WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

RESEARCH REPORT
HVAC
Submitted To:
SIR M. UMER SOHAIL

Submitted By:

Fahad Riaz

UW-14-ME-BSc-034

ME-4th-B

Department of Mechanical Engineering

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE WAH CANTT

 PREFACE
This report starts with the basic concepts of HVAC, components of HVAC, and
modification to these components as cost and energy saving.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Mr. Umer Sohail who promoted me to prepare the Report. I am
also thankful to the Departmental Head who provided us such Instructor. More
ever I thank all those who supported me directly or indirectly in preparing this
Report, without these assistances, preparing this Report might have been much
difficult for me.
 NOMENCLATURE
 HVAC : Heat ventilation and air conditioning system.

 US FDA : US Food and Drug Administration

 MASIS : Mobile Aerosol-sealant injection system.

 ASDs : Adjustable speed drives.

 DOE : Department of energy.

 EPA : Enviromental protection agency.

 MERV : Minimum efficiency reporting value.

 Modification in HVAC systems for energy and cost
saving

OBJECTIVE: important way to reduce these costs and to

get expected output is to introduce energy
Review of recent advances in design and efficient improvements, especially in times
modifications of HVAC systems for energy of high and unstable energy prices. There
and cost saving. are a different opportunities available to
reduce energy consumption in a cost-
ABSTRACT:
effective manner which are discussed in this
In this report, the new designs as well as the report.
modifications for enhanced efficiency in
HVAC systems, are reviewed with the
perspective of their applications in Pakistan.
Inan HVAC system the indoor air quality,
comfort as well as the safety of the PROBLEM STATEMENT:
equipment is of keen importance. In order to
get high product quality and low production Considering the energy crisis and poverty in
cost, the application of energy efficient Pakistan, it desired to modify the HVAC
technologies is highly useful. By doing system for energy and cost saving.
some modifications in the HVAC design we
INTRODUCTION:
can achieve high efficiency and cost saving.
Optimizing the system design and Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
operations, such as minimizing laboratory (HVAC) Systems: The components of
ventilation, can also direct us to HVAC systems generally include dampers,
considerable reductions in energy use. The
supply and exhaust fans, filters, humidifiers,
dehumidifiers, heating and cooling coils,
ducts, and various sensors. Natural Ventilation: The process of
ventilation occurs by the pressure difference
Each component must be evaluate for its of air exist between the inside rooms or
material and practical condition and its buildings and relative outside to it is knows
competence in terms of the buildings natural ventilation. The pressure difference
planned recycle. The capability of heating is created by natural sources such as wind
and cooling is often quite one-sided and and temperature. Air moves in and out of the
depends upon occupant perceptions that are naturally ventilated buildings through the
affected by the distribution of air, the doors, windows, and other openings in the
location of return air vents, air velocity, the building via infiltration4,5.
sound of the system in operation, and similar
characteristics. For this reason, past energy Mechanical Ventilation: Mechanical
use should not be used as the basis for ventilation is the handling of air systems by
estimating future energy use These mechanical means of mechanical systems. In
packages include materials, procedures and most commercial buildings mechanical
equipment and are designed to remove some ventilation is used which is most
of the deduction from a builder, contractor, controllable and responsive than natural
and installer decisions about how best to ventilation in providence of better air
carry out HVAC changes. quality6,7.

Modifications in HVAC Systems8,9 : By

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning is
properly sizing the equipments and preferring
based on the basic principles of
energy efficient design, this can minimize the
thermodynamics and heat transfer. HVAC is consumption energy and operational cost of the
sometimes referred to as climate control and HVAC plants. These changes cause the
is particularly important in the construction value and energy saving in industries. The
of most industrial and office buildings, and control system and energy monitoring systems
in marine environments such as aquariums, supports the best performance of HVAC systems
where humidity and temperature must all be by monitoring, controlling, and tracking system
closely regulated whilst maintaining safe energy consumption. Such systems continuously
and healthy conditions1,2 . manage and optimize HVAC system energy
consumption while also providing building
The systems of HVAC provide ventilation, engineers and energy managers with a valuable
diminish air invasion and keep pressure diagnostic tool for tracking energy consumption
connection between places. The method for and identifying potential HVAC system
air removing and addition in spaces is problems.
termed as room air distribution.3

Energy efficient system design: In design of

HVAC systems the greatest opportunities exist.
THEORY This open saves money. Later modification in
HVAC systems needs approval from the U.S. each degree (Fahrenheit) that is raised or
FDA which delays the production10 . lowered of the intake air. The efficiency of heat
pipes is in the 45-65% range (U.S. EPA/DOE
2003), while the efficiency of run-around loops
can be slightly higher, in the 55-65% range (U.S.
Duct Leakage Repair: Due to leakage of duct
EPA/DOE 2001a)13,14 .
significant amount of energy is wasted in HVAC
systems. For reduction in duct leakage includes,
insulation of duct, inspection of duct, repair and
leak detection. According to studies by Fan modification: Doing modifications in
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shape or size of the fans or by changing the
repairing duct leaks in industrial and commercial sheaves of the fan helps in optimizing air flow
spaces could reduce HVAC energy consumption and efficiency of the fan which reduces energy
by up to 30%. A technique called mobile consumption. At a Toyota plant, the sheaves of
aerosol-sealant injection system (MASIS) was fans were optimized in installing ASDs on fans.
examined in California on a commercial Toyota found better savings and payback
building. The application of MASIS result in periods with sheave modification than they
the reduction of duct leakage from 582 cfm to 74 anticipated to experience from ASDs (Toyota
cfm, leading to a 34% increase in the overall 2002) 15 .
efficiency of the building’s HVAC system.
(Carrier Aeroseal 2002) 11 .
Efficient exhaust fans: The standard
components in HVAC systems are exhaust fans.
Adjustable speed drives (ASDs): Installation At the place of centrifugal exhaust fans mixed
of adjustable speed drivers at variable volume flow impeller exhaust fans are used which are
air handlers, recirculation fans, to maintain the more efficient. They are 25% more efficient than
pressure and flow of air in systems. Lowering centrifugal fans and also cheaper to maintain and
the energy consumption by the fans they are not install 16 .
constantly running at full speed. The speed
drivers can also be used at chiller pumps and
water pumps to minimize the energy Cooling Water Recovery: The municipal
consumption according to demands of systems 12 source of secondary cooling water can be used
. to reduce chiller energy consumption. In
Washington, Boeing partnered with Puget Sound
Power and Light and the King County
Heat Recovery Systems: The heat recovery Department of Metropolitan Services to recycle
systems are used to heat or cool the intake air by secondary treated cooling water into its chiller
taking the thermal energy from the exhaust air system. By doing so, Boeing reduced its water
which causes reduction in the energy required consumption by 48 million gallons per year and
for heating or cooling of air. The heat recovery projected savings of 20% in its cooling energy
systems commonly include run-around loops, consumption. (Michaelson and Sparrow 1995).
heat pipes, and recover wheels. From different
studies approach the heat recovery systems can
reduce the heating/cooling cost by about 3% for
Additional benefit, also expected to save
chemical coolants and refrigerants for cooling
tower water 17 . COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS 20, 21 :
Compressed air system is used in many
applications in HVAC systems. There are many
opportunities to reduce energy consumption in
Building Reflection: Inside air conditioning compressed air systems. Energy saving range
cost can be saved by use of reflective roof of from 20-25% in compressed air system or more
buildings in sunny, hot climates. Two medical of the total electricity consumption.
offices in Northern California used reflective
roofs on their buildings; one reduced air
conditioning demand by 8%, the other reduced
air conditioning demand by 12% (Konopacki et
al., 1998). Reflective roof materials are available PUMPS 22, 23 : The pumping systems account
in market in different forms and colors18 .
for about 25% of the electricity used in
manufacturing facilities. The pumping of
coolants such as glycol or chilled water is
Add an Economizer: The use of an economizer common in pharmaceutical manufacturing
in dry cooling climates can reduce compression facilities and is also a source of significant
operation and save energy and provide good energy consumption. Studies have shown that
ventilation of air. As usually the economizer is over 20% of the energy consumed by pumping
connected to the force air system this will help systems could be saved through changes to
to ensure good thermal and fresh air throughout pumping equipment and/or control systems
the building. The operation of the economizer (Xenergy 1998).
should be carefully checked to make sure that
flow dampers are working properly 19 .
Table: 1 HVAC Screening Checklist

Air filters industry standard rating system MERV determines minimum efficiency value using ASHRAE
standard 52.2.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

As discussed above the HVAC cost is reduced by modifying parts and

rearranging them properly it also leads high the operational performance of systems. Energy efficiency
change is an essential approach to diminish these expenses and to increment unsurprising income,
particularly in times of high price.

Substantial potential exists for energy efficiency improvement within the enterprise. A centered and
strategic energy management software will assist to become aware of and put in force electricity
performance measures and practices throughout an organization. Many groups have already prevalent the
assignment to improve their electricity performance because of gradually-rising power prices; these
organizations have also begun to gain the rewards of power performance investments.

There are expansions of opportunities to be had at person plants within the industries to lessen electricity
consumption in a fee-powerful manner. This strength guide has identified many energy performance
practices and strength efficient technology that can be carried out at the component, technique, device,
and organizational levels.
Predicted savings in electricity and electricity-related costs were provided for much strength performance
measures, based on case examine facts from real-global business programs

Table 1 summarizes the efficiency measures presented in this Energy Guide & screening check list.

Thus by sizing components of HVAC systems generally include dampers, supply and exhaust fans, filters,
humidifiers, dehumidifiers, heating and cooling coils, ducts, and various sensors properly and designing
energy efficiency into a new facility, an industry can minimize the energy consumption and operational
costs of its plant HVAC systems from the outset.

FIGURE 1: HVAC SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS

REFERENCES:
1. ATLAS Project. Refrigeration – Future Potential. Brussels, Belgium-1997,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/refdfut.html.
2. Barnish, T. J., M. R. Muller, and D. J. Kasten, Motor Maintenance: A Survey of Techniques
and Results. Proceedings of the 1997 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry.
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, D.C.

3. L Perez-Lombard, J Ortiz, et al., A review on buildings energy consumption information, 2008

– Elsevier

4. MJ Magnuski, Review of ASHRAE symposium session on the application of adaptive control

to real HVAC applications, Inte jou of ref., 1988 .Vol 11 January 15

5. M. S. Waring, J. A. Siegel, Particle loading rates for HVAC filters, heat exchangers, and ducts,
Indoor Air journal, 11 MAR 2008, Vol 18 Issue 3.

6. EPA, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/pdf-files/appenb.pdf, 2008.

7. USED,http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/components/hvac, 2008.

8. USEIR, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html, 2007

9. L. Lu, W. Cai, L.Xie, S. Li and Y. Soh, "HVAC system optimization in building section,"
Energy and Buildings, 2005, Vol. 37, pp. 11-22.

10. T. Hartman, "Why PID control is outdated for Modern Building Applications," available from
http://www.automatedbuildings.com/news/mar06/articles/hartman/060227054447hartman.htm,
2006.

11. IMS Health. (2005). IMS Health Market Insight. London, UK. http://www.ims-
global.com/insight/insight.html

12. Kirk, M. C. Jr. and G. P. Looby, Energy Conservation and Waste Reduction in the Metal
Fabrication Industry. 18th National Industrial Energy Technology Conference Proceedings.
Houston, Texas-1996. April 17-18: 1-7.

13. Linnhoff, B., Pinch Analysis: A State-of-the-Art Overview. Chemical Engineering-1993, (71):
503-522.

14. Merck and Company, Inc. (2005). Personal communication with Helene Ferm, Rahway Site
Energy Team, Rahway, New Jersey, September 7th

15. Toyota Motor Corporation. (2002). Personal communication with Brad Reed, Toyota Motor
Manufacturing of North America, May 2002.

16. Tetley, P.A. (2001). Cutting Energy Costs with Laboratory Workstation Fume Hood Exhaust.
Pharmaceutical Engineering. 21 (5): 90-97

17. Michaelson, D. A. and F. T. Sparrow. Energy Efficiency in the Metals Fabrication Industries.
Proceedings of the 1995 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry,
Partnerships, Productivity, and the Environment, New York. American Council for an Energy-
Efficient Economy, Washington, D.C., 1995.
18. R. Shoureshi and K. Rahmani, "Derivation and applications of an expert fuzzy optimal control
system," International Journal of Fuzzy Sets and Systems-1992, Vol. 49, pp. 93-101.

19. Pharmaceutical Industry Association of Puerto Rico (PIAPR). (2005). About Us. Guaynabo,
Puerto Rico. http://www.piapr.com

20. Centre for the Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies (CADDET).
Saving Energy with Efficient Compressed Air Systems. Maxi Brochure 06, 1997a

21. Xenergy, Inc. (1998). United States Industrial Electric Motor Systems Market Opportunities
Assessment. Prepared for the United States Department of Energy’s Office of Industrial
Technology and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Burlington, Massachusetts, 1998

22. United States Department of Energy (DOE). (2001a). Best Practices Program. Office of
Industrial Technologies, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, D.C.
http://www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices