Energy-Efficient Distribution in Smart Grid: Xu Wei, Zhou Yu-Hui, Zhu Jie-Lin
Energy-Efficient Distribution in Smart Grid: Xu Wei, Zhou Yu-Hui, Zhu Jie-Lin
Energy-Efficient Distribution in Smart Grid: Xu Wei, Zhou Yu-Hui, Zhu Jie-Lin
W ITH the deepening of the market-oriented reforms and allow the homeowner and business to use electricity as
the development of a digital economy, the world's economically as possible. You will have the choice and
resources and environmental problems have been a flexibility to manage your electrical use while minimizing
widespread concern and the environmental regulatory your costs.
requirements are increasingly stringent. The coordination and Smart Grid builds on many of the technologies already
exchanges between the power grid and the power market and used by electric utilities but adds communication and control
users are closer, the quality level of power emery is gradually capabilities that will optimize the operation of the entire
increased, the quantity of renewable energy and other electrical grid. Smart Grid is also positioned to take advantage
distributed power generation resources is growing and the of new technologies, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,
climate changes are on the horizon. The traditional power grid various forms of distributed generation, solar energy, smart
has been difficult to support so many development metering, lighting management systems, distribution
requirements, so the vision about the development of the smart automation, and many more.
grid has been proposed to achieve the upgrading of the
traditional power grid. III. FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
Apart from particular technologies, a proposal can be
II. CONCEPT OF SMART GRID understood in terms of what it is being required to do. The
The electric industry is poised to make the transformation governments and utilities funding development of grid
from a centralized, producer-controlled network to one that is modernization have defined the functions required for smart
less centralized and more consumer-interactive. The move to a grids. According to the United States Department of Energy's
smarter grid promises to change the industry’s entire business (DOE) Modern Grid Initiative report, a modern smart grid
model and its relationship with all stakeholders, involving and must:
affecting utilities, regulators, energy service providers, ● Be able to heal itself: Using real-time information from
technology and automation vendors and all consumers of embedded sensors and automated controls to anticipate, detect,
electric power. and respond to system problems, a smart grid can
The term “smart grid” represents a vision for a digital automatically avoid or mitigate power outages, power quality
upgrade of distribution and long distance transmission grids problems, and service disruptions.
● Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations
of the grid: A smart grid incorporates consumer equipment
Xu Wei is with Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electrical
Engineering, Beijing 100044, China (e-mail: [email protected]) and behavior in grid design, operation, and communication.
Zhou Yu-hui is with Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electrical This enables consumers to better control “smart appliances”
Engineering, Beijing 100044, China (e-mail: [email protected]) and “intelligent equipment” in homes and businesses,
Zhu Jie-lin is with Beijing Jiaotong University, School of Electrical
Engineering, Beijing 100044, China (e-mail: [email protected]) interconnecting energy management systems in “smart
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power and other renewable energy generating units with generation, solar energy and other sustainable energy power
adjustment ability; generation. Although the power purchase prices of some new
2) Hydraulic power, biomass energy, geothermal energy energy generating units are relatively high, especially the
and other renewable energy generating units with adjustment developments of those sustainable generating units that can
ability and refuse generating units meeting the environmental not take part in the competition still need to be encouraged. At
protection requirements; the same time, the thermal power generation is still the basis
3) Nuclear power generating units; for China's power supply. For a long time, the thermal power
4) The generating units with coal-fired heat combined with generation in our country has always been accounted for about
power and the generating units running in the form of “setting three fourths of the country's total power generation capacity,
electric power by heat” with the comprehensive utilization of so minimizing the coal consumption in the whole process of
excess heat, excess gas, excess pressure, coal stone, middlings coal-fired power generation is the basis of the energy-efficient
and coal-bed methane and other resources; distribution.
5) Natural gas and coal gasification; There will be some differences between the power
6) Other coal-fired generating units, including the heat generation capacity priorly planned and the actual power grid
combined with electric power generating units without heat operations, so dispatchers need to refer the power generation
load; plans, and arrange the actual power generation plans for the
7) Fuel generating units. units in accordance with the goal of the smallest energy
Coal consumption for power generation is also known as consumption in power generation according to the sequencing
the standard coal consumption, and is the rate of coal of the power plants in the next distribution period and the
consumption that all kinds of coal with different calorific ultra-short-term load forecast, by considering the limit value
values are uniformly converted into a “standard coal” with the and creep speed of the units, and on the basis of meeting safe
calorific value of 29308 kJ/kg. And it is mainly used for the and stable operation of the system.
thermal economy comparison among various power plants In the real-time distribution, if the purchase of electric
burning different kinds of coal. We can calculate the standard quantity need be increased on the basis of the prior pre-
coal consumption for power generation in each power plant, distribution plan, for instance the ultra-short-term load
and carry out energy-efficient distribution scientifically and forecast is higher than the value of the prior load forecast, the
rationally according to them. real-time distribution is the top-up distribution; otherwise, if
The same type of thermal power generating units are sorted the current electric quantity purchased need be reduced, the
in accordance with the level of energy consumption from low real-time distribution is the edge-down distribution. According
to high and the energy conservation is of priority. If the level to the sequence table, in the top-up distribution, the top-rank
of coal consumption for power generation is F and the coal unit is found to be topped up, and in the edge-down
consumption of the coal-fired unit with the largest single-unit distribution, the bottom-rank unit is found to be edged down.
installed capacity at the rated output within the power grid is The electric power system is a non-linear system, and a
Fmin, the coal consumption factor K1 of the unit is defined as: similar linear model can be obtained if the first-order Taylor
F expansion is done at a running point. The real-time balanced
K 1 = min (1) power generation & distribution is regulated on the basis of
F
According to the formula (1), in terms of different units, the curve results of the prior power generation plan, so the
Fmin is fixed. The larger K1, the smaller coal consumption for following linear incremental transaction model is used:
power supply of the units, and the higher priority of power min f (ΔP) = ∑ C (ΔP )
i i (3)
generation, vice versa i∈N G
When the energy consumption is the same, the sequencing s.t. ∑ ΔP = ΔPnet (4)
is sorted according to the level of pollutant discharge from low i∈N G
TABLE
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SITUATION OF LOAD detection without the need to go on site. End-users are able to
(MW)
know exactly their energy charges at any time and can adjust
Time Load Forecast Real-time Load △
their consumption habits in the peak time.
(Day-Ahead)
Therefore, the distribution of the smart grid has the
17:00 2095 2290 195 properties, such as high accuracy, high efficiency and easy
17:30 2150 2350 200 operations. Different from the energy-efficient distribution of
18:00 2215 2386 171 the traditional grid, the smart grid should not only consider the
18:30 2280 2420 140 energy consumption and the discharge level of the generating
TABLE
units, but also added into the distribution model the grid loss,
GENERATION SCHEDULE OF DAY-AHEAD distance, cost efficiency and other advantages, and a more
(MW) comprehensive distribution solution is prepared through the
17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 analysis and calculation of all kinds of smart equipment in the
Solar 0.147 0.151 0.155 0.160 power grid.
Wind 0.733 0.753 0.776 0.798 In addition, the distributed generation (DG) will play a vital
Straw 18.337 18.819 19.338 19.957 role in the smart grid, and it is foreseeable that it will
Hydraulic 110.024 112.912 116.326 119.740 inevitably become a trend by use of DG technology for real-
(run-off) time adjustment in the future smart grid energy-efficient
Hydraulic 403.421 414.012 426.528 439.045 distribution. The distributed generation and its roles in the
(season) energy-efficient distribution are detailed below.
Coal-1 198.043 203.242 209.387 215.531 The distributed generation usually refers to the small-scale
Coal-2 484.105 496.814 511.834 526.854 modular and distributed, high-performance and reliable power
Coal-3 880.190 903.298 930.607 957.916 generation unit in which power is a few kilowatts to hundreds
of megawatts and is laid in the vicinity of the users. It can
TABLE fully develop and use all usable existing decentralized energy
GENERATION SCHEDULE BY ENERGY-EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION
(MW) sources (including renewable energy sources), and increase
17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 utilization efficiency of energy sources. The technical types,
Solar 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200 typical capacity, and renewable capacity of the distributed
Wind 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 generation and the interface with the power grid are shown in
25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000
Table 5.
Straw
Hydraulic 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000
TABLE
(run-off) SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Hydraulic 550.000 550.000 550.000 543.499
(season) Types Capacity Regenerative Interface to Grid
Coal-1 198.043 203.242 209.387 215.531 Solar 1W to yes D/A
Coal-2 484.105 496.814 511.834 526.854 1000kW
Coal-3 881.652 923.744 938.579 957.916 Wind 100W to yes Asynchronous
10MW generator
V. ENERGY-EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION IN SMART GRID Geothermal 1000kW to yes Synchronous
The smart grid is not the display of a pile of advanced 10MW generator
technologies, nor a solution to the specifics. The smart grid is CHP 100MW to no Synchronous
based on advanced computer, electronic equipment and high- 1000MW generator
level components, and through the introduction of the Gas turbine 1MW to no Synchronous
communications, automatic control and other information 1000MW generator
technologies, the modification of the power grid is realized to Micro-turbine 10kW to no A/A
meet the fundamental objectives of the power grid more 10MW
economical, reliable, safe and environment friendly. Fuel Cell 10kW to no D/A
The key property of the smart grid is its use of a two-way 100MW
power distribution network that is able to know what happens
at any time to replace the passive simulative power Different from the power generation by the grid, these
distribution network. The most profitable segment in the smart distributed power generation equipments that can be seen as a
grid is the smart meter which lies at a corner in your home virtual load are directly controlled by users to start and stop.
quietly and calculates your daily consumption of electricity. Even if there is access to a power distribution system, they
The smart meter can measure the quantity of electricity and may yet not participate in the automatic generation control,
can also be used as an Internet router, by which the power and even the reverse power relays are installed at the
authority can remotely monitor the use of electricity and can distribution network side and no power is injected into the
access to the malfunction information merely by remote power grid under normal conditions. The characteristics of
them firstly are safety, high efficiency, economy and
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environmental protection and they are ideal facilities for [1] S. Massoud Amin and B.F. Wollenberg, "Toward a smart grid: power
delivery for the 21st century," IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol.
power supply security and emergency handling; secondly, 3, No. 5 Sept.-Oct. 2005, pp. 34-41.
little investment and quick recovery are also a major reason [2] Thomas F. Garrity, "Getting Smart," IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,
for rapid development of them in the market environment. Vol. 6, No. 2 Mar.-Apr. 2008, pp. 38-45.
[3] D. Pudjianto, C. Ramsay, and G. Strbac, "Virtual power plant and
Figure 3 compares the distributed generation system with
system integration of distributed energy resources," Renewable Power
the traditional power supply system. Generation, March 2007.
[4] XIE Kai, LIU Yong-qi, ZHU Zhi-zhong, and YU Er-keng, " The Vision
of Future Smart Grid," Electric Power, vol. 41, No.6, pp. 19-22, Jun.
2008.
[5] WANG Ming-ju, " Self-Healing Grid and Distributed Energy Resource,"
Power System Technology, vol. 31, No.6, Mar. 2007.
[6] DING Ming, BAO Min, and WU Hong-bin, " Economic Dispatching on
Distributed Energy Supply System," Journal of Electric Power Science
and Technology, vol. 23, No.1, pp. 13-17, Mar. 2008.
VII. REFERENCES
Periodicals: