proposition that all
Greek, had many inflections to show singular oilier \ang\iages mil die out vs, ateuid.
Comprehension check/Language work Flexibility of form
• Vocabulary 1
Here are the answers to some 1 Label the diagram below. Work in
questions. Work out the questions. The article on English as a world pairs.
language mentioned three Can you add any more parts of the
1 A few million. characteristics of vocabulary in body?
2 Because it is the mother tongue of English -.flexibility of form,
many countries outside England. compounds and derivatives.
3 In the seventeenth century.
4 75%
5 60%
6 Yes, it had a lot of inflections.
7 Simplicity of form, flexibility, and
openness of vocabulary.
8 Mandarin Chinese.

What do you think?

1 Does the text come from
- a brochure for an English
language school?
- a preface to a book on modern
language teaching?
- a dictionary?
- an encyclopaedia?
2 The text says that it is because of
the United States that English is a
world language. Why?
3 Which of the three groups of
English speakers do you belong
to? What is your reason for
learning?
4 What words are there in your
language that have been borrowed
from other languages?

Listening
I T.1 You will hear six native
speakers of English from different
countries describing their capital
city. Put the number of the speaker
in the right box. Try to recognize the
different accents, and listen for clues
to help you.

American Welsh
Australian Irish
Scottish English

> Language focus

Read the Language review on page 7.
Do the Controlled practice exercises
1-4 on page 8.
2 Complete the following sentences Compounds Derivatives
using a verb (in an appropriate 1 Look at the dictionary entry of 1 Look at the words made with
tense) which denotes a part of the compounds formed with the word suffixes and prefixes.
body. head. Answer the questions. verb to ere'ate
Example nouns crea'tivity
You have no money. Face the 20 (compounds)x~-achs B
(C,U1 (a) continuous pain in the ~: suffer from cre'ation
facts. You can't go on spending ~adie(s); have a bad ~ache. (b) (si) trouble-
money as though you were a some problem: more ~ac/ies for the Department person cre'ator
of the Environment. *~-band n band worn round
millionaire. the ~. x~-dress n covering for the ~, esp adjective cre'ative
woman'sv ornamental kind. x~-gear n hat, cap, opposite uncre'ative
~dress. ~-hunter n savage who cutss off and
keeps as trophies the ~s of his enemies. ~-lamp
n powerful lamp fixed to the front of va motor 2 Do the same for the following
vehicle, etc. O the illus at motor. ~-land words.
/-land/ n promontory, cape. ~~-light n large lamp
on the front of aKlocomotive, motor-car, etc. c> the The prefixes and suffixes will not
illus at motor. ~-line n newspaper heading; line
at the top of a page containing title, etc; (pi) sum- always be the same.
mary of broadcast news: 'Here are the news photograph produce economy
~(mes.' ~-man /-masn/ n (pi -men) chief man
of a village, tribe, etc. '~-xmaster/-Vnistress nn
principal master (mistress) of a school. v~-on
adj, adv (of collisions) with the front parts (of Speaking
vehicles)x meeting: a ~-on collision; meet/strike
~-on. ~-phones n pi receivers fitting over the
~ (for radio, etc); ear-phones. ~~-piece n (a) How do you learn languages?
helmet, (b) (colloq) intelligence; brains. '~-
"quarters n (sing or pi) place from which (eg 1 Discuss the following questions
police, army) operations are controlled. '~-re«t n with your fellow students.
sth that vsupports the ~. x~-room n = clear-
ance(2). ~-set n~phones. ~-ship/-Jip/ n posi- - What are the differences between
tion ofs a ~master or ~mistress: apply for a
~s/iip. ~-stalls
n part of a bridle or halter that fits the ways a baby learns its first
round the
N ~. ~-stone n stone set up at the ~ of a language and the ways an adult
grave. ~-way n [U]v progress, make some/no
~way. cO 19 above. ~-wind n one that blows learns a second language?
directly into one's face, or against the course of a - What advantages does the baby
ship, etc. ~~-word n word used as a heading, eg
the first word, in heavy type, of a dictionary entry. have?
~ed adj (in compounds) ' three-"~ed, having
three ~s; 'long- ~ed, having a long skull. ~- - What advantages does the adult
less adjhaving no ~. have?
2 Work alone.
What is most important for you in
a. Why do tennis players sometimes learning a language? Put the list in
wear a headband? order of importance, 1 being the
b. Where is the headquarters of the most important.
United Nations? Q learning grammar
a. Could you . me that book c. What is written on headstones? 13 learning vocabulary
on the table next to you? Thank
you.
b. In the final minutes of the
d. If you're making headway with a
problem, how are you getting on?
e. What are the lights on the front of
B speaking and being corrected
speaking and not being
corrected all the time
football match, Robson a car called? Q listening
the ball into the back of the net. f. What is the first thing you hear on Q reading
c. She the car carefully out the radio or television news? O writing
of the garage, and drove off. g. What do you do if you want to Q pronunciation practice
d. After his father's death, Tom had listen to music without disturbing
anyone? 3 Work in groups.
to the responsibility for Compare your lists.
his family's debts. Justify your order, but remember
e. She the material gently. 2 Work in pairs.
that different people learn in
It felt as smooth as silk. From this Find the compounds under hair, different ways.
she could make the most eye, and finger. Write similar Try to agree as a class on an order
beautiful gown. sentences to the ones above, of importance.
f. The bank robber was sometimes using the word (as in
with a knife and a gun. questions a.-d.) and sometimes 4 Can you think of some suggestions
g. I ran out of petrol on the not (as in questions e.-g.). Ask for effective language learning?
motorway, so I had to a the other students your questions Example
lift to the nearest petrol station. to test them! Practise as much as possible.
Read books and newspapers.
 Listening
Pre-listening task
You will hear a radio programme
about Esperanto. Work in pairs.
Make two lists.

What I know about Esperanto

• ®#)#r
]\ ?»***.
£s>?

What I would like to know %

Who

Listening for information

1 Listen to the introduction to the

programme. Does it mention any
of the subjects you discussed?
Does it answer any of your
questions?
2 Listen to the interview with
Professor Nesbit, and fill in the
raryo
charts.
-a passport to an
Advantages of Esperanto as a ever-widening circle
world language of friends!

What do you think?

1 What do you think of Zamenhofs
'interna ideo'?
2 Would you rather be learning
Disadvantages of English as a
DO YOU KNOW Esperanto than English?
world language
that there are thousands of Esperanto Why/why not?
I clubs throughout the work! and that 3 Work in groups.
the number of people spfaking the
language is increasing-' List the disadvantages of
•' YOU CAN USE ESPERANTO Esperanto as a world language,
the intprnationa? language for
TRAVEL0WORLO-WIDE CONTACTS and the advantages of English.
I• INFORMATION»FR!ENDSHIP»HOBBIES 4 Take a vote in the class. Which
language would the majority
rather be learning?
• Vocabulary 2 Another approach is to keep small Writing
file cards in an index box.
Keeping vocabulary records When you are speaking, mistakes
It is very important that you decide Side 1 often do not matter if people can
how you are going to organize your understand what you mean.
vocabulary learning. You need to Unfortunately, this is not the case
/'aejcjarat/
keep a record of the words you come when you are writing. Correct the
across, and review the records mistakes in these sentences, and use
regularly. Buy a special notebook. the signs and abbreviations below to
Example
identify the mistakes.
There are many ways of keeping
records, but the best is the one that / must fry to / This word is not necessary
you think is right for yourself. Here A Add (a) word(s)
are some suggestions. accurate when
The information you need is: P Punctuation
I write
- the word
Sp Spelling
- its part of speech (noun, verb,
etc.) Side 2 Off Grammar
- its meaning
- its pronunciation 7* Tense
- how to use it in a sentence. Definition: Ww Wrong word
You might want:
c a r e f u l , free from V/0 Word order
- to make a note of the context
- to translate it into your language error
- to write a sample sentence of your Example
own or from the dictionary Qir She live$ in Rome.
TV a n s l a N on;
- to include a word of similar I like very much skiing.
meaning in English. prec'iso,
a. My friend she came to see
Different ways of organizing the me last night.
page. (in Spanish)
b. I am going to the village
where live my parents.
1.
Content A recipe c. He told to me a story, wich
was very funny.
Word £xa»wple Translation d. When I arrived to home, I
had the dinner.
e. She speak english, frencho
to season season the dish wi-Hn salt 3SS3isonr\er and russian.
f. The dog broke it's leg.
and pepper before serving
g. He gave to me a pen for my
bithday.
h. She's doctor.
(in French)
i. She's a doctor for five years.
2. j. I explained the teacher why
was I late.
\Nord Pronunciation Example Similar Word
k. The American people is
very generous.
1. I made my homework very
feelen^ih^S carefuly.
possession (n.) /pa'z^>» / test all my
possessions
in the fire
Correct this composition in the same way. There are twenty mistakes. • Language review
The tense system

M ?v\d / 1 Continuous and Perfect aspect

is UMS
There are two aspects in the tense
system of English, continuous and
perfect. Tenses have two elements of
meaning, the time of the verb action
v\V\0(^e Mexico and aspect. Aspect is the way the
speaker sees the verb action.

Continuous aspect
a. Ann sings well.
it b. Ann is singing well.
In both sentences the tense is :
present, but the aspect is different. In
a. Ann's ability as a singer is
permanent', b. refers to a
performance on a. particular
occasion.
Continuous tenses are less frequent
than simple tenses.

Perfect aspect
a. Peter lived in Rome for five years.
b. Peter has lived in Rome for five
years.
(a.) refers to a time in the past, now
finished; (b.) refers to both past and
present, and expresses an action
which began in the past and still
continues.
The Present Perfect is a very
common tense, and is particularly <
frequent in spoken English.

2 Active and Passive

English has active and passive voices.
a. Maria speaks several languages.
b. English is spoken all over the
world.
In (a.) the agent, Maria, is the
subject.
In (b.) the agent is not given.
Passive sentences are less frequent in
spoken English, but they are very
common in scientific and official
writing.

Write a similar composition about - countries you have been to >• Grammar reference: page 109 and
yourself. - what you hope to do in the future. .110
Include information about: Practise checking your own and your
- your background colleagues' written work for
- your education mistakes before giving it to your
- your work experience teacher.
 ACTIVE Simple Continuous
CONTROLLED PRACTICE
Present Jutotrrfa
The tense system
1 Complete the tense charts Past
opposite.
Use the verb work for the active Future
and mend for the passive in the
third person singular.
Present Perfect
Notice that not all continuous
tenses are included. They are rare Past Perfect
because they are so long.
Complete the following sentences. Future Perfect
Continuous tenses are formed
with the auxiliary verb
+ the participle. PASSIVE Simple Continuous
Perfect tenses are formed with the Present
auxiliary verb + the
participle.
Past
Passive tenses are formed with the
auxiliary verb + the
Future
participle.
2 Look again at the article on Present Perfect
English as a world language.
There are ten verbs in italics. Past Perfect
What tense are they?
3 You are going to interview , Future Perfect
someone about her/his past,
present and future. First work in
pairs. Prepare the questions. •>

background Where were you born?

education What schools did . . .?
. . . university?
travel experience What countries have you . . . ?
When ...?
What ...? hor
Ii rl A
** <*1 ? ^>v
family . . . married?
'3- I?/
Have you got . . .?
SPORTS:
sports and hobbies Do you play . . .?
6B_ / f'^y
work experience ...job?
carets-.
How long . . . ?
reason for learning English Why ...?
hopes and intentions for the future What do you want . . .?
When are you going to . . .?
Ask your teacher the questions to
check you have formed them
correctly.
4 Change partners. Ask and answer
questions about each other.
 2 Dictation 4 Answer these questions.
REVISION I T.3 [You will hear four news - What's the date today?
items. On the tape there are - When's your birthday?
Numbers and dates
sixteen numbers. Write them - What's your date of birth?
Dates down on a separate piece of paper. - When's Christmas Eve?
1 The way dates are written and Write the numbers, not the letters. - When's New Year's Day?
spoken is different. - What's the population of your
Example 13
country?
Written
3 Work in pairs. - What's your address?
17/9/1951
Practise saying the following - What's the rate of
17 September 1951
numbers. unemployment in your
17 Sept. 1951
Numbers country?
Spoken - What's the exchange rate
the seventeenth of September, 13/14/15/16/17/18/19
between sterling and your
nineteen fifty-one 30/40/50/60/70/80/90
currency?
September the.seventeenth, 14/40/16/60/18/80
- What's your telephone number?
nineteen fifty-one 13 years old/19 people/16 cars
2 Work in pairs. Practise saying the 105/238/950/l,200/2,780/
following dates. 5,060/11,900/120,000/450,000/
16 April/21 July/3 February/ 843,926/5,600,420
29 January/4 November Money
1986/1916/1960/1804/1991/1620 £6.70/90p/15p/£15/£1.50/£17.99A
28/1/58 6/6/80 25/4/76 $20/10FF/50DM
the 20th century/the 18th century/ Telephone numbers
the 12th century 01 491 2598/0943 7885S/
0104436831120
Numbers Fractions
1/3/1/1/2/7/3/J3/..15ol/94_L
1 0 is pronounced in different ways. 2'4'4'3'3'8'5'^4' 2/z^16
The number is called nought /no:t/ Decimals
in British English and zero /ziarau/ 4.32/7.886/27.9%/33.406/
in American English. 11.02/3.141592
When numbers are said one by
one, we say /so/ like the letter 'o'.
Example
Telephone numbers
3098/Qri: so nam eit/
Account numbers
"&•(
T ' 'tfl y
7 / — '
/
Sports are different! £l>
Football 3-0 /ml/ tirdnsdriof «
mcorfcdc.j ^ f
Tennis 15-0 /Lvv/ V <'
emcie.
«*<•>
/ \>«<-
X
W"
 Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

The seven ages of man

Discussion point
People in developed countries can
expect to live for about seventy
years.
Suggest age groups for the following'
people and ages.
0 - O a baby(babyhood)
D-13 a child (childhood)
13-O a teenager (the teenage years)
Q-D an adult (adulthood)
O-Q a middle-aged person
(middle age)
O-Q an old person (old age)
What are some of the joys and
problems of each age?
Are you happy with your present
age?
How do you feel about growing
older?

'I'm at that difficult age — too old to work and too

young to be a world leader '

10
• Vocabulary 1
'AS YOU LIKE IT' (by W. Shakespeare) Act II, Scene 7.
Work in pairs.
With which age or ages do you All the world's a stage,
associate the following? Use your And all the men and women merely players:
dictionary and discuss together. They have their exits and their entrances;
- nappies - comics And one man in his time plays many parts,
- a pension - false teeth 5 His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
- wrinkles - swings and Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
- moo cows and roundabouts
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel,
gee gees - a satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
- a mortgage
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
- swotting - going bald 10 Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad
-going grey - playing truant Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
- expecting a baby Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
- an inability to sleep Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
- an inability to get up Seeking the bubble reputation
15 Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
wise
innocent In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
mature With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
being responsible Full of wise saws and modern instances;
ambitious And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
naughty 20 Into the lean and slipper 'd pantaloon
absent-minded With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
His youthful hose well sav'd a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Reading Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
I T.4 | This is an extract from a 25 And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
Shakespeare play As You Like It. It is That ends his strange eventful history,
a famous speech, known as The seven Is second childishness and mere oblivion
ages of man, by a character called Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Jaques (pronounced /'dseikwiiz/).
What are the seven ages that Jaques
describes? The glossary on the next
page will help you .

V. \ / .
uns

11
 Glossary (by line number) 27 oblivion >• Language focus
6 mewling and puking forgetfulness Read the Language review on page 16.
crying and being sick (archaic) 28 sans Do the Controlled practice exercises
7 whining without (French word) 1-3.
making a complaining,
miserable noise Comprehension check
1 What is the modern word for Vocabulary 2
8 creeping like snail
moving slowly like a snail players? (line 2) Guessing the meaning of unknown
2 What are exits and entrances, parts words
and acts in the theatre? When you meet a new word, the best
What are they in a person's life? advice is initially to ignore it.
3 Does the baby seem attractive? Sometimes, however, it might be an
important word, and rather than
What doesn't the school-boy want
look it up in a dictionary, you might
to do?
10 furnace What is the lover doing? be able to guess it.
enclosed fireplace for It is not always necessary to be 100%
Do all of these words describe the
heating metals right, 50% is often enough.
soldier?
violent quick-tempered clever 1 Suffixes and prefixes
What does the judge like doing? In Unit 1 (page 4) we saw how
How old is the man in the sixth prefixes and suffixes are used to
age? form different parts of speech.
What can't the man in the seventh fashionable = adjective
age do? happiness = noun
4 There is a negative criticism of electrician = person
woful each of the seven people. They can also add a new meaning.
sad (poetic; modern spelling Who . . . Example
woeful.) - keeps on complaining? bi = two
12 oaths - wants fame so much that he'll bilingual
swear words, rude words probably kill himself? biplane
- looks rather ridiculous? If you understand the meaning of
bearded like the pard
- sounds and smells awful? the suffix or prefix, you can often
with a beard like a priest
- probably wouldn't notice either guess the meaning of a new word.
15 justice the sound or the smell?
judge 2 What meaning do the following
- will probably mature with age?
16 belly - sounds a real bore? suffixes and prefixes add?
stomach (colloquial) a. non-fiction
5 The lover writes a ballad 'to his b. dishonest
capon mistress' eyebrow'. What point is c. misunderstand
male chicken fattened for eating Shakespeare making about the d. oversleep
18 saws lover? e. undercook
sayings or proverbs (archaic) f. redecorate
6 Explain the phrase bubble
instances reputation. g. an ex-president
examples h. a manageress
20 lean i. helpless
What do you think?
thin j. useful
1 As You Like It was written nearly k. anti-social
slipper'd four hundred years ago. How 1. autograph
with slippers on much are Shakespeare's m. pro-American
pantaloon descriptions of people still true n. defrost
trousers (archaic) today? o. microscope
22 hose Do you know anyone that p. post-graduate
kind of trousers resembles one of the characters? q. predict
22/23 The trousers which were 2 Shakespeare describes the ages of
saved from when he was man very cynically. How could
young are now much too big each person and age be described
for his body, which has shrunk. in a more flattering way?

12
3 Context Example 4 Work in pairs.
Examining the context will Smallpox used to be a highly Read the newspaper article.
provide the best help. Look dangerous disease, but nowadays, Try to guess the meaning of the
closely at the context to see: thanks to modern medicine, very words in italics.
a. the part of speech. Is it a noun/ few people die of it.
Can you guess
adjective/verb/person? Smallpox is a noun. 50%?/90%?/100%?
b. any other references to the It is a disease.
unknown word. Is it described or It used to kill a lot of people, but
defined? not now.

The boy who fell down stairs, drank antiseptic,

chopped off a finger and then plunged into

an empty swimming pool . . .

Allen is a

little disaster

ACCIDENT PRONE Allen Allen's head when he plunged headlong

Davies is only five, but already his into a pool.
parents are convinced he's a Mr Davies, supported by the Lewisham
and Berwick Street Traders' Associ-
walking disaster. ation, raised the cash with the help of
The youngster has cracked his head celebrities including actor Richard
falling into an empty swimming pool, has Harris, songwriter Andrew Lloyd-
chopped the end of his finger o/f with a Webber and Spike Milligan, who donated
penknife and has made himself ill by possessions to be auctioned at a charity
drinking half a bottle ofDettol. disco and buffet.
Each time another disaster strikes Mr Davies, of Avondale Road, Bromley,
Allen, he is taken to the Children's said, 'Little Allen is a regular patron
Hospital in Sydenham, where he has of the hospital. He's always having
been such a regular visitor he believes the accidents. He's been going there since he
nursing sister is a member of his family. was just one.'
Now Allen's grateful father, street
trader Alan Davies, has raised £6500
for the hospital to buy a neonatal monitor Holidays
to measure babies' breathing and
temperature.
'Everyone in the hospital has known him
for years, and he firmly believes he's got a
Stitches real sister in the hospital because he
iai [i:ijnBitffiiMatiBfthi!!SB^8SBS8fMMEBEHB knows the sister who looks after him so
His wife Margaret said, 'It all started well.'
when little Allen was a year old. He A sister at the hospital said, "Whenever
fell over and cut himself and had to have we see Allen coming in again, we all shout
stitches in his forehead. Since then "What have you been doing this time?"'
he hasn't stopped. He's been taken to Allen's older brothers have also had
hospital at least ten times. their share of accidents and had to be
'The latest accident happened when he taken to the Children's Hospital.
climbed on to a shelf and managed to open Robert, 15, tore some ligaments on a
his father's penknife. skiing holiday and slipped off his
'He chopped the end of his finger off and crutches, breaking his ankle a few days
DANGER BOY — Allen swings into action, after had to have it sewn back on.' laterand Lee, 13,injuredhisneckdoinga
climbing up a lamp post. Doctors at the hospital also had to stitch motorbike stunt.

(Standard 3 March 1980)

13
>• Language focus Mr Micawber is a comic character.
t Listening
His plans always go wrong, he is
1 Underline in a solid line _
I T.5 | A TV company is about to always in debt, but he is always
the examples of the Present Perfect
start filming a new serial of Charles optimistic. He is a gentleman, about
Simple, and in a broken line
Dickens' novel David Copperfield. fifty, who talks too much because he
_____ the examples of the
They are trying to find an actor to likes the sound of his own voice.
Present Perfect Continuous . One
take the part of Mr Micawber
example is interchangeable.
(pronounced /mi'koibs/).
Which one?
2 Work in pairs.
Ask and answer questions about
the accidents you have had.
Example
Student A Have you ever broken a
leg? /been in a car crash? '/had to
have stitches?
Students No, .. ./Yes, ...
Student A When/ how/where did
...?
3 Work in pairs.
Complete the following questions,
using either the Present Perfect
Simple or Continuous. If both are
possible, use the Continuous.
a. How long (know) the
teacher?
b. How long (learn)
English?
c. How many other languages
(learn)?
d. How long (work) as a
7

e. How long (live) in

7

f. How long -^_^_ (have) your

watch/car/ ?
g. you (see) any
good films recently?
Now ask and answer the
questions.
4 In the article about Allen, first it
says:
Allen . . . has chopped the end of
his finger off
Allen's father.. . has raised £6,500
but later:
He chopped the end of his finger o f f . .
Mr Davis ... raised the cash ...
Why are both tenses possible?

14
The producer and director have just Bad points
Good points
auditioned three actors for the part.
Listen to their discussion and fill in BfflFrindall
the chart opposite.

Harry Lime

Victor O'Brian

Speaking We always go skiing in winter.

I have never seen so many people.
Discussion But they come after the verb to be.
Work in groups of four. Appoint a He is always late.
spokesperson. When there is more than one
Talk together to decide who should adverbial phrase at the end of a
get the part, and why. When you sentence, the usual order is manner,
have come to a decision, the place, time.
spokesperson should report to the He was lying quietly in bed.
rest of the class. (Manner, place)
You worked hard today.
Roleplay (Manner, time)
Work in groups of three. We played in the garden for hours.
(Place, time)
Student A and B You are the
producer and director. You are Adverbs of time can go at the
going to talk to Student C, who is beginning or end of a sentence, but
one of the actors you have just for reasons of style, we try not to put
turned down for the part of Mr too many adverbials at the end of a
Micawber. Break the news to him, sentence.
tell him why, but try not to hurt his Last year I travelled by train right
feelings. across America.
Student C You are one of the is more common than
actors turned down for the part of / travelled by train right across
Mr Micawber. You're very America last year.
disappointed, and want to know 1 Correct the mistakes of word
why. order in the following sentences.
a. Always I get at Christmas the
same presents.
Writing b. A pair of socks sends me my aunt
Freda.
Word order c. I last year got from my relatives
> Language focus Word order in English is relatively ten pairs of socks.
Look at the tapescript on page 126. fixed. Subject + verb + object is the d. I like very much reading.
Find the examples of the Present most common order. e. I don't know why doesn't
Perfect. Frequency adverbs (always, somebody buy me a book.
Do the Controlled practice exercises sometimes) usually come before the f. I used often to read in bed a book
4 and 5. main verb. before going to sleep.

15
2 Put the following into a normal a. I've lived here for five years. (I 1 Work in pairs.
order. still live here.) Read the biography of William
a. In 1951 /in Leicester/was born/my I've been learning English since Shakespeare.
sister. 1984. (I'm still learning.)
b. At Newcastle University/English b. Your taxi has arrived. (It's
SHAKESPEARE, William, 1564-1616,
literature/she studied/from 1967 waiting outside.) English dramatist and poet, considered the greatest
to 1970. I've been working very hard. of all playwrights; b. Stratford-upon-Avon. He was
c. As a lecturer/she has worked/ (That's why I'm tired.) the son of a glove maker and leather craftsman,
and attended the local grammar school. In 1582 he
since 1974/at Oxford c. I've read all of Shakespeare's married Anne Hathaway, and his first child, a
Polytechnic. plays. (I know all about them.) daughter, was born within six months. Two years
d. In 1980/happened/to her/ later they had twins. Little else of his life is known
before 1592, when he appeared in London as an
something rather interesting. actor and playwright with a growing reputation. In
Past Now .
e. Jobs and houses/for a year/she - • • 1594 he joined a group of actors known as the Lord
swapped/from a New York Chamberlain's Men, which became the King's
1 past. Men under the patronage of James I. In 1599 he
university/with a lecturer. I
bought the Globe Theatre. He retired to Stratford
b. _ i Present result in 1613. He wrote at least thirty-seven plays: history
• *! of past event.
plays, comedies and tragedies. Their appeal lies in
Biographies 9 Experience his human vision, which recognises the complexity
C. • some .time of moral questions, and in the richness of his
Write the biography of someone ; tn my iife. language.
(still alive) who you admire. It might
be a friend, a relative, or someone
who you have never met. >• Grammar reference: page 111. Ask and answer questions about
Include the following information: Shakespeare.
- background, education and family - When . .. ?
- character, and the reasons you - Where .. . ?
admire her/him CONTROLLED PRACTICE - What. . . ?
- achievements in life, professional - Did he . . . ?
and personal. Present Perfect Simple - Who . . . ?
and Continuous versus - How many . . . ?
Past Simple - What sort of . .. ?
• Language review
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
When the Present Perfect is used, the
time when the action happened is not
important.
I've lost my diary. Have you seen it
anywhere?
It doesn't matter when I lost it. The
important thing is that I haven't got
it now.
I've learnt my irregular verbs.
It doesn't matter when, the
important thing is that I know them
now.
If the time of the action is important,
we use the Past Simple or
Continuous.
Host my diary yesterday while I was
tidying up.
The Present Perfect enables us to
look at a past action and express its
..relationship to the Present. A
sentence in the present tense can
often summarize the idea of the
Present Perfect.

16
2 Read the biography of Jeffrey
Archer.

ARCHER, Jeffrey was born in 1940, and

was educated at Wellington School and Oxford
University. In 1969 he became a Member of
Parliament when he won a by-election. At 29,
he was the youngest member of the House of
Commons. He resigned from Parliament in 1974
because he had debts of over £427,000, following
the collapse of a Canadian company in which he had
invested.
In the same year he wrote his first novel, 'Not a
Penny More, Not a Penny Less', which was based on
his business experiences. He has been writing ever
since, and all six of his novels have been best
sellers. They have been translated into over fifteen
languages. His most successful novel, 'Kane and
Abel', has sold more than four million copies world-
wide, and has been made into a television series.
After the success of his books, he decided to
return to politics. From September 1985 to October
1986 he was Deputy Chairman of the Conservative
Party. He married his wife in 1966, and they live
with their two children in Cambridge and London.

Ask and answer questions about

Jeffrey Archer.
When . . . ? How many . . . ?
Where . .. ? How long . . . ?
What... ? Have any . . . films?
Why . .. ?

17
Captain Justin Barlow {left)
— ex RAF, now British Airways'
most experienced pilot
Chris Dexter — has climbed mountains in four continents.

Sister Andrea
— has worked for the poor all over the world.

Tina Turner — world-famous singer

18
3 Work in pairs. c. President Kennedy has been 3 When we are spelling out loud,
Student A You are one of the assassinated in Dallas. notice how we break up a long
people opposite. Decide which President Kennedy was word to allow the other person
one. Prepare to talk to a assassinated in Dallas. time to write it down.
journalist about your life. d. He's broken his leg. Example
- Which countries have you been to? He's been breaking his leg. Henderson Hen (pause) der
- What were you doing there? e. Who's been eating my sandwich? (pause) son
- What are you doing now? It was here a minute ago. Gillian Gill (pause) ian
Student B You are a j ournalist. Who's eaten my sandwich? It was Remember that vowel sounds
You are going to interview here a minute ago. link with any consonant sound
Student A, who is one of the f. I've been writing all morning. that comes before, and this
people opposite. I've been writing four letters. happens a lot when you are
Talk to her/him to decide which spelling.
one. Example
Prepare your questions to find Holmes /eitj so el em i: es/
out about her/his past and REVISION
present. 4 Work in pairs.
The Alphabet
When you are ready, conduct the Spell your name and address to
1 Of course you know the alphabet, your partner.
interview.
but are you sure you can Try to say it with speed and
4 Compare the use of tenses in the pronounce all the letters? rhythm.
following pairs of sentences. Say Put the letters in the right column, If your partner makes a mistake,
which tense is used and why. according to the pronunciation of you might have to help like this!
a. She lived in New York for two the vowel. Not p, b for ball!
years. Note, a for apple!
She has lived in New York for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
two years. /ei/ /i:/ Id /ai/ tSUl luil /a:/ 5 English names
b. My husband always bought me Are the following English names
a b f i q girls' names (g), boys' names (b)
flowers on my birthday.
c or surnames (s)?
My husband has always bought
d Sometimes the same name will fit
me flowers on my birthday.
c. Have you ever met anyone two categories.
famous? Jane Atkins
Did you meet anyone interesting Tracy James
at the party? Frances Green
d. I've written a novel. Jean Ellis
I've been writing a novel. Pat Wilmot
e. How long have you been Joe Hughes
smoking? Graham Joyce
How many cigarettes have you Terry Robson
had today? Joan Alan
f. What have you done to your eye?
Practise spelling them out loud.
It's red.
What have you been doing since I 6 Abbreviations
last saw you? Practise these abbreviations.
What do they stand for? Your
5 In the following pairs of sentences dictionary will tell you in the
one of the tenses is wrong. Say Appendix.
which one, and why. PM BBC RSVP UNO
a. He has been to most countries in BA PhD PTO PS
the world. MP EEC VAT eg
He has been to Venezuela last BSc UFO mph ie
year. Dictation
b. My first job was in a factory. I did I T.6 You will hear ten English
it for three months. names (people and places)
My first job was in a factory. I've dictated. Write them down on a
done it for three months. separate piece of paper.

19
 Verb patterns

Work Match a line from column A with a departments in a company

line from column B to form an • 2- hours of work
Discussion point English proverb. 3 - money
losing a job
There are many proverbs to do with applying for a job
work. a. A bad workman & - adjectives describing different jobs .
b. If a job is worth doing
! sales
c. Make hay
d. Many hands 2. a 9 to 5 job
e. Too many cooks / personnel
f. Early to bed and early to rise ^J on the dole (colloquial)
Never put off till tomorrow
"3 accounts
The devil makes work
i. All work and no play references
The early bird a salary
advertising
while the sun shines. out of work
make light work. rate of unemployment
what you can do today. to go for an interview
for idle hands.
a wage
makes you healthy, wealthy and
wise. to get a bonus
blames his tools. manual
it's worth doing well. to make someone redundant
catches the worm.
to do overtime
spoil the broth.
makes Jack a dull boy. a 7% pay rise
an hourly rate
What do the proverbs mean? Do you
agree? mundane
Translate into English some of the to earn £10,000 p.a.
proverbs you have in your language skilled
about work and other subjects. to sack an employee
to work in shifts
to work flexitime
Vocabulary 1 challenging
planning
Here is a list of words and
expressions connected with work. to get a commission
Use your dictionary and divide them to fill in an application form
into the following categories:

20
Practice
Work alone. Write a description of a
profession, and the qualities needed
by people in this profession. Do not
say what the profession is.
Example
This profession can be rewarding if
you like dealing with people,
especially children, but it is not very
well paid. You have to know a lot
about certain subjects and be quite
creative. Your working day is quite
short, but you have to work at home
as well. One of the most attractive
aspects of the profession is the long
holidays.
Answer Teaching
Read out your description for others
in the class to guess the profession.

Reading
Pre-reading task
If you have a job . . .
- How did you decide what to be?
- Was it always your ambition to do
this?
- Does your job suit you? Why?
— Are you well-suited to your job?
- Why?
If you don't have a job . . .
- What do you want to be? Why?
- What will you have to do to get
this job?
- Why do you think you would be
well-suited to this job?

On page 22 there is a quiz devised by

a firm of occupational consultants to
match people to jobs scientifically.
They have divided the modern
professional world into four areas of
work.
- People
- Procedures and Systems
— Communications and the Arts
- Science and Engineering
Think of ten professions. Which area
of work do you think each one
belongs to?

21
 Instructions for the quiz
Simply indicate whether you think the statements are True or False.
There are no right or wrong answers, just answers which are true for
you and those which are not. Circle only one alternative for each
statement.
People Procedures and Systems
Circle true or false to the following: True False Circle true or false to the following: True false.
) 1 always think of other people's opinions before making decisions A 1 like to keep things in order Al C
^C
1 like working with statistics C <A > 1 am quick at making conclusions about most things C A
1 always help a colleague who has family problems A c Traditional solutions are the best" A C
1 frequently forget where 1 leave things B C Other people's problems don't interest me B _C
1 cannot often persuade others to see my point of view C B 1 rarely question or doubt what other people say C' B
] Personal insults don't worry me C ,^ 1 don't always finish tasks on time C" A
In a new group of people 1 often feel anxious C B 1 feel comfortable in nearly all social situations C B
1 enjoy telling other "people about my achievements ' . • C A 1 like to predict results before beginning to do anything A C
1 am bored by mundane tasks B " "C 1 like working under pressure B C
1 always like to win when 1 take part in an activity C A 1 enjoy being challenged by new tasks • C A
1 am easily persuaded by the majority opinion C B People are usually convinced by my arguments • c B:
If 1 can choose, 1 do things my way first C A Checking detail is not one of my strong points C A
Success in my job is very important to me B C Clear and distinct thought is important to me B C
1 like tasks which require a lot of physical and mental energy B c. 1 find it hard to express myself in groups B C
1 often question myself about how 1 really feel A C 1 always try to finish what 1 start A £;
If someone upsets me, 1 tell them that they have .?-? ,B The beauty of nature often astounds me C B
Scoring Scoring
Total A answers ^^ (,, Total A answeis
Total B answers <T 3 Total B answers
Total A and B answers / £/ ^ Total A and B answers —7

interpretation
Ignore all C responses. They simply indicate a lack of interest in a
particular area, and should not be included in your scoring.
You should now have four scores, each between 0 and 16.
A score of 0-4 shows very little interest in a particular area. 5-12 is
about average. A score of 13 and over shows a strong interest, and the
highest of your four scores indicates which area of work is most likely
to suit the requirements of your individual personality.

Procedures and Systems Communications and the Arts Science and Engineering
A B A B A B A "B
Caring Influence Words Data Media Visual Arts ft Design Research Practical
Medical Control I Administrative Financial literary' Art Physical Physical
Welfare Commercial Clerical Data Processing languages Design Biological Biological
Education Managerial Legal Mechanical Mechanical
Information Electrical Electrical
Construction Construction
Process Process

22
Communications and the Arts Science and Engineering
Circle true or false to the following: True False Circle true or false to the following: True raise
1 would like to present TV programmes , A i C 1 am good at finding the weaknesses in arguments A C
1 sometimes find it difficult to say what 1 mean , C,' : A .. 1 nearly always make spontaneous decisions C A
t think 1 could write good short stories A C Thinking up new ideas is easy for me A C
1 could do drawings for new designs B C I'm not good at persuading others B c,;
My knowledge of the arts is rather limited j. C , B 1 enjoy organizing things in advance C B
1 prefer doing practical things to reading or creative writing C A" Thinking in the abstract helps to solve problems C A
1 rarely notice the design of clothes c ,B Mending things is not one of -my strong points C B
1 enjoy talking to others about their opinions «"•> .A- C Talking about possibilities that might never happen is enjoyable A C
1 am full of creative ideas . 8 C Other people's comments about me don't hurt me B C
1 find most fiction rather uninteresting - C, A 1 try to solve problems by intuition and personal feelings C A
1 am not very inventive c B 1 don't always finish what 1 begin C B
1 am a very down-to-earth person c • c 1 don't try to hide my emotions c A
1 would like to exhibit my photographs or paintings for others to see s; c 1 find it easy to find solutions to practical problems B „ C
1 could design something which was visually attractive1 8 c Traditional methods are usually the best ones B t C
Translating foreign languages would appeal to me A- c My independence is very important to me 'h C
Unconventional people make me feel uncomfortable C /B 1 enjoy reading classical literature £ ' B
Scoring Scoring
Total A answers * Total A answers -«M*
Total B answers f Total B answers
Total A and B answers £2 Total A and B answers

/ --,
People) Communications and the Arts'
Within the world of People, if you have more A than B answers, you are In the world of Communications and the Arts, a higher A than B
more interested in caring for people than in influencing them. You score should point you towards the media, literature or languages.
should therefore be looking for a career in the medical, welfare or Occupations include: journalist, radio or television researcher,
education fields: for example, doctor, dentist, psychiatrist, health visitor, advertising copy writer, translator or public relations officer. ,
radiographer, social worker, speech-therapist, teacher or lecturer. But A higher B than A score, on the other hand, indicates that
if you have scored more B than A answers, you are more likely to feel you are more suited to design and the visual arts. Careers include:
at home in a job involving control, commerce or management: for-—>-_ graphic designer, cartographer, architect, interior designer, window
example, the armed forces, police, prison officer, security guard, sales ) dresser, theatrical designer, fashion designer or photographer.
/representative, marketing manager, property developer, advertising^^
' executive or market researcher. *-• Science and Engineering
The main division in this area is between research and practice. More
Procedures and Systems As suggest research, more B's suggest practice. Since most careers in
If your original score places you in the world of Procedures and this world have opportunities for both research and applied work, it is
Systems, more A than B answers points to a career in administrative, not possible to make specific suggestions to individuals on the basis of
Jegal or clerical work: for example, Civil Servant, office manager, their A and B responses. Careers include: biologist, physicist, chemist,
personnel manager, company secretary, solicitor, professional secretary, mechanical and civil engineer.
librarian, archivist, book researcher or records officer. If you have more
B than A answers, the chances are your interest in Procedures and
Systems will be better catered for in finance and data processing. John Nicholson is a lecturer in psychology at London University.
Suitable careers include: accountancy, banking, valuing, economics, Copyright on all the items in our guiz is held by:
computer programming and systems analysis. Saville & Holdsworth Limited, Windsor House, Esher Green, Esher, Surrey KG10 9SA.
23
What do you think?
• Vocabulary 2 Speaking
1 What professions did the quiz
Describing personal characteristics Amaze
suggest would be best for you? Do
you agree? Look at the statements under People Work in groups of four.
and Procedures and Systems on page You have a problem, and you must
2 The quiz sometimes asks a similar 22. Match one of the following decide collectively what you are
question more than once. adjectives with one of the going to do.
Example statements. Talk together until you all agree on
/ cannot often persuade others to Example the decision to make. Your teacher
see my point of view. considerate will then give you a card with more
People are usually convinced by I always think of other people's information, and another decision to
my arguments. opinions before making decisions. make.
I'm not good at persuading others. Carry on talking and making
helpful conventional
Find other examples where the insecure self-centred decisions until you get out of the
same or similar questions are proud cautious maze!
asked more than once. competitive careless
3 Many of the statements are asking frank thorough
you one of these questions: organized
Can you express yourself and your Look at some of the other
feelings? statements.
Are you confident in your dealings Think of an adjective to describe
with other people? that sort of person.
Are you ambitious?
Are you an original thinker?
Do you enjoy being a leader or
being led?
Do you think these qualities are
necessary in all jobs?
4 In the quiz, all C answers must be
ignored. Therefore, according to
the people who wrote the quiz,
scientists and engineers . . .
- don't make spontaneous decisions
- don't enjoy organizing things
- don't think in the abstract
- follow traditional methods
- don't enjoy reading classical
literature.
Do you agree?
5. Look at the answers for the other
areas of work. Do you agree that
A and B answers mean This
, quality is important for this area of
work and C answers mean This
quality isn't important!

>• Language focus

Read the Language review on page
26.
Do the Controlled practice exercises
1-4.

24
 UGANDA
Kampala,
1 Entebbe*

You were working in the textile

industry, but you have been made
redundant because of new
technology. Your company has
given you £3,000 redundancy
money. You have a family to
support, and can't survive very
long without an income.
What are you going to do?
TANZANIA
a Start applying for jobs. You've
seen several jobs that you are
qualified to do. GO TO 3. Dodoma
b Go on holiday. You feel Dar es Salaam*
depressed. GO TO 6.
c Do a retraining scheme to •Iringa
become a sales representative.
It's a risk because you'll have to
live off your redundancy
money. GO T010.

Post-maze activity Pre-set questions

Shortly after her marriage, Liz and
When you have finished, discuss Listen for the answers to the
her husband went out to Tanzania,
these questions. following questions. where he had a job as a teacher. Liz
1 How did you make your 1 What did Liz hope to do at first in hoped that she too would be able to
decisions? Tanzania? teach after a while. However, on the
Was everybody involved? first day, she was asked to teach at
2 Did she manage to do this? Why/
the local school because of her
Did one person dominate? why not?
valuable university experience. She
Were your decisions democratic? 3 What sort of school did she teach found the job difficult because she
2 In retrospect, did you make any at? had not taught before, and the
wrong decisions? 4 What happened when a snake children were unused to discipline.
What should you have done? appeared? When she looks back, Liz thinks
3 Games such as these are used in 5 What was Liz's attitude to that she didn't teach particularly
management training to practise problems of discipline? well because she didn't know enough
qualities of leadership. What are 6 Why did she teach the children about the subjects she was teaching.
the qualities of a good leader? about the geography of Sweden?

Summary > Language focus

Work in pairs. Do the Controlled practice exercises
Listening Here is a summary of the 5 and 6.
I T.7 | You will hear a woman conversation, but it contains factual
called Liz talking about her first job, mistakes. Find the mistakes and
teaching in Tanzania. correct them.

25
 Writing
Style of formal letters
Here is a letter of application for a
job. There are no grammatical
mistakes, but there are mistakes of
other kinds:
- the punctuation is wrong
- the style is too informal
- some of the information is
irrelevant
Caw' - conventions are broken e.g. of
address, salutation, position of
sender's name.
In pairs, study it carefully and
discuss the mistakes. Then rewrite
James Henderson
the letter correctly.
Kings rd, 18
There are similar mistakes on the
Birmingham envelope. Correct them.
Trans Europe Tours
Write a letter of application for a
Bridge street job. Include where you saw the
Cambridge
advertisement, and say briefly why
you are interested in the job and
Dear P. Bradley what your qualifications are.
I was reading a magazine the other day - I think it was the February Conclude by asking for further
details and/or an application form.
edition of sunshine holidays, and I saw your advertisement for travel
couriers, and 1 thought I'd really like a job like that.
• Language review
You see, I've got a degree in modern languages from bristol
university, and I speak lots of languages - french german Spanish and
Gerunds
Gerunds are verbs used as nouns,
just a little bit of greek too. I've been to all sorts of places in
and are formed by adding -ing to the
europe. verb stem.
Last year me and my friend Paul went camping in France and Italy, and They are used:
1 after prepositions.
we saw the museums and all the places like that. I think I'd be really
I always think of other people's
good at showing people round these places, well I'd really like the chance opinions before making decisions,
to try anyway. I'm not doing anything at the moment, so I could come
lam quick at reaching conclusions
about most things.
and see you anytime.
2 after certain verbs.
Just give me a ring - 381229- / like working with statistics.
I'm looking forward to meeting you.
I enjoy telling other people about
my achievements.
Yours
3 as the subject of a sentence.
Checking detail is not one of my
strong points.
Translating foreign languages
would appeal to me.

Infinitives
Infinitives are used:
1 after certain verbs.
/ always try to finish what I start.
I cannot often persuade others to
see my point of view.
26
2 after certain adjectives. c. Taking regular exercise. e. It can be expensive to.
I find it hard to express myself in
groups.
f. When you travel abroad, it's
d. Travelling by air.
•4 Look again at the quiz on jobs. important to
Find the examples of gerunds and
infinitives. e. Being self-employed. 4 | T.8 | Listen to an interview
with a man who went to live and
>• Grammar reference: page 111. work in a windmill.
f. Learning a foreign language Then make sentences about the man
using the following prompts.
Example
CONTROLLED PRACTICE stop He stopped working as an
3 Complete the following sentences
accountant.
using infinitives.
Gerunds and infinitives a. didn't enjoy
Example
1 Complete the following sentences b. couldn't afford
It is easy to find cheap places to
using a gerund. c. interested in
eat.
Example d. decided
a. How do you do. Pleased to e. managed
I'm good at mending things.
a. I have difficulty in f. finished
b. When you're old, it can be g. were thinking of
h. decided not to
difficult to i. doesn't regret
b. I'm very interested in.
c. I was surprised to. j. prefer
k. the boys . . . used to
c. I'm thinking of Look at the tapescript on page 127
d. If you haven't got much money,
and find more examples of gerunds
it's impossible to and infinitives.
d. He saved up £1000 for a holiday
by
e. I sometimes worry about not

f. Thank you for.

g. I'm looking forward to

h. She left the room without

i. I stayed in bed all day instead of _

2 Use your imagination to complete

the following sentences.
Example
Working in a coal mine is
dangerous, but well paid.
a. Finding a good job these days

b. Living in a big city __

27
5 There are many expressions with earn work find 3 Give short answers to these
go + gerund which are concerned look after visit redecorate questions.
with activities, sports, and physical miss save be able to Example
recreation. leave buy overdraw Who wrote Macbeth!
go dancing/go skiing/go running pay stay go Shakespeare did.
Complete these sentences with a. Who was the first to arrive in class
go + a suitable gerund. today?
a. I yesterday, but I didn't b. Who is absent?
REVISION c. Who can speak the most languages?
buy anything.
b. I by the river tomorrow, Short answers d. Who comes to school by car?
but I'm sure I won't catch e. Who has had a holiday recently?
1 Give short answers to these f. Who's got children?
anything. questions.
c. Whenever there' s enough snow, g. How many of you smoke?
we every weekend. Example h. How many of you read a newspaper
d. If I had enough money, I'd buy a Can you speak English? Yes I can. every day?
yacht and in the a. Have you ever been to America? Write similar questions about the
Mediterranean. people in your class, and ask them to
e. We had a lovely holiday. We the other students.
every day. The water was b. Do you smoke? .
lovely.
So do I/neither do I
6 Fill the gaps with one of the verbs c. Did you watch television last Stand up and talk to the other
which follow the passage, in either members of the class.
night? . You are at a party and you have to
the gerund or infinitive form.
make a lot of small talk. Find two
things that you have in common and
Jane's a nurse, but she's trying d. Have you got any brothers and two things that you don't.
(1) __ a new job. Although she sisters? Use short answers where
enjoys (2) people, nursing is appropriate.
not very well paid, and she cannot Do you play tennis?
afford (3) all her bills. She e. Is it raining? ___„ : Yes, I do.
finds it impossible to live on such a low So do I.
When you have talked to enough
salary without (4) her
f. Does your teacher wear glasses? people, make sentences like the
account at the bank. Her flat needs
following.
(5) , and she would like
Things in common:
(6) , a car. She managed
g. Were you in school yesterday? John likes tennis, and so do I.
(7L enough last year for a
He's been to America, and so have I.
short holiday by (8) some He doesn't smoke, and neither do I.
extra money in her spare time, and this h. Are you going out tonight?. He didn't go out last night, and
year, she's hoping (9) some neither did I.
friends in France. She has stopped Things different:
(10) ^^ to the theatre, He's married, but I'm not.
2 Work in pairs.
which used to be one of her greatest Write five sentences that are He can speak German, but I can't.
pleasures. She's thinking of factually wrong.
(11) in America, where she
Example
could earn a higher salary in a private The sun rises in the west.
hospital, but would prefer Maria went to France for her
(12)_ in this country if holidays.
possible. She likes (13) to Pierre doesn't do any homework.
see her parents whenever she wants to.
Read them out loud for the other
A friend of hers went to America after
students to correct.
(14) university, but began
(15) her friends so badly that Example
No, it doesn't. It rises in the east.
she had to come back.
No, she didn't. She went to Spain.
Yes, he does. He does it every night.
28
 I I

Question forms

Is there anybody there?

Discussion point
1 In Britain, the objects and actions
in the pictures have superstitions
attached to them.
What is the superstition?
Is there the same superstition in
your country?

Can any of the superstitions be

explained logically?
What other superstitions are there
in your country?

29
2 Look at the dictionary entry for h. A person thinks 'If I get to the end
superstition. of the road before that bus, I'll Yes, I would. It's well worth
have a good day.' reading.
super-sti-tion (<su:p3'stijn) (n.) 1
irrational belief or practice, either cultural, 2 Work in groups.
personal or religious, usually founded on Here is the front and back cover of
ignorance or fear, and characterized by Reading and question
obsessive reverence for omens, lucky the book from which you are going
charms, etc. 2 any irrational belief, esp. formation to read an extract.
with regard to the unknown. - Which of the questions a.-j. can
1 You are going to read an extract
you definitely answer?
Do you agree that superstitions from a book.
- Which can you guess?
- are irrational? What do we usually want to know
- What additional questions would
- are founded on ignorance or fear? before we read? Write questions
you like to know the answers to?
What is the difference between a for these answers.
belief and a superstition? Example
Who wrote it? FRANK DE FEL1TTA
Samuel Johnson/Henry James/
Virginia Woolf. AUDREY
a.
In the seventeenth century/In ROSE
1890/In the seventies. NOT SINCE
THE EXORCIST
b. A NOVEL SO HAUNTING
SO CREDIBLE
A short story/A novel/A SO UTTERLY TERRIFYING
biography/Science fiction/A " ^BLOCKBUSTER'
horror story.
c.
It's fiction.
d.
It's about a couple who fall in
love/It's about power and
corruption.
3 Are the following examples of
cultural or personal superstitions? e.
a. A boy has to have a certain lucky Yes, it has. It came out some
pen to write an exam. years ago and starred Meryl
b. A girl who's getting married Streep.
refuses to see her future husband
f.
on the day of the marriage, until BETWEEN DEATH AND LIFE
A girl called Jenny and her Bill and Janice Templeton have money,
they meet at the church. She also security and ten-year-old Ivy - the
mother/Jane Eyre and Mr
believes that she has to wear prettiest, happiest daughter in all
Rochester. New York.
'something old, something new, Elliot Hoover claims Ivy is really his
something borrowed, something daughter killed ten years ago in a
burning car.
blue'. Well, in the beginning Jenny's • Then the nightmares start...
c. A seven year-old girl's tooth falls working as a teacher, then she IS IVY TEMPLETON POSSESSED
BY THE ANGUISHED SOUL
out, so she puts the tooth under marries and has children, and the OF AUDREY ROSE?
'Original and chilling'
her pillow. story's about the children YORKSHIRE POST
d. A gambler always puts money on growing up. 'Compulsive reading'
COSMOPOLITAN
grey horses.
h.
e. A businessman consults an
It ends very sadly/We're left
astrologer before making an
wondering/They all live happily
important decision.
ever after.
f. A footballer always puts his
clothes on in a certain order ISBN 0-33D-2SOS3-X
before a match. I thought it was great/I couldn't U K £2.50
put it down/It was good in parts. Not for Ml* in C
g. On Christmas Eve, a child puts a
mince pie and a glass of brandy "780330"250238'
out for Father Christmas.

30
- Who is Ivy? 'Everything was fine,' she panted. 'She had dinner. . . went to bed
- Who are Ivy's parents? on time . . . then I heard these noises . . . I was in the kitchen . . . I
- What happened to Elliot Hoover's went up. . .and. . .you'll see. . .it's. . .it's frightening. . . I mean
daughter? . . .she's sleepwalking or something. . .and crying. . . I tried to wake
- When? 5 her up . . . but I couldn't. . .'
- What was her name? The door to the spare bedroom was half open. Bill waited before
- What does Elliot Hoover believe? entering, listening to the terrified little sounds coming from the
- Who do you think has nightmares? room: the running of bare feet on the carpeted floor; the light impact
- What about.. . ? of a body crashing into objects; the soft weeping of childish fear,
10 desperately repeating the same strung-together words, 'Mommy daddy
Extract 1 comes about a third of the mommydaddymommydaddymommyhothothothothotmommydaddy. . .'
way through the story. Bill and they had heard on certain other nights more than seven years before.
Janice Templeton have been talking
to Elliot Hoover. He wants to be Extract 1
with Ivy Templeton as she grows up Totally oblivious of their presence, Ivy's eyes shone wildly; her
because he believes his dead feverish face was swept with a thousand night-time terrors as she raced
daughter's soul has entered Ivy. Bill is about the room this way and that, knocking into furniture, chairs,
and Janice are understandably sewing machine, climbing over the large pieces in order to gain some
suspicious, and do not want to unknown, desperately sought objective. As before, the tiny babylike
believe that their daughter is the cries, 'Mommydaddymommydaddyhothothotmommydaddy . . .' echoed
reincarnation of Audrey Rose. But round the room. Each time she'd get by an obstacle and seem to
20 approach the door or window — her hands reaching towards the glass
Ivy did have nightmares when she
— she would draw back suddenly in pain and plunge into the helter-
was younger . . . skelter circle of confusion, weeping, crying, 'Mommydaddymommy
Ivy has been sleeping in a daddyhothothotmommydaddymommydaddy. . .'
neighbour's spare bedroom. The Janice's hand grasped Bill's tightly as they stood rooted, just inside
neighbour calls Bill and Janice to 25 the room, helplessly watching the macabre spectacle, knowing, from
come quickly. Ivy is having another past experience, how ineffective they both were during these crises.
nightmare . . . 'Call Dr Kaplan, Janice,' he whispered sharply.
'Wait!'
The voice was Elliot Hoover's, speaking from the doorway directly
Read Extract 1
30 behind them.

Comprehension check Extract 2

1 When Bill goes into the room, is Janice turned and saw him looking intently at Ivy. Hoover's eyes
Ivy still or moving about? were fixed on the tormented child, critically observing every movement
2 What do you think her nightmare and gesture she made, listening to the exhausted voice repeating,
is about? 'Mommydaddymcmmydaddyhothothotmommydaddymommydaddy. . .'
3 What happened seven years ago? 35 Janice felt Bill's hand stiffen as he, too, turned and planted a stern,
warning look on the intruder.
Before you read extract 2 But Hoover ignored them both, his eyes and mind wholly devoted to
what information do you want to their daughter, trying to define the meaning of the terrible hallucination
learn? in which she was caught. And then a look of inexpressible sadness
Now read on. 40 swept across his face; his eyes grew large as he uttered, 'My God,' in a
barely audible breath.
He quickly stepped past them into the room and worked his way
Comprehension check closer to Ivy, who was staggering near the window, her hands seeking
4 Does Ivy know her parents are the glass, reaching for it, each time pulling back in pain and fear, as if
there? 45 it were molten lava.
5 Why is she knocking into the 'Audrey!' The word burst out of Hoover like a shot: sharp,
furniture? imperative, holding promise, offering hope.' Audrey Rose! It's Daddy.'
And he took another step towards the agonized child crying at the
6 What does it seem as though she is
window, waving her thin arms at the glass despairingly, begging in a
trying to do? 50 high-pitched voice, 'Mommydaddymommydaddyhothothotmommydaddy
7 Why does she draw her hand back mommydaddy. . .'
from the glass? 'Audrey Rose! I'm here, Audrey! Here!'
8 Who do you think Dr Kaplan is? Bill's hand sought release from Janice's grip, and she knew he was
Before you read extract 3 what about to move, about to seize Hoover and throw him out of the room.
information do you want to learn? 55 She saw the murderous intent in Bill's eyes, and held onto him even
more tightly.
Now read on.
Extract 3

31
Comprehension check 'Audrey! This way, darling! Audrey Rose! It's Daddy <!' Suddenly, Ivy
9 How does Hoover feel as he swung about from the window and turned her fear-ravaged face to
looks at Ivy? Hoover, gazing up at him, begging for mercy, the chant changing to
10 Why does he call Ivy 'Audrey'? 60 'Daddydaddydaddydaddydaddydaddydaddydaddy. . .'
'Yes, Audrey, It's Daddy! It's Daddy! This way, darling!' he
11 Why should Bill want to murder
desperately urged in a breathless voice. ' This way, Audrey Rose! This
Hoover? way! Come!' And taking a step backwards, he stretched out his hands
12 How do you think Janice feels? to the startled child, offering direction, inviting trust. 'This way,
Before you read extract 4 what 65 darling. This way!'
information do you want to learn? Slowly, the anguish and panic seemed to drain from their daughter's
fece; the rapid, feverish intensity of the words seemed to relax, to space
Now read on. out and become more defined, 'Daddy, Daddy, Daddy, Daddy, . .'
' Yes, darling, thisway', Hoover coaxed, bending down and stretching
Comprehension check 70 out his two arms fully to her. 'Come, Audrey, come!'
'Daddy. . . Daddy?' Her eyes remained fixed on a point just beyond
13 How does Ivy react to Hoover Hoover.
calling her Audrey? ' This way, Audrey Rose! COME!' His voice rose to a command.
14 How does Janice feel as she 'COME, AUDREY!'
watches her daughter's 75 A prickle of fear ran down Janice's spine as she saw the face of her
nightmare ending? Why? own child begin to soften with recognition, begin to lose the look of
terror. Teardrops hanging on her eyelids — the great blue eyes which
What do you think? now shone so large and brilliant out of her white and worn face — she
slowly stretched out her hands to Hoover, in a tentative, testing manner.
1 These extracts come at a 80 'Daddy?'
significant moment in the book. 'Yes, Audrey Rose! It's Daddy!' Hoover encouraged, in a voice
Why, do you think? charged with emotion. 'Come, darling. . .'
2 How do you think the story 'Daddy?' And with a smile that seemed to answer him, she ran
continues? forward into his arms, clutching him in a deep embrace. And thus they
What does Bill do? 85 remained, holding onto each other, like a pair of lovers finally meeting
How does Janice feel? after a long and wearying journey.
What does Hoover want? Extract 4
What happens to Ivy?
2 The extracts from Audrey Rose
What happens in the end?
are extremely dramatic, and this is
3 Which religions believe in
reflected in the vocabulary.
reincarnation?
What do other religions say Example
happens after death? Bill hears a body crashing into
objects.
This is similar in meaning to
>• Language focus
hitting objects, but crashing is
Read the Language review on more extreme and descriptive.
page 36.
Do the Controlled practice exercises Match a word from the extracts in
1-4. column A with a more neutral word
in column B.
A B
Vocabulary 1 ( 7 ) terrified dive
1 Work in pairs. (13) oblivious of horrible
Try to work out the meaning of (14) feverish holding
the following words from Audrey (21) plunge looking at
Rose. (24) grasped looking for
(25) macabre fast
( 4 ) sleepwalking (26) ineffective
(32) tormented held
( 8 ) bare (39) inexpressible
(32) observing bright
(13) shone wildly (62) breathless
(43) seeking frightened
(14) raced (78) worn
(54) to seize got louder
(24) tightly (86) wearying
(67) rapid troubled
(25) helplessly
(73) rose unaware of
(78) brilliant to take hold of
(84) clutching hot

32
 Listening Compare your notes with another
student's.
Pre-listening task Listen to the tape again to check
You will hear two friends, Stephanie your notes.
and Rob, talking about Stephanie's
experiences with strange powers What do you think?
whilst living in an old house in 1 Do you believe Stephanie's story?
London. She thought it was the spirit If you don't, how can it be
of someone who had lived in the explained?
house a long time before. 2 How did Stephanie feel about the
Fortunately it was a happy spirit! ghost?
Make up a ghost story, as a class. Would you have felt the same?
These are the opening lines. 3 We hear about many stories that
Take it in turns to continue this science finds hard to explain. For
story. example, people who can bend
Last night I was lying in bed. It was objects without touching them,
quite late when suddenly I was woken people who can read the thoughts
by a strange noise. I... of others, people who have
premonitions about future events,
Listening and note taking and unidentified flying objects.
I T.9 Listen to the tape and take What stories do you know?
notes under the following headings. Is there a rational explanation for
them?
Stephanie's first encounters with the
spirit > Language focus
Do the Controlled practice exercises
5-9.

The night she first saw the spirit

The night the pictures fell off the

wall

The night her husband

communicated with the spirit

33
 2 Put the words in italics on the right
• Vocabulary 2
line according to the vowel sound.
Spelling • Use your dictionary if necessary.
As you know, English spelling is not a. I til : :
phonetic. The same sound,
especially vowel sounds, can be spelt b. /i:/ ,
in many different ways. C.
1 Work in pairs. d. /u:/_
Read the following poem
e. h-J_
together. Pay particular attention
to the pronunciation of the words f. /3I/_
in italics. You can work out the
g. /I9/_
pronunciation in two ways.
- The poem rhymes aa bb cc h. /an/.
- You know that, in line 2, break
does not rhyme with weak.
j. /A/.
I T.10 | Now listen to the recording k, /e/_
of the poem and check your
pronunciation.

3 Add some more words with the

same vowel sound, and if possible,
When the English tongue we speak
with different spelling of the vowel
Why is break not rhymed with weak? sound.
Won't you tell me why it's true Example
a. eight b. week c. goal
We say sew, but also few?
And the maker of a verse 4 Listening and dictionary work
I T.11 | Finding a word in the
Cannot rhyme his horse with worse?
dictionary when you have only heard
Beard is not the same as heard. the word, not seen it, requires you to
guess the spelling.
Cord is different from word,
You will hear a tape twice. It is a
Cow is cow, but low is low, radio programme about phobias.
First listen for general
Shoe is never rhymed with ./be.
comprehension.
Think of hose and dose and lose, Then listen again. There will be
pauses on the tape (and the teacher
And think of goose and yet of choose,
or you should also stop the tape
Think of comb and tomb and bomb, recorder) after words that you
probably don't know.
Doll and roll and home and some.
Work in pairs.
And since pay is rhymed with say, Find the word in your dictionary and
make sure you understand it.
Why not paid with said I pray?
Then carry on listening.
Think of blood and food and good;
Mould is not pronounced like could. Speaking
Why is it done, but gone and lone — Fears and phobias
Is there any reason known? How afraid are you of the following?
Score 1 to 10 for each one, 1 being
To sum it up, it seems to me total calm and 10 being absolute
That sounds and letters don't agree. panic.
O Being stuck in a lift
| | Standing on top of a tall building

34
O Being all alone in the middle of is up by his aunt and uncle, to have dies, while he does nothing to help.
the countryside some understanding of his 40 The reader feels all Miranda's
Q Flying in planes behaviour. He is a very lonely hopes and fears until the final
n The dark character and painfully shy, dreadful outcome. This is a book
O Crowds especially with women. We see him which, once you have started, is
O Snakes 20 following Miranda from a impossible to put down.
O Spiders distance, fascinated by her every
2 Divide the second version into
Q Mice move. There is a turning point
paragraphs.
Q Violence when he wins some money, and his
What is the purpose of each
Q Thunderstorms plans become a reality. He buys a
paragraph?
Q Public speaking 25 remote country cottage, captures
Miranda and keeps her there just to 3 What tense is used to tell the story
Conduct a class survey to find out
look at and admire. All he wants of and describe the characters?
what the most common fears and
her is to take her photograph. She Why, do you think?
phobias are amongst your
is his latest and most precious
classmates. 4 Underline any words or
30 'butterfly'. One of the most
Can they be explained? expressions which you think are
interesting aspects of the story is the
Are they born out of a bad useful to describe a book or film.
portrayal of Miranda, as she tries
experience or ignorance? Example
to handle the bizarre situation she
Would Dr Jones' (who spoke on the a novel written by
finds herself in. Her behaviour
tape on page 34) approach of graded
35 goes to extremes -from trying to
exposure help? 5 Why are the words 'hero' (line 9)
understand Ferdinand and be his
and 'butterfly' (line 30) in
friend to violence and trying to
quotation marks?
Writing escape. In the end she falls ill and
An appraisal of a book or film
1 Work in groups of three.
Here are two appraisals of a book.
Read them carefully. Compare
their organization, and the way
they present points.
/ once read a book called 'The
Collector'. It's about a man who
kidnaps a girl, and she eventually
dies. It's quite a horrible story, but
I liked it. Ferdinand Clegg is very
inhibited with women, he doesn't
know how to talk to them, so he
kidnaps a girl he's seen in the town.
He keeps her in a cottage and takes
her photograph. In the end she dies
but he didn't kill her. It was written
by John Fowles. I liked it very much.

'The Collector' is a novel written by

John Fowles. It was first published
in 1963, and it is a sort of horror
story. It is one of the most sinister
5 books I have ever read. It holds
your attention from the start and
becomes more shocking as it
progresses. 'The Collector' is a
good title. The 'hero', Ferdinand
10 Clegg, collects butterflies, but he
adds to his collection the girl of his
dreams, Miranda, who is an art
student. We learn enough about his
background, an orphan brought

35
6 Write an appraisal of a book or
film that you have liked.
Organize your paragraphs like
this.
Paragraph 1 Factual information
about the book or film.
Paragraph 2 An introduction to
the setting and the characters.
A description of the plot.
(This might need two paragraphs.)
Paragraph 3 Your reactions, and
the reasons why you liked it.
Paragraph 4 A conclusion.
The following expressions might help:
.. . tells the story of . . .
. . . based on real life/the author's
experience
.. . was directed by . . .
.. . was produced by . . .
It stars A'in the title role.
A"s performance as Y was
wonderful/convincing . . .
As the story unfolds, we see . . .
The story takes place in the 1950's.
The story is set in Texas at the
beginning of the century.
The relationship that A'has with his
mother. . .
In the end . . .
We don't learn until the end t h a t . . .
I was impressed by . . .

• Language review
Question forms
1 How can combine with adjectives
and adverbs to form questions.
How big is your house?
How fast will this car go?
What and which can combine with
nouns.
What size do. you take?
What films have you seen recently?
Which soup would you like,
vegetable or chicken?
Which is generally used when
there is a limited choice, but this
rule is not always applied in
spoken English.
Which channel is the film on?
What channel is the film on?
With people, English prefers
which, even when the choice is not
limited.
Which authors do you like?

36
 Many verbs and adjectives are h. Example
used with a preposition, To Alice. Who does Bob love? He loves Sheila.
look at get married to Who loves Bob? Pamela does.
afraid of give something to
Twenty pounds a week,
dance with
4 Write a short question with a
The preposition comes at the-end . j. Which .
preposition to follow these
of the question. BBC 2.
statements.
What are you looking at? k. Example
What are you afraid of? It was cold and rainy. He gave away all his money.
Who did you dance with? Who to?
1. How long
Who did you give it to?
It takes me 20 minutes, a. We're going on holiday next
Who is he getting married to?
week.
m. What
When who, what or which is the I've had it permed.
subject of the question, there is no
n. b. I'd like to have a word with you,
inversion and no do/does/did. The
The Daily Mail. please.
word order is the same as the
statement. o.
Peter broke the window. Novels and short stories.
c. I've just received a big parcel in
Who broke the window? the post!
2 Write an appropriate question,
Many animals hibernate in
using like either as a verb or as a
winter.
preposition.
Which animals hibernate in d. She danced all night long.
winter? Example
Do you like fish? (verb)
What's she like? (preposition) e. I need £1,000 as quickly as
Grammar reference: page 113.
possible.
He's a very nice chap. You'd get
on well with him.
CONTROLLED PRACTICE f. Peter's writing a book.

Questions She's got dark hair and wears

glasses. g. She's getting married next week.
1 Work in pairs.
Write an appropriate question.
Example Playing tennis and reading.
h. Could you wipe up that mess on
What time did you go to bed last the floor, please?
night? I'd love to, but I haven't got time
At midnight. tonight. Another time, perhaps.
e.
Twice a week. I thought it was superb. The Indirect questions
acting was marvellous - Robert 5 Turn the following direct questions
b. Redford is my favourite actor. into indirect questions, using:
Blue.
3 This is a most unfortunate I wonder
c. I'd like to know why/when/
situation!
Forty miles. who/if/
Bob -»• Sheila I'd love to know whether . . .
d. We didn't find out
Peter's.
Example
Pamela •*- Henry Who was the ghost?
e.
30 waist, 32 leg. Bob loves Sheila, but Sheila / wonder who the ghost was.
f. doesn't love Bob; she loves a. What was the ghost's name?
Air France. Henry. Unfortunately, Henry b. Is it still there?
doesn't love her; he loves Pamela, c. Did it ever come back?
g- but. . . ! d. Why did Stephanie think she was
Five times. Ask and answer questions. being watched?

37
e. Did she see a ghost when she was 9 Work alone. 3 Put the following sentences into
young? Write some tag questions to ask to the past.
f. How long had the ghost been another member of the class. You Example
haunting the house? must decide if you're quite sure of I'm having a bath.
g. Why was it so cold when the the answer (type i) or not sure
ghost came? (type ii). Be very careful with your / was having a bath
h. Was Stephanie telling the truth? intonation. when the phone rang.

6 Work in pairs. a. I have a holiday every year.

Ask and answer questions for the
following situations.
REVISION in Mexico last year.
a. One of you has just seen a ghost/
a UFO. Have
b. One of you has fixed a blind date b. I've got a car.
Have is used in different ways.
for the other. 1. As an auxiliary verb in Perfect
c. One of you has just seen a tenses. my first car when I was 19.
wonderful film. I've never seen anything like it!
7 Do the same for the following 2. As a full verb to refer to an c. I have to work hard.
situations, but ask your questions action.
indirectly, using: I'm having lunch at the moment, when I was at school.
Could you tell me ...? so I can't come out.
Do you know...? 3. To refer to a state, such as a 4 Put the following sentences into
I was wondering.. . possession or an illness. In the present.
a. One of you is looking for a good spoken English, got is often used, Imagine the actions are happening
English language school. The but the concept is still present. now, so use the Present
other has just spent six months at He has a new car I He's got a new Continuous where possible. If not
a school in England. car. possible, use have got.
b. One of you is selling a second- I have a terrible headache/I've got Example
hand car. The other is interested, a terrible headache.
I had lunch with Peter.
but wants more information. 4. As a modal verb to express
I'm having lunch with Peter.
obligation.
8 There are two main kinds of tag He had a bad cold.
I have to go now. Goodbye!
questions. He's got a bad cold.
>• Grammar reference: page 114. a. We had a good time at the party.
b. She didn't have much experience
(i) You're Spanish, aren't you? 1 Make the following sentences of working with children.
(falling intonation on the tag.)
negative. c. We had a lovely room with a view
Example over the ocean.
(ii) The train goes at ten, doesn't it?
(rising intonation on the tag.) He's got a yacht. d. The restaurant didn't have any
He hasn't got a yacht. red wine, so we had to have
(i) means 'I'm sure I'm right - confirm white.
this for me'. a. She's been to America.
e. He had a row with his neighbour.
b. I have a bath every night.
(ii) is more like a real question. It means c. She's got long hair.
'I think I'm right, but correct me
if I'm wrong'. d. They have to work very hard.
2. Make the following sentences
I T.12 Listen to the tape of a into a question.
man and woman talking about Example
holiday arrangements. There are He's got three brothers.
eight tag questions. How many brothers has he got?
Write if they are type (i) or type a. He's written three books.
(ii). How many . .. ?
a. have we? e. doesn't it? b. I have lunch at 1.00.
b. isn't it? f. haven't you? When ...?
c. have you? g. didn't you? c. He's got a Rolls Royce.
d. didn't you? h. can't we? What sort. .. ?
Practise the tag questions on the d. I have to get up at 6.00.
tape. What time . ..?

38
 1

Narrative tenses

Travel and transport

• Vocabulary 1

1 Work in pairs.
Divide the following means of
transport into three groups:
transport by air, water, or on land.
asubmarine a tram
a moped a helicopter
an airship a jet
a canoe a double-decker
a rowing boat bus
a barge a yacht
a van a glider
a rocket an estate car
a liner a hot-air
a jeep balloon

2 Choose one of the groups.

Which of the means of transport is
- the fastest?
- for commercial purposes?
- for pleasure?
- the most dangerous?
- old-fashioned?
- romantic?
- for military purposes?
What associations do you have for
each one?
Example
Barges make me think of towns
like Paris and Amsterdam, where
they go up and down the river all
day. In Britain, some people live
on them.

39
3 What are the names of these
airlines?
Which countries are they from?
Which airline has the best
reputation for safety? for comfort? Travellers'

Ta I e s

Every year a magazine called

Executive Travel organizes a
competition to find the Airline of the
Year. Travellers from all over the world 35 one traveller
5 are invited to vote for the most a bit of a shock.
efficient, the most punctual, the safest Dressed only in
and the friendliest airline. The winner trousers, shirt and socks, he had been
in 1985 was British Airways. The allowed by the stewardess to leave
competition asked travellers what for 40 the aircraft to see if he could get a
10 them was most important from an colleague aboard. He returned a few
airline, and the results were as follows: minutes later to find the 747'closed up
and about to start moving — with his
shoes, wallet, passport and luggage
Punctual departures 45 inside. Banging frantically on the door
and arrivals 35%
got him back inside. A similar event
Attentive cabin staff 35% was seen by a businessman on a flight
Comfort 18% from Bangladesh. Passengers were
waiting for take-off when there was
Safety 9% 50 sudden hysterical hammering on the
Good food and wine 3% door. At first the cabin crew paid no
attention. The hammering continued.
When the door was finally opened,
The competition also invited travellers the pilot got in.
to tell their most horrific stories of the
nightmare side to international travel. 55 One frequent flier lost a certain
15 Replies included six hijacks, fifty-three amount of confidence when the cabin
cases of engine failure or trouble with staff asked him to sit in the lavatory
the landing gear, eleven lightning
strikes, twenty-three bomb scares,
thirteen cases of food poisoning,
20 eleven near misses and two collisions
with airport trucks.

Bad flying experiences begin on the

ground, naturally. One American
airline managed to double-book an
25 entire 747, but this is nothing compared
to what happened on an internal flight
on a certain African airline. The flight
had been overbooked three times. The
local military sorted the problem out
30 by insisting that all passengers with
boarding cards should run round the
Do you like flying, or are you
plane twice, the fastest getting the
afraid of it? Say why. seats. An overbooked flight that was
What was your most/least going from Heathrow to America gave
enjoyable flight?
Where were you going?

40
 What do you think?
Reading
1 The competition was answered by
Pre-reading task very experienced travellers.
1 What for you is most important Why do you think they put safety
from an airline? so far down on their list of
Put the following in order of importance?
importance: 2 Why do airlines overbook? •
« O safety
3 Why do you think the cabin staff
Q eomfort
on one flight wanted to sit near the
. O punctual departures and
emergency exit?
arrivals „
Q good food and wine 4 Which of the stories were funny
• O attentive cabin staff but dangerous?
during take-off, so that they could Which were funny but not
2 Flying is probably one of the safest dangerous?
occupy the seats nearest the
ways to travel, but there can be
60 emergency exit. Another lost faith in
problems. Discuss what can go Pairwork
wrong on the ground and in the
Student A You have just had one of
air.
the terrible experiences described
in the article. Tell Student B about
Reading for information it. Use your imagination to add
Now read the article opposite. more detail.
A group of air travellers was invited Student B Listen to Student A and
to comment on their flying ask questions to get more
the pilot's navigational skills when
passengers were given lifeboat drill experiences. information.
on a flight between London and Was their order of importance the
same as yours? Begin like this:
Manchester.
Did they mention any of the Student A I've just had a terrible
problems that you discussed? journey!
65 For nervous fliers, a journey to be
Student B Why? What happened?
avoided was one between Gatwick
and Montpellier, where the in-flight Student A Well, I was going . . .
Comprehension check
entertainment consisted of watching
pieces of the engine falling off. 1 Look at the list of disasters in Summary
70 Another passenger was asked to hold paragraph 2. Marking a text is one way of
the aircraft door closed at take-off Which happened on the ground? summarizing.
and landing. Which happened in the air? Look at the example.
Which could have been both on
Baggage is a rich source of horror the ground and in the air? Every year a magazine called
stories. There was the unlucky traveller Executive Travel organizes a
75 who left Chicago in minus-23 weather. 2 After paragraph 2, how many competition to find the Airline of the
He was going to an important meeting disasters are described? Year. Travellers from all over the world
in Dallas, where the temperature was are invited to vote for the most
80-plus. Unfortunately his suitcase had 3 Why did some passengers have to
The competition also invited travellers
gone to LA, where it spent the next two run round a plane? to tell their most horrific stories of the
80 days. The customers he was trying to 4 Why did a passenger and a pilot nightmare side to international travel.
impress were more than a little have to knock on the plane door to Replies included six hijacks, fifty-three
surprised to see him going round in a
get in? Do the same for the rest of the text.
thick suit, heavy overcoat and fur hat.
5 Why was it surprising to have a Underline or mark the main ideas
lifeboat drill on a flight from only.
London to Manchester? When you have finished, compare
yours with another student's.
6 What does in-flight entertainment
usually consist of? (lines 67-8)
*• Language focus
(Adapted from an article in Executive Travel Was this experience entertaining?
Magazine, October 1985) Read the Language review on page
7 Why was the Dallas businessman 45.
inappropriately dressed? Do the Controlled practice exercises
1-5.

41
 2 Homonyms
Vocabulary 2
In the following sentences there is
Homonyms and homophones a word with at least two meanings.
1 Homonyms are words with the You probably know one meaning
same spelling but different but not the other. Find the word,
meaning. look it up in your dictionary and
find the correct entry and
Example
definition.
I got £50 out of the bank.
We sat on the river bank and had a a. My brother's a soldier. He's on
leave at the moment. Customer Waiter! What's wrong
picnic.
b. She gave me some sound advice. with these eggs?
Notice the two ways in which a Waiter Don't ask me, sir. I only laid
I'll certainly follow it.
dictionary gives different the table.
c. My uncle left me a thousand
meanings of a word.
pounds in his will.
- There are two or more definitions d. 'Who won the match?' 'It was a
in the same entry when the draw.'
difference is small and the e. Damn! I've got a parking fine.
meanings are related. f. I'm going away on business to a
trade fair soon.
plain 1 /plem/ adj (-er, -est) 1 easy to see, hear or g. One swallow doesn't make a
understand: ~ English; in ~ speech; ~ language, summer. Mechanic Your battery's flat.
(of telegrams, etc) not in code. The meaning is Driver Oh dear. What shape should
quite ~. ,~ 'sailing, (fig) course of action that is h. I had to buy a special saw to cut
simple and free from difficulties: After we engaged through the pipe. it be?
a guide, everything was ~ sailing. 2 simple; ordi-
nary; without luxury or ornament: a ~ blue dress,
of blue material without a design on it, or without 3 Homophones
trimmings, etc; in ~ clothes, (esp of policemen) in Look at these words in your
ordinary clothes, not in uniform; ~ food/cooking;
a -v cook, one who can prepare ~ meals. 3 (of dictionary and copy the phonemic
persons, their thoughts, actions, etc) straightfor- script.
ward; frank: in ~ words, frankly; ~ dealing,
honesty, sincerity, to fc« '~ with you, to speak Then think of another word with
openly. ,~-'spok«n ad; frank in speech. 4 (of a
person's appearance) not pretty or handsome. the same pronunciation but a
different spelling.
Example
Teacher You missed school
There are two or more entries flower /flao3(r)/ flour
yesterday, Johnny, didn't you?
when the difference between the male war hire
Johnny No, not at all.
meanings is large. caught piece through
wear hole way Why is Sunday the strongest day?
1 r
plane /plem/ n -v(-tr»«), one of several kinds of stair rain saw Because all the others are weak days.
tree with spreading branches, broad leaves and thin die bored pair
bark, which comes off in flakes. What's the difference between a ball
2
plane /plem/ n tool for trimming the surface of 4 A lot of jokes are made with and a prince?
wood by taking shavings from it. c> the illus at homonyms and homophones, One is thrown in the air, and the
tool. D vt,vi [VP2A,15B,2D,22] use a ~; make because there is a play on words.
smooth with a ~: ~ sth smooth. ~ away/down, other is heir to the throne. N
remove irregularities with a ~. Can you understand the following
children's jokes? What colour would you paint the sun
plane3 /plem/ n 1 flat or level surface; surface such and the wind?
that the straight line joining any points on it is
touching it at all points; The sun rose and the wind blue.
plane4 /plem/ n(colloq abbrfor) aeroplane. Why was the doctor angry?
Because he had no patients.

Plain and plane are homophones. Why did the teacher have to wear
Homophones are words with the sunglasses?
same pronunciation, but different Because his students were so bright.
spelling and meaning.
Why will you never starve in the desert?
Example Customer Waiter! What sort of Because of the sand which is there.
A yacht is a boat with a big sail. soup is this?
/seil/ Waiter It's bean soup, sir. What did the salad say to the
I bought this jumper in a sale. Customer I don't care what it was. tomato?
/seil/ I want to know what it is now. Lettuce get married.

42
5 I T.13 | Listen to the joke on 2 What is the most beautiful place •
tape about four people on a train. you have ever been to?
What actually happened in the Why did you like it?
tunnel? What were you doing there?

Speaking Listening
Discussion T.14 | You will hear a man called
1 Work in pairs. Brian talking about his experiences
It is now possible to travel to most of driving a lorry for the first time.
parts of the world easily, quickly Listen to the first part of the tape and
and cheaply. There are both good answer the questions.
and bad points to this. Talk 1 When did the story take place? Comprehension check/Language work
together and add to this list. 2 What had Brian just done?
3 What job was he offered? Here are the answers to some
Good points 4 What sort of vehicle did he expect questions.
to drive? Work out the questions.
We can see how people in 5 What in fact did he have to drive?
other cultures live. 1 While he was a student at
The following words are contained in university.
Travelling is exciting. the rest of the story. Look at them, 2 Five thirty in the morning.
and before you listen imagine what 3 No, he drove off.
happened to Brian during the rest of 4 Because Brian had nearly crashed
the day. into the garage roof.
5 Ten o'clock in the morning.
crash diesel
6 The manager of the shop.
to brake pavement
scared petrol station
flames roof >• Language focus
Look at the tapescript on page 128.
Now listen to the rest of the story. Find the examples of the Past Perfect
Bad points There are five incidents. Put a tense.
number on the map to show where Do the Controlled practice exercises
Countries are losing their they happened and briefly describe
individuality. 6-8.
each one.

Travelling can be dangerous.

Bristol
2
esbu
$restor>-Super-Mare
Interest points fiutton 3

Our forms of transport

will change when there is
no more oil.

43
 Writing
Time expressions

1 Conjunctions of time
when while whenever
as soon as by the time as
Conjunctions join two sentences.
Examples
When Peter arrived, we had lunch.
As I was leaving, the phone rang.
Conjunctions and prepositions of
time 1 under a lot of pressure 2 working sixteen hours a day
until after before since company's profits down not getting home until...
These words can be used as wife and children
conjunctions to join two
sentences, or as prepositions
followed by a noun.
Example
it ended,
/ stayed at the party until
the end.
After his
mother died, he moved
After the death to Australia.
of his mother,
2 Put one of the above conjunctions
or prepositions into each gap. 4 advised him to give up 5 get some fresh air
a. I met an old school friend work for a while forget about...
I was on the train this
morning.
b. I've made a lot of friends
I came here.
c. We sheltered under a rock
the rain had stopped.
d. T went for a drink work.
e. my grandfather came to
visit, he bought a small present
for my sister and me - sometimes
sweets or a comic, and sometimes
a book.
7 As Henry was leaving,.. . 8 followed his doctor's advice, bought.
3 Complete the following sentences As soon as . . ., he started . ..
in an appropriate way. spent his days . ..
a. I haven't seen my parents since

b. As soon as I realized I had been

burgled,
c. I can't pay you now. Can you wait
until
d. He started decorating the
bathroom. By the time his wife
came home,
e. She became more and more
depressed after

10 expanded
employ workmen
44
 4 Writing a narrative >• Grammar reference: page 114.
Work in groups of three.
Look at the picture and the words,
and write the story about the
workaholic.
The beginning has been done for CONTROLLED PRACTICE
you. The story begins at picture 3. Past Simple and Continuous
'Now listen, Henry You've got to 1 Work in pairs.
learn to take it easy,' said Doctor Compare the use of tenses in the
Clarke. Henry Dunlop, managing following pairs of sentences. Say
director of a large textile which tense is used and why.
company, was lying on his doctor's a. When I arrived at the airport, my
3 listened attentively
couch, telling him .. . flight was announced.
When I arrived at the airport, my
flight was being announced.
• Language review b. During the flight, I read a book.
Narrative tenses During the flight, I was reading a
book.
i Past Simple and Past Continuous c. We had various refreshments on
The events of a narrative are in the the plane.
Past Simple: We were having lunch when we
The journey began at 8.00. We hit an air pocket.
jumped in the car and drove for d. When we landed, I was met by a
three hours until we arrived at the colleague.
hotel. When we landed, it was snowing.
£ Descriptions and interrupted 2 What are the following people in
activities are in the Past history famous for?
6 suggested that he started . ..
the exercise would do him good Continuous: What did they do?
The sun was shining, and we were When were they alive?
singing because we were going on
holiday.
We were driving along the
motorway when the accident
happened.
1 Past Perfect Simple and
Continuous
The Past Perfect is used to express
an action that happened before
another event in the past:
The plane had already left when we
9 ... enjoyed . .. very much arrived at the airport.
bought... built I had been trying to find a job for
three months when finally I decided
to emigrate.

Before Past Now

• • 1
had already left arrived
had been trying decided

< Look again at the text on page 40.

Find examples of Past Simple, Past
Continuous and Past Perfect. Some
11 business had grown so much that..
are passive.

45
3 What were you doing when the e. Why did the manager come out of c. Excuse me!
following events took place? his shop? d. Mind the step.
What were you doing when you e. Sorry!
7 Work in pairs.
heard the news? f. Pardon?
Compare the use of tenses in the
President Kennedy's assassination g. I don't care what he does,
following pairs of sentences. Say
(November 22,1963) h. It serves him right.
which tense is used and why.
First man on the moon (July 21, i. Here you are.
a. When we got to the theatre, the
1969) j. Come on!
play started.
End of the Vietnam war (January k. What's up?
When we got to the theatre, the
1,1973) 1. It's up to you.
play had started.
John Lennon's assassination m. Do you want this one or that
b. When she saw the photograph,
(December 8, 1980) one?
she burst out laughing.
Attempted assassination of the
When she had seen all the B
Pope (May 13,1981)
photographs, she went home. O Thank you.
The Live Aid concert (July 13,
c. She was tired. She had been D Where to?
1985)
writing all morning. O I don't feel very well.
4 Pronunciation of-ed She was tired. She had written D Ouch! Too late.
There are three possible three chapters of her book that Q I don't mind. You choose.
pronunciations, /t/, /d/ or /id/. morning. O Never mind. It doesn't matter.
Arrange the following verbs into d. When I got home, I discovered O I'll say it again for you.
three groups. that someone had stolen my O Oh, no. I hate decisions.
There are six verbs in each group. radio. D Why? What did he do?
He was sent to prison. He had Q All right. All right. I didn't mean
needed laughed
been stealing from his employer to be nosy.
shouted developed
for years. O Yes, can I help you?
searched managed
D What, again?
robbed mixed 8 Interrogation
O That's not very nice. I thought
scared added
One of you is being questioned by you two were friends.
banged staggered
wounded reached the police. He/she is suspected of Write short dialogues with two
climbed persuaded having committed a crime last night. matched expressions either at the
panicked hunted The rest of the class are detectives. beginning, in the middle or at the
Find the verbs that end in -ed in Suspect Say what you did last night. end of the dialogue. Read them
the article on page 40. Detectives You want as much detail out to the rest of the class. They
Which group do they belong to? as possible. Can you find a must guess where the dialogue is
contradiction in what he/she says? taking place, and who the people
5 Dictation are.
Example
f T.15 You will hear a short Suspect At six o'clock I caught the 2 When would you use the following
news item. First listen to it all the bus home. expressions?
way through. You will then hear it Detectives What number bus was it?
again at dictation speed. Copy it Good luck! Bad luck!
How long did the journey take?
down on a separate piece of Congratulations! Watch out!
How long had you been waiting?
paper. Pay attention to weak Good Lord! Ta.
How much was the fare? What
forms such as was /waz/, were /wa/, Have a nice time! Cheers!
were you wearing?
had /d/, and been /bin/. Cheerio!
After a while, choose a different I'm sorry to hear that.
6 Past Perfect Simple and suspect.
Continuous
Answer the following questions 3 | T.16 | You will hear ten short
about the lorry driver using a verb dialogues which contain the
REVISION
in the Past Perfect Simple or following exclamations. What do
Continuous. Common expressions the exclamations mean?
a. How long had Brian been driving 1 Work in pairs.
when the first accident happened? Match an expression in column A
b. What had he done? with a reply in column B.
c. Why did his lorry catch fire?
A
d. Why was he tired when he got to
a. Mind your own business. Do you say the same in your
Bridgwater?
b. I've changed my mind. language?

46
 I "_,.

Expressing quantity

THE BALANCED DIET How many times a week do you eat

How do you feel today? high or medium-fat cheese?
FAT Five or more 3
Discussion point Three to five 2
Which do you usually eat? Once or twice a week 1
Butter 3 Occasionally/never 0
i What dishes is your country
Margarine 2
famous for? Nothing 0 How many times a week do you eat
What kind of food is eaten a lot? chocolate?
Which do you usually use for cooking? Six or more 3
What is a balanced diet? Meat fat, butter, margarine 3 Three to five 2
How does diet affect your health? Vegetable oil 2 Once or twice 1
Have you changed your diet Corn, sunflower, olive oil 1 Occasionally/never 0
recently? How many times a week do you eat How often do you eat meat?
2 Answer the questions and add up chips? Twice a day 4
Five or more 3 Once a day 2
your scores to see if you have a Two to four 2
balanced diet. Most days 1
Once 1 Never 0
Occasionally/never 0
How many times a week do you eat
How often do you eat cream or sausages/meat pies/burgers?
ice-cream? Six or more 3
Every day 3 Three to five 2
Several times a week 2 Once or twice 1
About once a week 1 Occasionally/never 0
Less than once a week/never 0
If you have a choice of how to cook
Which type of milk do you drink? meat, how do you cook it?
Full fat 3 Fry 3
Semi-skimmed 1 Grill with added oil 2
Skimmed/none 0 Grill without adding oil 1
What type of cheese do you eat How many times a week do you eat
most of? cake, biscuits, or desserts?
High-fat (Cheddar, Stilton) 4 Six or more 3
Medium-fat (Camembert, Edam, Brie) 3 Three to five 2
Low-fat (cottage) 2 Once or twice I
Variety 3 Occasionally/never 0
FIBRE
What kind of bread do you eat? How many times a week do you eat rice
Wholemeal 3 or pasta?
White 1 Six or more 4
TOTAL Mixture 2 Three to five 3
If your fat total was less than your fibre How many slices of bread do you eat a day? Once or twice 2
total, well done. Six or more 4 Occasionally/never 0
If your fat total was about the same as your Three to five 3 How many times a week do you eat
fibre total (within one or two points), try to One or two 1 boiled, mashed or jacket potatoes?
cut down on fat. None 0 Six or more 5
If your fat total was greater than your fibre How many times a week do you eat cereal? Three to five 3
total, you need to make changes in your Six or more 4 Once or twice 2
diet. Three to five . 3 Occasionally/never 0
(Adapted from the Economist Augusf 31, Once or twice 2
7985) Occasionally/never 0
47
3 A survey
Reading
Even,- student must choose one of
the questions that interests Pre-reading task
her him. You will read an article writt
Try to choose different questions. newspaper about the health /hazan
Stand up. and ask all the other of modern-day life.
students your question. The following words and phrases are
Make a note of their answers. contained in the article.
Prepare a report. The following Check them in your dictionary.
structures will help you. ^0 dice with death' / a vein
frtjju'gTit with danger <
Most lead (n) * to throb
Some gums — to inhale
people eat cream liver astro
Quite a few an early gfave'- rash
every day.
A few What do you think are some of the
health hazards that the article
Few
mentions?

About half of us eat cream once Scan reading

All a week. The writer describes a typical day in
the life of a businessman, and the
dangers that he faces at different
Only one of us never eats cream.
times of the day.
Read the article quickly and answer
Everybody the following questions.
Nearly everybody 1 Was the article written by a doctor
eats cream
2 Imagine the businessman gets up
Hardly anybody every day.
at 7.00, it takes him an hour to get
Nobody to work and he starts at 9.00.
Where is he, and what is he doing
4 Work in pairs. at the following times?
Make a list of five different items 7.05/7.30/7.45/8.30/8.55/9.00
of food. 9.10/1.15/4.00/6.00/6.30
Read out your list.
The other students must say: Comprehension check
- if they are good for us or not
- why 1 According to the writer, what
- how much we should or dangers are attached to the
shouldn't eat following?
Example r~
Fruit
Fruit is very good for us. It 2 »1» iii»;l nmiom a good material
contains vitamins. We should eat a •?
lot. 3 SJammmmMtK overweight is the

Biscuits -» Hlm MK yum nearest and

Biscuits aren't very good for us. «a«Biii:'1 mines 26-7 )
They're made with sugar. We *van use the stairs and
shouldn't eat too many.
Wli«*» IBS colleague need to
if*
does the traffic jam

has his wife faced all

48
 What do you think?
1 What point is the writer making in
DICING WITH DEATH the last paragraph?
Do you agree?
And living with statistics BY RUTH JEMMETT
2 Do you think the writer is . . .
a. much too worried about the
dangers of modern life?
b. right to be worried about them?
c. being funny about them to make
a point?
3 Read the text again and mark it
like this:
-/</ I agree that this is a real
danger.
v' This could be dangerous, but
it's not worth worrying
about.
X I don't agree that this is a
danger.
? I don't understand the point
that the writer is trying to
make.
Compare your reactions with a
partner's.
4 The article deals with quite a
EVERY DAY is fraught with danger. You wake will ruin your lungs (not to mention our serious subject, but it is written in
in the morning, rush to the window and take a atmosphere, if we are to believe the experts.) a humorous way. A lot of it sounds
deep breath. Don't! Hasn'.t anyone told you about ^ 40 With trembling hands you light a cigarette to like spoken English, as though two
the air being polluted with lead from petrol? Next it calm your nerves. A what! How dare you? In ,
5 you go to the bathroom. After touching the comes your colleague. Ms Brown, all ready for a people were talking to each other.
lavatory handle, your innocent-looking hands, busy day, blonde hair and make-up in place. Do Find examples of this.
are covered in bacteria, which even a good wash . you think she's heard about the cancer scare ci-
won't entirely remove. You sigh, and get 45 concerning hair dyes and eye-liners?
dressed. Good heavens! Didn't you realize that At last lunch-time comes. You join your *• Language focus
10 all that nylon won't let your skin breathe? mates in the local for a sandwich. White bread, Read the Language review on page
With a rash beginning to appear on your skin, eh? A low-fibre diet is no good at all. You have 54. //
you make your way to the kitchen for breakfast. 'just one more drink', which helps you on your !(, Do the Controlled practice exercises
Eating must be good for you — mustn't it? Of 50 way to liver failure, and you return to the office.
course it is. provided you don't have tea or You spend the afternoon fighting a battle with 1-4.
15 coffee, which are bad for your heart, or a good high blood pressure and chronic indigestion (or is
old-fashioned English fry-up, which will fill it your heart at last?) and give a sigh of relief as
your stomach with cholesterol-building fat. 5.30 arrives.
Depressed — not to mention hungry — you go 55 What a jam on the by-pass tonight. It gets your
to clean your teeth. Put down that nylon fingers tapping on the steering wheel, doesn't it? ,
20 toothbrush at once! It will ruin your gums. Do You look in the driving mirror and see a large
you have the courage to weigh yourself? vein throbbing up and down on your forehead. It
Honors! You're at least half a stone overweight,",' throbs even faster as you suddenly remember that
which is sure to help send you to an early grave. 60 article you were reading about strokes.
Hesitating, you make your way to the car, A nervous wreck, you reach home. You
25 knowing that (according to statistics) there's a • crawl up the path and fall into your wife's
good chance that either you or one of your nearest v protective arms. She won't last much longer, of
and dearest will be involved in an accident course. She's inhaled a large amount of washing
sometime during your life. After a heart- 65 powder, quite a few asbestos particles from her
thumping journey, you reach work. hair drier and a great number of chemicals from
30 Filled with relief you get into the lift. Get out w aerosol sprays.
at once and race up those stairs, unless you want/ But do not fear, civilization is here. Are we
a heart attack tomorrow. really that much happier in our modern
Panting, you reach the office, where you 70 technological world with all its new-found
collapse into a chair. The cleaner has just left, knowledge than our ancestors who knew nothing
35 leaving an aerosol's delightful aroma floating in >:' of these things? Is it any surprise that there were
the air. You inhale deeply, enjoying the sweet no analysts or psychiatrists in any century before
fragrance. Danger! Breathing in the substance ours? I'm sure they didn't need any.
49
(Sunday Times 22 June 1980)
 3 Work in pairs.
• Vocabulary 1
Look at the graphs and fill in the gaps.
The language of statistics
Death rates per 100 000 (Age adjusted, male and female)
Two quotations:
'There are three kinds of lies: lies,
damn lies, and statistics.' (Mark United States Japan England & Wales
Twain) 400
"'•, Coronary heart 400
'He uses statistics as a drunken man "..disease
uses lamp-posts - for support rather
than illumination.' (Andrew Lang) . , "^s^
_ All cancers '•. 300 300 '•-. -
1 Describing trends

a sharp rise
a gradual rise \^
a slight rise - 200 \ 200 -

-fall — - ~ V — —
-fall
-fall 100 — — 100
^ Strokes

Notice the verbs that can be used.

Infectious diseases
r-T-n-1-rTT-n-n i n i i i i i i i i i i i Tl 0 r-M-rl-r-t-f-t-i-l-H
risen sharply 197072 74 767880 82 197072 74 76 78 8082 197072 74 76 7880 82
gone up
numbers
have fallen World Health Organization, The Economist, August 31, 1985
dropped slightly
gone down
a. In , deaths from heart 4 I T.17 | Listen to the tape and
disease have dropped sharply. add to the graph the changing
2 Look at the graphs. b. In Japan, there has been rates of unemployment for West
Life expectancy in developed in the number of deaths from Germany, the United States, and
countries has risen from 65 in 1950 cancer, whilst deaths from Great Britain.
to 74 in 1985. strokes have
c. In England and Wales, there was How Britain Compares
Make similar sentences about (Unemployment %)
Third World countries, America, ^_^_ in deaths from heart 14-j
Japan, and England and Wales. disease in 1978, but since then 12-
10- ^^-- France
Life expectancy d. In. and ,, deaths 8-
from have hardly
Developed countries changed at all. 4-
e. In England and Wales, deaths Japan
65 2
I- from are about the same 0
1950 1985
as from 1980 81 82 83 84 85
f. In the United States, many more
Third World countries people die of cancer than of
5 Make similar sentences to those in
41 exercise 3 based on the statistics
g. . has the lowest rate of
1950 1985 above and below.
heart disease.
h. America has a higher rate of Visitors to Britain
Life expectancy cancer than and British people going abroad
76 i. In Japan, more than twice as Where they came from in 1985
United Japan / England & Change compared
States 74 / yvales many people die of cancer than of (OOO'S) to 1984
72/ 72 / 72--~ North America 4 500 +33%
j. In America, about. as Western Europe 8 700 +5%
82 many people die of cancer as of Elsewhere 1 600 -2%
1970 81 70 82 70
a stroke.

50
 Listening
Pre-listening task

2 What are the three success stories

discussed on the programme?
What were the patients suffering
from?
3 What is the system that Glenna
Gillingham is trying to set up?
4 Why, in her opinion, is holistic
What's the man doing? Comprehension check medicine becoming more popular?
Do you think it hurts? • 1 Complete the chart with some of
Do you think he's being treated for the differences between Western What do you think?
pains in his foot, his hand, or and holistic medicine.
headaches? 1 Do you agree with Miss
Have you ever had acupuncture Western Holistic Gillingham that we are becoming
treatment? medicine medicine more health conscious?
. What do you know about it? Have your own attitudes to health
care changed at all?
I T.18 1 Listen to the radio
programme about holistic 2 What else would you like to know
medicine. about acupuncture?

51
3 What do you know about the
Vocabulary 2
following alternative approaches
to medicine? Health
herbalism homeopathy 1 Why would you be given the
osteopathy faith healing following to help make you better?
What do you do with it?
Example
a plaster
It keeps the wound clean, so that it
heals more quickly.
You put a plaster on a cut or a graze.
- a course of - a bandage
antibiotics - a sling
- a plaster cast - antiseptic cream
- a pain killer - cough medicine
- antihistamine - sleeping tablets
- a crutch

' This hypochondria — can you give me something

for it? '
Match the following symptoms
with the correct diagnosis.
Symptoms
1 I've been sick quite a lot.
I can't keep anything down.
I feel terrible.
2 I feel weak and dizzy.
I've got aches and pains all
over my body.
I can't stop|sjiivering.
3 I can't swallow, and my glands
are swollen.
4 I started having a cold a few
days ago, and now I've got a
rash with small red spots all
over my body.
Diagnosis
Q Influenza Food poisoning
Q Tonsillitis Measles
3 Work alone.
You are ill. Write down your
symptoms.
When you are ready, read out
your symptoms to the rest of the
>• Language focus class. They are doctors, and must
Do the Controlled practice exercises make a diagnosis and suggest
5-7. treatment.

52
 Work in pairs.
Speaking Writing
Decide which sentences go with
Planning a menu Formal and informal letters which letter, and put them in the
Divide into four groups. 1 Here are two jumbled letters. One right order.
You are going to entertain at your is written to a hotel, and the other Letter to a hotel
house one of the following groups of to a friend.
Letter to a friend.
people.
Group A
Your uncle and aunt are coming for
lunch with their two children, aged
six and nine.
*• /'*.
Group B
Two old friends, the same age as c. / do* '/ wfar-t pi*f
you, are coming for supper. One of
them is vegetarian. I 'ft
Group C
A potential business client and her/
his husband/wife. You need to
e. / irvat*/J (ifc t«
impress them.
Group D fhe nijhft ef
Two colleagues from work are
coming for supper. They are very
health-conscious.
f- I k*M -fit jfrtvc if
1 Plan a menu for them, including
first course, main course, and $• Wrift fro* «hd ht mi,
dessert.
k I'** cemin* dtwn fa O>ndt» «j*fhl
2 Now write out your shopping list.
If you are in Britain, do this in «f %< ftiofifh ft $o p at cehftwn
Imperial measures.
1 pound = 0.45 kilos /* CouM / favt 4 bit* ft fat Md<* /
1 pint =0.56 litres
*r* «// tv&//, 4hd -fh»f got* 'vt
The following expressions will
help you. -from -fht jwsy Ckfrffmtf p*r>*</.
one and a half pounds o f . . .
a quarter of a pound of . . . k. I WOIA{<A b*, txff-tmt/y
half a pint of .
a packet o f . . /. Could I p*ssib{y kwt, 4
a carton of ..
*f I find "fhe. f*»nt ?*•**?
a tin o f . . .
a jar o f . . . M. CoiAJJ you phf f*l tof fit- 4
a tube o f . . .
ft,. J*ft 4 fAnt/w/cti will do*
o. I loofc f&twird t* your
p. (fa fht Zinc! ~Z4-fr J

<j. As I will bt 4mvinj quipe fafc,

frf * cofel biAffef in Mtf net*

r.

5". S*mtfhh*j the I '4 ft fa p 4Sk

53
2 Both letters were written by Chris 3 A little and a few express a positive b. I've looked for my
Bright. His address is 47, Angel concept. glasses, but I can't find them
Road, Blaby, Leicestershire. Take a little of this medicine every
The hotel is Hotel Regent, 107 day and you'II be fine. c. 'Was there any post this
Carston Square, London W.I. Little and few express a negative morning?' 'No, '
His friend is called Jan Price. Her concept. d. I put an advertisement in the
address is 33 Alma Crescent, Few people understand the whole paper, but has phoned
London N. 10. problem. It's too complex. yet.
On a separate piece of paper, e. I've got for you, but I'm
decide how you would begin and Grammar reference: page 116. not going to tell you what it is.
end the two letters. f. Could you recommend
Think of - the address(es) for a quiet weekend break?
- the salutation g. I haven't spoken to for
- the ending days.
CONTROLLED PRACTICE
3 Write replies to both letters. 3 Complete the following sentences
Include the following information. Expressing quantity in an appropriate way.
1 Some and any a. John's a terrible cook.
From the hotel
Confirm the reservation Complete the following sentences Everything
Price of the room with some or any.
Arrangements for food in the a. Would you like more
cake? b. When I got home, Hound the
room
b. Could you give me house had been burgled.
From Jan
Some recent news information about train times? Someone
Agreeing to the request c. If you have trouble, just
Or Refusing the request, saying give me a ring.
d. Have you seen .good c. Fiona, I love you. I've never met
why
films recently? anyone
e. I tried to buy .boots, but I
• Language review couldn't find
d. I asked lots of people the way,
Expressing quantity 2 Compounds with some-, any-, no-
1 It is important to understand the but no-one
and every-.
difference between mass nouns Complete the following sentences
and count nouns. Mass nouns with a combination of e. I'm going shopping. Does anyone
cannot usually be made plural. some one
Mass Count any body
cheese pen no thing 4 | T.19 | You will hear eight short
water bottle every where conversations of people buying
snow tree things in different shops.
a. It was a wonderful party. _____
Listen carefully and decide what
had a good time.
2 Expressions of quantity sort of shop it is.
a. e.
b. f.
How much. . . ? How many. . . ? c. g-
all all/every
most d. h.
most
much many 5 Few, a few, little, a little
a great deal a large number Complete the following sentences
a lot/lots a lot/lots with one of the above.
some some a. I can't play tennis today. I have
several jobs to do around the
a little a few house.
little few b. Help yourself to a whisky.
There's still left.
no/none
not. . . any c. Nowadays people have
servants in their house.

54
d. I had. time to catch the 3 Put the correct numbers from
train, but I just made it. REVISION exercise 2 by the following
e. I have friends that I can sentences, according to modal
Modal verbs
trust, but not many. verb and concept.
1 Work in groups of three.
Example
6 A great deal, a large number, a lot, What is the meaning of the modal
[is] She can dance, but she can't
lots verbs in the following sentences?
sing.
A great deal (of) and a large Example
O a. Could you do something
number (of) are a more formal, He can play the piano really well.
for me? I have a problem.
written style. can = ability
A lot (of) is neutral style. O b . I think you should write
a. Can you lend me five pounds until and apologize.
Lots (of) is informal.
tomorrow?
Make the following sentences O c. What time do you have to
b. When you've finished, you can go
positive in three ways. start work?
home.
Example c. You can't smoke in here. It's not O d. She could read when she
I don't have many friends. allowed. was three.
I have a large number of friends. d. Will you give me a lift tomorrow? O e. Will you lend me some
I have a lot of friends. My car's at the garage. money?
I have lots of friends. e. You don't have to come. It's up to O f- I'll pay you back tomorrow.
you.
a. He didn't do much work. O g- Could I use your phone for
b. I haven't made much progress. 2 Read the review of modal verbs. a moment?
c. They didn't invite many people. O h. You must hold it carefully.
d. There wasn't much snow last It's very fragile.
winter. O i- You mustn't drive if you've
e. Not many animals die of Request 1 could been drinking.
starvation in winter. 2 can O j- Give me your suitcase. I'll
f. I don't read many books, because
3 would take it to the car.
I don't have much free time.
4 will 4 Work in pairs.
7 Work in pairs.
Write short dialogues for some of
One of you is feeling very Offer 5 will the following situations.
depressed about life.
6 shall Include some modal verbs.
The other is trying to cheer her/
him up! Example
Intention 7 will At the doctor's
Write a short dialogue together,
beginning like this: Obligation 8 have to A I've got a cough, and I can't
A I'm so unhappy. I haven't got (strong) sleep at night.
9 must B Well, you should stop smoking.
any friends.
B Yes, you have! You've got Obligation 10 should I'll give you a prescription for
quite a few. (mild) some cough medicine, and you
11 ought to must take it three times a day.
A But nobody ever invites me
anywhere. Prohibition 12 mustn't A Thank you doctor. Shall I come
B But lots of people really like back if it doesn't clear up?
13 can't
you. B Only if absolutely necessary.
A And . . . No obligation 14 don't - in a hotel reception
Write about. .. money, work, have to - in a travel agent's
boyfriends, girlfriends, health, Ability 15 can - in a restaurant
holidays . .. — at work
16 could - a parent/teachers' meeting at a
Permission 17 can school

18 may
19 could
This list does not include modal
verbs of certainty and uncertainty.
See Units 7 and 9.

55
 Future forms

in life. There are five classes of people. The economy

What does the future
There is no illness or disease, but there Everybody works seven and a half
hold? is also no emotion or privacy. Everyone hours a day, not because this is
looks young until they are sixty, when necessary (they have the technology to
Discussion point they are sent to hospital to die. allow no-one to work) but because
people like their work and would
In 1932 an English writer, Aldous otherwise have too much free time.
Huxley, wrote a book called Brave Entertainment It is a throwaway, consumer society.
New World. In it, he envisaged life People go to the feelies, where they not
six hundred years into the future. only see pictures, but also feel and Travel
Later in his life, he said that if he smell them. There is no love or The better classes travel everywhere by
rewrote the book, he would place marriage, and sex is an important form helicopter, and go on weekend holidays
the same vision only one hundred of entertainment. to the other side of the world. Rockets
years into the future, because so Everyone takes a drug called soma, can go from London to America in six
many of his prophecies had already in the evenings with friends and for and half hours, travelling at 1,250
come true. sleep holidays that last two weeks. kilometres per hour.
This is the vision of the future that
Brave New World describes.
Which aspects . . .
- have already come true?
- will come true soon?
- might come true some time?
- couldn't possibly come true ever?

World
The world is controlled centrally,
following a nine-year war between
super powers which led to economic
collapse.
There is total social stability. World
population is maintained at two
thousand million. English is the only
language, all others are dead. There is
no religion. History and literature are
censored.

People
Everyone is happy. Babies are born in
test-tubes, and by careful use of
chemicals and conditioning (babies are
taught in their sleep), people are
designed to perform certain functions

56
 Reading Nightmare
Pre-reading task
of the
1 How many capital cities have you
been to?
Which do you like the most/the Monster
least?
Why? Cities
1 'W oik in tw o groups .
Group A Make a list of the BY SPENCER REISS
advantages and disadvantages of
living in cities. It is a sweltering afternoon in the year
Group B Make a list of the 2000, in the biggest city ever seen on
advantages and disadvantages of earth. Twenty-eight million people swarm
living in the country. about an 80-mile-wide mass of smoky
When you have finished, compare 5 slums, surrounding high-rise islands of
your lists. power and wealth.
One-third of the city's work-force is
Reading and predicting unemployed. Many of the poor have never
Read the introduction to a magazine seen the city centre. In a nameless, open-
article and answer the questions. 10 sewer shanty town, the victims of yet
another cholera epidemic are dying
1 The introduction refers to the slowly, without any medical attention. And
shanty town as 'nameless'. Why? I I I I from the parched countryside a thousand
2 What are some of the problems more hungry peasants a day pour into
facing this imaginary city? what they think is their city of hope.
3 What is meant by 'high-rise islands
of power and wealth'?
4 In what parts of the world might
this city be?
5 Which of the following topics do
you expect the article to discuss?
- the need for better urban planning
- the need for birth control ~
programmes in the Third World
- western governments should give mi
more money to poor countries
- why cities are becoming
overcrowded
- whi^h cities are becoming
overcrowded
- the arms race
- the success stories of certain cities.
Scan the article quickly to see which
of the above topics are discussed,
Then read it in more detail.
 That nightmare of the not-too-distant Optimists maintain that runaway urban Comprehension check
future could be Cairo or Jakarta or any of growth can be stemmed by making rural Work in pairs.
a dozen other urban monsters that loom or small-town life more attractive. Some Decide whether the following
just over the demographic horizon. 75 say that the trend is self-correcting, since statements are true [T] or false [F].
20 Already Mexico City, Sao Paulo, and conditions will eventually get bad enough
Shanghai are among the largest, most to convince people that city life is no 1 H] The number of people living
congested cities on earth. Over the next improvement after all. But pessimists see in cities has more than
two decades, they — and many others — a gloomier correction: epidemics, doubled in the last thirty
are expected almost to double in size, so starvation and revolution. In the end, both years.
25 generating economic and social problems sides agree that the world's biggest cities 2 D Over 3,000 million people
that will far outstrip all previous experience. are mushrooming into the unknown. will be living in cities in the
year 2000.
Just 30 years ago some 700 million 'Figures are based on United Nations
3 O The majority of the large
people lived in cities. Today the number estimates and projections.
cities will be in First World
stands at 1,800 million, and by the end of 85 Survival Course. Yet some cities still countries.
30 the century it will top 3,000 million — more manage to cope. 4 Q For the hopeful migrants,
than half the world's estimated population.
Seoul, riding the crest of South Korea's conditions in the cities are
The flood of 'urbanites' is engulfing not worse than in the
economic boom, is currently building a
the richest countries, but the poorest. By countryside.
£2,500 million underground railway
the year 2000 an estimated 650 million 5 O Approximately a third of
90 system that should ease some of the worst
35 people will crowd into 60 cities of five them will not get a
traffic problems in the world. Over the last
million or more — three-quarters of them permanent job.
decade Tokyo has cleared up much of its
in the developing world. Only a single First 6 O Experts are divided over
legendary smog.
World city — metropolitan Tokyo, which what the best solution is.
will have 24 million people — is expected Hong Kong has rehoused 1.3 million 7 O Some people say that death
40 to be among the global top five; London, 95 people in new high-rise towns such as and revolution is a possible
ranked second in 1950 with ten million Sha Tin. Built on land reclaimed from the solution.
people, will not even make 2000's top 25* sea and paddyfields, Sha Tin and its sister 8 dj Tokyo no longer suffers from
towns are totally self-contained, down to smog.
In places where rates of natural population
playgrounds, industrial areas and a 9 n Often there is no point in
increase exceed three per cent annually
100 railway line into the colony's main improving the conditions in
45 — meaning much of the Third World —
business district. slums.
that alone is enough to double a city's
population within 20 years. But equally The essence of the larger problem is that 10 O The Russians have succeeded
powerful are the streams of hopeful despite the dreadful conditions that urban in controlling urban growth.
migrants from the countryside. More often squatters face, their numbers are growing
so than not, even the most appalling urban 105 at rates as much as twice that of the cities What do you think?
living conditions are an improvement on themselves — and every step taken to 1 The article refers to First World
whatever those who suffer them have left improve living conditions in the slums only countries and Third World (or
behind. attracts more migrants. developing) countries.
What confronts and confounds urban One solution is to ban migration into the Give some examples of both.
55 planners is the enormity of these trends. 110 cities. Both China and the Soviet Union 2 Why isn't urban growth such a
There have never been cities of 30 million use internal passports or residence problem for many First World
people, let alone ones dependent on permits to try to control urban growth, the countries?
roads, sewer and water supplies barely Russians with rather more success.
adequate for urban areas a tenth that size. 3 'Modern industries put a premium
Mexico City planners are already gamely
on technology rather than
eo The great urban industrial booms of 115 laying plans for a metropolitan region of
manpower.' (paragraph 6) What is
Europe and America in the nineteenth 36 million people by the year 2000. If
meant by this?
and twentieth centuries sustained the nothing else, there is a kind of New World
Give some examples of industries
cities that they helped to spawn. But in bravery in that.
that no longer need a large work
today's swelling Third World cities, the force.
65 flood of new arrivals far outstrips the
supply of jobs — particularly as modern 4 Explain the play on words in the
industries put a premium on technology CONDENSED FROM NEWSWEEK last line of the article.
rather than manpower. So it will be virtually INTERNATIONAL (OCTOBER 31,1983)
1983 NEWSWEEK, INC. NEW YORK, 5 What are the problems facing the
impossible to find permanent employment capital cities that you know?
70 for 30 to 40 per cent of the 1,000 million new NY ILLUSTRATION: ROBERTO INNOCENTI
What is being done about these
city dwellers expected by the year 2000. (Reader's Digest July 1984) problems?

58
Topic sentences
• Vocabulary 1 in-crease1 /'rrjkrhs/ n (U) ~ (in), increasing;
growth; [C] amount by which sth ~s: /~ in popu-
Most paragraphs have a key sentence lation made emigration necessary. There was a
(or part of a sentence) that Nouns and verbs steady ~ in population, oa the ~, growing: Is
the consumption of beer still on the ~ ?
summarizes the essential meaning of These lines appeared in the article
the whole paragraph. This is called Nightmare of the Monster Cities. in-crease2 /m'kri:s/ vt,vi [VP6A,2AJ make or be-
come greater in size, number, degree, etc: The popu-
the topic sentence. It is usually the '... by the end of the century (the lation has ~dby 200000 to 50000000. The driver
first sentence of the paragraph, but ~d speed. Our difficulties are increasing, in-
number) will top 3,000 million . . .
not always. . . . people will crowd into 60 cities
Work in groups of three.
1 Do you think that the following . . . cities are mushrooming ...' in-sutt /m'sAlt/ vt [VP6A] speak or act in a way that
hurts or is intended to hurt a person's feelings or
are the topic sentences for the first You probably know the words in dignity. D n /'msAlt/ [C,U] remark or action that
—S. —ingadj --ing-ly adv
six paragraphs? italics as nouns, but here they are
If not, which is the topic sentence? used as verbs.
para. 1 Over the next two decades,
1 The following list of words are all pres-ent2 /'preznt/ n gift: 'birthday ~i; I'm buying
they - and many others - are
verbs. Which can also be used as it for a ~ (= as a gift), so please wrap it up nicely.
expected almost to double in make sb a •>* of tth. give sb sth: /'// moke you a
nouns? If they aren't the same, ~ of my old car.
size . . .
what is the noun?
para. 2 Just 30 years ago some 700 pre-sent3/pn'zent/ vt 1 fVPl4,i5A) <*-*thtott>;
answer notice -v. sb with sth, give; offer; put forward; submit:
million people lived in cities. ~ the village with a bus-shelter/^ a bus-shelter to
arrive solve the village; the clock that was ~ed to me when I
para. 3 The flood of 'urbanites' is hurry revolt retired; ~ a petition to the Governor; -^ a cheque
engulfing not the richest at the bank, ie for payment; ~ one's
turn agree compliments/greetings, etc to sb, (polite phrase). 2
countries, but the poorest. design reply [VP6A.14.1SA] ~ *b to *b, introduce formally.
para. 4 But equally powerful are the improve coach
streams of hopeful migrants paint cheat
from the countryside. rec-ord1 /'reko:d US: 'rekard/ » 1 [c] written ac-
2 The following list of words are all count of facts, events, etc: a ~ of school
para. 5 There have never been cities nouns. Which can also be used as attendances/of road accidents; the (Public) 'R~
of 30 million people .. . verbs? If they aren't the same, re-cord2 /n'ko:d/ vt [VP6AI 1 set down in writing
for reference; preserve for use, by writing or in
para. 6 So it will be virtually what is the verb? other ways, eg on a disc, magnetic tape, video-
impossible to find tape, film, etc: This volume ~s the history of the
butter advice regiment. The programme was ~ed. Cf a 'live'
permanent employment.. . question nurse broadcast. The tape-recorder has ~ed his voice
for the new city dwellers . . . and the camera has ~«/ his features. ~ing angel.
experiment judge
glue plan
2 Underline what you think are the food
experience
topic sentences for paragraphs 7 to re-fund /n'tAnd/ MtVPeAl pay back (money to sb):
public arm ~ the cost of postage, a n/'n:f\nd/ [C,U] repay-
12. ment: obtain a^ofa deposit.
practice service

Guessing meaning 3 Work in pairs.

When the word is a noun, where is
Look carefully at the stress and
Work in pairs. the stress?
the phonemic script of the
Guess the meaning of the following When it is a verb, where is the
following words, and practise
words from the article. stress?
saying them aloud.
(22) congested (58) barely adequate Practise saying the examples in the
(26) outstrip (60) booms eon-vict* /kanVikt/ vt [VP6A,14] ~ sb (of sth) 1 dictionary entries.
cause (sb) to be certain that he has done wrong,
(32) urbanites (68) virtually made a mistake: to ~ sb of his errors; to be ~ed 4 There is a group of such words
(48) streams (72) runaway of sin. t> convince. 2 (of a jury or a judge) declare
in a law court that (sb) is guilty (of crime): He was with variable stress in English. Be
(50) appalling (86) to cope ~ed of murder. careful! Sometimes the meaning
con-vict2 /'konvikt/ n person convicted of crime changes when the stress changes.
and undergoing punishment.
>• Language focus
Read the Language review on page de-sert1 /di'za:t/ vt.vi 1 [VP6A] leave; go away
64. ex-port1 /"ekspol/ a 1 [U] (business of) exporting: from: The village had been hurriedly "*ed, per-
a ban on the ~ of gold; (attrib) the '~ trade;'~ haps because bandits were in the district. The
Do the Controlled practice exercises duties. 2 [C] sth exported: Last year ~s exceeded streets were ~ed, no people were to be seen.
1-5. imports in value. What are the chief ~s of your
country? de-sert2 /"dezst/ n [C,U] (large area of) barren land,
ex-port2 /HVspo.-t/ vt [VP6A] send (goods) to an- waterless and treeless, often sand-covered: the Sa-
other country for purposes of trade: ~ cotton hara D~. a adjl barren; uncultivated: the ~ areas
goods. ~er n trader who ~s goods, —able /-abl/ of N Africa. Z uninhabited: wrecked ona ~ island.

59
 Check the following words in your Problems Notes
dictionary and practise saying the
examples. Read the definitions to 1
see which ones change meaning
when the stress changes.
import suspect refuse
object contract protest
progress produce addict
decrease reject permit
What do you understand by the
5 | T.20 | You will hear twelve 'Green Movement'?
unfinished sentences. What are their aims and objectives?
Use one of the words from
exercises 3 and 4 to complete the
Listening for information
sentence appropriately.
I T.21 | You will hear an interview
Example
with Jonathon Porritt, the Director
The Government is worried of 'Friends of the Earth' in the
because the number of serious United Kingdom.
crimes has increased over the past 'Friends of the Earth' is an
five years. environmental pressure group.
Listen to the interview in four parts,
and answer the questions at the end
Listening of each part. 6 He says that these problems have
the same roots, that is, the belief
Pre-listening task that 'the only way we can increase
Read the dictionary entry for human wealth is by producing
ecology. more and consuming more, even if
we destroy the planet in the
ecol-ogy /r'kobdji/ n [u] branch of biology that process'.
deals with the habits of living things, esp their rela- Do you agree?
tion to their environment. eco-logl-cal
/,i:k3'lod3ikl/ ad; of ~: the ecological effects of in-
dustry, eg the pollution of the atmosphere, of Part three
rivers, etc. eco-logi-cally /-kli/ adv. ecol-ogist 1 He gives three reasons for
/ii'koladjist/ n student of, expert in, ~. eco-
system /'iikaa-/ = ecological system. optimism.
Write in the chart what the
reasons are, and add some notes
on each.
Comprehension check Reasons Notes
Countryside
— *""""-«"" Part one 1
1 How did Jonathon Porritt become
interested in the environment?
2 Why do you think he says that
'you can't really talk about
ecology as a science, you have to
consider ecology within a social
and political context'?
3 He says economics is 'the key to it
all...'
Do you agree?
Part two
4 Why does he call himself a
constructive pessimist?
5 He refers to four crucial problems
that the planet faces. Part four
Write in the chart what the 8 He refers to the 'dark bits' and the
problems are, and add some notes 'points of light' in his job.
on each. What examples does he give of each?

60
Summary LESS - P p G R AS Y L U M
Summarize each part of the
interview in two or three sentences.

>• Language focus

Do the Controlled practice exercises
6 and 7.

Speaking
Discussion
Work in two groups.
Group A Make a list of some of the
problems faced by people living in
previous centuries that are not
such problems now.
Group B Make a list of some of the
problems we face in the twentieth
century that didn't exist before.

Roleplay
Work in pairs.
Discuss the problems that Group B
listed. What will happen in the
future? One of you is an optimist,
and thinks that all the problems will
be solved. The other is a pessimist,
and expects the worst to happen.

GOVERNMENT INFORMATION 1M7

 Where the Third World is first

"Hiere are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in
Third World, showing that the (1) offices, shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in
for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world, children can banks. Instead, the child sees mother and father, relations and
(2) from a different kind of poverty — neighbours working (5) , and often shares
of the spirit. For instance, one Western country alone now sees in that work.
14,000 attempted suicides every year by children under 15, and A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through
one child in five needs professional psychiatric (3) (6) in the community's work: helping to
dig or build, plant or water, tend to animals or look after babies
There are many good things about childhood in the Third — (7) than through playing with water
World. Take the close and constant (4) and sand in kindergarten, collecting for nature trays, building
between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours. In with construction toys, keeping pets or playing with dolls.
the West, the very nature of work puts distance between adults These children may grow up with a less oppressive
and children. But in most Third World villages mother and (8) of space and time than their Western
counterparts. Set days and times are few and self-explanatory,
(9) mostly by the rhythm of the seasons
and the different jobs they bring. A child in the rich world, on
the other hand, is (10) with a wrist-
watch as one of the earliest (11) of growing
up, so that he or she can worry along with their parents about
being late for school times, meal times, clinic times, bed times,
the times of TV shows . . .
Third World children are not usually cooped up
(12) , still less in highrise apartments.
Instead of fenced-off play areas, dangerous roads, 'keep off the
grass' signs and 'don't speak to strangers', there is
often a sense of freedom to (13) and
play. Parents can see their children outside rather than
observe them anxiously from ten (14)
up. And other adults in the community can usually be
(15) on to be caring rather than indifferent
or threatening.
Of course twelve million children under five still die every
year through malnutrition and disease. But childhood in the
Third World is not all bad.
(This article appeared in a Christian Aid publication.)

1 Joining contrasting ideas

• Vocabulary 2 Writing
Join a sentence in A with a linking
Gap rilling Presenting an argument device in B and a sentence in C.
Read the text about children in the
Third World. There are fifteen gaps. A B C
Work in pairs to find one suitable
word to fill each gap. I tried to ring you yesterday, although I am afraid I cannot come.
Compare the words you put into the We had a good game of tennis However, the rain.
gaps with another pair of students.
Thank you for your invitation. but he continued to compose
music.
Discussion I went to work Nevertheless,
you weren't in.
If you were brought up in the West, Beethoven was deaf from the despite
was your childhood like the one age of forty. I was not feeling well.
described in the article?

62
2 Complete the following sentences
para. 1 Introduction
in an appropriate way.
We are living in a world of mass
a. I wanted to go on holiday, but. ..
communication, and it is now possible to
b. I had always wanted to be a
know what is happening in every corner
doctor. However, . . .
of the world. Every day we are
c. The holiday was enjoyable
bombarded with the news from many
despite . . .
sources. The most important of these are
d. He passed the exam although . . .
newspapers and television.
e. The prisoner was kept under tight
security. Nevertheless, . . . para. 2 Good and bad points Television has several advantages . . .
of television
3 Comparisons and contrasts
Write one or two sentences about
the following pairs of words, para. 3 Good and bad points Newspapers, however . . .
saying in what ways they are of newspapers
similar and in what ways they are
different.
para. 4 Your personal Personally, I . . .
Example opinions
hotel hostel
Both hotels and hostels are places
para. 5 Conclusion Finally, . . .
where you can stay the night, but
hostels are often for students and
are quite cheap, while hotels are
more luxurious and can be very
6 You have a choice. Either - 'Is money the best contribution
expensive.
complete the above essay, or write that the First World can give to the
teacher - professor an essay with a similar Third World?'
restaurant - snack bar organization on one of the - 'The car is the curse of the
church - mosque following subjects: twentieth century.' (Churchill)
beer - wine
- 'The advantages and - 'Which is better-the book, or the
salary - wage
disadvantages of military service.' film of the book?'
doctor - surgeon
- 'Capital punishment-is there ever
4 Discourse markers a case for it?'
Put one of the following markers
into each gap.
what is more personally
that is why obviously
generally speaking
a. Many people like pets, but
I cannot bear them.
I have not got any in my
house.
c. ., people have pets for
companionship.
d. , they need to be looked
after very carefully.
e. I find them noisy and smelly..
, they can be very
expensive.
5 Writing an essay
Look at the first paragraph, and
the possible organization of the
other paragraphs, for an essay
entitled 'Newspapers or
television? - Which is better for
finding out what is happening in
the world?'

63
 Degrees of certainty about the future 1. 5.
Language review
We are predicting a future event, and 2. 6.
Future time saying how probable it is. 3. 7.
There are several forms that refer to Certainty She will 4. 8.
future time in English. The choice of come
which form depends on how the She might tomorro 2 Compare the use of tenses in the
speaker sees the event, and not on its Possibility She may following pairs of sentences.
certainty or nearness to the present. She could be comir Say which tense is used and why.
tomorro
The most common forms are listed Certainty She won't a. Sorry about the vase. I'll buy you
here in order of their frequency. a new one, I promise.
1 Will Prediction or spontaneous I'm going to buy some new shoes
intention ^ Grammar reference: page 117. this afternoon.
It'11 rain tomorrow. b. I'll watch the TV programme and
I'll give you my phone number. tell you about it.
Don't phone at 8.00 - I'll be
2 Going to Intention or evidence watching my favourite TV
He's going to be a pilot in the Air CONTROLLED PRACTICE
programme.
Force. Future forms c. What do you do at the week-end?
Look at those clouds. It's going to What are you doing this
rain any minute. 1 Recognizing the forms
week-end?
Match a sentence from A with a d. I'll do it tonight.
3 Present Continuous Arrangement
sentence from B according to the I'll have done it by tonight.
We're getting married in the
form and use of the structure. e. She's been married for three
spring.
Say which use the two sentences years.
I'm seeing the doctor this
express. At the end of the month, they will
afternoon.
A have been married for ten years.
4 Present Simple Timetable future
1 Your plane arrives at 14.05. 3 Future possibilities
The train leaves at 11.00.
2 What will you be doing this time
The match starts at 3.00. Work in pairs.
next week?
Ask and answer about the
5 Future Continuous 3 Take the medicine. You'll soon
possibility of the folio wing future
I'll be having dinner at 8.00. feel better.
events in your life.
4 What are you going to do while
6 Future Perfect Example
you're on holiday?
By the year 2000, the population of A Do you think you'll (ever) write
5 I'm having lunch with the director
the world will have reached six a book?
tomorrow.
billion. B Yes, I'm sure I will. /Well, I
6 I'll have mended your shoes by
The last two uses can be be suppose I might one day. I It's
Friday.
expressed in a diagram. possible, but I doubt it. /No,, I'm
7 Mind the baby! She's going to
touch the fire! sure I won't.
now future Actually, I have done already.
8 Ring me tonight. I'll give you my
number. 4782115. fly in Concorde/go round the
world/go to the North Pole/have
I will be B
8-00 having grandchildren/start smoking/stop
a. It will remain cold and there will
dinner smoking/speak perfect English/
(before and be snow on the hills.
start your own business/retire
after 8-00). b. Don't phone at 8.00 because I'll
before you're fifty/have a lot of
be having dinner.
money
c. He looks pale. I think he's going
to faint. 4 Arranging to meet
The
population d. What are you doing this Work in groups of three.
will have afternoon? You are all business associates
reached e. They're going to knock down that working in different parts of the
2000 six billion
(but we old building. Isn't it a shame? country. You need to meet
don't know f. Don't worry about the mess. I'll sometime next week to discuss
exactly tidy up. some important business.
• when]
g. Next term begins on October 1. Work together. Quickly decide
h. When do you think you'll have which parts of the country you all
finished? work in.

64
 Example
What will Jack be doing at 7.00?
He'll be getting up.
7.05 7.30 7.45 8.30 8.55
9.10 1.15 4.00 6.00
What will you be doing at these
times tomorrow?

REVISION
Short answers after verbs of opinion
1 Study the following charts:
A Is Peter coming to the party?
B
think
hope so.
I
believe
expect
A Is Angela coming too?
B think
Work alone. 6 Future Perfect
Write in the diary what you're I don't believe so.
Complete the following sentences
doing next week. expect
with a verb in the Future Perfect.
Leave some spaces free, naturally.
Example
Decide which day would be the hope
By the year 2000, many cities will I not.
most convenient for you to meet. believe
have doubled in size.
Do you want the meeting to be at
a. By the year 2000, world
your office, or don't you mind 2 Work in pairs.
population to about six
travelling? Which of the above expressions
billion.
If you have to travel, will you go could be used in answer to the
b. We (use up) many of the
by car, train or plane? following questions?
world's natural resources.
What time should the meeting Add a reason to support your
c. Hopefully, we
start and end? opinion.
alternative sources of energy.
Work in pairs. d. Robots (replace) people Example
Student A Phone Student B. Try to for many boring jobs. A Have we met before?
arrange a time and place to meet. e. Perhaps we a way to B / think so. Weren't we both at
Student B Phone Student C to see secure world peace. Ann's party last week?
if the arrangements suit her/him. In the article on page 58, it said a. Is it going to be a nice day?
Student C Phone Student A to that planners in Mexico City are b. Are you going out tonight?
confirm the day, time and place of already planning for a city of c. Do you think you'll ever go on a
the meeting. thirty-six million people. cruise around the world?
What will they have done by the d. Will there ever be a world
5 I T.22 Listen to the telephone year 2000? government?
conversation. 7 Future Continuous e. Will we ever find life on other
It is similar to the conversation planets?
Look again quickly at the text on f. Do you think there'll ever be a
between Student C and Student A.
page 49. cure for cancer?
Sally Beecham is phoning Henry Imagine the man's name is Jack. It
Adams to confirm arrangements takes him an hour to get to work, 3 Work in pairs.
for a meeting between themselves and he starts work at 9.00. Ask and answer questions about
and a colleague called Jeremy. Tomorrow his day will be the any plans for your personal
Listen to the conversation and same. future,for example in connection
compare it to your own. In pairs, ask and answer questions with travel, family life, work, and
Look at the tapescript on page 131. about what he will be doing at the holidays.
Notice the use of future tenses. following times tomorrow. Use short answers where
appropriate.
65
Our colourful world

Discussion point
1 Look at the photographs.
In which country do you think
they were taken?
What time of year is it?
2 Work in pairs.
Choose one of the photographs.
It is a postcard of where you are
on holiday. ' • ' .-
Write the postcard to a friend,
giving some information about the
countryside, what you're doing,
the weather, the food, and where
you're staying.
Begin like this:
Dear
We're having a lovely timeih ...

66
 Reading
Somerset Maugham (pronounced
/mo:m/) was an English writer
famous for his plays and short
stories. He travelled widely, and
much of his work is set in exotic
locations. A recurring theme in his
writing is the boredom of working
life and some people's attempts to
escape from it.
The following extracts come from
The Lotus Eater.
In Greek mythology, a lotus eater
was a person who lived a life of
pleasure and indulgence, drugged by
the fruit of the lotus plant.

The Lotus Eater

The story takes place on the island of
Capri, and is about a man called
Thomas Wilson who has 'boldly
taken the course of his own life into
his own hands'. At the beginning of
the story, we do not quite know in
what way he has done this. The
writer describes his first impressions
of Wilson.
Read Extract 1

67
 Comprehension check
1 What aspects of Wilson does the
Though his teeth were not very good his smile was attractive. It writer describe?
was gentle and kindly. He was dressed in a blue cotton shirt and a Is it a sympathetic description?
pair of grey trousers, much creased and none too clean, of a thin 2 Do you think Wilson is a visitor to
canvas, and on his feet he wore a pair of very old espadrilles. The get- Capri, or has he been there for a
5 up was picturesque, and very suitable to the place and the weather, long time?
but it did not at all go with his face. It was a lined, long face, deeply 3 Draw a sketch of Wilson,
sunburned, thin-lipped, with small grey eyes rather close together following the description.
and tight, neat features. The grey hair was carefully brushed. It was
not a plain face, indeed in his youth Wilson might have been good-
10 looking. He wore the blue shirt, open at the neck, and the grey
canvas trousers, not as though they belonged to him, but as though,
shipwrecked in his pyjamas, he had been fitted out with odd
garments by compassionate strangers. Notwithstanding this careless
attire he looked like the manager of a branch office in an insurance
15 company, who should by rights be wearing a black coat with pepper-
and-salt trousers, a white collar and an unobjectionable tie.

Extract 1

We climbed the mountain, admired the spacious view, and got

back to the inn as night was falling, hot, hungry and thirsty. We had
ordered our dinner beforehand. The food was good, for Antonio was
20 an excellent cook, and the wine came from his own vineyard. It was
The writer gets to know Wilson
so light that you felt you could drink it like water and we finished the
better. Wilson tells him how he fell
first bottle with our macaroni. By the time we had finished the
in love with Capri when he first saw
second we felt that there was nothing much wrong with life. We sat
it. He has been there for fifteen
in a little garden under a great vine laden with grapes. The air was
years, and will stay for another ten.
25 exquisitely soft. The night was still and we were alone. The maid
But what is he going to do after that?
brought us belpaese cheese and a plate of figs. I ordered coffee and
The writer does not tell us yet.
Strega, which is the best liqueur they make in Italy. Wilson would not
They have planned to have an
have a cigar, but lit his pipe.
evening meal together and then go
'We've got plenty of time before we need start,' he said, 'the moon
for a walk in the moonlight.
30 won't be over the hill for another hour.'
'Moon or no moon,' I said briskly, 'of course we've got plenty of Read extract 2
time. That's one of the delights of Capri, that there's never any hurry.'
'Leisure,' he said. 'If people only knew! It's the most priceless Comprehension check
thing a man can have and they're such fools they don't even know it's
4 Describe the setting of the meal.
35 something to aim at. Work? They work for work's sake. They haven't
What time of day is it?
got the brains to realize that the only object of work is to obtain
What sort of inn is it?
leisure.' What is the food and wine like?
Wine has the effect on some people of making them indulge in
What is the atmosphere of the
general reflections. These remarks were true, but no one could have
scene?
4o claimed that they were original. I did not say anything, but struck a
5 Why do they feel that 'there was
match to light my cigar.
nothing much wrong with life'?
'It was full moon the first time I came to Capri,' he went on
6 What is Wilson's attitude to work
reflectively. 'It might be the same moon as tonight.' and life?
'It was, you know,' I smiled. 7 'It might be the same moon as
45 He grinned. The only light in the garden was what came from an
tonight', says Wilson.
oil lamp that hung over our heads. It had been scanty to eat by, but it
What does he mean?
was good now for confidences.
Explain the writer's joke in reply.
8 Explain the comment about the
light in line 46/7.
Extract 2 What do you expect to happen next?

68
Wilson goes on to tell his story.
He had been a bank manager in
London; his wife and daughter had His only passion was for the beauty of nature and he sought
died. He decided he wanted to spend felicity in the simple and natural things that life offers to everyone.
the rest of his life on Capri. He 50 You may say that it was a grossly selfish existence. It was. He was of no
didn't have a lot of money, but he use to anybody, but on the other hand he did nobody any harm. His
had enough to buy an annuity (a sort only object was his own happiness, and it looked as though he had
of pension) which would give him a attained it. Very few people know where to look for happiness; fewer
small income for twenty-five years. still find it. I don't know whether he was a fool or a wise man. He was
That was fifteen years ago. When his 55 certainly a man who knew his own mind. The odd thing about him
pension runs out in ten years' time, to me was that he was so immensely commonplace. I should never
he's going to commit suicide. The have given him a second thought but for what I knew, that on a
writer couldn't stop a little shiver certain day, ten years from then, unless a chance illness cut the thread
running down his spine at the thought. before, he must deliberately take leave of the world he loved so well.
He describes Wilson's life style.
Read extract 3
Extract 3
Comprehension check
9 In what ways is Wilson special,
60 He died last year. He had endured that life for six years. He was
and in what ways is he
found one morning on the mountainside lying quite peacefully as
'commonplace'?
though he had died in his sleep. From where he lay he had been able
10 Why do you think the writer is
to see those two great rocks called the Faraglioni which stand out of
interested in this character?
the sea. It was full moon and he must have gone to see them by
The writer had been on Capri on 65 moonlight. Perhaps he died of the beauty of that sight.
holiday, and had to leave at the end
of his stay. It was thirteen years later
that he went back. What had Extract 4
happened to Wilson? Had he >• Language focus
committed suicide? When the time
Read the Language review on 2 Compound adjectives
came, 'after twenty-five years of
complete happiness', he had lacked relative clauses and participles on Put the following compound
the strength to leave the life he loved page 73. adjectives into the right group,
so much. He had no money. He half- Do the Controlled practice exercises according to what they describe.
heartedly tried to kill himself, but his 1-4. good-looking blue-eyed
mental powers were disturbed. He well-dressed self-centred
was reduced to living in a hut, • Vocabulary 1 left-handed bad-tempered
working as a slave for scraps of food. clean-shaven narrow-minded
Describing people straight-haired easy-going
He was like a 'hunted animal'.
1 Find a word or expression in the well-behaved broad-shouldered
Read extract 4 extracts from The Lotus Eater that
Character
means the same as the following.
What do you think?
Clothes
1 'He brought it on himself, says not ironed
the writer's friend just before the not buttoned up
end of the story. 'After all, he's attractive and colourful Clothes
only got what he deserved.'
Face
Do you agree?
a soft smile
2 The writer replies 'I think on the
wrinkled
whole we all get what we deserve.'
brown Face
Do you agree?
ordinary
3 What do you think is Somerset
Maugham's attitude to Wilson and Hair
the life he chose for himself? neat
4 If you could escape from the Character Body
pressures of your life, where thinking of oneself
would you escape to? having experience and knowledge
What would you be escaping from? ordinary
3 Expressing negative qualities
Somerset Maugham says that
Wilson's teeth were 'not very
good'. We often avoid a negative
adjective by saying not very + the
opposite adjective because it is
more tactful.
Make the following statements
more tactful.
a. He's small.
b. Her hair is a mess.
c. She looks miserable.
d. He's rude.
e. He's got a horrible complexion.
f. She's badly dressed.
g. I think he looks stupid. (Careful!)

4 | T.23 | Work in pairs.

Listen to the tape. Two people are
discussing the group of people in
the photograph. As you listen,
write the names of the people in
the spaces,
a. e. _i_______-
b. f.
c. g-
d. h.

5 Work in four groups.

Choose one of the pictures, and
describe the person in as much
detail as you can.
Begin with your general
impressions (age, build, height)
and then describe her/his face,
hair and clothes. What sort of
person does he/she seem to be?

Speaking
Lecturettes
Each student should prepare to talk
to the rest of the class for three or
four minutes on one of the following
subjects.
- a description of a person that you
know
- a memorable meal
- a place (town/house/view) that is
important to you

Prepare some notes but don't just

read them aloud.
The rest of the class should ask
questions at the end.

70
 Comprehension check *• Language focus
Listening
1 Look at the following pictures. On the tape there are several
Pre-listening task What part do they play in the modifiers.
- In your country, how many story? Listen to the tape again and
seasons are there? complete the gaps with the modifier
- What characterizes each season? used.
- Is the climate mild or extreme? 1 it's YLtLl— hot in summer
- What is your favourite season? 2 the wirfters are either mild or
Why? _ severe
- What do you like doing in the 3 the interior is . wild and
different seasons? mountainous
4 I was/';', , puzzled
5 it had been snowing
Listening for gist heavily
r T.24 | You will hear a man called 6 it was getting dark, and ^
John, talking about a journey he
made in spring on the island of 1 my jaw was i
Corsica. 8 it's sAZ_Vt_ true, I assure you
As you listen, take notes.
Read the Language review on
2 Retell the story in your own modifiers on page 74.
words. Do the Controlled practice exercise 5.

71
• Vocabulary 2
Describing objects
1 Divide the following words into
three groups: shape, material, and
colour.
circular purple
gold oval
grey triangular
rubber round
cotton crimson
cylindrical rectangular
nylon silver
straight iron
glass navy blue
wooden square
metal maroon
scarlet turquoise
2 Look at the objects in the room
around you.
Can you see something with the
shapes and colours, and made of
the materials above? Cardiff is the capital and largest city of Cardiff with the rest of Great Britain, and
Wales, and it is also the country's main an airport lies outside the edge of the city.
3 Work in pairs. economic, industrial and cultural centre. It In about AD 75, Roman soldiers built a
Describe an everyday object is situated on the southeast coast of Wales, fort on the site of what is now Cardiff— the
without saying what it is. and three rivers, the Taff, the Ely and the name itself means fort on the Taff. Normans
Read out the description. Can the Rhymney flow through it into the Bristol settled the area around 1050, building the
others guess what it is? Channel. Castle, and a walled town grew up around
If necessary, tell them also what it A large area of parkland lies near the the Castle. By the early 1800's it was still a
is for. centre of Cardiff, and many of the city's small town. Then, when Wales became a
major commercial buildings are found major centre of coal mining and iron and
around Cathays Park. The Civic Centre is steel production, Cardiff served as the
Writing also situated here, and this includes the shipping centre for these products and
Law Courts, the National Museum of grew rapidly. By 1890 it had become
Look at the following two Wales and the University College. Nearby known as the Coal Metropolis of the World,
descriptions of Cardiff and answer there are many fashionable shops and but the industry declined after the First
the questions. modern hotels, and Cardiff Casde, which World War. Since the mid-1940's Cardiff
was built in 1090. Factories in Cardiff has grown steadily as the administrative
produce parts for cars, chemicals, and commerical centre of Wales. Its
Questions electronic equipment, engineering current population is approximately
1 What is the purpose of each text? products, processed food and tobacco. 300,000.
Where are they taken from? Modern rail and road communications link
- an encyclopaedia?
- a tourist guide?
- a history book?
- publicity from the Welsh
Development Agency?
2 Which description is more factual? vts
How would you describe the style
of the other text? p^t
c
3 In the first text, what is the
purpose of each paragraph?
4 In the second text, underline with
a solid line what is fact, tS-cSSSSsS* *»**££"* **
and with a broken line
what is opinion.

YAun*6^ cast\e
s ab
vvias^^60
72
 Write two descriptions of a town that
you know.
The first should be factual. Organize
it into paragraphs, as in the first text.
The second should try to sell the
town, either as a tourist attraction or
as a place for industry to move to.

+ Language review
Relative clauses
Relative clauses are like adjectives.
They give us more information about
nouns and pronouns.
Adjectives
Show me an interesting book.
The Indian doctor lives next door.
Relative clauses
Show me a book that has pictures.
The doctor that I go to lives next door.
We leave out relative pronouns
whenever possible, especially in
spoken English.
The author I like best is Conrad.
The house we finally bought was
perfect.
Notice the word order in the relative
clause when the verb has a preposition
(apply for, stay at; speak to).
I didn't get the job I applied for.
That's the hotel he stayed at.
The woman I spoke to was most
helpful.

Participles
Present and Past Participles can be
used as adjectives.
a fascinating story
a broken cup
When participles come after a noun,
they are like reduced relative clauses.
I met a woman \ riding a donkey.
who was riding a
donkey.
I had a drink made of five different
fruits.
which was made of
five different fruits.

Look again at the extracts from

The Lotus Eater.
Find the examples of relative
clauses and participles.
\n-
Grammar reference: page 118.
place
73
Modifiers
Very, absolutely, quite
Modifiers make adjectives more or Type 1
less extreme. Up to the top absolutely wonderful
Extreme modifier
There are three kinds. Look at the completely exhausted limit adjective
chart opposite. quite right

>• Grammar reference: page 119.

Type 2
Up a lot very good
really tired
awfully sorry
CONTROLLED PRACTICE extremely good-looking
Describing
1 Relative clauses good
Add who, that, whose or where to Type 3
complete the sentences. quite good Means not wonderful,
Down a little but recommgndab/e.
If who or that is not necessary, add
nothing.
a. Somerset Maugham was a writer
wrote short stories. Be careful with word order in f, g a. Peter has a house.
b. He travelled to the Far East, and h. he works in London/he works for
he got ideas for his a. I read a book. It was written by a a company/the company sells
books. friend of yours. computers/three-bedroomed/the
c. The story we read is b. A man got on the bus. He was house overlooks the Thames.
called The Lotus Eater. carrying a monkey in a box. b. A man walked along the road,
d. It is about a man called Wilson, c. In the street there were several elderly/a wrinkled face/an old
gave up work. people. They were waiting for the raincoat/slowly/dusty/tree-lined.
e. Wilson, wife and shop to open. c. Ann Cross was seen in a
daughter both died, wanted to d. Britain imports many cars. They restaurant.
live a life of leisure. are made in Japan. the actress/she won an Oscar for
f. He had a pension e. There are a lot of people in your a film/the film was made last
provided him with a small office. They want to talk to you. year/she was having dinner with a
income. f. The cowboy fell off his horse. He man/his company recently went
g. For years he lived a life had been wounded by an arrow. bankrupt.
was very pleasurable. g. Most of the people recovered
h. One evening, he and the writer 4 Divide into five groups.
quickly. They were injured in the
went to a restaurant, Choose one of the following base
crash.
they had a wonderful meal. sentences each.
h. John looked anxiously at his
i. The wine they drank See which group can make the
watch. He wished he hadn't come
came from the cook's own longest sentence!
to the party.
vineyard. a. The General inspected the
3 Sentence building soldiers.
j. The man the writer
spoke to thought Wilson got what Make one sentence, incorporating b. The cowboy rode off into the
he deserved. the extra information into the base sunset.
sentence. Make any necessary c. James Bolan is getting married to
2 Relative clauses and participles changes and additions. Angela Duffy.
Join the following sentences in two Example d. The Prime Minister had lunch
ways. A lady was sitting in her garden, with the President.
Example grey-haired/shawl around her e. The girl sat in front of the fire.
Look at the man. He's talking to shoulders/she watched the sun/the
your wife. sun was setting. 5 Modifiers
Look at the man who's talking to A grey-haired lady, with a shawl Work in pairs.
your wife. around her shoulders, was sitting Make up some short dialogues,
Look at the man talking to your in her garden watching the setting using the pairs of adjectives and
wife. sun. appropriate modifiers.

74
Example 4 Multi-word verbs (1)
A That painting's rather valuable REVISION Many verbs in English are
isn't it? Get followed by a preposition or an
B Valuable! You're joking! It's adverb. These are called multi-
1 The verb get is very common in
absolutely priceless! word verbs. (They are also
spoken English, and it has many
cold - freezing different meanings. referred to as prepositional and
big - enormous In the following sentences replace phrasal verbs.}
good - marvellous the word get by one of the verbs In many verb + adverb/preposition
wet - soaked below. combinations, both parts are used
frightened - terrified a. We got home after midnight. quite literally.
bad - revolting b. While you're at the shops, could Put one of the following adverbs
difficult - impossible you get something for supper? or prepositions into each gap.
hungry - starving c. Can we stop for a while? I'm away out on down off
getting tired. up in
d. I'm getting the ten o'clock train. a. I'd better write your telephone
e. She gets three hundred pounds a number __ I've got a
week. terrible memory.
f. Could you get my slippers for b . Don't run __ Come here ! I
me? They're upstairs. want to talk to you!
g. We can get something to eat on c. The bird's cage wasn't closed
the train. properly. It managed to get
h. Did you get my last letter? _ , and unfortunately it
fetch earn receive arrive flew __ We haven't seen it
catch buy become have since.
d. When Mrs Johnson died, she
2 Get + adverb/preposition is also
didn't have a penny. She'd given
commonly used to express some
all her money _ to charity.
kind of movement.
e. I don't feel like cooking tonight.
Put the correct adverb or
Shall we eat _ ?
preposition in column A to mean
f. The soup doesn't taste very nice.
the same as the verb in column B.
If I were you, I'd put some more
A B salt __
a. to get _ to return
g. A button has come _ my
b. to get _ to enter
shirt. Could you sew it back
c. to get. to escape
_ for me?
d. to get _ to pass with difficulty
h. It has just started to rain, and the
(e.g. a person)
washing is hanging outside.
e. to get. to climb (e.g. a wall)
Could you help me to bring it
f. to get to remove (e.g. a stain)
g. to get to leave (e.g. a train,
i. Hello. It's Peter, isn't it? I hardly
a bus)
recognized you! You've shaved
h. to get to make contact
_ your beard.
(e.g. on the phone)
j . Kate's having a birthday party
3 Complete the following sentences this afternoon. Could you help us
using get + adverb/preposition. to blow _____ some balloons?
a. My house was burgled yesterday. k. I fell _ my horse and
The burglar managed to dislocated my shoulder.
b. The police were called, but the 1. And my wife fell ____ stairs!
burglar One disaster after another!
c. We were in the capital when war m. The wind was very strong last
broke out. Naturally we . night. It blew _ a tree in
d. The journey was terrible. We our garden.
didn't until three in the n. A Where are you going?
morning. B Henry's taking me _ to
e. Someone spilt wine on the carpet, the theatre.
but I A Lucky you! Have a nice
f. I've been trying to you for time!
ages, but you're always engaged.
75
 Relationships

Discussion point
There l<t
1 How do you think the people in
Th* *****
the photograph are related?
tot / **A my Which relative took the
photograph?
- Still, / 2 Look at the texts. Where do you
I not
think they are from? A magazine?
A book? A newspaper?
Who wrote them? Why?
m lovt* $>e.<M married fw
What sort of relationship is being
described?

l_ take thee to my wedded wife, to have and to

hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer
for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to
cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy
ordinance; and thereto I plight thee my troth.

I take thee to my wedded husband, to have and

to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for
richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love,
cherish, and to obey, till death us do part, according to
God's holy ordinance; and thereto! give thee my troth.

We've been married three Mr M J. Fothergill-Smythe

and Miss P.L. Howard-Thompson
years but my husband's
thoughtlessness gets me The engagement is announced between
Malcolm James, youngest son of Captain
down. He never lets me C.G.E. Fothergill-Smythc and the late Mrs
know when he's coming Laura Fothergill-Smythe, ot'Folhergill Hall,
home, and sometimes I'll Bumingtbrd. Hertfordshire, and Penelope
Lesley, younger daughter of Major
have dinner waiting and he H.C. Howard-Thompson and the late
simply doesn't turn up. He Mrs Rosemary Howard-Thompson, of
always says he met a Dunromin the Water Mill. Little Chaltbnt.
Buckinghamshire.
friend and they got talking
in the bar, or he had to
work late. We have endless
rows about it and I end up in tears. Most of the weekend
he's out with his hobbies and I get a bit lonely. I'm starting
to feel he's a complete stranger to me.

76
 Reading
Pre-reading task Family Matters
Divide into two groups, those with T> 1 i* \T 1 ^^^
Relative Values
children and those without. Two points of view on a family relationship
Discuss the following questions.
Group A People with children
1 Who do your children look like?
Who do they take after in
character?
2 Have you brought up your
children similarly to the way your
parents brought you up?
Are you more/less strict? More/
less indulgent?
3 In what ways do you hope your
children's life will be better than
yours?
Group B People without children
1 Who do you most take after, your
mother or your father?
James Mitford: My wife and I only had the one child. It might
Who do you look like?
have been nice to have a son, but we didn't plan a family, we
Who are you like in character? just had Amy.
2 How much of a generation gap is I see her as my best friend. I think she'd always come to
there/was there between you and 5 me first if she had a problem. We have the same sense of
your parents? humour, and share interests. I don't mind animals, but she's
3 Would you want to bring up your completely obsessed with them, and she has always had dogs,
children similarly to the way your cats, horses, and goldfish in her life.
parents brought you up? We were closest when she was about four, which I think
10 is a lovely age for a child. They know the parents best, and
don't have the outside contacts. She must have grown up
Jigsaw reading suddenly when she went to school, because I remember her
There is a feature in a magazine in growing away from her family slightly. Any father who has a
which members of the same family teenager daughter comes across an extraordinary collection of
describe their relationship. is people, and there seemed to be an endless stream of strange
You will read about James Mitford, young men coming through our house. By the time I'd learned
an actor, and his daughter Amy. their names they'd gone away and I had to start learning a new
lot. I remember I told her off once in front of her friends and
Group A Read James Mitford's she didn't talk to me for days afterwards.
description of their relationship. 20 I wanted more than anything else for her to be happy in
Group B Read Amy Mitford's what she was doing, and I was prepared to pull strings to help
description of their relationship. her on her way. She went to a good school, but that didn't
work out. She must have upset somebody. When she left she
As you are reading, try to answer the decided she wanted to become an actress so I got her into
questions. 25 drama school. It wasn't to her liking so she joined a theatre
You won't be able to answer them group and began doings bits and pieces in films. She was doing
all, so try to guess the answer if well, but then gave it up. She probably found it boring. Then
you're not sure. she took up social work, and finally went to work for a
designer and he became her husband. And that's really the
so story of her life. She must be happy with him — they're always
together.
We have the same tastes in books and music, but it
takes me a while to get used to new pop songs. I used to take
her to see the opera, which is my big passion, but I don't think
35 she likes it very much, she doesn't come with me any more.
I don't think she's a big television watcher. She knows
when I'm on, and she might watch, but I don't know. It's not
the kind of thing she tells me.
We're very grateful for Amy; She's a good daughter as
40 daughters go. We're looking forward to being grandparents.
I'm sure she'll have a son.
 Comprehension check
In questions 1-3, there is not
necessarily one correct answer only.
1 How would you describe their
relationship?
a. It was closer when Amy was a
child.
b. They get on well, and agree on
most things.
c. He has more respect for her than
she does for him.
d. They don't have very much in
common.
2 How would you describe James
Mitford?
a. He has done all that a father can
Amy Mitford: I don't really know my father. He isn't easy to for his daughter.
get on with. He's quite self-centred, and a little bit vain, I •(jD He isn't very aware of how she
think, and in some ways quite unapproachable. The public^
really feels,
must think he's very easy-going, but at home he keeps Himself
to himself. c. He's more interested in himself
He can't have been at home much when I was a child, than his family.
because I don't remember much about him. He's always been 3 How would you describe Amy?
slightly out of touch with family life. His work always came a. She is selfish and spoilt.
first, and he was always off somewhere acting or rehearsing.
He loves being asked for his autograph, he loves to be b. It took her a long time to decide
' recognized. He has won several-'awards, arid he's very proud what she wanted to do in life.
of that. He was given the Member of the British Empire, and c. She found happiness in marriage
we had to go to Buckingham Palace to get the medal. It was that she didn't have in childhood.
incredibly boring — there were hundreds of other people 4 What did he think of her friends
getting the same thing, and you had to sit there for hours. He
when she was a teenager?
shows off his awards to whoever comes to the house.
I went to public school, and because of my total lack of 5 Why did she leave school?
interest and non-attendance I was asked to leave. I didn't want 6 Why did she give up her jobs?
60 to go there in the first place. I was taken away from all my 7 What does he think of her
friends. He must have been very pleased to get me into the husband?
school, but in the end it was a complete waste of money. I let 8 Is she interested in his career?
him down quite badly, I suppose. I tried several jobs but I 9 Is she going to have children?
couldn't settle down in them. They just weren't challenging 10 How often do they see each
65 enough. Then I realized that what I really wanted to do was other?
live in the country and look after animals, so that's what I now When you have answered as many
do. questions as you can, find a partner
As a family, we're not that close, either emotionally or
from the other group.
geographically. We don't see much of each other these days.
70 My father and I are totally different, like chalk and cheese. My Compare your answers and swap
interests have always been the country, but he's into books, information.
music and above all, opera, which I hate. If they do come to
see us, they're in completely the wrong clothes for the What do you think?
country — mink coats, nice little leather shoes, not exactly
75 ideal for long walks across the fields. Who has the more realistic view of
He was totally opposed to me getting married. He was the relationship?
hoping we would break up. Gerald's too humble, I suppose. Why?
He must have wanted me to marry someone famous, but I
didn't, and that's all there is to it. We don't want children, but >• Language focus
80 my father keeps on and on talking about wanting grandchildren.
You can't make someone have children just because you want Read the Language review on page
grandchildren. 81.
I never watch him on television. I'm not that interested, Do the Controlled practice exercises
and anyway he usually forgets to tell me when he's on. 1 and 2.

78
 1. No wonder you haven't got any i. She was reprimanded for getting
• Vocabulary 1
money. If you added the her new clothes dirty,
Multi-word verbs (2) amount of money you spend on j. It was a good plan in theory but it
1 On page 75, we saw that many cigarettes and beer, you'd realize wasn't successful in practice.
multi-word verbs are used literally. where you spent it all.
5 Complete the following dialogues
Work in pairs.
3 Work in groups of four. with one of the same multi-word
Your teacher will ask you some
Compare the use of multi-word verbs in the correct form.
questions, and you must reply
verbs in the following sentences. a. A I saw Bernard and Mary last
using a verb + adverb/preposition
a. He looked up the chimney, but night. You don't like them
used literally. Write down your
couldn't see anything. very much, do you?
replies.
He looked the word up in the B Well, I quite like Bernard, but
Example dictionary. I've never been able . . .
What does a dentist do to a bad b. She put out the cat, locked the b. A I was in Manchester yesterday,
tooth? door and went to bed. at the College of Art.
He I she pulls it out. She put out her cigarette in the B Really? That's where Alan
2 In other multi-word verbs, the ash-tray. works. Did you ...
verb is used literally and the c. She looked after the baby forme. c. A You're getting fat.
adverb/preposition serves to She looked after him for me. B Yes. I think I ' l l . . .
intensify the verb meaning. d. The plane took off. d. A How's the old car of yours?
He took off his coat,. Still going, is it?
Example
e. She came across the room and B Don't say that about my car.
Could you tidy up your room,
gave me a kiss. It's never once .. .
please?
I came across this old photograph e. A Paul seems to lose his temper
We could also say Could you tidy
while I was tidying out my desk. with the children very easily.
your room, please?, but English
B Yes. He's always ...
likes using prepositions! The sentences illustrate some of the
Put one of the following adverbs problems of form and use.
or prepositions into eaeh gap. In which of the sentences are the Listening
down up out parts (verb + adverb/preposition)
Pre-listening task
used quite literally?
a. Come on! Eat your soup You will hear an interview with an
In which sentences can the adverb
before it gets cold! Indian lady, Rajkumari Kejriwal,
move position?
b. We put fifty pounds a month into known to her family and friends as
our deposit account. We're Raj.
saving to buy a new car. > Grammar reference: page 120. In the interview she talks about her
c. (At a petrol station) Could you arranged marriage, and the day she
4 In the texts about the Mitfords
fill it for me? was introduced to her future
there are a number of multi-word
d. I'm tired I've been husband.
verbs with non-literal meanings.
working all day. Work in pairs.
Replace the words in italics in the
e. Everybody thought old Mr Jones Write questions. What information
following sentences with a multi-
had no money. It was only after would you like to learn?
word verb from the texts.
he died that we found he
a. He started playing golf because he
was in fact a millionaire.
needed the exercise.
f. It's pouring with rain.
b. I unexpectedly met an old school
You can't possibly go out.
friend last week.
.g. John! You're driving much too
c. Have you heard? Jane and
fast! Slow
Andrew have separated.
h. Could you wrap the jumper
d. What sort of relationship do you
for me? It's a present.
have with your parents?
i. A How do you spell your name?
e. I can't stand her. She's always
Is it M-A-L-C-O-M?
boasting about her wonderful
B No. You've missed an
children.
L. It's M-A-L-C-O-L-M.
f. Are you beginning to get
j. We can't finish the decorating
established in your new flat?
because we've used all
g. Tennis was taking up too much of
the paint.
my time, so I stopped doing it.
k. A Help! I've lost my purse!
h. Don't disappoint me. I'm relying
B Don't be silly! Just calm
on you to help me.
! I'm sure we'll find it.
79
 Intensive listening In groups, list other advantages g. They don't see eye to eye on
! T.25 j Listen to the interview, and and disadvantages. anything.
see if your questions are answered. Can you think of any interest h. She wears the trousers.
points that are neither good or
bad, but are results of the idea?
Comprehension check Speaking
1 How did Raj's father find the two
*• Language focus The Murder Game
men?
V 2 Was it difficult to find a husband Do the Controlled practice exercises Four men are sitting in the library of
for Raj? - 3 and 4. a country house. Suddenly one of the
3 Describe the day that Raj met the men drops dead.
two men. Who did it?
\ 4 Why did her father choose Vocabulary 2 Your teacher will give you cards with
Shyam? information about the murder and
Idiomatic expressions
\5 What happened between that day the people. Work together to solve
and their marriage?, , , » /.t > 1 The meaning of an idiomatic the murder. You can't show your
expression cannot usually be card to anyone else, but you can of
guessed from the individual course say what is on it.
Summary words. The best way to solve the murder is
To find an idiomatic expression in by organization, cooperation, and
In the following summary there are
the dictionary, you must decide knowing when to speak and when to
some factual mistakes and some
what is the key word. listen. If you work together well, you
gaps.
The idiom to pull strings appeared can solve the murder in about twenty
Correct the mistakes and complete
in the text about the Mitfords. minutes. If you don't work together,
the gaps.
Notice how the dictionary refers you you'll never solve it!
Raj's father arranged her marriage to the correct entry if you have When you have finished, discuss the
when she was still at school. He looked up the wrong word. following questions:
chose her husband by __ In pull2 /pal/ vt.vi 1 How did you organize yourselves?
Raj's case, this,d^dn't take long, but For other uses with nn, o the n entries, eg Was everybody involved?
sometimes U n-o _ '- . Two men were *-v a face/faces; -w sb's leg; ^, one's punches;
'v string*; ~ wires; »~ the 'wool over sb's Did one person dominate?
introduced to Raj and her family, eye*. 2 How could you have solved the
and together they decided _ , Idiomatic expressions are always murder more quickly?
The men were of similar printed in bold italic type. What should you have done?
background, but one of them
_ , and this was the one strinfl1 /stnrj/ n 1 ic.ul (piece or length of) fine
cord for tying things, keeping things in place, etc;
__ Raj didn't agree with her pull ~i, exert a (hidden) influence: pull Writing
father, but she had no choice. She ~j to get sb a job/to have sb dismissed.
Reporting conversations
has now been married fpr twenty-
2 Here are some idiomatic 1 Work in groups.
two years, and in fact iH&fpj' • Most
expressions to do with Look at the direct speech and the
marriages in India are still
relationships between people. two different ways of reporting it.
and the usual age ^^_i '
Work in pairs. Which do you think is better?
Decide what is the key word. Find Why?
the idiom in your dictionary.
What do you think? a. T'm terribly sorry. I really won't
Rewrite the sentences in non-
1 What was Raj's attitude to her idiomatic English. doit again.'
arranged marriage? 1 She said that she was terribly
Example
Did she accept it or resent it? sorry, and that she really
We're like chalk and cheese.
2 How do you think she felt on the wouldn't do it again.
day she met the two men? We're completely different. 2 She apologized, and promised
3 Raj says that her husband's family a. Patrick and Jenny get on like a not to do it again.
wasn't wealthy, but they owned a house on fire. b. T couldn't come yesterday. I had
village and were like princes. b. It was love at first sight. to stay at home.'
What does this tell us about Raj? c. She really gets on my nerves. 1 He said that he hadn't been able
4 What else would you like to know, d. He's tied to his mother's apron to come the previous day
either about Raj's marriage, or strings. because he'd had to stay at
about arranged marriages? e. They're head over heels in love. home.
5 What advantages does she see to f. We're not on speaking terms any 2 He explained why he hadn't
arranged marriages? more. come the day before.

80
2 Report the following direct 3 | T.26 | Listen to the
speech, using one of the verbs conversation on tape.
below.Notice how they are used. The Prime Minister is being
interviewed about a proposed pay
complain increase for politicians of thirty-
five per cent.
announce
Report the conversation.
insist that + clause The following verbs might help.
agree explain insist refuse

explain point out

go on to say that. . .
what
deny
explain why + clause
how tell someone that . . .
' Good luck. Minister — and when you lie remember
refuse Begin like this. to look straight into the cameras!'
to + infinitive The Prime Minister began by saying
offer
that he had the situation under
control, and that there was no crisis.
suggest He was asked...
that + person + should + infinitive
(/ suggested that he should go to
• Language review •4 Look again at the texts on pages
bed.)
77 and 78. ,
Modal verbs of deduction
Find the examples of modal verbs of
Make the sentences quite short. 1 Expressing degree of certainty deduction.
Remember to report the essence of about the present.
the direct speech, not every word. We are deducing and supposing
>• Grammar reference: page 120.
a. Til give you a lift to the station, if about a present event.
you like. It's no trouble at all,' he
said to me. Certainty He must
b. 'Listen, everybody. Anita and I
have something to tell you. We're He might be in love.
getting engaged/ said Jeremy.
c. 'Now then, Peter. If I were you, Possibility' He may live near here.
I'd start revising for that exam,' He could be earning a lot of money.
said the tutor.
d. 'I think you're right, Annie. Your Certainty He can't
solution is best,' said Johnny.
e. 'It's not fair!' said Beth. 'I always 2 Expressing degrees of certainty
have to do twice as much work as about the past.
Philip. He hardly does anything!' We are deducing and supposing
f. 'There's no way you can have the now about an event in the past.
car tonight, my boy. I need it
myself,' said James to his son.
Certainty He must
g. 'Thanks for the invitation,' said
Stephanie, 'But we can't come,
He might been ill.
I'm afraid. Joseph's got the flu,
you see. I hope the party goes Possibility' He may have gone home.
well.'
He could been going to work.
h. T must make the point quite
strongly,' she said, 'that I did my
Certainty He can't
best to help.'
For degrees of certainty about the
future, see page 64.

81
 | T.27 | Work in pairs.
CONTROLLED PRACTICE You will hear one half of two REVISION
telephone conversations. Words commonly confused
Past and present deductions
Listen carefully.
a. What is the relationship Work in groups.
1 Rewrite these sentences using a
modal verb of deduction. between the two people? The following words are often
What are they talking about? confused.
Add a reason to support your
deduction. b. Choose one of the dialogues. For each word write a sentence
Look at the tapescript on page which illustrates the difference.
Example
I'm sure Amy likes animals very 133. rob steal
much. On a separate piece of paper expect wait for
write down what you think is lend borrow
Amy must like animals very much. lie lay
the other half of the
She's always had them around her. check control
conversation.
a. I'm sure she doesn't like children Compare your dialogue with fit suit
very much. another pair of students. rise raise
b. I'm sure James is a famous actor. remind remember
c. Perhaps she has a farm. actually at the moment
d. I'm sure she didn't work very loose lose
hard at school. invent discover
e. Perhaps James has won an Oscar. sensible sensitive
f. I'm sure she had a lot of friends take pass/fail (exams)
when she was young. Compare your sentences with other
g. He probably didn't want her to students'.
marry Gerald.
h. He probably wanted her to marry
someone famous,
i. I'm sure they're not very close to
each other,
j. Perhaps she gets on better with
her mother.

2 Work in pairs.
What can you deduce from the
following situations?
Example
Alice is on her hands and knees.
She must be looking for something.
She might have dropped a contact
lens.
a. The neighbours are making a lot
of noise.
b. It's the beginning of your lesson,
and your teacher isn't here.
c. Penny's phone bill is enormous.
d. John's lost a lot of weight
recently. " -•-
e. A car is found crashed into a tree,
with the driver unconscious at the
wheel.

3 Here are photographs of four

different weddings.
Which country do you think they
are from?
What role do the various people
play in the wedding? k

82
 Expressing habit

I CALLED IN /IT'S LIKE TALKING TO A BRI]

70 SEE THE I l^ALL.'ASLON3AS>Oi/?5
DOCTOR V ALL RIGHT NOU COULDNH
ONMY > CARE LESS,
(COULD* vou?/

T66

3 Match one of the sentences in 2

Vice and virtue Reading
with a vice or virtue listed below.
Write in the adjective. 1 Look at the newspaper article on
Discussion point
pagei84 quickly, and decide what
1 What are Andy Capp's vices? you think is the best title.
Vices
2 Work in pairs. a.
aggression aggressive A statistical survey
Are the following descriptions of
people positive or negative! pride
of the habits of
a. She'll always give you what you
obstinacy
need. mean people |
b. She's got a very high opinion of meanness
herself. b
greed Home economics-
c. I never know whether to believe
him. jealousy how to save around
d. He eats like a pig.
deceit the house
e. He says what he means, and he
means what he says.
f. He's always trying to pick a fight. c.
g. She won't let her husband out of Virtues Scrooge is
her sight. sincerity
h. He wouldn't give you yesterday's alive and well
newspaper. reliability
i. You can always depend on him. generosity
j. Once she's made up her mind,
1
she won't change it. The vices of
What qualities do you most
admire in people?
a nation
What characteristics most annoy
you in people?

83
 1. upon the idea of burning it (one during the day while he's out at work
wonders what took her so long). What because he's told her that gas is twice
We all know about Paul Getty I, the did her husband do? He bought the as expensive in the day-time — so the
richest man in the world. He's the one cheapest substitute he could find, heating conveniently comes on at six
who, in his 72-bedroomed country which happened to be a card for o'clock in time for his return.
mansion, used to have a pay-phone for belated birthday greetings, so his wife
his guests. He's also the one who suffered the added insult of receiving
refused to pay the ransom for the the card late.
release of Paul Getty III, his grandson, You might marvel at the man —
until the poor boy's ear was cut off — 5. a Frenchman at that — who ordered
and even then, the money paid was a half a bottle of wine and eight glasses,
loan to Paul Getty II at an interest rate There's or shake your head at the couple who
of four per cent. the woman who for birthdays gives boasted they could make a tin of beans
delightful home-made cards, with the last a week, but there is something
2. message written on a separate piece of very upsetting about putting bacon
paper. With the card she'll enclose a rashers end to end so that each portion
magazine recently asked its readers to short note asking for the card back in a can be measured to the nearest
write in with their tales of miserliness few days' time. millimetre.
done to or by them. Obviously, this is a
subject close to many people's hearts, 6. 9.
Many readers said they could hardly c
bear to remember the tight-fisted His wife wrote, 'He's always
habits of their parents, while others charging the family for the things he
has decreed that family and friends
reported that years of stinginess had does around the house. He grows
must limit themselves to three sheets
either broken up their marriages or vegetables in the back garden, but I
of paper per visit to the lavatory.
had made their lives a misery. have to pay for them out of my house-
keeping money. When he gives our 10. A
3. | daughter a lift to work, he'll ask her for
One man bought his the bus fare and a little bit more
There were
wife a dustpan for a Christmas because it's a door-to-door service.'
tales of people who scrape salt from
present. When his workmates asked
dirty plates back into the salt-cellar,
him about the brush to go with it, he 7. a retrieve cloves from eaten apple pies,
replied, 'Oh, she's getting that for her Putting out save lemon slices from dirty glasses
birthday.' the pilot light on gas cookers and and preserve them in water to be re-
fires is commonplace. Some people used later, or put used paper tissues to
4. refuse to let others open the freezer dry on the radiator. Life with a Scrooge
without their permission. One man is not a lot of fun,
Every year on her birthday her unashamedly wrote in to say how he
husband would give her the same cuts down on his heating bill. His wife
birthday card, until one year she hit never has the central heating on

84
2 The topic sentences (in this case, What do you think? What examples can you think of to
the first sentence of each 1 Which person seems to you the prove or disprove them?
paragraph) have been removed. meanest? 2 Here is a list of words and
They are listed here.
2 Work in pairs. expressions to do with money.
Match them with the correct
Choose one of the stories from the Use your dictionary and divide
paragraph. Write the
article. them into the following categories:
corresponding paragraph number
in the box by the topic sentence. Student A Imagine that the mean - borrowing money
person described in the story is - saving and investing money
0 &• When it comes to counting
your aunt or uncle. Tell Student - having a personal bank account
the pennies, how about this
charming man? B about her/him. Sometimes the same word will fit
Student B React, and ask different categories.
ED b. Many of the stories were to
do with the giving of presents. questions to get more - to withdraw money
information about this mean - a building society
191 c. Incidentally, the woman who
person. - a current account
used to measure the bacon so
carefully, rations other Begin like this. - a loan at 15% interest
aspects of her family's life. Student A Havel ever told you - a cheque card
about my auntluncle? - a mortgage
ffl d. The meanness of the rich is
Student B No, what's he/she like? - to cash a cheque
legendary.
Student A Well, he/she's one of - to buy shares in a company
EJ e. One woman's attempts to - a credit card
reform her husband's the meanest people I've ever met
actually. - a monthly statement
meanness were a complete
Student B Why...? - a deposit account
failure.
- to earn 10% interest
uA f. Common ideas of hospitality - monthly repayments
do not inhibit mean people, *• Language focus
- to put money in
then, and nor do Read the Language review on page - the Stock Market
considerations of hygiene. 89 about present and past habit. - a piggy bank
ED g. Fuel economies are a wide- Do the Controlled practice exercises
spread form of penny- 1-5. 3 Work in pairs.
pinching. How would you feel in the
following situations?
LB h. Stories about stinginess over
• Vocabulary 1 Say why.
food were plenty.
Would you be pleased, sorry or
EJ i. But the meanness of more Money angry if . . . ?
humble people is no less 1 Work in groups. a. you picked up a bargain in the
breathtaking. Discuss these two sayings. sales?
H j. Giving with one hand and Money is the root of all evil. b. you paid next to nothing for
taking with the other is a Money makes the world go round. something?
common trick. Do you agree? c. you were overcharged in a
restaurant?
Comprehension check/language work d. you were overdrawn at the bank?
Here are the answers to some e. you were well off?
questions about the article. f. you were broke?
Work out the questions. g. you were hard up?
h. you lost a quid and found a fiver?
1 So that he wouldn't have to pay
for his guests' phone calls. Underline the idiomatic expressions
2 Yes, but it was a loan. His son had and the examples of slang.
to repay the money.
3 Because it was the cheapest one he
could find.
4 No, he waited until a few days
afterwards.
5 So that she can send the card to
someone else.
6 No, he sells them to her.
7 Because her husband has told her
that it would be too expensive.
85
 upon the idea of burning it (one during the day while he's out at work
wonders what took her so long). What because he's told her that gas is twice
We all know about Paul Getty I, the did her husband do? He bought the as expensive in the day-time — so the
richest man in the world. He's the one cheapest substitute he could find, heating conveniently comes on at six
who, in his 72-bedroomed country which happened to be a card for o'clock in time for his return.
mansion, used to have a pay-phone for belated birthday greetings, so his wife
his guests. He's also the one who suffered the added insult of receiving 8.
refused to pay the ransom for the the card late.
release of Paul Getty III, his grandson, Ifou might marvel at the man —
until the poor boy's ear was cut off — 5. a Frenchman at that — who ordered
and even then, the money paid was a half a bottle of wine and eight glasses,
(
loan to Paul Getty II at an interest rate ' There's or shake your head at the couple who
of four per cent. the woman who for birthdays gives boasted they could make a tin of beans
delightful home-made cards, with the last a week, but there is something
2. message written on a separate piece of very upsetting about putting bacon
paper. With the card she'll enclose a rashers end to end so that each portion
magazine recently asked its readers to short note asking for the card back in a can be measured to the nearest
write in with their tales of miserliness few days' time. millimetre.
done to or by them. Obviously, this is a
subject close to many people's hearts. 6. 9.
Many readers said they could hardly c
bear to remember the tight-fisted His wife wrote, 'He's always She
habits of their parents, while others charging the family for the things he
has decreed that family and friends
reported that years of stinginess had does around the house. He grows
must limit themselves to three sheets
either broken up their marriages or vegetables in the back garden, but I
of paper per visit to the lavatory.
had made their lives a misery. have to pay for them out of my house-
keeping money. When he gives our 10.
3. daughter a lift to work, he'll ask her for
One man bought his the bus fare and a little bit more
There were
wife a dustpan for a Christmas because it's a door-to-door service.'
tales of people who scrape salt from
present. When his workmates asked
dirty plates back into the salt-cellar,
him about the brush to go with it, he 7
retrieve cloves from eaten apple pies,
replied, 'Oh, she's getting that for her ^ Putting out save lemon slices from dirty glasses
birthday.' the pilot light on gas cookers and and preserve them in water to be re-
fires is commonplace. Some people used later, or put used paper tissues to
4. refuse to let others open the freezer dry on the radiator. Life with a Scrooge
without their permission. One man is not a lot of fun.
Every year on her birthday her unashamedly wrote in to say how he
husband would give her the same cuts down on his heating bill. His wife
birthday card, until one year she hit never has the central heating on

84
 2 The topic sentences (in this case, What do you think? What examples can you think of to
the first sentence of each 1 Which person seems to you the prove or disprove them?
paragraph) have been removed. meanest? 2 Here is a list of words and
They are listed here. \.
2 Work in pairs. expressions to do with money.
Match them with the correct
Choose one of the stories from the Use your dictionary and divide
paragraph. Write the
article. them into the following categories:
corresponding paragraph number
in the box by the topic sentence. Student A Imagine that the mean - borrowing money
person described in the story is - saving and investing money
0 a. When it comes to counting
your aunt or uncle. Tell Student - having a personal bank account
the pennies, how about this
charming man? B about her/him. Sometimes the same word will fit
H] b. Many of the stories were to Student B React, and ask different categories.
do with the giving of presents. questions to get more - to withdraw money
information about this mean - a building society
[91 c. Incidentally, the woman who
person. - a current account
used to measure the bacon so
carefully, rations other Begin like this. - a loan at 15% interest
aspects of her family's life. Student A Have I ever told you - a cheque card
ED d. The meanness of the rich is about my auntl uncle? - a mortgage
legendary. Student B No, what's he/she like? - to cash a cheque
Student A Well, he/she's one of - to buy shares in a company
EJ e. One woman's attempts to
the meanest people I've ever met - a credit card
reform her husband's
actually. - a monthly statement
meanness were a complete
Student B Why...? - a deposit account
failure.
- to earn 10% interest
E§ f. Common ideas of hospitality - monthly repayments
do not inhibit mean people, > Language focus
- to put money in
then, and nor do Read the Language review on page - the Stock Market
considerations of hygiene. 89 about present and past habit. - a piggy bank
EJ g. Fuel economies are a wide- Do the Controlled practice exercises
spread form of penny- 1-5. 3 Work in pairs.
pinching. How would you feel in the
following situations?
El h. Stories about stinginess over
• Vocabulary 1 Say why.
..- food were plenty.
Would you be pleased, sorry or
13 i. But the meanness of more Money angry if . . . ?
humble people is no less 1 Work in groups. a. you picked up a bargain in the
^~ breathtaking. Discuss these two sayings. sales?
Un j. Giving with one hand and Money is the root of all evil. b. you paid next to nothing for
taking with the other is a Money makes the world go round. something?
common trick. Do you agree? c. you were overcharged in a
restaurant?
Comprehension check/language work d. you were overdrawn at the bank?
Here are the answers to some e. you were well off?
questions about the article. f. you were broke?
Work out the questions. g. you were hard up?
h. you lost a quid and found a fiver?
1 So that he wouldn't have to pay
for his guests' phone calls. Underline the idiomatic expressions
2 Yes, but it was a loan. His son had and the examples of slang.
to repay the money.
3 Because it was the cheapest one he
could find.
4 No, he waited until a few days
afterwards.
5 So that she can send the card to
someone else.
6 No, he sells them to her.
7 Because her husband has told her
that it would be too expensive.
85
4 Work in groups.
Discuss the following questions.
a. What do sensible people do with
their money?
What do foolish people do with
their money?
Are you sensible or foolish with
your money?
b. What are the different ways of
buying things?
Think of the following:
a house a television a meal
a car clothes

Listening
Pre-listening task
Discuss the following questions in
groups.
1 Have you got a pet?
Did you have a pet when you were
younger?
What is/was it?
What is/was it like?
What habits does/did it have?
2 What can animals do better than
people?
Think of birds, cats and dogs.
3 You will hear a talk by Johnny
Morris, a popular expert on
animals and their behaviour, who
has made many television and
radio programmes.
He talks about the following
subjects.
- animals compared to people
- the benefits of having animals in
our lives
- pets in Ancient Rome and Egypt
- a difficult animal he has known
Make guesses about the content
before you listen.

Listening and note taking

I T.28 | Listen to the talk and make
notes under the headings above.
When you have finished, compare
your notes with another student's.

What do you think

1 Do you agree with Johnny Morris
when he says that in many respects
human beings are inferior to
animals?

86
2 How many ways can you think of 3 Which words in column A can
in which we use animals? combine with words from column Speaking
How are the animals suited to this B? Castaways
particular task?
In 1980 an advertisement appeared
Example A B in a London magazine, beginning
Eskimos use huskies to pull their
person 'Writer seeks companion for a year
sledges. Huskies are very strong,
on a tropical island.'
have a thick coat, and seem to tree
enjoy working together. 0 400 800
tall mountain Kilometres
3 Which animals make good pets?
Why? high wall New
Which animals don't make good Guinea
building
pets? Why?
4 What animals are popular in your price
country? Arafura Sea
noise
> Language focus
traffic
Read the Language review on page
89 about be used to. heavy smoker
Do the Controlled practice exercises Northern
strong drink Australia
6 and 7.
loud wind
music
• Vocabulary 2
rain
Words with similar meaning
1 In the article on page 84, and the your temper
topic sentences on page 85, find
words with similar meaning to the a bus
following: a football match
meanness stories common to lose
weight
2 Words with similar meaning are to miss
an opportunity
sometimes interchangeable and
sometimes not. a TV programme
Example your parents
to hire
a car New Year!
to rent
Happy Birthday!

a room Merry Christmas!

to rent aflat Anniversary!

a television an appointment
not to hire 1 Work in two groups.
sure
Group A You are the writer.
a boat a lot of damage Talk together to decide what sort
to hire of person you are looking for.
a suit up your miijd
to do List qualities under these
noftorent your homework headings, and add headings of
to make your own.
To rent is for a longer period of a mess
time. - Abilities
your best - Interests/hobbies
We usually hire something for a
an excuse - Personality
relatively short period of time.
What do you want the companion
sense
to do on the island?

87
 Group B You have answered the
advertisement. Litter wrecked untidy
Talk together to decide why you
think you should be the one who
is chosen. handyman's marriage
List qualities under these
headings, and add headings of a. She also complained that there
your own. were piles of hardcore, bricks and
old cars in the garden. And, when Bride No. 26-
- Abilities she attempted to clear a space, her
- Interests/hobbies husband would fill it with more
- Personality rubbish. a record for
What do you want to know about
the writer and the island? The judge, sitting in the High Mr Wolfe
Court Family Division said Mr
2 Work in pairs. White, a 'moody, aggressive and
difficult' man, took on too many jobs
A student from Group A Followed wife
in the home.
interviews a student from Group He accepted the complaints of Mr Justice Ewbank said Mr
B. Mrs White, a 'highly-strung' White was also moody, sometimes
Begin like this: woman, that for many years her for weeks at a time and jealous. At
kitchen was left 'in disarray' and she one stage he took to following his
Student A Hello. Could you tell found it difficult to work in. wife when she went out.
me why you answered the
advertisement? c.
Student B Well, . . . 'T'HE ways of a handyman husband who started jobs,
Student A What makes you think JL but seldom finished them, finally became too much/
you could live on a desert island for his wife.
for a year?
Student B . . . d. Yesterday Mr Justice EWBANK The couple married in 1966 and
ruled that she need not put up with have two daughters, aged 12 and 10.
3 After a while, change partners. her home in disarray and a garden
4 Student A Have you found a full of builder's materials any
longer. Christine refused to comment as
suitable person? He awarded Mrs LUCY her new husband criticised her
Why/why not? WHITE, 40, a decree nisi because of eating habits.
Student B Are you still interested the unreasonable behaviour of her The latest Mrs Wolfe, a divorcee
husband PAUL, 41. with a grown-up daughter, has
in going to the desert island? known her husband for 10 years.
Why/why not? The couple do not plan to have a
e. AMERICA'S most married man family.
has broken his own record by
Writing marrying wife No. 26. ; Mr Wolfe, father of 40, admitted
that he did not know how long his
Jumbled texts latest bride would last.
'I just don't know, but I feel good
Work in pairs. His longest marriage was four
about this one.
Here are two newspaper articles, 'Anyway, getting married is years, his shortest only 19 days.
but they have been mixed up. better than living in adultery.
Look at the headlines, and read Everyone should get married instead m. He also complained about her
the paragraphs quickly to decide of living together,' he insisted. visiting a woman neighbour, saying
which paragraphs go with which all she did there was to 'yacketty yak'
and the proper place for her was at
story. g. As he left the wedding chapel in home with him and the family.
Then put them in the right order. Las Vegas 75-year-old Glynn Wolfe
confessed: 'Marriage is the greatest
Divorce adventure in the world, next to n. He had a word of warning for his
1 2: 3 4 death. It's fun.' 38-year-old wife, Christine. "The
He said he had always been only thing I don't like is that she eats
married. 'The faces just change.' sunflower seeds in bed.'

Marriage h. Tools were left all over the Mr Wolfe's other brides were
1 2 3. house, except for the bathroom. aged from 17 to 72.
Apparently the husband did not Four of his marriages involved
leave them there because they would two women whom he married,
get rusty. ., divorced, and remarried.
(Standard 30 January 1984 and Daily Telegraph 2 November 1984)
88
 3 Will He's a builder, so " working in bad
Will expresses typical behaviour, he's used to weather.
something that is to be expected
physical work.
from someone.
She'll get so interested in a book When I arrived, it took me a long
that she '11 sit reading it all day. time to get used to the noise - but I'll
He '11 often begin a sentence and never get used to the food!
then forget what he's talking about.
In this use, will is not stressed < Look at the tapescript on page 133-4.
when spoken, and can be Find the examples of used
contracted when written. to = accustomed to.

Past habit >• Grammar reference: page 122.

1 Used to + infinitive
Used to expresses habitual actions
in the past which do not happen CONTROLLED PRACTICE
now.
We used to go to the same place for 1 Present Simple and expressions of
our holidays every year. frequency -
2 Write one of the following. How often do you think the
Used to can be used to express past actions a.-h. happen?
a. A dialogue between Lucy White states and actions.
and Paul White before their Example
Before he went to prison, he used I always brush my teeth after a
divorce. He has just begun to
to live in a large house. (= a state) meal.
decorate the living-room.
He used to have a lot of money.
b. A letter to the Agony Page of a / brush my teeth three times a day.
(= a state)
magazine, asking for advice Give your answers by using these
He used to gamble a lot. (= an
about your husband/wife/son/ expressions.
action)
daughter.
Compare her/his past behaviour 2 Would
Would is the past form of will a day
with the present. once
c. Argue the case for and against above. a week
divorce. It expresses typical behaviour. twice
a month
Look at page 63 again to remind My grandfather would sit in his three times
you how to present an argument. rocking chair for hours, looking a year
into the fire and smoking his pipe. day
Would cannot be used to express a
• Language review past state. every Sunday morning
Present habit NOT six months
He'd live in a large house.
1 Present Simple He'd have a lot of money. a. We often go to the cinema.
The Present Simple is the most b. We hardly ever eat out.
common tense for expressing c. He goes to church regularly.
•4 Look again at the article on page
present habit. It is often used with d. She occasionally plays tennis.
84.
an adverb of frequency.
Find the examples of present and e. She often buys new clothes.
He always buys me flowers on my past habit. f. I go to the dentist regularly.
birthday. g. We usually have a bottle of wine
We hardly ever go out in the with our supper.
>• Grammar reference: page 122.
evening. h. I have my hair cut regularly.
2 Present Continuous
2 Work in pairs.
The Present Continuous, used with gemnd
Be/get used to + Ask and answer questions about
always, continually or forever, noun
how often you do the actions in
expresses an annoying habit.
exercise 1.
She's always asking people for This is completely different from
used to + infinitive. Example
money.
Here, used is an adjective, and How often do you brush your teeth?
He's forever losing things. It makes
means accustomed. Twice a day, usually.
me mad!
89
3 Present Continuous for annoying Example h. I wonder how people adapt to
habits I liked going for long walks. retirement after working all their
Add a reason to each of the (b.) / used to like going for long lives.
following statements, using a verb walks.
in the Present Continuous. because like is a state verb.
Example 7 Work in pairs.
Now retell the story, using the
You just can't trust Tim. He's Write a short dialogue.
Past Simple, used to or would.
always letting you down. Student A You have been living
5 | T.29 | Listen to four people and working in New York for six
a. Peter's very absent-minded.
talking about their relationship months.
b. My flate-mate is impossible to
with their parents. Student B You want to know how
live with.
As you listen, decide he/she has settled down.
c. Alice really gets on my nerves.
a. if they are talking about the Ask about accommodation/
d. Andy is so embarrassing when
present or the past. work/travel/food/people.
he's had too much to drink.
b. if the relationship was good or Begin like this.
e. Our teacher is awful!
not. Student B How do you find living
4 Used to and would for past habits How did you use to get on with in New York? Do you like it?
Look at the following text. your parents when you were Student A Yes, generally I do. At
As a boy, I liked going for long younger? first. .'.
walks, especially on summer 6 Answer the folio wing questions,
mornings. We lived in the country, using either used to do or be/get
and the hills behind our house used to. Use short answers where
were beautiful. I got up early, and appropriate.
without waking my parents, I crept REVISION
Example
out of the house. Once I walked
Do you play in the street with your Time expressions
for twenty miles, and my parents
friends? 1 Imagine that today is Wednesday
got very worried. We had a dog
No, but I used to. the 15th.
called Rex, and together we
climbed the hills while the rest of Do you mind getting up at 6.00?
S M T W T F S
the world was sleeping. I loved No, I'm used to it.
1 2 3 4
those days, so innocent, so 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
carefree. I went back there last a. Where did you go on holiday
12 13 14 © 16 17 18
year; but it wasn't the same. when you were young?
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
b. Why do English people always
Give the day and the date for the
stand in queues?
following times:
a. the day before yesterday
c. How did you find driving in b. the day after tomorrow
England when you first arrived? c. in a fortnight's time
d. a fortnight ago'
d. Does your mother read you a e. this time next week
story before you go to bed? f. next weekend
g. the Friday after next
h. this time last week
e. Does Britain still have an i. a week last Thursday
empire? j. a week tomorrow
k. by the end of the week.
f. It must be horrible to be a famous 2 Write a sentence to illustrate the
film star and have photographers meaning of the following:
following you everywhere.
- in time
- on time
g. What hobbies did you have when - two times two
Which of the verbs in italics .. you were a child? - from time to time
a. can take would or used to? - Take your time!
b. can take only used to? - a waste of time
c. must stay in the Past Simple? - in record time.

90
 -aflfflp
U J

Hypothesis

It's easy to be wise

The Least Successful Mugging 1
after the event
In 1978 Sussex police launched a hunt for a 'six-foot, dark-
Discussion point haired youth of about 20' who failed to mug a five-foot,
1 The following extracts are taken 74-year-old grandmother.
from the Book of Heroic Failures. The youth sprang upon Mrs Ethel West while she was
What were the criminals' walking through Chichester Cathedral cloisters. The result
mistakes? should have been a foregone conclusion. Surprisingly,
What should/shouldn't they have however, when Mrs West grabbed the mugger's wrist, he
done? cried, 'Oh God! Oh no! Stop!'
Why?
Encouraged by these pleas, she put him in an arm lock at
which the mugger cried, 'Oh no, Oh Christ!' and ran away.
'If I hadn't been carrying my shopping, I would really have
put him on his back,' said Mrs West who took a course in judo
when younger.
'Before my husband died I used to practise throwing him at
Christmas,' she explained.

The Worst Bank Robbers 2

In August 1975 three men were on their way in to rob the Royal
Bank of Scotland at Rothesay, when they got stuck in the
revolving doors. They had to be helped free by the staff and,
after thanking everyone, sheepishly left the building.
A few minutes later they returned and announced their
intention of robbing the bank, but none of the staff believed
them. When, at first, they demanded £5,000, the head cashier
laughed at them, convinced that it was a practical joke.
Considerably disheartened by this, the gang leader reduced
his demand first to £500 then to £50 and ultimately to 50 pence.
By this stage the cashier could barely control herself for
laughter.
Then one of the men jumped over the counter and fell
awkwardly on the floor, clutching at his ankle. The other two
made their getaway, but got trapped in the revolving doors for
a second time, desperately pushing the wrong way.

91
 Reading and inferring
The Least Successful Bank Robber 3 In the Sunday Express Magazine,
there used to be a feature called
Not wishing to attract attention to himself, a bank robber in Things I wish I'd known at 18, in
1969 at Portland, Oregon, wrote all his instructions on a piece which famous people were invited to
of paper rather than shout. look back on their life and comment
This is a hold-up and I've got a gun,' he wrote and then held on their successes and failures.
the paper up for the cashier to read. In this article, there is some quite
The bemused bank official waited while he wrote out, 'Put colloquial language.
all the money in a paper bag.' written off dismissed
This message was pushed through the grille. The cashier an oddball a strange person who
read it and then wrote on the bottom, 'I don't have a paper doesn't fit in
bag,' and passed it back. a back-to-back a terraced house for
The robber fled. working class people
daft stupid, mad
nowt but a lad just a young man
The Least Alert Burglar 4 As you read the article about Jack
Higgins, answer the following
A Parisian villain broke into a house at the village of Lachelle in questions.
1964. Once inside he began to feel decidedly peckish and so 1 Was he happy when he was . . . 15?
went in search of the icebox. There he found his favourite 18? 31? 42 (in 1971)?
cheese which it would have been a shame not to try. Why? Why not?
He then found some Bath Oliver biscuits and three bottles of
2 Is he happy now? Why? Why
champagne. not?
After a while he began to feel sleepy and decided that he
would lie down and digest his meal in comfort. He was
arrested next morning fast asleep upstairs in the spare Glossary
bedroom. Room at the Top
This, and another play by John
Osborne called Look Back in
Anger, is about the rebellion of
The Worst Hijacker f youth against society and its
conventions.
We shall never know the identity of the man who in 1976 made
the most unsuccessful hijack attempt ever. On a flight across repertory company
America, he rose from his seat, drew a gun and took the a theatrical company that performs
stewardess hostage. different kinds of plays, musicals,
Take me to Detroit,' he said. comedies, etc., usually at its own
theatre.
'We're already going to Detroit,' she replied.
'Oh . . . good,' he said, and sat down again. an ego trip
(informal) something a person
does, purely out of self-interest, to
2 Work in groups. Reading make himself/herself important.
Discuss the following questions.
Which story is funniest? Pre-reading task IQ
Which criminal was . . . Work in groups. intelligence quotient, a measure of
- the most stupid? What do you think the following an individual's intelligence, derived
- the worst prepared? people might regret about their from a series of tests.
- the most cowardly? lives? Mensa
- the most unprofessional? - someone who left school at 15 a society for the exceptionally
- What do you think of the way the - a boy doing National Service intelligent. You need to have an IQ
victims of the crimes behaved? - a workaholic of at least 150 to join.
What would you have done if you - a millionaire
had been the cashier/the old lady/
the stewardess?

92
 Jack Higgins left school at 15, later became a teacher, then a university tutor before
succeeding as a writer and becoming a millionaire. The Eagle Has Landed appears
next month in its original unabridged form. A new hardback, Touch the Devil, comes
out in October. Higgins also writes under his real name, Harry Patterson. He lives, in
much luxury, in Jersey. Here he talks to Pamela Coleman.

I WISH I HAD known at 18 somebody When I suggested writing about failure, but I think now that being a But at 18 I longed for a piece of
like I am now at 53, an older person eo Winston Churchill spending a quiet school drop-out was probably a good paper that said I was intelligent. I got
with hard-won wisdom to whom I weekend in the country when thing. It made me an instinctive ssit eventually when I was 31 after
could have gone for advice. German paratroopers drop in to writer. I think too much education taking a double honours degree
; As a teenager, I was written off as an kidnap him, my publisher said it was 75 can be a disadvantage. Universities through night-school and correspon-
oddball. Coming from the docks of the worst idea he'd ever heard. I was are full of professors and academics dence courses. It didn't mean much,
Belfast and living in a back-to-back in 6s terribly shaken. But I was so hooked who want to write but can't. I wish I'd apart from improving my career
Leeds I was thought of as 'Daft Harry' on the idea, I persisted. That was The known that at 18. When I pulled 90 prospects. I became a lecturer in a
because of my obsession about Eagle Has Landed, which created Dostoevsky's The House of the Dead polytechnic and finally a tutor at
i becoming a writer. I had pretensions publishing history. so off a library shelf as a lad I read it Leeds University. It was an ego trip
to being a kind of Ernest Hemingway. Because I left school at 15 with no simply because I enjoyed the story, more than anything else. Recently I
I wish I'd known my limitations. 70 School Certificate I thought I was a not because I'd been told to read it. had my IQ tested — it's 147, just short
I wish I had known that you are 95 of Mensa. I realised that the truth was,
capable of anything at 18. I was a I always was a clever idiot who didn't
i teenager in the days before fit into the system and whom the
teenagers were invented — when it system didn't recognise.
was a handicap to be young. You At 18 I went into the Horse Guards
were 'nowt but a lad', held back 100 on National Service and was
because you were only 18, 20 or stationed in Berlin. The Cold War had
i whatever. There were no pop singers just started and we had to patrol the
speaking for younger people then. It i|{;: borders. Occasionally a shot was
was before John Braine, who's a - fired — a close friend of mine was
friend of mine, wrote Room at the Top, 105 shot in the stomach and died at my
before the Angry Young Man thing side.
: took off. For me life has been a disappoint-
Getting a safe job, earning a steady ment in general terms, which may
wage — that was the philosophy of sound surprising. I thank God for my
life. It was a philosophy based on no wife, Amy, and four marvellous kids,
parents' attitudes. So I went into a but life is life, in spite of success. The
i succession of boring^clfericaljobs. I total sales of my books are now well
wish I hadn't wasted my energiesTJV over 100 million. When Eagle was
so many directions before I finally got number one in England and number
to grips with writing. 115 one in America, I never thought my
I wish, for instance, I'd had the guts success would continue. Since then
; to try to become an actor. I was quite I've had six more number ones. I've
good, I used to act at the Civic climbed my personal Everest. And
Theatre in Leeds as an amateur and so what? I realise I've been driven by
longed to try my luck with a seaside 120 a terrible desire to achieve. That
repertory company. But when I desire made me a workaholic. I didn't
i talked about it to friends—who were have time for hobbies, so now that I
all office workers, factory workers, do I find there's nothing I really want
shop workers — they'd say: 'Ooh no.' to do. I tried karate for a year and
I wish I'd known at 18 that other 125 thought 'What am I doing this for?'
people's opinions were nothing like Then I tried being very healthy and
> as important as I thought they were. running everywhere and weight-
For me it's what I think that's lifting.
important, and I don't mean that in an These days I get invited to
arrogant way. In writing, for example, iso Buckingham Palace garden parties
I had to learn to trust my own and lunch with Princess Margaret
i judgment. For years I earned modest and to talk to Prime Ministers. I feel as
sums and my first real break didn't though it's all a mistake.
come till 1971, with a thriller called So what? is a phrase that has figured
The Savage Day, based on the Irish 135 rather largely in my life I'm glad I
Troubles. Everyone I told thought it didn't know at 18 that when you've got
i was a terrible idea for a book, but I to the top of the peak you're left with
went ahead and wrote it. It got to an emptiness.
number ten in the best-seller list
without any fanfare of publicity. (Sunday Express 29 August 1982)
93
Comprehension check 3 Find a word or expression in the
1 Put the following events of Jack article that means the same as the
Higgins' life into chronological following.
order. para. 2 a persistent idea
You will have to guess when some para. 3 a disadvantage
of the events happened. para. 4 worked hard at and was
He | | was a tutor at university. successful in
|T] became a millionaire. para. 5 had the courage
O lived in Belfast. wanted very much
O did several clerical jobs. para. 6 lucky opportunity
CD started writing. v shocked, troubled
O acted in Leeds. </ obsessed by, addicted to
I3H wrote The Eagle Has para. 7 a person who does not
Landed. finish a course of study
O got a degree. para. 8 chances of professional
O did National Service. advancement

2 What are some of the things he

>• Language focus
wishes he had done/he hadn't
done/he had known when he was Read the Language review on should
younger? have and wish on page 97.
Do the Controlled practice exercises
1-3.
What do you think?
1 Work in groups.
Explain what he means by the Speaking
following:
Paradoxes
line 15 I was a teenager in the
days before teenagers 1 Work in groups.
were invented, Jack Higgins is a millionaire who
line 48 In writing . . . I had to lives in great luxury.
learn to trust my own Which aspects of his life do you
judgement, envy?
line 66 The Eagle Has Landed Do you wish you could stop work
created publishing history, for ever?
line 80 I read (The House of the
2 Make two lists.
Dead) simply because I
What are the advantages and
enjoyed the story, not 3 Jack Higgins is an example of
disadvantages of being rich and
because I'd been told to someone who is very rich, but also
famous?
read it. in a way, he is poor.
line 88 It didn't mean much, Explain the following paradoxes.
line 111 . . . life is life, in spite of Advantages
Is it possible . . .
success, - for a poor person to be rich?
line 117 I've climbed my personal - for a wise man to be a fool?
Everest, - for a genius to be slightly mad?
line 132 I feel as though it's all a - for a child to express a great
mistake, truth?
line 134 So what? is a phrase that - to feel free in prison?
has figured rather largely - to feel imprisoned when
in my life. you're not in prison?
Disadvantages
2 Which of the following adjectives - to feel lonely in a crowd of
describe Jack Higgins? people?
arrogant home-loving - to be kind by being cruel?
snobbish disillusioned - to be cruel by being kind?
self-confident boastful - to love someone, but not to
hard-working self-made like them?
wise cynical - to not lie, but not tell the
proud truth?

94
• Vocabulary 1
Driving
1 Work in pairs.
Write down all the instructions for
starting a car and moving off.
Begin like this.
Unlock the door and get in.
Put the key in the ignition and...
2 Read your instructions to another
student.
He/she must mime the actions.
3 Look at the picture.
How many traffic offences are
being committed?
4 What kinds of road are the
following?
What can/can't you do on them?
a dual carriageway
a one-way street
a cul-de-sac
a by-pass
a flyover
5 When driving, why would you . . .
- dip your lights?
- flash your lights?
- do a U-turn?
- sound your horn?
— swerve? Department of Transport Road Traffic Act 1972 Test Centre:.
- slam on your brakes?
Statement of Failure to Pass Test of Competence to Drive
Listening 9. jit Make effective use of mirror(s) and take
Name
Pre-listening task effective rear observation well before
has this day been examined and has failed to signalling/changing direction/slowing
Discuss the following questions in pass the test of competence to drive prescribed down or stopping.
for the purposes of section 85 of the Road Traffic 10. "SO .Give signals/where necessary/correctly/
groups. Act 1972, in good time.
What does the driving test consist of 11. ]5f "Take prompt and appropriate .action on
Date
in your country? all/traffic signs/road markings/traffic
Is there a written test? lights/signals given by traffic controllers/
Authorised by the Minister of Transport to conduct tests other road users.
What manoeuvres do you have to Examiners have regard to the items listed below in 12. D Exercise proper care in the use of speed.
carry out in the test? deciding whether a candidate is competent to 13. Ipf Make progress by/driving at a speed
Do people often pass first time? drive. The matters needing special attention are appropriate to the road and traffic
marked for your information and assistance and conditions/avoiding undue hesitancy.
should be studied in detail. 14. J? Act properly at road junctions: —
Listening and form filling - regulate speed correctly on
1. O Comply with the requirements of the approach;
I T.30 j You will hear a conversation eyesight test. - take effective observation before
2. O Know the Highway Code. emerging;
between Jill, who has just taken her — position the vehicle correctly/before
3. G Take proper precautions before starting
driving test, and her husband Bob. the engine. turning right/before turning left;
Jill failed the test. 4. W Make proper use of/accelerator/clutch/ - avoid cutting right-hand comers.
gears/footbrake/handbrake/steering. 15. 5? Qyertake/meet/cross the path of/
As you listen, complete the form as 5. O Ivtove away/safely/under control. other vehicles safely.
the examiner would do. 6. "5? Stop the vehicle in an emergency/ 16. D Position the vehicle correctly during
Put X in the relevant boxes and promptly/under control/rjiakjcg groger normal driving.
use of front brake. 17. Q Allow adequate clearance to stationary
underline the relevant phrases. 7. J? Reverse into a limited opening either to vehicles.
Example the right or left/under control/with due 18. D Take appropriate action at pedestrian
regard for other road users. crossings.
4 [XJ Make proper use of I 8. O Turn round by means of forward and 19. Q Select a safe position for normal stops.
accelerator/clutch/gears/ reverse gears/under control/with due 20. ^T Show awareness and anticipation of the
footbrake/handbrake/steering. regard for other road users. actions of/pedestrians/cyclists/drivers.

95
What do you think? return them stating date and He didn't go to college.
1 Do you think Jill deserved to pass? place of purchase, and we will He was impatient for a less sheltered
Why/why not? gladly refund you. environment.
2 What advice would you give her d. In the event of fire, proceed to He went to Kansas City.
for her next test? the nearest exit point. He was employed as a reporter.
3 Did you pass your driving test first e. In a recent correspondence, I He was a reporter for the Start.
time? Second time? drew your attention to the fact The Star was a leading newspaper.
If you failed, what went wrong? that your current account was Working for the Star gave him
overdrawn by f 520.57p, and you invaluable vocational training.
were requested to draw no more He wanted to be a soldier.
>• Language focus
cheques on this account. In your He was rejected for military service.
Read the Language review on Third reply, you suggested that you He had poor eyesight.
conditional sentences on page 97. were attempting to restore your He became an ambulance driver for
Do the Controlled practice exercises account to credit. the American Red Cross.
4-7. He was injured in World War I.
It was with some surprise,
therefore, that I find you have He was decorated for heroism.
used your cash card, when you He was fascinated by war.
Vocabulary 2 He worked as a war correspondent.
are fully aware that you have no
Formal style funds in your account to meet it. He reported wars in Spain, China
and Europe.
1 The Statement of Failure to pass a I should be grateful if you would
Many of his books were about war.
driving test is written in formal refrain from using this and from
For Whom the Bell Tolls was written
language. drawing cheques until this
in 1940.
This is how some of the sentences situation has been regularized.
It was his most successful book.
might be spoken in a more neutral
3 Work in pairs. It was about a volunteer American
style. Match them to the correct
Student A You received the above soldier in the Spanish Civil War.
number of the Statement.
letter from your bank manager. It dealt with the comradeship of war.
Example A Farewell to Arms is about the
You have come to talk to her/him.
[T] You have to have good pointlessness of war.
Explain the situation, and what
eyesight. He won the Nobel prize for
you intend to do about it.
a. | | When you're backing, look to literature in 1954.
Student B You are Student A's
see if there's anybody in your He suffered from depression towards
bank manager. You sent her/him
way. the end of his life.
the above letter.
b. Q Look behind you. He loved life, but was obsessed with
Explain how the bank can help,
death.
c. Q Don't drive too fast. and the bank's requirements.
He committed suicide in 1961.
d. Q You should slow down when
you get near a junction. Writing
e. O You should look in both
Sentence combination
directions before pulling out.
Combine the following sentences to
f. Q Don't go too close to parked
form a coherent biography of Ernest
cars.
Hemingway. Reorder the
g. O Keep your eyes on other information if necessary. Divide it
people around you. into paragraphs.
2 For the following examples of Ernest Hemingway was born in
formal style, say 1899.
- what the context is. He was born in Illinois.
- how it might be expressed in a Illinois is a suburb of Chicago.
more neutral style. He had a middle-class upbringing.
a. Diners are requested to refrain His father was a doctor.
from smoking in this section of All his life Ernest Hemingway
the restaurant. rebelled against the morals of his
b. Please vacate this seat should an parents.
elderly or infirm person require He rebelled against the conventions
it. of life in Chicago.
c. Should the goods not meet with He graduated from High School in
your entire satisfaction, please 1917.

96
• Language review Fact Wish

Hypothesis I'm fat. I wish I wasn't fat.

Should + perfect infinitive I don't have any friends. I wish I had some friends.
Should have done expresses advice, I didn't work for the exam. I wish I had worked for the exam.
obligation or criticism about a past
action. I can't swim. I wish I could swim .
You should have worked harder for I've lost my pen. I wish I hadn 't lost my pen .
the exam. He won't help me. I wish he'd help me.
You shouldn 't have said that. It
wasn't true.
She should have been helping me,
instead of lying in bed. 3 Dialogues
CONTROLLED PRACTICE Work in pairs to write a dialogue.
Wish 1 Wish Student A Life is getting too much
What we wish is always contrary to The following sentences express for you. Nothing is going right.
existing facts. some of Jack Higgins' regrets Share your troubles with
To show this unreality, the verb about his past and present life. Student B.
moves one tense back. Rewrite them using I wish. Student B Lend a sympathetic ear
See the chart opposite. Example to Student A and offer some
I listened to other people's advice. advice.
•^ Look again at the article on page / wish I hadn't listened to other
93. 4 Third conditional sentences
people's advice.
Find the examples of wish. Re-arrange the following words to
a. My parents made me get a safe form third conditional sentences.
job.
Third conditional sentences
b. I didn't try to become a a. If/more/she/been/would/
Third conditional sentences express professional actor. confident/have/had/she/passed.
imaginary situations about the past. c. I wasn't encouraged to be a b. If/she/nervous/been/hadn't/
Like wish, they are contrary to the writer. would/let/the/remembered/
facts. d. I had to do National Service. handbrake/to/she/have/off.
e. I'm a workaholic. c. She/skidded/lost/have/control/
Fact f. I find life disappointing. hadn't/wouldn't/if/she.
I didn't work hard. g. I don't have any hobbies. d. Ii/names/had/she/the/number-
h. I can't be a member of Mensa. plate/have/read/the/cars/known/
I failed the exam. could/she/of/the.
e. The/put/wouldn't/brakes/
Imaginary past 2 Wish and should have examiner/more/had/if/have/
Write one sentence with I wish been/she/paying/on/attention/
If I had worked hard, .. . and one sentence with should/ the.
. . . I would have passed the exam. shouldn't have for the following
situations. 5 Here are some facts about the
She would have felt more relaxed if past.
Example
the examiner had been nicer. Use your imagination to say how
I've got no job and no
If she had driven more carefully, she things would/could/might have
qualifications.
might have passed. been different.
I wish I had a job.
Example
I should have worked harder at
•4 Look at the tapescript on page I didn't get the job.
school.
134. Find the examples of the third a. I've got a terrible hangover this If I'd answered the questions
conditional. morning. better, I would have got the job.
b. And I crashed the car last night. If I'd been smartly dressed, I might
>• Grammar reference: page 123. c. I've got to go to court next week have got it.
because I forgot to pay a parking a. President Kennedy was
fine. assassinated in Dallas.
d. My wife has left me. b. I wasn't staying in the hotel
e. And I'm late for work. where the bomb went off.

97
 c. I met my wife at a party. of surprises, I'm dreading what Notice that in the Present Simple
d. I lost the tennis match.
___. Did you look at and Past Simple, do/does/did is
e. Luckily, she wasn't on the
the prices? added for emphasis. Other tenses
hijacked aircraft.
A Gerald, this is our already have auxiliary verbs which
6 What would you have done in the are stressed.
following situations? Of course I Reply to the following sentences.
Example didn't. You we
a. You don't work very hard, do
Yesterday a man came home to came in. you?
find a burglar in his house. He B Could we have the bill, please? b. Why didn't you do your
attacked the burglar, who hit him C Certainly, sir. homework last night?
over the head and fractured his A There's no point in worrying c. Your teacher never arrives on
skull. about the bill now. It time.
d. Why doesn't the teacher correct
/ wouldn't have attacked him. if we'd your homework?
I'd have let him go.
„___ a house wine, but e. You'd learn quickly if you spoke
I wouldn't. I'd have made a noise
no, you had to have champagne. English in class.
to frighten him.
I'd have phoned the police and C Your bill, sir. 3 Correcting people
tried to lock him in the house. B Thank you. Oh no! I
I T.32 ~~| You will hear a tape
a. A man found a wallet with £1,000 about Jack Higgins that contains
in it in the back of a taxi. He put factual mistakes.
it all on a horse and lost. When your hear one, tell your
teacher to stop the tape.
b. A mother found drugs in her
son's pockets. She told the police, Correct the mistake.
REVISION
who arrested the son. The son Example
was sent to prison. Sentence stress Jack Higgins lives in New York.
c. A boy died in a fire at his home, 1 In the following dialogues, mark
as he tried to rescue his pet dog. where the main stress is in B's He doesn't live in New York.
d. A man was served in a restaurant replies.
by a very rude waiter, but he Example
didn't complain. He just didn't He lives in Jersey.
A You look tired.
leave a tip. He doesn't write novels.
B / am tired.
e. A fifty-year old man was made
redundant. He tried for six a. A Did you give Peter his book —w
back? He does write novels
months to find another job, but
he couldn't. He felt so ashamed B I thought you'd given it to him. 4 Write some sentences that contain
that he committed suicide. b. A I sold my old tennis racket to factual mistakes about people in
Peter. your class.
B I thought you'd given it to him. Read them out for the other
7 Gap filling c. A That's Sylvia over there. She's students to correct.
ET31| Listen to the French.
conversation of a couple in a B I thought she was French.
restaurant, and fill in the gaps. d. A What a brilliant idea of mine
A Did you enjoy that, darling? this is!
B I thought of it first.
B Yes, not bad .,
e.A Do you work for Jeremy?
and I don't think the pastry was
B No, he works for me.
quite cooked enough.
f. A What was Jeremy doing in your
A Well, you ..The office?
chicken was lovely. And that B He works for me.
dessert, the Chef's surprise, was g. A Did you enjoy your steak and
delicious. You really chips?
B The chips were nice.
, Gerald.
B Don't nag, please. My 2 Emphatic/do/does/did
Look at the dialogue.
— I wish
A You don't love me any more.
.pudding. Talking B I do love you!

98
 Articles

Time

Discussion point

HOW'S YOUR TIMING?

Answer the questions to see how
efficiently you use your time.
Circle a. b. c. or d.
How would you describe the pace of your
life in general?
Natural. I just let things happen.
b. Quite fast, but I do stop to smell
the flowers.
Sometimes frantic, sometimes relaxed.
d. Demanding, sometimes non-stop,
but I like it that way.
How do you deal with what you have to
do every day?
a. I do first what attracts me most.
b. I do the most important things
and put off the rest.
There always seems to be too much
or too little. I do what's really urgent. I
d. I deal with things in order of
importance.
Which of the following is nearest to your
philosophy on life?
Go where life takes you.
b. Life is not a dress rehearsal. How many things have you begun and 6 How do you like to spend your leisure
not finished in the last few years? time?
To everything there is a season.
Lots of things. I have sudden a. I don't know what to do with my
d. Do it now.
enthusiasms and then drop them. time off— it just slips away.
What do you feel about punctuality? One or two minor things, but not b. I relax and recharge my batteries,
I don't waste energy worrying too many. and maybe follow a sport or
about being on time. Quite a few. I always seem to get interest.
b. Being on time is polite and distracted. c. I do one or two little jobs, but
efficient, and I try to be that way. There are no uncompleted nothing very energetic. This is my
I'd love to arrive on time in theory, projects in my life — I have always most enjoyable occupation.
but I don't often manage it. finished things. d. I don't have any leisure time. All
'd. I'm always on time, and I get my time is put to good use.
furious with people who are late.
99
Interpretation '\>
Reading
Mostly a. answers Pre-reading task
You're a daydreamer. Did you actually
What ideas do the following graffiti , y,
manage to finish the quiz? You have little
control over your life. Chaos is your express?
natural habitat. Perhaps you tell yourself
that this is creative, but the truth is you
hate discipline and you are frightened of
it. Your abilities remain untested and m&atistii.
your dreams unfulfilled. VflPMfc -j^^^^^^ . * "i ^*. " , • . ^\

Mostly b. answers
ITi
You represent balance. Your ability to
manage time is impressive, but you
respect yourself enough to know when to
relax, and you are clever enough to know
that the best decisions are never made in
an atmosphere of pressure. Deadlines
don't worry you, and your work seldom
puts unbearable demands on you. You
look ahead and make sure crises don't
happen.

Mostly c. answers
You're like Cinderella waiting for a fairy
godmother who's going to make time for
all your dreams and so make everything
alright for you. 'I'll get round to it,' you
tell yourself. What you don't tell yourself
is that you alone can provide the time you
need to start those dreams happening.
You are an expert at putting things off for
the best reasons. Your excuses are endless.
Forget them. The right time is now.

Mostly d. answers
You are an achiever. Superman/
superwoman is your middle name. You
certainly know how to get a job done, and
you are proud of your management of
time. You are compulsive about using
every second of the day to good effect,
and you get irritable with people who
take life at a slower pace. Relax a little.
Stress is a killer, remember?

Eased on copyright material by Celia Bray field

RS7W.X

MX)
Reading and predicting
The following article by Ray Connolly
appeared in a London newspaper.
Read the first two paragraphs.
Which of the following ideas and
topics do you expect the article to
mention?
a. You should take up a sport
before it is too late.
b. Graffiti. Pipe dreams.. . . Will you really take up that pastime when you "get promotion"?
c. Interpreting your dreams.
d. Enjoy life now.
e. How to use your time creatively.
f. Don't put off till tomorrow what It isn't a
you can do today.
g. Don't do today what you can put
off till tomorrow.
h. Life is short and sad. rehearsal,
i. Buying a house.
As you read the rest of the article,
answer the true/false questions. Put
[T] or [F] into the boxes. you know
1 I | According to the author, we
we are suddenly presented with a clock and a couple
don't live for the present. Returning with a message of grandchildren and we look back and realise that all
2 Q] The author has learned to live those years waiting for Real Life to come along were
life for today. for dreamers . . . 40 in fact real life.
3 Q People don't live for the SEVERAL YEARS ago while sheltering from In America they have a saying much ridiculed by
the English: 'Have a nice day' they intone in their
present because they are afraid a typhoon in a sleazy motel in Cincinnati I came shops, hotels and sandwich bars. I think it is a
of failure. across a tattered beer-stained notice pinned to wonderful phrase, reminding us, in effect, to enjoy
4 O Real Life begins when you a wall above a public telephone. It read simply: 45 the moment: to appreciate this very day.
5 This isn't a rehearsal. This is Life, don't How often do we say to ourselves, Til take up
have a home and family.
miss it.' horse-riding (or golf, or sailing) as soon as I get
5 Q The author likes the American It was a message which has ghosted through my life promotion,' only to do none of those things when
saying 'Have a nice day'. ever since. How many of us can honestly claim not to promotion comes.
6 O The journalist left the Daily have mortgaged our lives to some future dream, a 50 When I first became a journalist I knew a man who
Telegraph for a better paid 10 dream which as likely as not will never be realised? gave up a very well paid responsible job at the Daily
We live life on the never-never: telling ourselves Telegraph to go and edit a small weekly newspaper.
job. that just as soon as we have got past this or that At the time I was astonished by what appeared to me
7 O His life was richer as a result. particularly onerous chore or stage we will be able to to be his complete mental aberration. How could
8 O The author is very envious of devote our energies to what we really want to do. 55 anyone turn his back on Fleet Street for the parish
IS I must admit to being a master of the art of the pump? I wanted to know.
this man. Now I am a little older and possibly wiser, I see the
never-never. Daily I say to myself that as soon as I
9 P The author thinks that life have finished this or that script, or article or paid off sense in it. In Fleet Street the man was under
goes by very quickly. my overdraft, then I will really start to live. continual pressure. He lived in an unattractive
It is, I believe, a delusion I share with the great 60 London suburb and he spent much of his life sitting on
20 hopeful majority, and a delusion it is dangerous to Southern Region trains.
What do you think? harbour, because each of us knows that tomorrow
never comes. Lucky
1 Look again at the interpretation of
Ambition In Kent he became his own-boss, lived within
the quiz on page 100. minutes of the office in a very pretty yillage and found
What sort of person does Ray For some I suspect that this life-long planning for his life enriched tenfold. His ambition for
Connolly think most people are? the future is a way of procrastinating: a get-out for not 65 advancement in his career had been smothered by his
25 having the will, talent or nerve for trying something enjoyment of the life he was leading. His life had
What sort of person does he stopped being a rehearsal and become the real thing.
new and discovering oneself to be a failure.
suggest we should be? How many people have I met who have told me I am not suggesting that this would suit every one of
2 What does the journalist who left about the book they have been planning to write but us. Unhappily it would not suit me. But in many ways
the Daily Telegraph have in have never yet found the time? Far too many. 70 I consider that man in Kent to be one of the luckiest
30 This is Life, all right, but we do treat it like a chaps I know.
common with Thomas Wilson, the rehearsal and, unhappily, we do miss so many of its I am not advocating that one should live for the
character in Somerset Maugham's best moments. minute in any hedonistic sense. That isn't the answer.
story The Lotus Eater? We take jobs to stay alive and provide homes for our But it is, I hope, an exhortation to some degree of self-
families always convincing ourselves that this style of 75 fulfilment. Whatever you want to do, do it now:
35 life is merely a temporary state of affairs along the because, no matter how old you are, it's later than you
road to what we really want to do. Then, at 60 or 65, think.
(Standard 14 May 1984) 101
3 What is the difference between Complete the following sentences
Vocabulary 1
Real Life (with capital letters) and with a noun formed from the multi-
real life! Go back to the paragraph Multi-word verbs (3) word verbs in columns A & B.
to read the context. Replace the words in italics in the a. Most plane crashes occur during
4 Read the article again and mark it following sentences with a word or landing.
like this. from column A combined with a b. At the age of 35, Frank Haggler
v^I agree. This is true for me. word from column B. Put the verb in made a last night, and
X I don't agree. I'm not like this. the correct tense. regained the heavyweight
? I don't understand the point A B championship of the world at
he's making. come over Wembley Stadium.
5 What are your short-term and break off c. Shall we eat out tonight or get a
long-term ambitions? up Chinese ?
take
Do you think they stop you back d. If you have a while
cut
enjoying real life? down driving on a motorway, it can be
hold
6 What is your motto for life? build away very expensive to get your car
repaired.
Summary a. Talks between both sides of the e. in teaching staff have
lorry drivers' strike ended in meant that the student-teacher
Work in pairs to complete the failure yesterday. ratio has increased.
following summary. b. Janet Mannering returned to the f. There was a __^_ on the
The author's main point Is that London stage last night, and gave Underground yesterday because
a wonderful performance as of a temporary power failure.
Desdemona. g. The City pages of daily
c. Ford, the American motor newspapers are full of stories
company, have bought the British about company mergers and
motorcycle company, Hansards,
in a fifty million pound deal. h. Before the war broke out, there
He thinks we fail to live for the d. The waiter removed the dirty was a steady of tension,
plates. as each side accused the other of
present because e. The aeroplane left the ground atrocities.
smoothly.
f. The Government is reducing the
number of people employed in Speaking
the Health Service. Periods in world history
g. The Super Powers are increasing
1 Work in groups.
their stocks of nuclear weapons.
When we are old, we suddenly h. Sorry we're late. We were Look at the pictures opposite.
delayed in the traffic. Match the pictures with a period or
realize that ,„.,..,
event in history.
2 If time travel were possible, which
Nouns from multi-word verbs period of world history would you
There are many nouns which are like to return to? Why? How far
formed with a verb + adverb/ into the future would you like to
preposition. travel?
He quotes the example of a man who Example What would you hope to see?
There was a break-in at the factory 3 On your time travels, you can take
last night, and some money was five objects to show people what
stolen. life is like towards the end of the
Harold Minter won the fight with a twentieth century.
knock-out in the second round. What five objects would you take?
The majority of these words are Try to agree as a class on five
joined with a hyphen. Some are one objects that typify this period in
word. world history.
>• Language focus Example
Read the Language review on page The robbers escaped to a secret
107. hideaway in the country.
Do the Controlled practice exercises. The stress is always on the first word.

102
 •".;•• - ,v • '*>
2oo6 BC " 5oo Be -t>0 ** 476

PERIODS IN

WORLD HISTORY i s~*\

B
BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST

BIRTH OF MUHAMMAD. FOUNDER OF ISLAM

i
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY £
, i CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
V
ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION

ROMAN EMPIRE

EGYPTIAN EMPIRE

BRITISH EMPIRE

NAPOLEONIC ERA

COLONIZATION OF AFRICA BY
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

COLONIZATION OF SOUTH AMERICA BY

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUT.ON 116TH CENTURY

'-*

i— r-
f f
\
18/19TH CENTURY J. V

103
 Listening
Pre-listening task
You will hear an interview with
Margaret Thatcher, who became
leader of the Conservative Party in
Britain in 1975, and who became
Britain's first woman Prime
Minister. In the interview she talks
about her interest in Victorian times.
Work in two groups.
Group A
Complete the chart with some facts
and opinions about Mrs Thatcher.

Facts

Opinions

Group B
Complete the chart with some facts
and opinions about Victorian times
in Britain.
Facts

Opinions

When you have finished, swap your

information.

104
Listening for information work to do on the actual day. (c)
I T.33 | Listen to the interview. , everything went smoothly.
The removal men arrived and began stiff — have a stiff leg/back; feel
Are any of the points you listed
loading their van. (d) they stiff after a long walk.
mentioned in the interview?
were emptying room after room, my
wife and I were trying to clean up.
Comprehension check
We hardly noticed the fact that it had clay — clay soil; clay pipe: bricks
1 What are the Victorian values that begun to snow. Then things began to made of clay.
Mrs Thatcher admires? go wrong, (e) a valuable
2 What aspects of Victorian times table was dropped and its leg broke.
does the interviewer mention? (f) we lost the baby, and it
3 Mrs Thatcher believes in private root — pull up a plant by the roots;
was not (g) she started to cry the roots go deep into the soil.
enterprise, and the non- that we realized she had been put
intervention of the state. into the van by mistake. We worked
What examples from Victorian hard all morning, and by midday our
times does she quote that support old house was empty. frost — on winter mornings, car
this view? (h) , it continued to snow. windows can be covered in frost.
4 What are the advantages that Mrs We set off on the journey to our new
Thatcher sees in home ownership? house, driving slowly to avoid
5 What, according to the skidding in the icy conditions. We (i) faded — the strong sunlight had
interviewer, is it that the 'have- arrived at four o'clock, by faded the curtains. Will the colour
nots' cannot do? which time it was dark, and three in this material fade?
feet of snow covered the ground, (j)
What do you think? , we had quite a few people
1 From what Mrs Thatcher says, to help us unload, and by six o'clock stuff — What's the stuff on the
what do you think her attitude is we were in. (k) , we floor? I can't get all my stuff in this
to the following issues? wondered how we had managed to
- the National Health Service do everything. I'll never forget that
- law and order day. (1) , I still have
- borrowing money nightmares about it! fit — The food was not fit to eat; a
- unemployment 2 Write an essay about a time in meal fit for a king.
- inflation your life that is important to you.
2 What are the views and policies of The time might be significant for
the main political parties in your any reason - because you liked or itch — 1 scratch where it itches. Are
country? hated it; because of your your mosquito bites itching? 2 The
profession; because of a boys were itching for the lesson to
relationship; or because it was a end.
Writing turning point in your life.
1 Linking devices
scold — scold a child for being lazy;
Put one of the following linking
devices into each gap. he was scolded by his mother
• Vocabulary 2 because he was late.
There are sixteen words, but only
twelve gaps! The words practised in the following
first until two exercises are contained in a
snare — to snare a rabbit in a trap.
during still poem you will read.
next while 1 When you look up a word in the
finally at last dictionary, you sometimes might
meanwhile instead not be able to understand the 2 Divide the following words into
actually afterwards definition. The example provided three categories - health, food, or
at first after in the dictionary entry can help household chores.
naturally fortunately you. to sweep a trout
The day we moved house was one of Work in pairs. sores greens
the busiest days of my life. It was in Look at the words and the a hare to sew
December, (a) , we had examples. Try to work out the pains to baste
been packing for a long time, but meanings, then check in the a cure sprains
there was (b) an awful lot of dictionary to see if you were right. a herb to dust

105
g. We have small house by the sea. - you use articles incorrectly. Countable or uncountable nouns?
h. The Italian food isn't as fattening If your teacher agrees with the 1 Correct the following sentences.
as people think. person who interrupts, he or she
a. Can you give me an information
i. I'm studying the history of must continue talking. The person
about train times?
Europe in the eighteenth century. talking at the end of sixty seconds
b. He couldn't give me any good
scores five points!
3 Put a, the, or nothing into each advices.
Air travel Vegetarians c. There was an interesting news on
gap-
a. She was sent to prison Capital cities Horses the radio this morning.
for murder of her Graffiti Cheese d. Spain grows a lot of fruits, many
husband. Housework Astrology of which are exported.
b. 'Is your father at work?' Camping holidays e. My luggages are in the car.
'No, he's in hospital The Royal Family
having operation. Learning languages 2 The following words can be both
doctor said he should be The restaurants in your town countable and uncountable, but
home soon.' 5 Compare the following sentences. the meaning changes.
c. lunch Sally served was How does the use of the article Example
excellent. We had soup change the meaning? hair
with garlic bread, then a. Heft the key under the mat. She has straight, blonde hair.
lovely Mexican dish with I left a key under the mat. Waiter! There's a hair in my soup.
rice, followed by b. Few people have read the book.
most delicious ice-cream I've ever A few people have read the book. Write sentences to illustrate the
tasted. c. The solicitor is now in prison. two meanings.
d. I've got degree in The solicitor is now in the prison. wood time
modern languages. I d. Mr Smith is on the phone for you. experience custom
studied French language A Mr Smith is on the phone for glass chocolate
and literature at Bristol you. rubber arm
University. e. We all went on holiday in a cake paper
e. I met Barbara Simmons, caravan. iron minute
actress, in Oxford Street We all went on holiday in one
yesterday. She won caravan.
Oscar last year for her
performance in Shakespeare's
Taming of
Shrew. REVISION
f. beauty is in. .eye
of. . beholder. Singular or plural nouns?
g- . cats are Make sentences from the chart.
interesting creatures. During You must decide which nouns are
day they sleep, and at singular, which are plural, and which
night they go out can be both.
hunting.
h. Turn out. . lights and keep A B C D
doors shut. We're
news
wasting energy. If we're boring.
not careful, electricity police
bill will be enormous. interesting.
trousers
coming.
government
The winning,
4 'Just a minute' politics is
or a difficult subject.
This is a popular radio programme
team are
in Britain. You must take it in no article sharp.
turns to talk about one of the scissors
subjects below. awful.
mathematics
The other students can interrupt trying hard at the moment.
if... staff
- you repeat yourself unhappy at the decision.
people
- you hesitate for too long

108
 b. Be + past participle (-ed etc.) is used to form passive
Grammar section
sentences:
Paper is made from wood.
My car is being repaired at the moment.
He was injured in a car accident.
It 'II be finished soon.
UNIT1 They've been robbed.
Have
The tense system
Have as an auxiliary + past participle (-ed etc.) is used
Introduction to form perfect tenses:
There are three classes of verbs in English: I've never been there before.
By the time we arrived they had left.
1 Auxiliary verbs Will you have finished by lunch time?
The verbs do, be and have are used as auxiliary verbs 2 Modal auxiliary verbs
to form different tenses. Modal auxiliary verbs are auxiliary because they 'help'
Do other verbs, but unlike do, be and have (which only
help to form tenses) modal auxiliaries have their own
a. Do as an auxiliary is used to form negative and
meanings. They express certainty, ability, possibility,
question forms of the Present Simple and did is used in
and advice, etc.
the Past Simple:
He must be at least sixty, (certainty)
Present Simple Past Simple
I can't swim, (ability)
Negative / don't understand. I didn 't agree. It might rain this afternoon, (possibility)
They don't like it. He didn 'tpass. You should rest for a few days, (advice)
She doesn't eat meat. They didn't like it.
The modal auxiliary verbs are: can, could, may,
Question Do they like it? Did they enjoy it?
might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought, need.
What does he want? When did they
They are dealt with in greater detail in Units 6,7,9,
arrive?
10, and 11.
Don't you want to Didn't we go to the
come? same school? 3 Full verbs
Doesn't she know Full verbs are all the other verbs in the language, for
him? example, go, walk, think, help, eat.
b. Do is only used in the positive to give emphasis to a The tense chart on page 8 shows all the tenses of full
verb: verbs.
Present Simple Past Simple
She isn't lazy. She I did try to phone, English tense usage
does try hard. but there was no English tenses have two elements of meaning:
answer.
TIME - Is the verb action present, past or future?
c. Do is used in tag questions and short answers: ASPECT - How does the speaker see the verb action?
Present Simple Past Simple Examples
You think it'II work, It worked, didn't it? She's talking on the phone.
don'tyou? TIME - present
He knows I'm here, ASPECT - activity in progress now
doesn't he?
I saw a good film last night.
A You don't want to A Who made the
TIME - past
go, do you? cake?
ASPECT- action completed at a specific time
BIdo. B Jack did.
Have you ever seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
Be TIME - before now
a. Be as an auxiliary + present participle (-ing) is used to ASPECT- the exact time when is not important. The
form continuous tenses: question asks about an experience at any
Alice is writing a book. time in the past.
We were going for a walk. /'// give you my phone number.
I've been trying to get hold of you for a week. TIME - immediate future
We'll be leaving soon. ASPECT - spontaneous intention

109
I'm going to give Helen a plant for her birthday. I expect you'd like something to eat. ('expect' meaning
TIME - future 'suppose')
ASPECT - planned intention She's expecting a baby. (She's pregnant.)
There are two aspects in the English tense system: they
are called continuous and perfect. Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect expresses the following ideas:
Continuous aspect a. The exact time of the verb action is not important.
1 The continuous aspect expresses the following ideas: I've bought a new car.
a. activity in progress. Have you seen my wallet anywhere? I'velostit.
Don't interrupt me. I'm thinking. Why aren't you b. The action is completed before another time.
working? Have you ever been to America? (some time before
I was going out of the hotel when someone tapped me now)
on the shoulder. When I arrived, he had already left, (some time before
Don't phone her at 8.00. She'll be having dinner. I arrived)
Why don't you stop reading now? You've been reading I'll have finished the report by tonight, (some time
all day. before tonight)
b. temporary activity. The Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect
We're living in a hotel until we can find a house to buy. could perhaps be renamed 'Before-present', 'Before-
You're being very silly today. Usually you're so past', and 'Before-future' to give a more accurate
sensible. description.
Perfect tenses are dealt with in Units 2, 5, and 7.
c. possibly incomplete activity.
Who's been eating my sandwich?
(Compare Who's eaten my sandwich?) Active and passive
I was writing the report on the plane. 1 When we make active sentences passive, the focus of
(Compare / wrote the report on the plane.) the sentence moves. The object of an active sentence
becomes the subject in a passive sentence.
2 There are four main groups of state verbs that are
rarely used in continuous tenses. This is because they This might be because:
have the idea of permanency and completeness, which a. the agent is unknown.
conflicts with 'b' and 'c' above. My car was stolen yesterday.
Verbs of the mind and thinking: b. the agent is unimportant.
Houses are built using a variety of materials.
believe think assume consider understand
c. the agent is understood.
suppose expect agree know remember forget
He will be arrested if he tries to leave the country.
Verbs of emotion: d. the object is important and needs to be emphasized.
like love detest envy hate hope prefer wish want The results of the enquiry were published in the
newspaper.
Verbs of having and being:
2 Many verbs have two objects.
belong own depend contain cost seem appear
She gave me a book.
need have
In the passive, it is more usual for the person to be the
Verbs of the senses: subject.
see hear taste smell I was given a book.
3 Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses (Compare A book was given to me.)
when the verb expresses an activity, not a state. Other verbs like this are show, tell, send, offer.
However, the meaning changes slightly. We were shown our room.
Compare the use of simple and continuous tenses in I was told the news this morning.
the following pairs of sentences: You were sent the information by post.
I think it's a great idea, ('think' as opinion, i.e. estate) If lam offered the job, I'll take it.
He's thinking of emigrating, ('think' as mental process, 3 People say he's a millionaire.
i.e. an activity)
Notice how this sentence can be expressed using a
I see what you mean, ('see' meaning 'understand') passive + infinitive.
I'm seeing Jenny this afternoon, ('see' meaning 'meet') He is said to be a millionaire.
The soup tastes delicious, (a state) Other verbs like this are believe, consider, report,
I'm tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt, (an know, suppose, expect, think.
activity)
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 He is believed to have left the country. c. to express a past experience, the time of which is not
The Government is reported to be losing its fight with specified.
the unions. Haveyou ever been in a plane crash? I have.
You're supposed to be working. Why aren't you? I've heard this story before.
(The experience happened sometime in my life, but
exactly when is not important.)
The continuous is unusual in this use.
Compare the use of tenses in the following pairs of
UNIT 2 sentences:
I've mended your car. (completed action)
The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous I've been respraying it. (recent activity - 'that's why I'm
(See page 110 for an introduction to continuous and covered in paint.' The action is perhaps finished,
perfect tenses.) perhaps not.)
The Present Perfect tenses relate past actions and I've cut my finger, (single action)
activities to the present. I've been cutting wood, (repeated action)
She's had four operations, (completed actions)
She's been having problems with her knees, (repeated
activity)
He's lived here all his life, (permanent)
She's been living here for a few weeks, (temporary)
Where did you put my keys?
Where have you put my keys? (no real difference)
Past Now Have you seen the Renoir exhibition? (It is still open.)
Did you see the Renoir exhibition? (It is finished.)
They are used:
He's been to America, (experience - 'He isn't there
a. to express unfinished past. now.')
He's worked here for ten years. He's gone to America, (present result - 'He's there
Scientists have been looking for a solution since the now.')
problem was discovered.
Haveyou been waitinglong?
The verb action began in the past and still continues.
In this use there is little difference between the simple
and the continuous.
Certain verbs, by definition, suggest duration. The UNITS
following are usually found in the continuous:
The gerund
rain snow learn sit lie wait stay
If the continuous is possible in English, it tends to be The gerund is used:
used. However, remember the verbs that are rarely a. after prepositions.
used in continuous tenses (page 110).
After leaving school, I went to university.
b. to express the present result of a past event. (The past The firemen rescued the lady by breaking down the
event is usually recent.) door.
A You've changed. What have you done to yourself? Is anyone here good at sewing?
B I've lost a lot of weight. I've been taking exercise, and She was accused of killing her husband.
I've been watching my diet. Examples of prepositions frequently followed by the
I've just finished reading an excellent book. gerund are:
In this use, the simple emphasizes the completed before after without by about at to of
action, and the continuous emphasizes the repeated
activity. b. after certain verbs.
Certain verbs, by definition, do not suggest duration. / enjoy staying in hotels.
For example: I avoid working at the weekend.
start begin finish stop find lose break die decide Some of the most common verbs which are followed
These verbs are usually found in the simple rather by the gerund are:
than the continuous tenses. admit avoid deny enjoy finish

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c. as the subject or object of a sentence. e. after make and let.
Swimming is my favourite sport. She made me do the exercise again, (active - without
Smoking is bad for your health. 'to')
I find working in the garden very relaxing. / was made to do the exercise again, (passive - with
'to')
d. after certain idiomatic expressions.
He let me borrow the car. (active - without 'to')
It's no use talkingto him. He doesn't know anything. / was allowed to borrow the car. ('Let', in the sense of
This is an excellent book. It's worth buying. 'allow', is not possible in the passive.)
Other idiomatic expressions are:
f. to express purpose.
There's no point in (waitingall day).
It's no good (pretending that you understand). / came here to learn English.
I need more money to buy the things I want.
e. after certain verbs which are followed by the
preposition to. g. after certain verbs followed by question words, e.g.
what, where, who.
I'm looking forward to visiting you in July.
He can't get used to driving in London. / didn't know what to do.
Can you tell me how to get there?
Show me where to put it.
The infinitive Do you know where to buy it?
The infinitive is used: After these verbs and others with similar meanings, it
a. after certain verbs. is possible to use how, what, where, when, whether
etc.
/ can't afford to pay all my bills.
I hope to see you again soon. ask consider explain wonder find out understand
Some of the most common verbs that are followed by
the infinitive are: Forms of the infinitive
agree appear attempt choose dare decide expect 1 The continuous infinitive
help learn manage need offer promise refuse seem The continuous infinitive is formed with to be +
You should consult a good dictionary, for example the present participle.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current It expresses activities in progress.
English, to see which structures are possible after a I'd like to be lying in the sun right now.
particular verb. He seemed to be having financial difficulties.
b. after certain verbs followed by an object. 2 The perfect infinitive
He advised me to listen carefully. The perfect infinitive is formed with to have + past
They invited her to have lunch with them. participle.
Some of the most common verbs that are normally I'd like to have seen his face when you told him.
used with an object and an infinitive are: He seems to have forgotten about the appointment.
allow encourage force order persuade remind
3 The passive infinitive
teach tell warn
The passive infinitive is formed with to be + past
c. after certain verbs which sometimes take an object participle.
and sometimes don't.
I'd like to be promoted to sales manager.
I want to find out the answer, (no object- 'I find out.') I asked to be informed as soon as there was any news.
/ want you to find out the answer, ('you' as object -
'You find out.')
Notes
I'd like to help you.
I'd like you to give her a message. The continuous, perfect, and passive infinitives can also
be used with modal auxiliary verbs (see page 109), but
NEVER I want that you . . .
with these verbs to is omitted.
I'd like that you . . .
You should be working, not watching television.
Other common verbs are:
She must have gone home already.
ask expect This report must be finished tonight.
d. after certain adjectives.
It's difficult to explain how to get there. It's possible to
walk there.

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The gerund or the infinitive after verbs?
UNIT 4
1 Continue, start, begin
Either the gerund or the infinitive can be used. Question forms
It started to snow, 1 Here are some commonly used question forms:
snowing.
What sort of music do you like?
The infinitive is more common. What kind of car have you got?
2 Love, like, prefer, hate There's tomato soup or chicken soup - which one do
The meaning changes slightly, depending on whether you want?
the gerund or the infinitive is used. How much do you weigh?
How tall are you?
Followed by the gerund, the statement is general. How big is your bedroom?
I like swimming. Whose is this book? It's not mine.
I love going to parties. What have you done to your hair? It looks awful.
I hate driving in the dark. What have you done with my slippers? I can't find
Followed by the infinitive, the statement is more them anywhere.
specific. What did you do that for? (Why did you do that?)
I like to read a book before going to sleep at night. What does 'handle' mean?
I hate to tell you, but I've lost your coat. How do you spell your surname?
What's your mother like? (Describe her generally.)
3 Remember, forget, stop, try How's your mother? (Is she in good health?)
The meaning changes greatly depending on whether Whereabouts do you live? (In or near what place?)
the gerund or the infinitive is used. 2 Questions which ask for descriptions
/ remember being very unhappy as a teenager. (I know The questions below both ask for descriptions. The
that I was very unhappy as a teenager.) first asks for quite objective information, and the
/'// never forget meeting you. (The day I met you is second asks for a more personal reaction.
very clear in my memory.)
What was the party like?
The gerund refers to actions and states in the past, i.e. How was the party?
before the remembering, forgetting, etc. take place.
Remember to put some petrol in the car! (There isn't 3 Reported questions
much petrol in the car and it is important that you The word order is the same as the statement.
buy some.) Do/does/did is not added.
Don't forget to post the letter! (The letter is important, A When did you arrive?
so you must remind yourself to post it.) B I arrived on Monday.
The infinitive refers to actions that must still be done, He asked me when I arrived.
i.e. that happen after the remembering, forgetting, Here are some more examples:
etc.
She wanted to know when I was bom.
I stopped smoking years ago. (previous activity) He wondered why I was going to Germany.
/ stopped to pick up a hitchhiker. (This tells us why I She asked me where my parents lived.
stopped.)
We tried to put out the fire, but it was impossible. 4 Indirect questions
I tried pouring on water, my husband tried covering it The word order is the same as the statement. Do/
with a blanket and my son tried using the fire does/did is not added.
extinguisher, but in the end we had to call the fire He lives in Wimbledon.
brigade. I don't know where he lives.
Try + infinitive is your goal; it is what you want to do. (NEVER I don't know where docG ho livo.)
Try + gerund is the method you use to achieve that Here are some more examples:
goal.
/ can't remember what time the film starts.
Do you know how many children he's got?
I don't understand where all my money has gone.
I couldn't understand what she was trying to say.
I explained how I wanted the room arranged.

113
Have 4 as a modal auxiliary verb to express obligation.
Present Simple
There are four different ways that have is used:
Positive / have to go now.
1 as an auxiliary verb to form perfect tenses. (See also Negative / don't have to work terribly hard.
page 109.) Question Do you have to wear a uniform?
Positive I've always wanted to go to America. When the obligation is on a specific occasion, it is
She had already done it. possible to use a form of have with got.
Negative / ha ven 't seen it. I've got to go now. Bye-bye.
Question Have you done it yet? Have you got to wear that hat? It looks awful.
2 as a full verb to refer to an activity. When the same obligation often occurs, the forms
Present Simple with got are not used.
Positive I have a lesson every Monday. / never have to do anything at home. My mother does it
Negative / don't have meetings very often. all
Question How often do you have a bath? Do you have to go abroad much in your job?
Present Continuous Present Continuous
Positive They're having an argument about money. We're having to eat less meat. It's too expensive.
Negative I'm not having a holiday this year. She's having to work day and night for her exam.
Question When are you having lunch? The Present Continuous form of have above is used to
Past Simple express an external obligation in progress. This use is
Positive / had difficulty starting the car this rare.
morning. Past Simple
Negative I didn't have any breakfast. Positive / had to save for two years to afford a
Question What did you have for lunch? holiday.
3 as a full verb to refer to a state. Negative We didn't have to wait long - only a few
Present Simple minutes.
Question Did you have to pay interest on the loan?
Positive He has a new car.
He's got a new car.
Negative He doesn 't have any children.
He hasn 't got any children.
Question Do you have a headache? UNIT 5
Have you got a headache?
British English prefers the forms with got, while Narrative tenses
American English generally uses the other form. Past Simple
However, if there is an idea of repetition or habit, the
forms with got are not used. The Past Simple is used:
Compare the following sentences: a. to express a completed action at a definite time in the
I've got a headache. It's killing me. past.
I often have a headache at this time of day. Shakespeare died in 1616.
Present Continuous b. to express past habits.
It is incorrect to use have in the Present Continuous to We always had steak and kidney pie on Saturdays when
refer to a possession. I was a boy.
NEVER He's having a new car. I walked to school until I was given a bike.
He's having blue eyes. Past habits can also be expressed with used to. See
Past Simple page 122.
Positive I had a bad back last week.
Negative / didn 't have enough money. Past Continuous
Question Did you have a bicycle when you were The Past Continuous is used:
young? a. to express an activity in progress at a time in the past.
I phoned you at four, but there was no reply. What
were you doing?

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b. to describe a situation or activity. He looked filthy. He had been sleeping under bridges
Jan looked lovely. She was wearing her green velvet for a month, and had been drinking far too much.
gown. Her eyes were shiningin the light of the Compare this with the use of the Past Perfect Simple
candles that were burning nearby. in the following sentence:
c. to express the future in the past. He had lost his job and his wife had left him.
Maria was in a hurry. She was catching the midnight Compare the use of tenses in the following sentences:
boat to Venice, and did not want to be late. She got He couldn't stand up. He'd been drinking all day.
into her car and drove as fast as she could to the (repeated activity)
docks. He'd drunk half a bottle of brandy, (completed action)
Compare the use of tenses in the following sentences: She was pale. She had cut her wrist and lost a lot of
When we arrived, she made some coffee. (One action blood, (single actions)
followed another.) / was tired. I had been cutting wood all morning.
When we arrived, she was making some coffee. (She was (repeated activity)
in the middle of making the coffee.) 3 Verbs in the Past Simple tell a story in chronological
/ decorated the dining room yesterday. (I finished the order.
job.) John's parents separated when he was a boy, and his
/ was decorating the dining room yesterday. (I did part of sister married and emigrated to Australia. John's
the job.) wife died, and he sent his children to stay with their
He drowned, (completed action) grandmother before the funeral. John was alone in
He was drowning, so I jumped in and saved him. (activity the world, and the house was silent. He had to decide
in progress) how to rebuild his life.
He kicked the cat. (single action) By using the Past Perfect, the speaker (or writer) can
He was kicking the cat. (repeated activity) 'look over their shoulder' to a previous time, and so
re-order the material for dramatic effect.
The castle stood on top of a hill, (permanent)
John was alone in the world. His parents had separated
He was standing on the corner, waiting for the shop to
when he was a boy; his only sister had married and
open, (temporary activity)
emigrated to Australia years before, and his wife had
died. He had to decide how to rebuild his life. He
Past Perfect Simple and Continuous had sent the children to stay with their grandmother
(See page 110 for an introduction to continuous and before the funeral, so the house was silent.
perfect tenses.) 4 Time clauses with when
The Past Perfect relates a past action to the past. Two Past Simple tenses can be used if there is the idea
that the second action is the result of the first, and that
it happened immediately afterwards.
When his flight was announced, he went to the check-in
desk.
When I heard the postman, I went to see if there was
any mail.
If it is important to show that the first action was
Past Now completed before the second one began, the Past
Perfect must be used for the action that happened
1 The Past Perfect is used to express an action that first.
happened before a definite time in the past. When I had read the paper, I threw it away.
When I had written the letter, I went to the post office.
/ arrived at midday to give Peter a lift, but he had
already left to catch his train. 5 Time clauses with till, until, as soon as, before, after
Ann could not hold back her tears any longer. She had As with when, two Past Simple tenses can be used
had a terrible day. She had been late for work, she unless it is important to show that one action was
had lost her purse, and now she had burned the completed before another began.
meal.
/ sat outside until the'sun went down.
2 The Past Perfect Continuous expresses longer He didn't leave the house until he had checked that all
activities that had been going on continuously up to a the windows were closed.
definite time in the past. As soon as she saw the mouse, she jumped on a chair.
We left as soon as we had finished dinner.

115
6 The Past Perfect is used in reporting speech and Few people expect to pass the exam.
thoughts in the past. There is little hope of finding our cat.
/ told him how much I had enjoyed meeting him. There is little milk left - we'll have to buy some more.
She said she had posted the letter on Monday. 4 Some and any, and the compounds somebody,
I thought I had boughta new film, but I couldn't find it. anybody etc.
He realized he had been a fool.
The general rule is some for positive sentences, and
She knew I'd been lying, but she didn't say anything.
any in negatives and questions.
I need some help.
He doesn't want any help.
I didn't go anywhere. I just stayed at home.
Can anybody help me?
But some is used in requests and invitations, or when
UNIT 6 we expect the answer to be 'yes'.
Expressing quantity Have you got some money you could lend me?
Would you like something to eat?
1 The following can be used with a noun: Did someone just knock at the door, or did I imagine
some any no every much many more most it?
little a little less few a few fewer Any is used in positive sentences that have a negative
several all meaning, particularly with words such as never,
some people a few days hardly, without.
no money every year He never has any money.
much progress manypeople There are hardly any mistakes.
several years little bread I made it myself without any help.
few eggs
Any, and its compounds anyone, anywhere, anything,
Most of them can also be used without a noun. (No are also used to express 'It doesn't matter
and every cannot.) which/who/where.'
I've got some. Don't take them all. Take any book you like. I don't mind.
He didn't take any. There's little left. Anyone will tell you how to get to the station.
There was a little. We don't need much. You can sit anywhere you like.
I've met several. I eat anything- I'm not fussy.
2 With of + noun phrase 5 Nobody, no-one, nowhere, nothing
Most of the quantifiers listed above can be used with These are used as more emphatic forms for not. . .
of + noun phrase. (No and every cannot.) anybody etc.
Some of the people liked it. I didn't see anybody all week-end.
He didn't take any of my books. I saw nobody all week-end.
I didn't like much of the food.
We hadn't eaten anything the whole day.
We spent most of the weekend decorating.
We'd eaten nothing the whole day.
I read a few of the books.
I got lots of presents for my birthday. They are also used at the beginning of a sentence.
For no and every, use none and every one. No-one was saved.
Nothing can help me now.
None of the people was interested.
Nowhere is safe anymore.
Every one of the hotels was fully booked.
6 Much, many, a lot of, a great deal of, a large number
3 A little/a few and little/few
of, plenty of
A little and a few express a small amount or number in
Much and many are generally used in questions and
a positive way, generally meaning that although there
negatives.
is only a little or a few, it is probably enough.
Is there much unemployment in your country?
Can you lend me a little sugar?
I don't have much spare time these days.
I'm meeting a few friends at the pub - do you want to
Will there be manypeople there?
join us?
You don't see many snakes in England.
There's a little cake left - would you like some?
In positive sentences, the following forms are
Little and few express a small amount or number in a
possible:
negative way, generally meaning that there is not
enough.

116
 Spoken I'll give you a lift
JJ
There'll be plenty of people that you know at the party. Rob'11 do it for you. ' '
We've got lots of time. There's no need to hurry. NEVER I give you a lift.
A lot of my friends work in advertising.
Written/more formal
A great deal of money was lost during the strike. Going to
A large number of strikes are caused by bad Going to is used:
management. a. to express an intention that has already been planned
Many world leaders are over sixty when they reach the or decided before the moment of speaking.
peak of their careers.
We're saving up because we're going to buy a house.
1 Fewer and less I'm going to make some coffee. Do you want some?
Fewer is the comparative of few, and is used before b. to predict a future event for which there is some
plural nouns. evidence now.
Fewer people turned up to the party than we expected. / think I'm going to faint. (I already feel ill.)
Less is the comparative of little and is used before Careful! That glass is going to fall! (It's rolling towards
uncountable nouns. the edge of the table.)
I spend less time at home than I do at work. It looks as though it's going to rain. (It's very cloudy.)

Present Continuous
The Present Continuous is used to talk about a future
UNIT 7 event which is already arranged.
He's meeting Jane at the theatre tomorrow night.
Future forms
We're moving house on the 13th.
We can be quite certain about the past and the present, I'm having a party on Saturday. Would you like to
but we cannot be so certain about the future. For this come?
reason, aspect (see pages 109-10) is more important Areyou leaving soon?
than time when discussing the future. This explains why
Think of the kind of events that you might put in your
there are several different ways of expressing future time
diary. These are the sort of future events for which the
in English.
Present Continuous might be used. It commonly occurs
Will (short forms will = 'II, will not = won't) with the following verbs:
Will is used: come go see leave meet
a. as an auxiliary to form the future. There is often little difference between a future intention
Will here expresses future time only. and a future arrangement, and often going to and the
/'// be thirty in a few days' time. Present Continuous are interchangeable.
It will be cold and wet tomorrow, I'm afraid. We're going to see
Hamlet at the Royal Theatre tonight.
I'm sure we'II have a lovely time. We're seeing
We probably won't be at home this evening.
Will is also common when there is another clause with
Present Simple
if, when, until, as soon as, unless, before and after.
You'll break it if you aren't careful. The Present Simple is used to express a future event
I won't leave until you get here. which is seen as certain because of a timetable or
We will start the meeting as soon as he arrives. calendar.
I'll leave before it gets too late. You leave Heathrow at 11.00 arid arrive in Paris at 12.30.
Will is the most frequently used form of the future. The film starts at 7.30.
The exam takes place on 2 April.
b. as a modal auxiliary to express a decision or intention,
often made at the moment of speaking.
I'll have the steak, please, medium rare. Future Continuous (will be + -ing)
I like the car very much. I'll offer you £900 for it. The Future Continuous is used:
She'11 probably come to see you tonight.
a. to express an activity that will be in progress at a
NEVER I havo the steak, ploaGO. specific time in the future.
c. as a modal auxiliary to express willingness. Don't phone at 8.00 - I'll be having supper.
Will you help me? (request) This time tomorrow I'll be flying to New York.

Ill
b. to express events that are certain to happen in the carefully constructed. In spoken English, they sound
future. This use is rather difficult to define. It does not rather formal, and can easily be expressed by simpler
express intention or decision, but something that will sentences.
happen naturally. I had a very interesting meeting with Dr Widdows. Did
When will you be moving into your new house? (You you know he collects stamps and butterflies in his spare
are going to move some time - when is it?) time? Well, he does.
We'11 be flying at 30,000 feet. (This might be said by the
1 Defining relative clauses
pilot of a plane. He hasn't just decided to fly at that
height. 30,000 feet is the normal height.) Person Thing
Where will you be staying while you are in England?
Subject who (that) that (which)
Object (that) (that)
Future Perfect (will have + -ed)
(See page 110 for an introduction to perfect tenses.) The forms in brackets are possible but not as common.
The Future Perfect relates a future event to a definite No relative pronoun is necessary when it introduces a
time in the future. relative clause that defines the object of the sentence.
(See last 3 examples below.)
The woman who is wearing blue shorts is my wife.
(subject)
Fleming? Wasn't he the man who discovered penicillin?
(subject)
The group that wins will represent the school, (subject)
A corkscrew is an instrument that is used for opening
bottles of wine, (subject)
Now Future The man (that) you met yesterday was my father.
(object)
The Future Perfect is used to express an action that will Have you eaten the chocolate (that) I bought you?
be finished before a definite time in the future. We do not (object)
know exactly when the action will happen; we only know The road (that) we wanted to take was blocked.
it will happen before a certain time. (object)
/'// have finished it before you get back. Notes
Many natural resources will have disappeared by the
end of the century. There are no commas before and after defining relative
She won't have completed the job until tomorrow night. clauses when written, and no pauses when spoken.
This tense can be called 'the past in the future'. That is usually used with superlatives, all, the only and it
is.
This is the biggest plane that has ever flown.
All that's needed is a little time.
The only thing that matters is that you're safe.
UNITS It's the lack of money that prevents us moving at the
moment.
Relative clauses
2 Non-defining relative clauses
There are two kinds of relative clauses, defining and
non-defining. Person Thing
Defining relative clauses are much more common.
Subject , who . . . , , which . . . ,
Compare the following sentences:
Object , who . . . , , which . . . ,
a. A philatelist is a person who collects stamps. , whom . . . ,
b. I had a very interesting meeting with Dr Widdows, who
collects stamps and butterflies in his spare time.
Mr Jenkins, who has written several books, spoke at the
In 'a', the relative clause is defining. It tells us what a meeting last night, (subject)
philatelist is. Without the words in bold, the sentence My favourite drink is whisky, which is Britain's biggest
makes no sense. The relative clause cannot be left out. export, (subject)
In 'b', the relative clause is non-defining. It adds extra Peter Wetherington, who the Prime Minister sacked
information of secondary importance and could be left from the post of Minister of Defence, has become
out of the sentence. Non-defining relative clauses are chairman of the Redland Bank, (object)
more frequent in written English, where sentences are I gave him a sandwich, which he ate greedily, (object)

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 Mr Jones, for whom I've been working for 10 years, got
Participles
married yesterday. (object)
1 Participles used as adjectives
Notes
Present participles (-ing) describe an action still
Relative pronouns cannot be left out of non-defining happening.
relative clauses. He dived into the sea to save the drowning child.
There are commas around non-defining relative clauses She poured boiling water into the dish.
when written and pauses before and after them when They watched the burning forest helplessly.
spoken. Past participles describe the result of an action that
That is not used in non-defining relative clauses. has happened.
Which can be used in non-defining relative clauses to She looked at the broken chair, wondering if it could be
refer to the whole sentence before. mended.
He arrived on time, which surprised everybody. The completed statue looked very lifelike.
She passed her exams, which made her parents very After the storm the tent was ruined.
proud. 2 Participle clauses
The lift doesn't work, which means we'll have to walk
Participles are often used to describe two actions that
up six flights of stairs.
happen:
3 Whose a. at the same time.
Whose can be used in both denning and non-defining She sat by the fire reading a book.
relative clauses. He walked down the road singing a song.
Whose introduces relative clauses that describe He went to the party dressed as a monster.
possession of people, places, things, etc.
b. one after the other:
That's the woman whose son was killed recently.
Loosening his tie, he sat down in the chair.
(defining)
Opening his suitcase, he took out a thousand pounds in
My parents, whose greatest ambition is to retire to the
coast, have just sold their house, (non-defining) five-pound notes.
Is that the company whose accountant has disappeared If it is important to show that one action has finished
with thousands of pounds of their money? (defining) before the other begins, the perfect participle is used.
Which is the dog whose owner recently died leaving it Having finished lunch, we set off.
her fortune? (defining) Having had a shower, she got dressed.
4 What c. Two actions that happen one because of another:
What is used as a relative pronoun instead of the thing Being a mean person, he never bought anything for
that in sentences like: anybody, (i.e. Because he was a mean person .. .)
What I need to know is where we are meeting. Not knowing what else to do, I waited patiently.
Has she told you what is worrying her? Weakened by years of bad health, she could hardly sit
I have to do what I believe is right. up in bed.
Notice that in these three uses, the subject of the main
5 Why, when and where verb must be the same as the subject of the participle.
Why, when and where can be used as relative pronouns
to introduce defining and non-defining relative
clauses. Modifiers
In defining relative clauses:
1 It is important to distinguish between two kinds of
a. why and when can be left out. adjective, limit and gradable adjectives.
Do you remember the reason (why) we were arguing?
Limit adjectives already have very strong meanings.
I need to know the exact time (when) you expect to
arrive. Exhausted means 'very tired'.
Delicious means 'very tasty'.
b. where cannot be left out unless we add a preposition.
Do you know the hotel where we're staying? For this reason, it sounds odd to say 'very exhausted'
Do you know the hotel we're staying at? or 'very delicious'.
In non-defining relative clauses, we can use when or Gradable adjectives express qualities that can exist in
where and they can never be left out. different strengths.
We go swimming after 5 o'clock, when everyone else A person can be more or less tall, or more or less
has gone home. attractive.
He shops over in Oxford, where his sister lives. A thing can be more or less big, or more or less dirty.

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 So we can use modifiers like fairly, quite, very,
extremely with gradable adjectives like tall, attractive, UNIT 9
big, dirty, tired.
Modal verbs of deduction
Examples
We use modal verbs of deduction to express degrees of
gradable limit certainty about the present and the past - what we are or
big vast huge enormous are not sure/certain about and what we think may or may
dirty filthy revolting not be true/possible.
good perfect marvellous
wonderful 1 To express certainty, we use must in the positive and
angry furious can't in the negative.
frightened terrified They must be in bed. They can't be out at this time of
difficult impossible night.
2 To modify limit adjectives, we need an extreme He must have got lost. He can't have known the way.
modifier. 2 To express possibility, we use may, might, could in the
absolutely huge positive and may not, and might not (short forms not
completely terrified usual), in the negative.
quiteperfect She may be there already.
utterly ridiculous He may not be there yet.
totally blind It might not be John - it might be a burglar!
Some modifiers and adjectives go together, and some He might not have been drunk - he might have been ill!
do not. It takes time and practice to learn which are She may not have seen you. She may have been looking
used together. We can say 'absolutely furious' but not the other way.
'completely furious' for example. 3 To ask a question about things over which we are
The best advice is to start by recognizing the different uncertain we use Do you think . . . ?
modifiers when you are listening and reading, and if A Do you think she's married?
you are in doubt, use absolutely, which can go with all B She can't be. She hasn't got a ring.
limit adjectives. A Where do you think he's from?
B He might be French. He smokes French cigarettes.
3 Quite
A. Do you think they've arrived yet?
Quite can be used with limit adjectives to mean
B They must have arrived. Their car's in the drive.
absolutely.
A How do you think they got here?
quite right B Someone must have left them here.
sure A Where do you think everyone is?
extraordinary B They could be at the pub.
Quite can also be used with gradable adjectives, and its
4 Continuous infinitives are used to express activities in
meaning changes according to stress and intonation. progress. (Seepage 112)
Again, practice is needed in hearing and reading these
expressions in context to know when to use them. Compare the following sentences:
A What do you think he does for a living?
It's quite'good, (weak quite, stressed good) B He might work in a bank.
This is positive. 'I like it.' A There's a light on in his office.
B He must be working late.
1
It's 'quite 'good, (equal stress) He can't have seen the other car. (single action)
This is neutral. 'It's moderately good.' He must have been driving too fast, (activity with
duration)
It's 'quite good, (stressed quite, weak good)
This is negative. 'It's all right, but not wonderful.'
Rather and pretty are similar, but again, practice is Multi-word verbs
needed to know how and when to use them.
A very important feature of multi-word verbs is that
Notice that when quite is followed by a noun, it many of them have special meanings. They cannot be
usually comes before the article. understood by knowing what the individual parts mean.
That's quite a clever dog you've got. They must be learnt as a single unit in the same way as
I thought it was quite an interesting film. one learns an idiomatic phrase.

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There are four types of multi-word verbs. They're pulling down that
lovely old building. Isn't it a
Type 1: verb + adverb (phrasal verb without an object)
shame? They're pulling it down.
Look at the examples: Please put your clothes away. Put them away.
a. He came into the room and then went out. More examples with non-literal meaning:
b. / didn't put enough wood on the fire and it went out.
I put off the meeting till next
In 'a' the verb and adverb are used literally, and the week, (postponed) I put it off.
meaning can easily be worked out. She told the cleaning lady off
In 'b' they are not used literally. To go out here means 'to for being late, (reprimanded) She told her off.
stop burning'. Don't let your parents down.
More examples with literal meaning: (disappoint) Don't let them down.
They turned Jim down for the
/ sat down. .
job. (refused) They turned him down.
He got up.
The soldiers marched past.
Please go away. Type 3: Verb + preposition + object (prepositional verb)

This type is very common with verbs of motion. A prepositional verb always has an object. The object
always comes after the preposition.
across
go away Look at the examples:
come back a. She came across the room.
walk past b. She came across an old friend while she was out
run in shopping.
out
In 'a', the verb and preposition are used literally. The
More examples with non-literal meaning: preposition cannot change position.
The marriage didn't work out. (succeed) In 'b', the verb and preposition are not used literally. To
He wanted us to break up. (separate) come across here means 'to find by accident'. The
The meat has gone off. (gone bad) preposition cannot change position.
Our plans fell through, (failed)
This type of multi-word verb is very common with verbs
of motion.
Type 2: verb + adverb + object (phrasal verb with an
object) go across the park
come over the hill
Look at the examples:
walk past the church
a. / put up the picture. It looked lovely next to the clock. drive into the garage
(Iput it up. NOT I put up it.)
b. I put up my sister for the night.
More examples with literal meaning:
(Iput her up. NOT I put up her.)
I'm looking for Jane. Have you seen her?
In 'a', the verb and adverb are used literally. The adverb
He ran across the road.
can change position but not if the object is a pronoun.
We drove past the museum.
/ put the picture up.
I put up the picture. Non-literal meaning:
BUT I put it up. Who's going to look after the cat while we're away? (care
In 'b', the verb and adverb are not used literally. To put for)
up here means 'to provide food and a bed'. The adverb You take after your father, (resemble)
can change position but not if the object is a pronoun. /'// look into the matter for you. (investigate)
/ put my sister up for the night.
I put up my sister for the night. Type 4: verb + adverb + preposition
BUT I put her up for the night. (phrasal-prepositional verb)

More examples with literal meaning: Look at the examples:

Waiter! Could you take away a. Do you get on with your boss?
my plates, please? Take them away! b. Do you get on with her?
Don't throw that piece of The preposition cannot change position. It must come
paper away. I need it. Don't throw it away. before the object.
Verbs of this kind are not used literally.

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More examples: She'll tell lies even when there's no need.
The cat will often curl up by the fire and stay there all
I'm looking forward to seeing you. (anticipating with
evening.
pleasure)
How can you put up with the noise? (tolerate) The negative form of will is won't.
She looks down on the lower classes, (despises) He'll sit in his chair and he won't talk to anyone.
She's a good dog. She won't bite anyone unless she's
provoked.
4 Used to + infinitive
UNIT 10 The structure used to + infinitive exists only in the
past, and expresses past actions and states that
Habit happened often but do not happen now.
1 Present Simple + adverbs of frequency Positive form:
The Present Simple is the most common tense for We
expressing present habit. It is often used with an used to go out a lot.
They
adverb of frequency.
Negative form:
always continually constantly forever
I
often frequently regularly usually normally didn't use to like it.
He
sometimes occasionally
Question form:
rarely hardly ever seldom
never Where did go.'
you use to
Did have holidays abroad?
The normal position for adverbs of frequency is before
the main verb. More examples:
We hardly ever go out anymore.
When I was a boy, we always used to go camping at
She frequently forgets what she's doing.
week-ends.
We don't usually eat fish. They don't see each other any more, but they used to do
Do you often eat out? everything together.
However, they come after the verb to be. Did you use to go there often ?
She's always late. She's never on time. We never used to enjoy ourselves.
They are usually in bed by this time. To expresspresent habit, use the Present Simple.
Is he normally so bad tempered? We usually go camping at week-ends.
2 Present Continuous They're inseparable. They do everything together.
The Present Continuous can be used to express a habit I often go there.
which happens often and perhaps unexpectedly. We always enjoy ourselves.
It can express a pleasant habit. 5 Be/get used to + noun or gerund
Hike Peter. He's always smiling. This expresses an action that was difficult, strange or
He's always giving people things. unusual before, but is no longer so. Used this way,
However, there is usually an element of criticism. used to is an adjective meaning accustomed to
Contrast the pair of sentences below. (something).
He always asks questions about the lesson. (Present I found it very tiring at first but I'm used to it now.
Simple. A teacher describes a student's habit. We You must be used to reading bed-time stories if you've
don't know the teacher's attitude.) got children.
He's always asking questions about the lesson. (Present Notice the use of get to express the process of change:
Continuous. The teacher finds it annoying.) I'm getting used to the climate.
3 Will I couldn't get used to eating with chopsticks.

Will expresses typical behaviour. It can be used to

describe both pleasant and unpleasant habits.
He'II of ten buy me things, even when it's not my
birthday.

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 3 Third conditional
UNIT 11 Third conditional sentences express imaginary
situations about the past.
Hypothesis
if + past perfect would + perfect infinitive
Should have (done), wish, and would have (done) all
express actions which didn't happen (or aren't
Condition Result
happening), and so are contrary to reality.
I should have worked harder. (But I didn't.) If you hadn't told / would never have
I wish I hadn't done that. (But I did.) me known, (certainty)
If I'd been there, I'd have told him. (But I wasn't there, / might have made
and I didn't tell him.) a mistake, (possibility)
I could have got
1 Should + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous) lost, (possibility)
Should have (done)/should have been (doing) express
advice, obligation, or criticism about a past action. The verb in the condition clause can be simple or
Compare the following sentences: continuous. Compare the following sentences.
You shouldn't have hit him. (single action) /// had seen the man, \ I wouldn't have hit
You should have been watching the road, (activity with If I had been watching the road him.
duration)
2 Wish
Notice how we express wishes about the present, to
say that we would like things to be different from the UNIT 12
way they are.
Articles
State The use of articles in English is complex, and there are a
Present Simple — ^ wish + Past Simple lot of exceptions that need to be remembered and
We live in the country. / wish we lived in the town. learned.
I have a cold. I wish I didn 't have a cold. Here are the basic rules.
Actions 1 A/an
Present Simple 3> wish 4- would 4- infinitive Use a/an to refer to a singular countable noun which is
You don't help in the / wish you 'd help in the indefinite - either we don't know which one, or it
house. house. doesn't matter which one.
You wash your socks in I wish you wouldn't wash They live in a lovely house.
the bath. your socks in the bath. I'm reading a good book at the moment.
She's expecting a baby.
Would here expresses annoying habit or insistence, Use a/an to describe what something or someone is.
and implies desire for change in the future.
That's an instrument for measuring distance.
Notice also wishes about the future. She's a lawyer.
I'm not going on I wish I was going on
holiday. holiday. 2 The
I'm having lunch with I wish I wasn 't having Use the before a singular or plural noun, when both
Susan. lunch with Susan. the speaker and the listener know which specific
We can say I wish . . . would to refer to a definite time object is being referred to.
in the future, but only if we think the action may not They live in the green house on top of the hill.
happen. The book I'm reading is all about the emancipation of
I wish you would mend the gate tomorrow. (You women.
probably won't do it.) Mind the baby! She's near the fire.
The sweater I bought is blue.
If our wish is likely to be realized, then we need a
different structure such as I hope + Present Simple. Use the before a noun if it is the only one (the Queen,
the Earth, the Atlantic). Also use it with certain public
I hope it snows tomorrow. places, especially when referring to them in a general
Ihopeyou feel better soon. way:

123
 I went to the theatre lost night. The following types of noun take no article when
I have to go to the bank. referred to generally:
It should also be used when referring to general games squash, football, chess
groups of people (the French, the rich and famous) academic subjects medicine, literature, physics
abstract nouns freedom, understanding
3 Zero article
meals dinner, tea, breakfast
Use no article with plural and uncountable nouns
Compare these sentences:
when talking about things in general.
Do you prefer hockey or football?
Compare the use of articles in the following sentences. The football they play in America is different from the
Money is the root of all evil, (general) kind they play in England.
Put the money on the table, (specific) Dinner is usually at eight o'clock.
Love conquers all. (general) The dinner they served yesterday was the best I
The love I have for you will last for ever, (specific) remember.
Gas is cheaper than electricity, (general)
I forgot to pay the bill, and now the gas has been cut
off. (specific)
4 Final points
Notice the difference between the use of articles in the
following sentences:
My daughter is at school.
The meeting will be held at the school.
I go to church on Sundays.
The firemen went to the church to put out the fire.
He was rushed to hospital immediately.
I'm going to the hospital to visit him.
The use of the emphasizes the place simply as a
building. The use without the suggests that the place is
being used for its proper function as an institution, i.e.
a place of learning, healing etc.
Pubs, hotels, theatres, and cinemas usually have the
the Prince William
the London Hilton
the Albany Empire
the Odeon
Some geographical areas have the.
seas the Mediterranean
rivers the Seine; the Mississippi
island groups the Seychelles
mountain groups the Alps
deserts the Sahara
Streets, roads, and squares etc. in towns usually have no
article.
Oxford Street
Portobello Road
Hyde Park
Leicester Square
Victoria Station
Other nouns which take no article are:
lakes Lake Superior, Lake Victoria
countries Spain, Norway, China
continents Asia, Europe

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 of spelling, of the large number of exceptions
Tapescript section Tapescript 2 to any rule, it is very idiomatic and the
Esperanto, a world language prepositions are terrible! English is one of
those languages which for many seems easy in
P = Presenter the beginning, but then the bridge between
UNIT1 N = Professor Nesbit basic knowledge and mastery takes a long
.P Hello, and welcome to today's Worldly Wise, time to cross, and many people give up.
Tapescript 1 the programme that examines world issues P On the subject of ease of learning, how does
and the way they affect each and every one of Esperanto compare?
A variety of accents us. N Esperanto is a very easy language to learn.
Today we turn our attention to languages, or The tense system has none of the
1 The capital city of my country was specially more specifically, to language. What would complications of English, and the grammar is
designed and built with wide tree-lined the world be like if everyone spoke the same based on just sixteen rules which have no
'streets, radiating out in all directions, er . .. language? Would we understand each other
from the city centre. They join concentric ring exceptions. There are five vowel sounds,
better and be more sympathetic to each and . ..
roads, and are all pretty well identical. This is other's causes? I'm not talking about
in federal territory, on the border of New P How many vowel sounds does English have?
everyone sharing the same first language, N Twenty. The most remarkable thing is that
South Wales and Victoria. The drawback is, but sharing the same second language, and after a very short time learners find that they
that it's almost impossible to find your way I'm not talking about English, but can express quite sophisticated ideas, the
around it, even after you've lived there for Esperanto. same sort of things that they would want to
years! (Canberra) What are the facts about this artificial say in their own language.
2 Well, it's the capital city of the country. Now language? Well, it was invented in 1887 by a P That's remarkable. But Professor, do you
• it's famous really for er . . . well, I think it's Polish doctor, Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof. really see Esperanto becoming the World
famous for two things. It's famous for the The vocabulary comes mainly from Western language? There's quite a difference between
writers that have come from there. People like European languages, and the grammar is the four hundred million speakers of English
er . . . George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, similar to Slavic languages. It sounds like and the eight million speakers of Esperanto.
James Jovce. And it's also famous for . . . er, Italian. N I think it will happen, yes. I think it's
for a drink. A drink called Guinness. A From the learner's point of view, it has the happening now. Esperanto is taught in many
wonderful drink. It's known locally as Liffey advantage that there are no exceptions to schools in Yugoslavia and Hungary. China is
water, after the river that flows through the rules. It is spoken all over the world by very interested. It has such internal logic that
centre of the town, the river Liffey. (Dublin) approximately eight million people, and it could become the international computer
3 This ... er city is a very large city. It's the there are many who would like Esperanto language, and that would really establish it.
capital city of our country, and it's very busy to be the official second language of the P Professor Nesbit, thank you very much.
with a lot of traffic. It has a big river running world. N Thank you.
through it, which used to be used by quite big I spoke to Professor Desmond Nesbit of the
boats, although the docks aren't used very University of Edinburgh for more
information and asked him, hasn't the world Tapescript 3
much now. A very good way to see the city is got enough natural languages, so why make
.., er from a bus, because buses have er ... an artificial one? A number dictation
two decks, and they're bright red. (London) N I prefer the term planned to artificial. Hello, and good evening.
4 My capital is unusual because, although it's in Esperanto means 'hopeful', and it was It is feared that 182 people may have died in a
a state, it's considered a separate district, with Zamenhof s hope that a common language plane crash this morning. The accident
its own laws and regulations. In the middle of would promote a friendship and an happened at 20 past 7. It was Bel Air flight 409,
it there's a big house, where our country's understanding amongst all people of the going from Singapore to New York. The plane
leader lives. It has a west wing and an east world. His er . . . inspiration is summed up by had covered 3A of the 12,000 mile trip, and had
wing, and parts of it are open to the public. the Esperanto term interna idea which means stopped to refuel. Eye witnesses said that the
There's also a house where senators work, central idea, and it is an idea of human peace plane had reached its take-off speed of 150 mph
and where representatives work, and there's a and justice. when a fire broke out in the rear engine. 106
five-sided building where everybody that's in P What are the advantages that you see of people managed to escape the blaze.
power works. (Washington) Esperanto as a world language? 672 car workers walked out on strike today in
5 I come from an ancient city, sometimes N I see many. The advantages of the world Coventry. They had asked for a pay rise of
referred to as the Athens of the North. The being able to talk freely to each other about 8-7%, but management said they could only
main picturesque shopping street in the city business, politics, culture, sport, hobbies, offer 5V>%. This would mean an extra £27.50
centre is called Princes Street, and is well - are obvious. The costs of translation at per week. A union spokesman said 'It's not
overlooked by the castle, built on a hill of any international conference are staggering. enough'.
volcanic rock. (Edinburgh) Did you know that 55 per cent of the EEC's A man armed with a shotgun held up cashiers at
6 Well, it lies on the south coast of the country, budget in Strasbourg is taken up by the National Bank today and stole £5,500.
on the banks of the River Taff. It's the capital translation costs? Police have appealed for witnesses. The number
city of course, and about fifty years ago, it P My goodness! to ring is 0106 744391.
used to be a very important port indeed, N The main advantage, as I see it, i's that Unemployment figures were released today.
really, but since the . . . er, you know, the Esperanto is a neutral language. It doesn't Last month there were 3,649,712 registered
traditional industries of steel and coal have have the national, political, and cultural bias unemployed. That's 14.5% of the work
been in decline, well, the old docks have gone that all others of course have. If everybody force. Over the past year this number has
a bit downhill as well. B u t . . . er ... it's got a has to learn a second language, then increased by over 260,000.
• lot of history, of course, it goes back to the everybody is equal. And that's the end of tonight's news. Good
days of Julius Caesar at least. It's got an old P But isn't it making a difficult situation even night.
castle in the middle. And it's got a brand new more difficult? I mean, there are already so
concert hall, which is very appropriate for the many people who speak English throughout
Land of Song, I think. (Cardiff) the world, why should they have to learn
another language? Why not English as the
world language?
N I think I've partly answered that question
already. Why should people have to learn
English? For many it's a waste of time,
energy, and money. The other thing that
must be said is that English is by no means an
easy language to learn. There is the problem

125
 He's been with the Royal Shakespeare A G-R-E-N-
Company for years, and I think we could B No, no. G-R-double E-N-W-I-C-H.
UNIT 2 probably work on the appearance side, you Greenwich.
know. Make-up would age him. 9 A Hello. I have an appointment with Miss
Tapescript4 D Harry didn't look right, whereas Bill did. Jenkins.
And I do wonder about make-up to make B Your name please?
All the world's a stage someone look older on television. It never A Seabourne. S-E-A-B-O-U-R-N-E.
See page 11. looks quite right.
P Well, maybe another part for him? Not 10 A I'm living in a place called Gloucester.
Micawber? B How do you spell that?
D Possibly. You might be right. Let's move on A G-L-O-U-C-E-S-T-E-R. Gloucester.
Tapescript 5
to Victor. Now there's a problem.
The audition P How do you mean?
D He's the one with the greatest strengths and
P = Producer also the greatest weaknesses. I mean, he's a
D = Director UNITS
household name, everybody knows him, and
P Well, that was very interesting, wasn't it, well I think having him in the part would
Derek? attract a lot of viewers, b u t . . . Tapescript 7
D Mmm, very interesting indeed, yes. But I P . . . but his experience is light comedy,
think it's given us more problems than um ... situation comedy, not character parts like My first job
than it's taken away. I mean, I don't think this. I = Interviewer
there's one obvious candidate - did you feel D You took the words right out of my mouth - L = Liz
that? that's just what I was going to say. The I What was your first job, Liz?
P Oh, yes, I think so. I thought they all had problem is, he plays himself, and it's true, L Erm. Oh, I can remember it very well. Erm,
strengths, and I don't think it's going to be an he's a very funny man. I'd just graduated and I'd just got married -
easy choice. P But could he adapt? I thought he auditioned er two important things - and my husband got
D No ... Well, let's go through them, shall we? quite well, actually. He's the right age, and a teaching job in Tanzania. And erm . . . we
Let's take Bill first. I thought he did rather the face fits. went out there together and my idea was ...
well in the audition. The voice was right, D But the audience would identify with his what I hoped to do was erm .. . get a job
and, well, he was very funny in places, he other characters, and say 'Oh look! There's shortly after getting there. And I didn't really
caught that comic side of Micawber when Victor O'Brian playing a Dickens character!' know what kind of job it would be.
everything's gone wrong all around him. No? They wouldn't say 'Isn't Mr Micawber good! I I So you were just taking pot luck, really?
P Um, yes, I agree. Yes, I think he caught the wonder who he is?' L Well, what happened was I thought I'd take
character very well, certainly, but er . . . P The question is, how adaptable is he? I think some time to settle us in to this small town on
D What? with guidance he could be OK. And he's very the coast of Tanzania, north of Dar es
P . . . It's his past that worries me a little, I keen. He's been trying to break away from Salaam, a town called Tanga, and I thought
know he's had a lot of experience in character those situation comedy roles for years, but I'd settle us in - wherever we were going to
parts, but it's all been in the theatre, hasn't it, producers won't let him. live, I - we didn't know. But on the very first
not on television, and as you've found D Well, you're the producer! day we were there, erm . .. somebody came
yourself, it's not the same at all. The camera's P (laughs) Oh well, what are we going to do? running up to me, literally in the street, and
so close on television, isn't it? D Let's just make a note of their good points said 'We hear you're - you're a graduate, and
D Yeah. What's he been doing recently? Has he and bad points again. Let's take Bill. .. the local junior school's going to close down.
been in much? Please, do you think you could be the
P Well, no, in fact. He's been out of work for teacher?'
about nine months, and not helped by a bit of Tapescript 6
I The only teacher?
a drink problem. I don't know if you L No, one of two. I was to teach the six to
noticed . . . A dictation of names and places
thirteen year-olds, all nationalities, and there
D Mmm, yes, he forgot one or two lines, didn't 1 My name's Jameson. That's J-A-M-E-S-O-N. was also a class of five and six year-olds, all
he? I'll spell it again for you. J-A-M-E-S-O-N. nationalities, in this small, erm . . . local
P Mmm. 2 Do you need my full name? My first name's school. It was called Nuguvumali School. It
D Well, I don't know. I still think he did well. Juliet. J-U-L-I-E-T. Yes, J-U-L-I-E-T. And was a very small school just outside, through
What about the next? Who was it? Harry, my surname's Henderson. Hen-der-son- H- the banana plantation on the hill outside of
wasn't it? E-N-D-E-R-S-O-N. Tanga.
P Yes. Now I thought Harry was great. He said I But you had no experience of teaching at all?
his lines so confidently, and his timing was 3 A My Christian name is Stephen.
B Now, there are different ways of spelling L No. It w a s . . . I look back now, now that I am
superb. I think he was really made for the a teacher - because I ultimately became a
part. that, aren't there?
A Yes. Mine's P-H. teacher -1 look back with horror and think,
D You seem to have made up your mind, don't The only way that I think that I coped was
you? B Pardon?
P Yes. Well, no, it was just that when I closed A You spell it S-T-E-P-H-E-N. because o f . . . I was so ignorant, I didn't
B Thank you. know any better'. Erm . . . and . . . erm . . .
my eyes, I could really picture him in the every day . . . I took the job . . . I felt as if I
part. 4 A Place of birth, please madam. was doing a really good deed. I don't think I
D Yes, well, for me Polly that's just the point. I B Loughborough. L-O-U-G-H-B-O-R-O- did, looking back, but. . . and every day we
agree, he sounded very convincing. Hasn't he U-G-H. Would you like me to spell it drove out, erm . . . to this small school, just a
just written a book on Dickens, or again? L-O-U-G-H-B-O-R-O-U-G-H. little wooden school - it had a veranda all
something? 5 Hello, I'd like to order a book by Gerald round - and the kind of thing that happened
P Yes, it's called The Spirit of Dickens. Leary. Hello? It's not a very good line, is it? was . . . because it was out in the bush, er ...
D Well, that's just what he did, he caught the Gerald Leary. Gerald - G-E-R-A-L-D. there was a lot of snakes. And we had . . .
spirit of this rather self-important old man, Leary - L-E-A-R-Y. That's it. The title of something that was very important with these
but to me he just doesn't look the part. I the book is The Secret Life of Plants. children was snake drill. It was important to
mean, how old is he? me too, I was terrified of snakes.
P He's er . . . let me look ... erm, he's ... 6 Hello, er-1 have a reservation. The name's
thirty-eight. Mahoney - M-A-H-O-N-E-Y. Unfortunately, the children weren't
D Yes, you see, too young, and I think too tall. frightened of snakes, so whenever the cry
7 My surname's Bailey - B-A-I-L-E-Y. went up 'A snake!', instead of running in the
Now Bill's the right age, at least. 8 A Where do you live? opposite direction, the children would all run
P I know what you mean, but he's got so much B A suburb of London called Greenwich. straight towards the snake. And I had the job
experience of the stage and the television. of getting in between the children and the
126
 snake, and trying to say 'No, no!' you know, D Well, living in London was becoming more saying 'Now, come on, I know you're there,
'Back you go - Remember the snake drill!' and more depressing. My wife and I had don't worry, just don't bother me'. And the
and they'd cheer and cheer until. . . and they always wanted to live in the country, but the same would happen while I was working, I
used to come along and chop the snake's head problem was finding some sort of job to do - would suddenly feel that someone was there,
off, and the snake would go on wriggling. erm because we didn't have enough money to and once I'd talked to it, it was OK.
And then the children would cheer, and only give up work entirely. Then one weekend, we R Did you tell Jeremy this? Did he know about
after the final wriggle could we go back and were driving home after visiting friends, and it?
start classes again. we happened to see this beautiful windmill S Yes, I'd told him, but he didn't believe me.
I So the kids actually had a knife or something for sale. The building itself was in quite good You see, I'd had one or two strange
on them, did they? condition, but the machinery for the mill was experiences before, when I was a child, but
L Well, the caretaker had a knife. It was ... not either - either broken or missing. I think both Jeremy just said that I was imagining things
a knife, something called apanga. It's a big Lesley, my wife, and I had the same idea at and that it was all nonsense. Anyway, we
African knife that they cut the grass with and the same time. You see, I've always enjoyed were lying in bed one night, and suddenly we
the caretaker would run up with thispanga playing with engines and motors, taking them both woke up, and there was somebody
and go 'Chop! - snake finished'. to pieces and mending them, and we thought standing at the bottom of the bed, this figure,
I And did you have any discipline problems we could buy the mill, renovate the and we presumed it was John, one of the
with these kids? machinery, and make enough from milling friends we were living with, who wanted
L Well, no. The thing was, when I took over the wheat to pay the bills. something. So we said 'What's the matter,
job, I was told by this very strict teacher that I And that's what you did? what do you want?', and there was no
in Tanzania you had to punish the children D That's right. The very next day I handed in my answer . . .
very firmly. And the way you did that was you notice, and a few weeks later, we were here. R (nervous laugh)
slapped them on the leg. And I was, I was I Was it easy to repair the mill? S So er . . . I said 'It's not John, it doesn't look
twenty remember, yeah twenty years old, and D No, not at all. It was terribly difficult to get like John'. It was this tall figure. I put the
I thought. . . 'You slap them on the leg', and hold of all the parts I needed. I had to travel light on, and . . . there was nothing there ...
she said . . . and she gave me a list of things all over the country, and I even had to make R But you both saw it?
where they were slapped on the leg. If they some of the parts myself. But we finally got it S Oh yes, we both saw it, not just me. We got
forgot a library book - they had a little working just before Christmas last year. up and checked. The door was closed, so
library. And one day a little girl forgot a I So you've been operating now for ... goodness knows what it was. Then a few days
library book, and I thought 'Oh dear! I'm eighteen months? later, Jeremy woke me up in the middle of the
supposed to slap her on the leg!' And I D That's right. night. You see, in this room, we had lots of
thought 'I can't do that'. So I didn't, I And how is the business going? posters up on the walls, and also lots of
and in fact I never really had discipline D Well, I think it's going all right, actually. We postcards of art and pictures, and I had these
problems. even considered buying another mill, postcards stuck on boards, about fifteen
It was quite funny. I was supposed to teach restoring it and selling it for a profit, but then postcards to a board . . . He woke me up ... it
them everything, I mean it was a junior we thought that it would be too much, and was freezing cold . . . each picture was falling
school, and one of the things I was supposed that wasn't the reason we came here, so we off the w a l l . . . one by one .. .from left to
to teach them was geography, and I knew didn't. And we just keep this one mill going. right around the room. And when Jeremy
nothing about geography, but as part of my I Right. And do you have any regrets? Is there woke me up, he was absolutely petrified ...
university course, I'd done something about anything you miss, for example? About half the pictures were on the floor, and
Sweden, and Swedish - mainly about the D No, not a thing. It's hard work, but it's for each one dropped off one by one, all the
language, but as part of the course for some ourselves, and I think working together is postcards . . . off the board . . . and then the
reason we'd done something on Swedish something we've always wanted. board and then the next board . . .
geography. So here I was in Africa - and I I And what about your boys? You have two R What!
thought 'I have to teach them geography, I teenage sons, don't you? S And it went right round the room, until every
don't know any geography' - there were no D Yes, well at first they missed all their friends, single piece of paper was on the floor or the
books. So I taught them about Sweden. And naturally, and living in a small village isn't at bed. We were sitting in bed covered in pieces
funnily enough of all the things I taught I all like living in a London suburb. But it's fine of paper, absolutely terrified of what was
think that was the most successful. They were now, they like it as much as we do. going to happen next.
fascinated in a country with snow, and a I Well David, it sounds as though it's all R And what did happen?
country where it didn't always get light at six worked out very well indeed. S No, that was it.
o'clock, and it didn't always get dark at six D Well, touch wood it seems to have done. R That was enough!
o'clock, and I think that was erm . . . one of S Yes. We got up, had a cup of tea, and tried to
my main successes. Every day I went in, and explain to the others the next day. They just
they'd say 'Tell us some more about Sweden!' thought we were crazy. Anyway, I still went
and I didn't have a lot to tell, really. But erm on talking to this thing, and by this time
... I don't know if I did anything else very Jeremy was convinced that there was
well, but I was very good in telling them something very strange going on ...
about Sweden ... UNIT 4 R You're not kidding!
S Another night he woke up, felt there was
Tapescript 9 something there, which was unusual, because
he's so down to earth, it's not like him at all.
Tapescript 8 A ghost story And he wanted to know what this thing was.
S = Stephanie He didn't know much about contacting
A dream come true R = Rob spirits, but knew people tried to ask them
I = Interviewer questions, so he said out loud 'When I ask a
S This particular incident happened while my question, make a sign, any sign, to show me
D = David husband and I were living with friends in an that you're there, once for yes and twice for
I For most of us, work is something we have to old house in Highgate, in north London, and no'. He didn't really expect anything to
do to stay alive and pay the bills. It's not we had this large bedroom. And at one end of happen, so anyway he asked a question out
something we particularly enjoy, unless the room I also had a desk where I used to do loud, 'Is anybody there?'
you're one of the lucky few who manage to my work. I could never really explain it but I R Just like in the films!
make a living out of a hobby. David Crook often had this strange feeling that I was being S Right. Suddenly I started breathing really
used to work for a firm of accountants in the watched . . . and . . . I started talking to myself deeply ... and then . . . he told me later ...
City of London. He gave up a six figure salary . . . in my head, not out loud, saying 'Oh, my head ... jerked . . . really strongly ...
to come to live and work in the tiny village of don't be silly, there's nobody there, there's
Little Hampton. I went to visit him last week, nothing at all'. And I carried on having this
and I asked him what made him do it. feeling, so I began to talk actually out loud,

127
R (gasp) accustom them to the realities behind the officer with a bleeding nose and a swollen eye.
S Well, he thought'Well, it could be phobia. And the old lady, seeing this, thought to herself,
coincidence', and he . . . er ... he asked P And does it work? 'What a brave young lady, who dared to hit the
another question, and said 'Are you a man?' D Oh yes. officer for stealing a kiss in such a cowardly
and again my head jerked once . . . in my P So there we are. You needn't let your phobia way!'
sleep. And the next question after that was ruin your life. Help is at hand at the Institute And the young girl, seeing the suffering of the
'Do you live in this house?', and again the of Psychiatry. Oh - what's that crawling along officer, was puzzled. 'How strange', she
answer was 'Yes'. And by this time Jeremy the floor? thought, 'that the officer should kiss the old
couldn't stop, because he wanted . . . lady, and not me!'
R Yes. Tapescript 12 The poor officer, nursing two injuries that
S ... to test it out... and he was thinking .. . caused him more than a little pain and
'Let's find out. . .' and of course I was Tag questions embarrassment, considered to himself 'That
unconscious, this is what he told me later. I cockney's quite a clever chap! He kissed the girl,
don't think he would have imagined it M = Man and the girl hit me!'
though, knowing him. Anyway, the next W = Woman
thing that happened was, he asked it various And the cockney laughed silently to himself at
M I'm really looking forward to going away. the trick he had played. 'I am a clever chap,' he
questions and the same thing would happen, W Mmm, it'll be lovely to have a break. We
my head jerked once if the answer was 'Yes' thought to himself. 'I kissed the back of my
haven't been away for ages, have we? We'd hand, hit the officer in the face and nobody said
and twice if the answer was 'No'. And he ... better take some warm clothing, because it's a word!'
er, well he found out that it was a man. It winter there now, isn't it?
lived there when the house was built, it had M Yes, it is. You haven't seen my camera
been built for him in the early nineteenth anywhere, have you? I've been looking for it Tapescript 14
century, and in fact that i t . . . had been his for days.
room, and that's why he came there . . . he W I thought you had it last Saturday. You took The lorry driver
wasn't an unhappy spirit... I mean, I never some pictures while we were out for a walk, B = Brian
• - really felt frightened by him, just the didn't you? A = Andy
experience of something happening ... And M So I did. It might still be in the car. That
Jeremy established that he was really quite a reminds me. We'll have to order a taxi. The B Have I ever told you the story of my career as
happy spirit, and he was just around the plane leaves at ten, doesn't it, so I suppose a lorry driver?
house and had been all the time, and he was we should leave here about eight. What do A No. When was this?
on his own in the house . . . you think? B While I was a student at Bristol University. It
W Yes, that should be all right. Now what was during the holidays, the Easter holidays,
about money? You've got the travellers I think, and I needed some money. I'd just
Tapescript 10 passed my driving test, and I was feeling very
cheques, haven't you? pleased with myself, so I went to the job
English spelling M No. I thought you had them. You picked agency. They phoned me up the next day and
them up yesterday, didn't you? asked me if I had a driving licence, so I said
See page 34. W No. You said you were going to.
M Never mind. We can get them when we go 'Yes', and they said'Right. We've got a job
Tapescript 11 shopping this afternoon, can't we? We'll for you. Driving. Go down to Bristol fruit
have enough time. market at five thirty tomorrow morning.^And
Phobias W Yes, OK. I thought 'Ha - this'll be great - I'll be driving
a car or a small van. I'll really enjoy it.' So I
P = Presenter went down there the next morning. It was
D = Doctor quite a large place with fruit and vegetables
P Did you know that about fifty per cent of the UNIT 5 everywhere, and lots of small lorries and vans
population of Britain say they couldn't touch . . . and there was this huge three-ton lorry!
a snake? And that another twenty per cent Tapescript 13 A And they expected you to -
say they could, but not without feeling B And I said to them that I wasn't really -
scared? Fear of snakes is one of the most What happened while the train was A Don't you need a special licence for that?
common phobias of all. But there are many B Well, you see, they said 'There's your lorry.
others. I spoke to Doctor Jones of the in the tunnel? In you get and off you go!' And I said 'I can't
Institute of Psychiatry. One day, a few years ago, a train was travelling drive that. I've only got an ordinary licence!'
D Surprisingly enough, there is not a great through the English countryside. This was in the So they said 'That's all right. We've taken a
range of things we are frightened of. Most are days when trains had small compartments, and few things off the back. It's just under the
to do with open spaces, confined spaces, in one particular compartment there were four weight. Don't worry, you'll be all right!'k
insects such as spiders, situations where there people. There was a young girl, quite pretty, I still said I couldn't drive it, so they sent
are a lot of people or too few people. who looked like a student or someone who was someone round with me for the first few calls.
P And are many of us affected by these fears? starting her first job; there was an old lady, He drove and I watched. It was OK at that
D Indeed yes, though of course, reactions vary dressed in black with bags and magazines and time of the morning because there was very
from a minor feeling of discomfort which is knitting; there was an army officer in his mid- little traffic. We went round some shops and
easy to cope with, to an absolutely crippling thirties, immaculately dressed in his uniform and delivered the goods, and then I drove for
fear which can destroy a person's life. very stiff and proper in his manner; and finally about five minutes, and then he said 'Right.
P And what are typical reactions when people there was a young cockney, casually dressed You can do it. You've got to go to Weston-
begin to feel afraid? with a sparkle in his eye and ever ready to have a super-Mare and then to Bridgwater.' And this
D Well, patients break out in a cold sweat, they joke. It was quite obvious that both the men was a hundred-mile trip! 'I'll leave you here,'
say they have shivers down their spine, they were attracted to the young girl, though the he said. And he got out and just left me!
begin to breathe quickly and the heartbeat officer certainly wouldn't show it and the A Oh no!
increases. cockney felt inhibited by the presence of the B Yes. He left me on a busy roundabout just
P And can these people be helped? others. outside Bristol, and there I was, on my own.
D Yes certainly, by what we call 'graded Suddenly the train went into a tunnel; the lights So I started off, let my foot off the clutch and
exposure'. Many fears are born of ignorance. had not been put on, so for half a minute the immediately I heard this huge crash, within
People say they couldn't bear to touch a carriage was in complete darkness, and in the five seconds. So I looked round and saw that I
snake because its skin is slimy, which isn't darkness came the sound of a large kiss followed had crashed into the side of a car parked at
true. So to a certain extent knowledge can almost immediately by a loud slap. What had the side of the road, but I didn't stop. I was so
help to break down a phobia. Then we taken place while the train was in the tunnel? scared that I just drove off.
gradually let a person become more familiar When the train finally emerged and it was light A I don't blame you ...
with the object of his or her fear, and try to again in the carriage, there for all to see was the B So anyway, I got to Weston-super-Mare, and

128
 I was beginning to feel quite pleased with Tapescript 16
myself, and made the deliveries to the various Tapescript 18
shops there, and then I set off to Br/dgwater. Exclamations
And on the way I decided I needed some Holistic medicine
petrol, or diesel because it was a lorry, you 1 A Hey, Peter! Come and have a look at this, P = Presenter
see. So I drove into a petrol station, and the B What is it? W = Henry Wilson
man came running out shouting 'No, no, no, 2 A Carefully with the box! Put it down G = Glenna Gillingham
no, no!' And I thought 'What's wrong?' So I slowly! That's it. J = John
put the brakes on, and the man said 'Get out, B Ouch! That's my toe! P Good morning, and welcome to our
you fool!' So I got out and I looked, and the programme Worldly Wise. Today our
roof of the garage ... 3 A So anyway, we went on to the cinema ...
B Shh! This is a library. attention turns to medicine and health care,
A Oh . . . you'd forgotten what you were - and we examine a move which is becoming
B I'd forgotten that I was driving a lorry, not a 4 A What do you think of the soup? more and more popular, a move away from
car, and of course the lorry was about fifteen B Mmm! You haven't cooked this before. Western attitudes to medicine towards what
feet high, and the lorry was literally about an 5 A This government has done all it can to is known as the holistic approach. But what
inch away from the roof. I had nearly brought bring down unemployment... is it? What does holistic mean? I spoke to
the whole roof crashing down. B Boo! Boo! Rubbish! Doctor Henry Wilson, of the National
So, then I said 'Fill it up with diesel', and he 6 A I've just bought a new car. It's lovely. Homeopathic Centre.
said 'Are you going anywhere today, then?' Come and see it. W TiVell, holistic means '\vho/e% no more tnan
'Yes.' 'Well, if I fill it up with diesel you won't B Oh! I thought you didn't have any money. that. But in terms of health care, what it
get very far. This is a petrol driven lorry.' By means is looking at the whole body, the
this point I was really beginning to panic, so I 7 A Are you ready? Shall we go? whole person when it comes to treating
rang back to the fruit market and said 'I can't B Uh-huh. Coming. them.
do it. I can't do it at all!' And they said 'It's all 8 A And then we had this lovely dish of raw P And how does that differ from a more
right. Don't worry.' I told them I'd probably meat and brains... Western approach?
have an accident, but they said 'Nooo'. B Ugh! I don't know how you can. W Modern medicine treats patients as a series
Anyway, I drove on, joined the motorway, 9 A How old are you? of parts that are all isolated. It looks at the
and was driving along the motorway when a B Thirteen. part which isn't working and tries to remove
car came screaming past me. By this time my A Tut-tut. Smoking at your age. the symptoms until everything's working well
lips were bleeding because I had been biting again - a bit like a mechanic repairing a car.
them so hard . . . 10 A Excuse me - could you open the door for The opposite of holistic is symptomatic. Too
A (laughs) me? often, modern medicine treats the symptoms
B . . . I was so scared. This car passed me and B Of course. and not the cause of an illness. Drugs and
made me stop, and I braked and got out and A Whoops! I knew that would happen. surgery can remove the symptoms -
the man said 'You're on fire!' You see, it was B I'll pick it up, don't worry. P But what's wrong with that? Surely that's
quite an old lorry and the brakes had stuck A Thank you. what a person who's ill wants, isn't it - to feel
but I hadn't noticed. There were flames better, to not have the pain any more?
pouring out of the back. I managed to put W Yes, but as I said, the cause remains. If you
them out and carried on. I got to Bridgwater, have backache, pain killers will take away
and by this time it was pretty busy. I mean, it the pain, but there's still something wrong
was . . . oh . . . ten o'clock in the morning and UNIT 6 somewhere that caused the backache in the
I was tired. I'd been driving since six o'clock. first place.
I was driving round a corner, right in the P So what does the holistic approach think
middle of Bridgwater, and . . . you see, the " Tapescript 17
about illness?
thing with a lorry is that the front wheels are W Well, it takes into account not only the
behind you, so when you're turning, it's not Changing rates of employment symptoms, but also the age, habits, emotions
like in a car, you've got to go out into the road West Germany had one of the lowest rates of and life-style of the individual, and tries to
and then turn. But anyway, I turned this unemployment back in 1980. It stood at just build an overall picture. You see, being
corner and I felt the back wheels go up on the three per cent. But then over the next three healthy means there is a balance, or a
pavement, and I thought 'Oh oh, that feels a years it rose quite sharply and steadily. In 1982 it harmony, between your mind and your
bit odd', and the next thing there was one was nearly six per cent, and in 1983 it was the body. When you're ill, it's because there's an
almighty crash. And I stopped ... same as France. 1984 saw a slight increase, and imbalance somewhere, and this imbalance is
A You hadn't hit someone? 1985 a slight fall. The 1985 figure was eight per shown by symptoms. The symptoms
B No, no. The entire back of the lorry was in a cent, inbetween France and the United States. themselves aren't very important. For
gentleman's clothes shop. The United States have had ups and downs, or example, two people suffering from
A (laughs) rather, it's the only country to show a significant headaches might be given very different
B And there was glass everywhere, and fruit drop in the number of unemployed. This is due treatment, because the cause of the
and vegetables all over the road, and I just to high interest rates, which haven't helped the headache is not the same.
stood there and thought 'Whoops!' And the rest of the world. In 1980 the rate was about the P You mentioned treatment. If holistic
best thing was, the man who owned the shop, same as France and Great Britain, slightly medicine doesn't prescribe drugs, how does
this very respectable gentleman's clothes higher than France, actually, at about seven per it treat illness?
shop, the manager whoever he was, came out cent. This rose to 7.5 per cent in 1981, and then W It's important to understand that what
and said 'Can I help you, sir?' peaked the following year at over nine per cent. holistic medicine tries to do above all is
Since then things have looked up for the United prevent illness, and we all know that
Tapescript 15 States. 1983 brought a slight improvement, but prevention is better than cure. A good diet,
then in 1984 we saw a drop of two per cent to with lots of fresh food, not processed food
Dictation return to the 1980 figure. In 1985 there was with its preservatives and chemicals, is
There has been a major bank robbery in central another small drop. essential; a healthy life-style, without too
London. It happened at nine o'clock this I'm afraid Great Britain heads this chart. As I much pressure and worry, and lots of
morning, and fifty thousand pounds was stolen. said, they began in 1980 in pretty much the same exercise and rest, not too much, not too little
Three men dressed as cleaners surprised bank situation as the United States. There followed a - these are the things that will prevent
clerks just as the bank was opening for business. sharp rise in 1981, when the rate was ten point illness.
The men had been waiting by a side entrance. five per cent. This rose gradually over the next P Well, that's the theory, but what about the
They seized the cash and escaped in a stolen car. two years to thirteen per cent. In 1984 there was practice? Does it really work? I went along
The police were called but the thieves had no great change, but 1985 saw another increase to the Park Clinic in Bath, run by Glenna
already disappeared. The police have appealed to about thirteen point five, and figures don't Gillingham, who learned the arts of
for witnesses to help them with their enquiries. look as though they are on their way down yet. acupuncture in Hong Kong and China.
G Of course it works. I could quote you A Oh, just the small one please.
hundreds of success stories, of people who Tapescript 19 B 75p, please.
had been suffering for years, taking drugs A And I need some nails, some six-inch nails.
that didn't work and having major What sort of shop are they in? B They come in packs of twenty-five, sir.
operations that weren't necessary, and then 1 A Good morning. A But I don't want that many. Can I just
coming to us and feeling better within weeks, B Good morning. I'd like to cash this, please. have a few?
sometimes days. It happens all the time. A How would you like it? B I'm sorry, I can't split them up.
P What sort of illnesses were these people B Erm . . . Could I have some fives and a few A All right, then, I'll have the packet.
suffering from? one pound coins, please?
A Certainly. 8 A Twenty Benson and Hedges, please.
G All sorts - migraine. Bob, a mechanic, had B King size?
had blinding headaches for ten years. He B Thanks. A No, just the ordinary ones. Oh, and some
couldn't work, he had to stay in bed with the 2 A Can I help you? matches please.
curtains drawn, but after a few courses here B Yes. I'd like some Cheddar. B There you are.
he was better. Gill, a thirty year-old who had A Is it for cooking? A Do you have any computer magazines?
had arthritis for years and was going to have B No, it's to have with biscuits. B Yes, they're over there on the middle
an operation to replace her hip - after six A Then I recommend this one. It's mature, shelf.
treatments, she recovered completely. Also and-qtrite strong. A Ah, yes.
insomnia, coughs, drug addiction, high blood B Could I try a little, please?
pressure. A Yes, of course.
P Right. .. Now with us here is John. John, B Mmm, very nice. I'll have half a pound,
could you tell us your story? please.
J Well, for about a year I had a terrible back. A Anything else, sir? UNIT 7
It used to get me up at five in the morning, B No, that'll be all, thank you.
every morning, and I was in agony all the j O A I'd like some nice lamb chops, please. Tapescript 20
time. I couldn't move. "
P And what happened when you saw your B English or New Zealand?
A Is there much difference in price? Sentences for completion
acupuncturist?
J We had a long chat, talked about my medical B The New Zealand is a little cheaper, but of 1 In the month just finished, Britain's
history, and my parents' medical history, my course it's not quite the same quality. exports rose by ten per cent. In the same
job, my life, my diet. She looked at my eyes, A Could I have a look at the New Zealand? period, it's -
tongue and general colour, and took my B Of course. 2 A Did you take those shoes back to the
pulse, and after an hour and a half told me to A They look fine. Six please. shop?
stop drinking coffee. B Two pounds thirty, please. B Oh, yes. The shop-assistant was very
P Really? Why? A Thank you. good,-
J Well, I had damaged kidneys, and the coffee 4 A I like the style very much, and they're very 3 A It's my birthday today.
was accumulating in my kidneys making comfortable. B Is it? Many happy returns! Did you -
them worse, and this came out as backache.__J B Yes, they fit extremely well.
P So there wasn't in fact anything wrong with A I'm afraid I don't like the colour. Have you 4 Yesterday in the High Court, Barry
your back? got something a bit brighter? Brown is Thompson was sentenced to ten years in
J No, nothing. And from that day I've never \ such a dull colour. prison. He was -
had a backache. J 3- B I'll have a look. What about a red? 5 A The things she said to me!
P Oh . . . So Miss Gillingham, do you reject A Yes, I've got quite a few things that might B Yes, she has a very nasty temper.
Western medicine totally? go with red. Could I try them on? A But the names she called me! I've never
G Certainly not. It has a very important place, B Yes, I'll just fetch them. One moment. been so -
particularly in accidents and emergencies. 5 A Good morning. 6 He began taking drugs ten years ago. Now
What I would like to see is Western and B Hello. A large wholemeal loaf, please. he's completely -
holistic medicine working hand in hand. We A Thank you. 57p, please.
both have things to offer. What I'm trying to 7 A How's my wife doing, Doctor?
B And a half-a-dozen soft white rolls. B I think we can say that she'll be home
start here is a system where in a medical A Do you want the ones with sesame seeds?
practice there are four doctors and an ; soon. We're very pleased -
B They're for hamburgers, so yes, that'd be
acupuncturist, all working in their own ^_^ all right, wouldn't it? 8 UFO stands for -
specialist areas. A Yes. 9 There was a large demonstration in Paris
P And what do the doctors think of this? B Yes, that's fine. today. Three thousand people marched
G They're slowly beginning to accept us. A Anything else? through the streets -
P Why do you think holistic medicine is B No, thanks. Not today.
becoming so popular? 10 And finally we come to the award for Best
G Because people are becoming disillusioned 6 A Hello, Tom. How are you today? Actress. And the winner is ... Bella
with their own doctor. They come to us B Not bad, thanks. You? Dickinson! Bella, it gives me great
complaining that the doctors don't listen, A OK. What can I do for you? pleasure to -
that the six minutes they're allowed isn't B I'd like some sprouts, Alf, please. 11 I'm sorry, madam. You can't park here.
enough to explain all they have to say, and A I couldn't get any today. Sorry. You see, this is a restricted zone. You
4 B Oh. Well, I'll have some beans, then,
that the doctor is almost writing the need a-
prescription as they're walking in the room, A How many? —
B A pound will do. Have you got any 12 The teachers' strike looks like it's going to
before they've even begun to speak! continue. The government's latest offer of
P I can hardly believe it! ^ avocados?
A Lovely ones. When are they for? a six per cent pay rise -
G And I think the other thing is that we're '
becoming more health conscious generally, B Tonight, please.
and aware that we are basically responsible i A Here we are. Two beauties. Tapescript 21
for our own health. _.J B A lettuce and a cucumber, please.
P And that was Doctor Henry Wilson and A Righto. An interview with Jonathon Porritt
Glenna Gillingham, telling us how to get the B That's it, thanks. I = Interviewer
best health treatment by marrying Eastern 7 A Hello. Have you got any of that stuff for P = Jonathon Porritt
and Western approaches. And I must admit, getting stains out of furniture?
to me it sounds very sensible. B Yes. Do you mean that sort that comes in Parti
bottles? Do you want large, small or I Could I ask you please, how did your interest
medium? in the environment, and the need to protect it,
begin?

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P It really all began because I was a teacher, and Part 3 B Thank you.
teaching in an inner London comprehensive I They are - S Hello. Mr Adams' office.
school near Shepherd's Bush, and obviously a P They're all pessimistic, they're all pessimistic. B Hello. This is Sally Beecham from the Brisioi
lot of the work we were doing were . . . was On the other side of the coin, it has to be said, office. Could I speak to Mr Adams, please?
making assumptions about the shape of the that I would think there are three main things S Certainly. One moment.
future, and the world into which those that are now beginning to . . . allow us to be a A Hello, Sally. How are you?
children would have to go out, after they'd little more optimistic. First is awareness. I B Hello, Henry. Fine thanks. How's everything
finished their five years' schooling. And I mean, in the last ten years there has been an in Leicester?
became more and more involved in trying to A Not bad, not bad.
think what the shape of the planet would be astonishing array of books, and er . . . B I've just had Jeremy on the phone . . .
like after the year two thousand, and one of different ideas forthcoming about the state of A ... Oh, yes. Next week's meeting. Were the
the big projects that we did with some of our the planet, and how we need to change our
ways to cope with that. And that's wholly arrangements all right for you? Did you
kids was to look more carefully at the good, because many more people are now mind-
relationship between humankind and the better informed than they used to be. B No, no, no, that's fine. Wednesday morning
planet. And that got me interested in the Secondly, there is an increasing political suits me. I'm going away on Thursday, so I
whole subject, and I started reading much awareness that these things have to be given couldn't have made it after that. I'll come to
more about ecology. And then I began to political expression, people need to involve you in Leicester. You're in the middle, after
realize that you can't really talk about ecology themselves in organizations, in groups; they all, well, just about. I had a word with Jeremy
as a science, you have to consider ecology need to put pressure on politicians so that they about what time the meeting should start,
within a social and political context. And don't get away with the absurd things they're because he's coming from Glasgow, so he's
that's what drew me into Green politics. I doing at the moment. And again, there is a got the furthest to travel. He's getting a plane
became increasingly involved in several sense - a growing strength of - within the to the East Midlands airport, so how long will
organizations, tried to wrap my . . . mind more Green Movement that we can actually do it take him to get to your office?
and more around the economics of the issues, things. And thirdly, and I personally consider A What time does his plane get in? It depends on
as that's really the key to it all. and eventually this to be as important as the first two. there is the traffic.
ended up with 'Friends of the Earth', as . . . as an increasing awareness of the spiritual values B A t . . . oh, let me just check ... ten twenty-
director. of the alternative that we're putting across, five.
namely alternatives to materialism, as a better A Well, he should be here by . . . about eleven.
Part 2 B That's fine. That's what we thought. So I'll be
way of meeting people's needs, rather than there at eleven. How's that?
I I see. When you look into the future, the next this absolutely crude pursuit of material
thirty years, a reasonably long term, you affluence, as the only way of satisfying people. A OK. What about you? How are you getting
perhaps see reasons to be both optimistic and And I think that spiritual aspect, combined here?
pessimistic. What changes and developments with the political aspect, set within a context B I'll be coming by car. It's motorway all the
do you think we might see over the next thirty of greater awareness, is really the path that way, so it won't take me long.
years? the 'Green Movement' is trying to carve out A Right, then. I'll see you both here, next
P It is very hard to predict - it has to be said — for itself at the moment. Wednesday at eleven.
and I do feel a strange mixture of pessimism B That's it.
and optimism. I call myself a constructive Part 4 A I look forward to it.
pessimist, erm . . . because you can't help but B Right. See you then. Bye Henry.
I Do you personally find your job depressing? A Goodbye Sally.
be pessimistic, looking at some of the issues P (laughs)
we face, and yet if we don't face them in a I Do you find reasons for . . . for satisfaction?
constructive way, then that pessimism merely P I personally love the work I do, although I am Tapescript 23
feeds on itself, and becomes fatalism, and the depressed by the er . . . sheer irrationality and
world really will get into a very sorry state. selfishness of the way in which people treat A Victorian family
But obviously, the crucial problems we face the planet and treat each other, and I do find
now are largely those of population, which is a A = Annie
that a . . . a permanently depressing feature of G = Grandmother
problem . .. which is unfolding remorselessly, human nature. But also, because of the nature
and will really hit us in the middle of the next of the work, and the people one is working A Grannie?
century; the misuse or abuse of the world's with, there is the other side of G Yes, my dear?
resources, both the renewable resources, such human nature, that is . . . you know . . . very A How many brothers and sisters did you have?
as the clean air. clean water, and the non- uplifting, and for every example of this G I had . . . now let me see . . . there was . . . me,
renewable resources, the speed with which short-sightedness and selfishness and so on, Alice, James, then Henry - that's four, isn't
we're using up oil, gas, whatever else it may there are more and more examples building it? Then Robert and Emily, the twins - so
be; the appalling problems of poverty and of people who are prepared to do things for that makes two sisters and three brothers.
famine and hunger, which er . . . what we saw others in an unstinting way, to take care for A What were they all like? Did they look like
last year in Ethiopia and the Sudan, I'm sorry the planet, to think responsibly about the fate you?
to say, is merely a very small indication of the of other people in the Third World. And that G Well, some did and some didn't. My sister
kind of things we're going to see before now means that however much the - the - kind of Alice and I were very similar. People used to
and the turn of the century; the arms build-up, the dark bits of the job may erm . . . threaten think we were the twins, but she was two
which has reached really staggeringly immoral to overwhelm one, there are always enough years older than me. We both had fair hair,
levels er . . . one thousand million million points of light to ensure that doesn't happen. and when we were young, we used to have
dollars now being spent on arms every year, I Mr Porritt, thank you very much indeed. lovely ribbons in it. People said I was the
instead of being spent on the kinds of things P Thanks. pretty one - my sister Alice was so moody,
that it ought to go on. And all of those she always looked miserable.
problems, to us, which we, which we consider A Who were you closest to?
to be the problems of er . . . the misuse of the Tapescript 22 G Ah, my brother James. He was such a kind
planet are very daunting. And they're not boy, always smiling, and so gentle. We were
separate, they are all interconnected. And Arranging to meet inseparable, we went everywhere together.
what I think is only just dawning on people, is B = Sally Beecham A Who did he look like?
that a lot of these problems do have the same A = Henry Adams G Well, people said James had my mother's
roots, namely the unsustainable system that T = Telephonist features; same nose, same mouth, while
we insist upon at the moment, believing that S = Secretary Henry, who was older, was more like Father.
the only way we can increase human wealth is Henry had thick, dark hair, but James had
by producing more and consuming more, even T Good morning. International Products fair hair like me, and he used to have a
if we destroy the planet in the process. Limited. Can I help you? parting down the middle. Henry was quite a
B Could I speak to Mr Adams, please? plump boy, not fat, but he was always well-
T It's ringing for you. . built, like Father.

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A What about the twins? but, there had been loads of people going up I And your father arranged your marriage, is
G They were very plain, I seem to remember. to the top of the mountain, but there just that right?
When they were babies, no-one could tell wasn't anyone going down, not in a car, R Yes, that's right.
them apart, they were so similar. They both anyway. I Could you tell me how he did that?
had long faces with high foreheads. Robert L Oh, no, on skis! R Yes. He looked around for a suitable
was very severe and serious -1 was quite J Right. So I had no choice, I had to start husband. He asked friends and relatives if
afraid of him - but then he was so much older walking. Can you imagine? There I was, in they knew anybody, and found out about
than me, we didn't have much to do with each sandals and just a jumper, trying to walk their education, their background, and most
other. Robert looked middle-aged before he through snowdrifts that came up over my importantly, the family's background. He got
was twenty. knees! all the information about them, you know.
A What about your Mummy and Daddy? L Oh, so what did you do? I mean, how ...? I And did this take a long time?
G Ah, Mother was a darling. She used to have J Well, I just carried on walking. At first it R In my case, no, but it depends you see, erm
her hair in a tight bun, and she looked quite wasn't too bad. It was mid-afternoon, it ... sometimes a father can see up to a
fierce, but she wasn't really. She had smiling wasn't very pleasant but it was very beautiful, hundred men before he chooses one. My
eyes and a heart of gold. Father was a very and not too cold. elder sister . . . for my elder sister my father
quiet man, he always looked distant as L And did you get a lift? saw over a hundred men. You know,
though he were lost in his own thoughts. J Well, every now and again I'd get a lift that sometimes it can be difficult to decide. But for
A What were their names? took me a few miles, just to the next village, my brother he saw only one girl.
G Daniel and Clare. and then I'd have to start walking again. By I And for you?
this time, it was getting dark, and awfully R He saw only two, one in the morning and one
cold. And I started to panic. I was miles from in the evening, and er . . . he chose the second
anywhere, it was nearly night time, and I was one.
supposed to be at work at nine o'clock the I My goodness! Tell me about that day.
UNITS next day. But all I could do was walk. And R Yes . . . well, in the morning the first man
the amazing thing was that the snow-ploughs came. He was very wealthy, but er . .. not
Tapescript 24 had been round, and where the road was very well educated, but he had a lot of
quite wide, they'd pushed huge piles of snow money. And he was well-dressed, and he had
Hitch-hiking in the snow into the middle of the road, and the local kids very good manners.
J = John had pushed holes like doorways into this I And the other one?
L = Linda snow, so it looked like a wall of snow with R He wasn't terribly wealthy, but he was well-
doors or archways in it. It was very strange. educated, and he came from a good
J Have I ever told you about the time I nearly And then it was around sevenish I think, and background. His family owned a village, and
froze to death? t finally this chap stopped to give me a lift, and were like princes. And all his relatives were
L No. When was that? '/y'/A 1 ' 1 * . . . I got in, you know, so pleased at last, and suitable. He was twenty-two, and studying
J Well, it's a bit of an exaggeration to say I I was going to say 'Oh thank-you, thank-you, law.
nearly froze to death, but it wasn't far off. thank-you', but I couldn't talk! I And your father chose him?
L Where were you, I mean when - L Why not? R Yes.
J It was while I was working in Corsica. Have J My jaw had frozen. Honestly. I couldn't I Why, do you know?
you ever been to Corsica? move it. R I think he thought that money wasn't
L No, no I haven't. L Because it was so cold? everything. He didn't want the ... you know,
J Well, it's quite a remarkable place, actually. J My jaw was absolutely frozen solid. And, he didn't want the family's money. Education
It's in the Mediterranean, so it's very hot in would you believe, it didn't defreeze for ages ' was more important. If he's well-educated,
summer, and the winters are either mild or because this chap's windscreen had smashed he'll earn it later. Actually, Shyam, that's my
quite severe, you know . . . it depends .. . so we drove all the way back to Bastia with husband's name, didn't want to get married.
L Mmm. the wind and the snow pouring into the car. He wanted to wait, but you know his father
J And the interior is really wild and By this time, I didn't really care. All I cared persuaded him. You know when he came to
mountainous. Anyway, I was living in the about was the fact that he was going to Bastia, my house to meet my father, he was very
north in a town called Bastia, and I had and that ultimately we'd get there. badly dressed because he wanted my father to
friends who lived down in the south in the L And you did? refuse him, so he could say to his father
capital, Ajaccio. It's not very far away, but J Yeah. It took a long time. And of course, 'Look, they didn't like me'. But luckily my
the roads are so bad that the journey takes when I did get back, people didn't believe father did like him and - erm - so he had to
ages. And it was around Easter time, you that it had been snowing like that, and they say'yes'.
know, March, April, something like that, and certainly didn't believe my story, but it's quite I And did you meet him that day?
I'd gone down to see them for the weekend, true, I assure you. R Yes. First my family spoke to him, and then
and it had been warm - warm enough to go L So what did you do then? they called me in, and we talked for four, four
sunbathing, not enough for actual swimming. J Well, I had one or two brandies to help me or five minutes. My father decided
And then on the Sunday, we had lunch sitting thaw out. That did the trick. It was quite an immediately.
outside, and it was time for me to get back to experience, and really quite frightening. I And did you agree?
Bastia, so I started hitching. L I'm sure it was. R Of course. My father had decided.
L Had you done that before? I But did you prefer the second?
J Oh, yes, no problem. It usually took about R Um - well I wasn't sure, actually. I left it to
three hours. So there I was, standing next to my father.
the road, in shirt-sleeves because it was a UNITS I And what happened next?
warm spring day, and I was rather puzzled ... R Well, after a certain time, there was a special
L Why? Tapescript 25 day when I went to see his family and he came
J Well, all these cars were going past with to see my family. It was a sort of engagement
people in jackets and hats and scarves, and An arranged marriage party. But we - you know - we used to be on
skis on the car roof. the phone every day, we'd see each other
L Why? Had it been snowing? I = Interviewer regularly, but never without a chaperon. We
J Yes, you see. We hadn't heard the weather R = Raj were married ten months later.
forecast, but apparently it had been snowing I How old were you when you met your I And how long have you been married?
extremely heavily in the mountains, so all husband, Raj? R Oh for twenty-two years now.
these people were setting off for a day's R Mm . . . I was erm, sixteen. I And . . . it's been a successful marriage? Have
skiing. I And what were you doing at the time? you been pleased with your father's choice?
L How odd . . . R Oh I was at home. I had left school, and I was R Oh . .. yes, of course.
J Mmm. Well I soon got a lift, that was easy, having private tuition actually, at home, to I Now you have two sons, don't you, one
and they took me to the top of the mountain, prepare me for my exams. twenty-one and one fifteen. Are you going to
arrange their marriages?
132
R Yes, we are planning them now. We've er ... administration. Secondly. I don't think I'm fine, thanks. What a surprise! What are
we've been asking families in India for some people realize just how difficult it is to be a you doing? Where are you?
time, and we've found some suitable ones. politician. All those late nights, receptions, In Epsom?
I Do you think that the system of arranged and the decisions that have to be made,
marriages is a good one? I can see that you've make life very difficult. If we were in Erm . . . well... I'd love to, but erm . . . well,
had a good marriage, but what about other industry, we would without doubt be it's not very convenient, actually.
people? How common is this system of earning figures vastly in excess of what we Yes, I know I said that, b u t . . . well, our
arranged marriages? are prepared to accept. house isn't all that big, and er-
R Well, most marriages in India are still I And would the Prime Minister also be Yes. I am. I got married last year.
arranged in this way. and generally it is a getting an increase of twenty per cent?
system that works. Erm of course it depends a PM No. Well. I'm glad you understand. rnTsorry to
lot on the - you know - family choosing the I Ah! Are you going to take less? let you down. I'd have liked to help, but you/
right person, but one reason it works is that PM No. The responsibilities that a Prime see what I mean. Maybe we could meet fo?
the couple enter the marriage not expecting Minister has to carry are enormous. You drin
too much, if you see what I mean. Actually - must understand the pressures of the No, I suppose you're rigfrr-WettrffVas nice
actually, there are many more divorces position. talking to you anyway. Have a goodtrip
between couples who thought that they were I Are you prepared to say what the increase round Europe.
marrying for love and who then find that it might be? Thanks. Bye, Janice. Take care of yourself.
isn't there. Arranged marriages seem to last, PM I. of course, could not vote for my own
and that is a good thing. salary increase, but my colleagues and
I And is sixteen the age when girls get married? members of the Cabinet suggested that,
R Well, my mother was married at thirteen, but given the sacrifice of one's private life, the
that is considered too young now and er . . . at endless dedication to duty and public UNIT 10
one time it used to be twenty, but it was found service, and the need to attract the very best
that the girls were then to old to be integrated person for the job. they suggested that the Tapescript 28
into their new families, so now it is usually Prime Minister's salary should be reviewed
when the girls are sixteen or seventeen, yeah. separately. Johnny Morris, the animal expert
I Are you prepared to tell us what the
proposed salary would be? 'The crowd behaved like animals, just like
Tapescript 26 animals.' I suppose we hear that about twice a
PM I don't think this is the right moment to
make such an announcement, do you? It week nowadays. The crowd behaved like
The Prime Minister's pay rise animals'. Well it just isn't true. Animals do not
will be announced to the House in the near
I = Interviewer future. behave like that. Animals are not hooligans,
PM = Prime Minister I Very well, Prime Minister. Thank you very animals do not go out in gangs inflicting pain,
much. damage and destruction and death on their own
I We are very pleased to have with us in the kind. Animals are concerned with the stability of
studio tonight the Prime Minister, who has their own species and the need for them to
very kindly found time to come to explain Tapescript 27 prosper and multiply. They do not destroy their
to us his point of view on the crisis that is own kind in large numbers as we do. In fact, I
facing his government. Prime Minister, Two telephone conversations am amazed that animals have condescended to
good evening. have anything to do with us at all. They should
PM Good evening. May I say straight away that 1 Hello, 40974.
Oh, it's you. stay well away from us and most of them do but
this is not a crisis. The situation is very such is the nature of some of them that they have
much under control, and the vast majority We're all right. Why are you ringing? volunteered to share their lives with ours and we
of the population do in fact support this Next Saturday? Is it the second Saturday of have accepted, for as we know animals are of
government and the action - the month already? Yes, I suppose it is. All enormous use to us. When we talk of people
I Prime Minister, if I may, I'd like to put a right. That's the eleventh, isn't it? behaving like animals, I suggest that it is because
question to you. Your government has animals must be kept in their places, that we are
announced that there can be no pay Oh, yes, so it is. The twelfth, then. Where are far, far better than they are, we simply must not
increases above four per cent for the next you thinking of taking them? The children let them appear to be superior. And yet of
financial year, and although this has been always pester if they don't know, especially
Paul. course in many cases they are. We could not use
difficult for many workers in a year where our noses with the sensitive skill of a dog, we
inflation has been six per cent, teachers, The zoo? You took them there last month. I couldn't possibly run with the speed and beauty
nurses, and miners have all settled for four didn't think they enjoyed that visit. Lizzie of the horse, and no way could we fly like those
per cent. Then suddenly we hear that didn't, anyway. wonderful birds. We grudgingly admire their
Members of Parliament have voted for splendid attributes, we wear their feathers and
themselves a pay rise of thirty-five per cent. That's not what she told me. Anyway, it
doesn't matter. What time are you going to their skins because they are so beautiful. And
How can you justify this? we know in our heart of hearts that we are
PM Let me say first of all that the pay rise would pick them up?
OK. I'll have them ready. I haven't had my inferior. Oh yes we are in many respects
in fact be nearer twenty per cent. The rest inferior. So we are very lucky indeed that so
of the money would be for a politician's money for this month yet. It's always late. many animals have come to help us, for on our
many expenses, such as air fares, personal What's your excuse this time? own we are pretty helpless.
secretaries, and of course a large Oh, are you? Well, I hope you'll both be very
entertainment budget. You can't expect a happy. You know, scientists are quite incredible
Member of Parliament to travel second people. They're always telling us what we
class, and eat in second-class restaurants, I know your promises. All right. I'll tell them already know. They might express it differently,
and do a first-class job. you rang. Bye. and come to their conclusions by experiments
I But Prime Minister, you're still expecting that we come to by instinct, but nevertheless it's
the public to accept that a politician's pay 2 Hello. Epsom 4778. true. I was reading not so long ago about these
rise should be five times higher than anyone This is Jeremy Brook speaking. scientists who'd been doing experiments with
else's. Is that fair? Sorry - Janice who? dogs and cats and people. And they found out —
PM Two points will answer your question. you'll never believe this - they found out that
Firstly, when the opposition party were in I'm, sorry. I don't think I know anyone by animals are comforting to us, and that we can be
power, they allowed a Member of that name. reassuring to animals. Now what about that?
Parliament's salary to fall way behind the On holiday? Did we? When was that? Did you know that? Of course you did! What
national average. This was a terrible thing In Greece! Of course! You're the American perhaps you didn't know is that the scientists
to do, and yet again, my party is having to girl who was in the next room. I remember. came to their conclusion by measuring the blood
correct the mistakes of the previous Good Lord! That was years ago! How are pressures of the people and the animals. If you
you?
133
stroke a dog or a cat, and talk to it, the blood bopped her one, and she sulked. Bit by bit, we B . . . oh,no ...
pressure of the animal and the person will go got used to each other. J Alright, I know. And we were going down the
down. Here's something else. Did you know road, and he says 'Don't you think it's about
that people who have been ill, in hospital or Tapescript 29 time you took the handbrake off? We seem to
having an operation, did you know that if they be moving now, and I can smell it burning.'
have a pet to care for, they'll get better more Relationships with parents B (laughs)
quickly? I can believe it. There are even J Well I didn't think it was very funny.
hospitals that are experimenting with having 1 I don't remember very much about my B Sorry.
animals for long-stay patients to look after. childhood, actually. My wife's always asking J I felt terrible after that. I'd made a mess of
me 'When you were a boy, did you use to . . . " things even before we got into the car. He
I have known all my life, that I do not like to live and I reply 'I don't know, I can't remember.' asked me . .. you know, you have to read a
in a house that does not shelter a cat. Oh, I have We didn't... we didn't use to talk very much, number plate about thirty yards away, and I
had some truly terrific dogs, but a cat has a we weren't very close, or if we were, we didn't don't know the names of any cars. He said
different quality about it. Cats have got all the show it. I remember I used to have my hair cut 'What's the number of the Mercedes Two
time in the world, and most of the time they're every Friday. My father and I would go Thousand?', or something, and I got the
curled up asleep, and at peace. I know that after together. I had the shortest hair in the school. wrong car, and he was really impatient, 'No,
a heated telephone conversation or a difficult When they'd finished cutting it, they'd burn no, no!'
interview, I have to find the cat. He'll be the ends with a sort of candle. Oh I'll never B That's not very fair, is it?
sleeping in one of half a dozen different places, forget that smell. J Then we were going along, coming to a
and I stroke him for a while. He'll open half of 2 I got on very well with my mother. I used to junction, and I slowed down too soon, so the
one eye and say 'You do get yourself worked up, tell her everything - or nearly everything - people behind got held up. They started
don't you? Calm down, calm down, calm down.' and she'd talk to me very openly too. hooting, I stalled the car . . .
Cats, the great comforters. Sometimes she'd say to me 'Don't go to school B . . . Oh Jill. . .
Animals have always been in our lives. Dogs today. Stay with me.' And we'd go out J and then when I got it going again, I didn't
have been around us for thousands of years, and shopping or something like that. It's a wonder look right before pulling out into the main
they've served as hunters and of course guards. I had any education at all, the number of days road .. .
Dogs, it seems, have always been easy to train. I missed from school. B But there was nothing coming, was there?
Obedience, and a desire to please, has really let 3 I'm not a very tidy person, but my mother's J No, no. But I still should have looked,
the dog in for a subservient role with us. In the very house-proud, so she's always telling me shouldn't I?
ancient Roman town of Pompeii, there is a to pick things up and put them away, and do B Oh .. . did he say anything?
house that bears the warning cave canem - this and do that. She goes on for hours about J He didn't have too. He just slammed the
'beware of the dog'. Apart from catching things, 'Cleanliness is next to godliness'. My father brakes on, you know, his dual controls, and
and guarding things, dogs are of course very isn't like that at all. He lets me do what I put his hand to his forehead, like this, you
good at guiding people. The Romans used to want. I think he's learned not to pay know, as though he's thinking 'I wonder how
have guide dogs for the blind - well, not exactly attention. long I'll stay in this job', and then signalled
blind, but blind drunk. For when a Roman went 4 I have very fond memories of my childhood. me to go on. Well, after that there was no
on a pub crawl, he would take his dog with him To me it represented security. We used to do point in going on, and I said so, but he just
to lead him home. He had nothing to worry a lot together as a family. I remember walks, said 'Drive us back to the centre, please, Mrs
about, staggering home behind his dog, singing and picnics, and going for rides on a Sunday Gibson'. Oh my knees were knocking,
away, happy as Claudius. afternoon. Every Friday, when my father honestly.
Can you imagine guide cats for the blind? came home from work, he had a treat for each B I bet. Poor old you. Never mind. You'll get it,
Never! For the philosophy of the cat is surely of us. My mother used to say he was spoiling of course you will.
'Look, mate. If you can't look after yourself, us, but why not? It didn't do us any harm. J I know, but what annoys me is that I know I
you've had it.' The only guiding I've known a cat can do all these things, really well, but not in
to do is the upright tail in front of you leading to the actual test. That's when I mess them up.
the feeding bowl. Cats seem to have come When I was reversing round a corner, and
amongst us much later than dogs, but when they UNIT 11 doing really well, a cyclist arrived wanting to
did, they made a great impact. turn into the same road. I didn't know who
The ancient Egyptians used to worship their Tapescript 30 should wait for who, so I waited, but the
cats, and lots of them believed that they were cyclist waved me on, or at least, I thought he
descended from cats. Egyptian women used to The driving test had, but when I started to move he was right
try to walk like cats, slinking round the in front of me, and I made him swerve. If that
B = Bob cyclist hadn't been there, it would have been
pyramids, minding their own business, but J = Jill fine. When I did the emergency stop, I
knowing everybody else's. You see, cats are like B Well? Did you? skidded, and I never usually do that, I just
that. They're^psychic. They have powers- don't J No. lost control for a split secpnd, and finally
know exactly what they are, but they've got B Oh no! That's the fourth time! What went when we got back to the centre and I had to
them. And the Egyptians knew this - they made wrong? park, I got too close to another parked car -
cats sacred. They worshipped them, and quite J Everything. I didn't do a thing right. Not in just ever so slightly touched it, you know,
right too. If your cat died, the whole family the test, anyway. In the lesson before, I did it scraped i t . . .
would mourn for it. You would shave off your all perfectly - three-point turn, emergency
eyebrows. Eyebrows were things of great B Oh, boy. I bet you were glad when it was
beauty, so you shaved them off. You closed the stop, moving off on a hill, great. The over, weren't you?
cat's eyes, put a delicate blue collar around its instructor said if I drove like that in the test, J The examiner certainly was, but he didn't
neck, and then you had it embalmed. And if you I'd pass. show it, oh no, he just calmly filled in his
killed a cat in Ancient Egypt, you were put to B So what happened? form, and without looking at me at all, he was
death. J Oh it's the usual thing. I just get so nervous. looking at the sky, he said Tm sorry to have
I have known a great many animals in my life, And the examiner was horrible. He really put to inform you, Mrs Gibson, that you have
and not all of them were very nice. They had to me off, right from the start. failed to reach the required standard'. And he
get used to you, and you had to get used to B How? What did he do? got out and walked away.
them. Now gorillas take a bit of getting used to, J Well, he was so rude and sarcastic, so I was B Oh, my love. Never mind. Next time.
and I knew a young female gorilla at Bristol shaking like a leaf before we even started. If J It makes me so mad. Why do people have to
Zoo, and when I first went in with her, she hit he'd been nicer and had tried to put me at be so horrible?
me, quite a bump - it's one of the things gorillas ease a bit, I'm sure I'd have felt better.
do. So I had in my hand a small sort of scrubbing B How was he sarcastic?
brush with a handle, and I went over to her, and J Just to show you how nervous I was, right, I
I bopped her one, not very hard but I just forgot to take the handbrake off when we
started...

134
Tapescript 31 I The Victorian values also seemed to children and grandchildren in years to come.
encompass- This is the kind of independence, this is the
Panic in a restaurant T - But they are also perennial values, as well. kind of personal initiative and personal
I But they encompassed as well workhouses choice, which I believe is the kind of
A = Wife and - and shocking conditions in industry, all independence which used to belong to a few
B = Husband sorts of deplorable things that are also part of people, which I want to extend to the many.
C = Waiter the Victorian scene. I Right. You'd like everybody to have the
A Did you enjoy that, darling? T There's - there's some values which are freedom of choice to buy their own property,
B Yes, not bad. The sauce tasted a bit strange, eternal, and in fact you found a tremendous probably to - to choose the kind of education
and I don't think the pastry was quite cooked improvement in conditions during Victorian their children have, to choose the kind of
enough. times, because people were brought up with a medicine in which - er - their family partakes,
A Well, you should have had what I had. The sense of duty. I was brought up with a very whether private or National Health, but
chicken was lovely. And that dessert, the strong sense of duty, and part of the sense of surely those kinds of advantages, to return to
Chefs surprise, was delicious. You really duty was that if you were getting on better, so what we said earlier, are only offered to those
should be more adventurous, Gerald. you turned yourself to help others, that as you with, offered to the 'haves', not to the
B Don't nag, please. My stomach hurts, it's so did better yourself, so you had a duty to your 'have-nots', not to people without jobs.
full. I wish I hadn't eaten that pudding. community to turn to help others. And so, as They're for people with money.
Talking of surprises, I'm dreading what the you got an increasing prosperity during T But with all due respect, we unfortunately
bill's going to come to. Did you look at the Victorian times, and as you got an immense have just over three million unemployed in
prices? national pride during Victorian times, so as this country, and we have betw- twenty-two
A Gerald, this is our wedding anniversary! Of you got greater prosperity, so you had a duty, to twenty-three million people who are
course I didn't. You should have looked voluntarily, to help others. And many of the working. Nearly sixty per cent of the houses
before we came in. very good things, improvements, that were in this country are now owner-occupied, er
B Could we have the bill, please ? made, er were made voluntarily in those ... many, many more people are applying to
C Certainly, sir. times er - for example erm - people built buy their own homes. I'm trying to make
A There's no point in worrying about the bill hospitals, voluntary hospitals erm - many of certain that people who save - the value of
now. It wouldn't have been so much if we'd the church schools were built during that their savings, is kept. Wouldn't life have been
ordered a house wine, but no, you had to time, many people say we simply must do very much different for many of our old folk if
have champagne. better with the prisons, a better prison the money they'd put aside out of very much
C Your bill, sir. system, prison reform. But it came from this lower wages in Victorian values, years ago,
B Thank you. Oh, no! I wish we hadn't come tremendous sense of reliance and duty. Erm had in fact kept its value because we'd had
here. . . . you don't hear so much about those things governments which tried to keep inflation
these days. But they were good values, and down? We'd have a very, very much better
they led to tremendous improvements in the society, and we wouldn't have cheated those
Tapescript 32 standard of living. old people of the value of their savings.
I So that's what you're trying to get back to,
Facts about Jack Higgins: right or that's what you'd like to see happen, a society Tapescript 34
wrong? where we had those sorts of values, where
Jack Higgins is a best-selling author. He lives in perhaps the state steps back again then, and The things that matter
New York with his wife and six children. He was individuals get far more involved?
T What I am saying is that I think there are See page 106.
born in London, and is now forty-three years
old. some values which are eternal, and I think the
A lot of his friends left school at fifteen, but he ones that I've indicated are.
didn't. When he was eighteen he did his I Yes, but what kind of society does that result
National Service and went to Australia. in if people adopt those values, then we
He is now rich and famous, and doesn't write have-
any more. He has a very happy life. He enjoys T - Well, if I might say so, a very good society.
meeting the Royal Family. If people are self-reliant, self-respecting, if
they always lend a hand to others, if they wish
always to improve themselves and work very
hard to do it, if they reckon they've got to be
very good members of the community, not
UNIT 12 because anyone tells them to, but because
that's the way we live, and if they live within
Tapescript 33 their income, and save, and that saving there
is therefore for investment, if they're
An interview with Mrs Thatcher prepared to take responsibility for their own
This is an extract from an interview that Mrs actions and responsibility for their own
Thatcher gave to the London Broadcasting families, er . . . and to respect erm other
Company (LBC). Mrs Thatcher had said that she people's rights, it seems to me that you have
was a great admirer of Victorian values. The the basis of an excellent society.
interviewer asks her why this is so. You asked me how I see life quite apart from
those things. I am very keen that every person
T Well, there's no - there's no great mystery should have the opportunity to be what I
about those. Erm, I was brought up by a would call a man or woman of property ...
Victorian grandmother. We were taught to I . . . own their own house . . .
work jolly hard: you were taught to improve T Therefore . .. you start by owning your own
yourself; you were taught self-reliance; you house. We're nearly up to sixty per cent, it is
were taught to live within your income; you tremendous, because people - er, a man of
were taught that cleanliness was next to property isn't someone else, it's oneself. And
godliness; erm . . . you were taught so therefore if you have a chance to own your
self-respect; you were taught always to give a own house then it gives you an interest in the
hand to your neighbour; er, you were . .. future, it gives you respect for your own
taught tremendous pride in your country; you property, it gives you ability to improve your
were taught to be a good member of your own standard of living and housing, and
community. All of these things are Victorian (unclear) to respect other people's property,
values. and you'll have something to hand on to your
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