CHAPTER 1

The Problem

Introduction

“Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change

their minds cannot change anything.” - George Bernard Shaw

In today generations some of the people were not learned on how to

manage and to throw garbage correctly. Segregating the trash is very
important to avoid any kind of disease.

Solid waste is about the range of garbage growing from animal and
human activities that abandoned as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is
made from industrial, residential and commercial operations in a given area,
and may be managed in a variety of ways. As such, landfills are typically also
called as sanitary, municipal, construction and destruction or industrial waste
sites. Waste can be classified based on material, such as plastic, paper,
glass, organic waste, and metal. Categorization may also be found on hazard
potential, flammable, including radioactive, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic.
Classes may also pertain to the origin of waste, such as industrial, domestic,
practical, institutional or construction and demolition.

Solid Waste Management describes as the discipline associated with

control of generation, storehouse, collection, transport or transfer, processing
and dumping of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the scope
of public health, conservation, economics, aesthetic, engineering and other
environmental concerns.

Management of solid waste is 1 of the difficult challenges for

development all over the planet. It is not only because SWM result on the
environment or health, but bad implementation of sum hinders the nation’s
growth towards sustainable development. Developing SWM for sustainable
growth through environmental preservation is essential.

Waste segregation is a process of dividing garbage into ‘reduce;

‘reuse; and ‘recycle’ materials. With new garbage segregation rules, the
government is attempting to clean up our community and where to dump our
garbage. Segregation is the first step towards appropriate disposal of both
categories of waste. It is recommended to have to depart dustbins in the
house to keep wet waste from mixing up with its dry counterpart. Bits of
plastic, for instance, is dry waste components which if not disposed of
properly can become an environmental hazard. (www.onevizag.org/waste-
segregation/).

Our future relies on a high – educated public to be a wise protector of

the environment that sustains us. As what we observe here in Municipality of
Tukuran that there are other people they are not following of what
implementing rules of proper segregation of waste that the cause damages in
our natural resources by mean of our garbage. Some are throwing their
garbage’s anywhere, in the river, seas, and burning it because we find it is the
easiest way it keeps away our garbage's contributed to polluting the air. In
Tukuran, that there are other Barangay, they have containers to separate the
waste. Therefore, it is essential that we know how to manage appropriately
our garbage’s to maintain a healthy life and a clean environment.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 show the conceptual framework of the study and the variables
indicated in the study.

2
 Segregation
Practices

Implementation of Sustaining
Solid Waste Knowledge on Gains of
Management in 3Rs (reduce,re- Achieving
Sto. Niño Central use and recycle) Environmental
Elementary School Compliance

Garbage
Collection

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study determines the level of implementation and practice of solid

waste management (SWM) practices in Sto. Niño Central Elementary School.
Specifically, this research aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the reaction level of the respondents on its practices of
solid waste management in terms of the following factors:
1.1 segregation practices;
1.2 knowledge on 3Rs (reduce,re-use and recycle) ; and
1.3 garbage collection?
2. Is there a significant difference in the reaction level of the
respondents along with the three factors?

3
 3. What are the sustaining gains of achieving environmental
compliance?

Null Hypothesis

The hypothesis of the study will be advanced for testing at 0.01 level of
confidence. There is no significant difference on the reaction level of the
respondents along with the three factors.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the implementation of Solid Waste

Management in Sto. Niño Central Elementary School. This study will be
limited to the implementation of solid waste management along with the
identified factors of the study.

Significance of the Study

The researchers are determined to study the level of implementation

and practice of solid waste management (SWM) practices in Sto. Niño
Central Elementary School. It will also helpful in the further development of
the cleanliness in the community of Tukuran and in sustaining gains of
achieving environmental compliance of the municipality with the rest of the
country.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of this study, the hereunder terms will be operationally
used and defined:

Ambulant Vendor. In this study, it refers to a vendor or seller who has

no fixed place and who goes around selling his/her goods.

4
 Biodegradable. In this study, it refers to materials that decay relatively
quick.

Biodegradable Plastics. In this study, it refers to forms of plastics

derived from plant sources such as hemp oil, soybean oil, and corn starch
rather than from petroleum. These plastics are derived from natural products
and have compounds that are easily broken down by microbes of it decays
relatively quick. These plastics do not cause harmful effect on the
environment.

Environment. In this study, it refers to the sum total of all living and
non-living things that affect any living organism.

Environmental Compliance. In this study, it means conforming to

environmental laws, regulation, standards and other requirements.

Non-biodegradable plastics. In this study, it refers to forms of

plastics derived primarily from crude oil, natural gas or coal. These types of
plastics cannot be broken down by microbes to decay. And it burned will
produce toxic smoke and pollute the environment which will result in
ecological changes.

Segregation. In this study, it refers to the separation of a race,

community, class or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a
restricted area.

Solid waste. In this study, it refers to all discarded household,

commercial waste, non- hazardous, institutional and industrial waste, street
sweeping, construction, agriculture waste, and other non- hazardous and
non- toxic solid waste.
Solid waste management. In this study, it refers to the process of
collecting and disposing of solid materials that are discarded because it is of
no longer use.

5
 Recycle. In this study, it refers to the process of discarded products
and materials for processing and conversion into new or different products for
reuse.

Reduce. In this study, it refers to minimization of discarded products at

its source to minimize the quantity required and disposed.

Reuse. In this study, it refers the action of using something again,

whether for its original purpose.

6
 CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains some related studies and related literature

having a bearing of the study. This gave importance concept and ideas for the
development of the study.

A. Related Literature

Solid waste is about the range of garbage growing from animal and
human activities that abandoned as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is
made from industrial, residential and commercial operations in a given area,
and may be managed in a variety of ways. As such, landfills are typically also
called as sanitary, municipal, construction and destruction or industrial waste
sites. Waste can be classified based on material, such as plastic, paper,
glass, organic waste, and metal. Categorization may also be found on hazard
potential, flammable, including radioactive, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic.
Classes may also pertain to the origin of waste, such as industrial, domestic,
practical, institutional or construction and demolition.

Solid Waste Management describes as the discipline associated with

control of generation, storehouse, collection, transport or transfer, processing
and dumping of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the scope
of public health, conservation, economics, aesthetic, engineering and other
environmental concerns.

Management of solid waste is one of the difficult challenges for

development all over the planet. It is not only because SWM result on the
environment or health, but bad implementation of sum hinders the nation’s
growth towards sustainable development. Developing SWM for sustainable
growth through environmental preservation is essential.

7
 Waste segregation is a process of dividing garbage into ‘reduce;
‘reuse; and ‘recycle’ materials. With new garbage segregation rules, the
government is attempting to clean up our community and where to dump our
garbage. Segregation is the first step towards appropriate disposal of both
categories of waste. It is recommended to have to depart dustbins in the
house to keep wet waste from mixing up with its dry counterpart. Bits of
plastic, for instance, is dry waste components which if not disposed of
properly can become an environmental hazard.

Our future relies on a high – educated public to be a wise protector of

the environment that sustains us. As what we observe here in Municipality of
Tukuran that there are other people they are not following of what
implementing rules of proper segregation of waste that the cause damages in
our natural resources by mean of our garbage. Some are throwing their
garbage’s anywhere, in the river, seas, and burning it because we find it is the
easiest way it keeps away our garbage's contributed to polluting the air. In
Tukuran, that there are other Barangay, they have containers to separate the
waste. Therefore, it is essential that we know how to manage appropriately
our garbage’s to maintain a healthy life and a clean environment.

According to World Health Organization (2011) Solid waste

management In a technical note, the term “solid waste” is used to include all
non-liquid waste generated by human activity and a range of waste material
resulting from the disaster, ash, such as general domestic garbage such as
food waste and packaging materials. Human feces are disposing of in
garbage emergency waste such as plastic bottles and packaging from other
emergency supplies; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; rubble
resulting from the catastrophe and Allen trees and communications and rocks
obstructing transport. Other specialist wastes, such as waste from hospitals
and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but this
technical note does not cover them.

8
 Harley (2010) stated that Australia might be a large country, but they
live in a throwaway society that is fast filling it with their waste. Their
insatiable desire to continually upgrade disposable technology and consume
over – packaged products have continued unabated for years. There has
been a trend far from both burning garbage in incinerators and burying it.
Waste management policies seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its
generation and by recycling. This study reveals the extent of the developing
waste problem and examines the garbage and recycling practices of
households, and many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics
include green waste, paper, metal, plastics, glass, and electronic waste.
Furthermore, Saley (2012) cited that the Municipal council enacted an
ordinance establishing solid waste management also known as “Perkash
Fashura Ordinance Na Isadora.” The law prohibits dumping of garbage
anywhere other than those recognized and found garbage facilities; dropping
of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility;
discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers: throwing of garbage
in streams, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and
establishments; and burning of waste particularly non-biodegradable
garbages. It also requires residents in practicing segregation of wastes at
source. Reusable wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophane, and papers
shall deliver to the barangay material recovery office duly segregated or
directly to agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special wastes will be
transported to the material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or
chemicals will be disposed of in coordination with concern government offices
according to prescribed methods. The provincial government is responsible
for collecting, reusable, non-biodegradable waste materials and recyclables
from the material recovery facilities and transport them to the recycling.

A detailed investigation made concerning the methods of practices

associated with specialists, quantity generated, collection, treatment,
transportation, storage and disposal of Municipal waste in Mysore City. The

9
data of SWM in Mysore obtained through questionnaire, specific field visit,
interacting with people and the real record of the municipal corporation.
Photographic data also made about generation transportation, treatment,
storage, collection, and disposal of MSW. This research reveals that the
existing system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfying based on Handling
Rules 2000 & Municipal Solid Waste Management Chandra et al., (2009).

This study highlights the results of the survey that conducted to

analyze the waste management practices of the trash generators, and the
extent of their compliance with the Republic Act 9003, also known as the
Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000. The study conducted in Bacolod
City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this research served as the basis for
improving a handbook on waste management Ballados (2010).

The town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the

implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay
chairpersons here took at seminar-workshop on the program. The workshop
was held at the Legislative Building last Wednesday, August 29. Mayor
Francisco M. Langi Sr. stated 30 barangay chairperson of his municipality
attended said seminar-project sponsored by the town government managed
Municipal Planning and Development Officer, Nicasio Permejo. Langi said all
the barangay chairperson were educated on the provisions of the Waste
Management Act of 2003 so that they be acquainted with and help implement
the law in their respective barangays and propagate environmental
preservation. He said the town government will strictly enforce the “no
segregation, no collection policy” in all of the barangays and urged the
barangay officers to put up a Materials Recovery Facility where they
segregate non-biodegradable and bio-degradable waste materials. Such
materials can turn into a livelihood, according to Langi, “there is money in
junk” Abrematea, (2012).

10
 According to the Oxford English Dictionary, participation is “the action
or fact of partaking, having or forming a part of.” Involvement as a concept
came to the limelight as a result of rising advocacy for the end of the top-
down strategies to development activities, in favor of greater inclusion of the
subjects of the development programs. Oakley and Marsden (1984) agree
that participation is a process and not just a solid product; though, they are
quick to note that it is complicated to establish a universal definition of
involvement. It indicated that different scholars, authors, and organizations
define and understand participation differently. Their descriptions and
understanding are often guided by the orientation and intent of the individual
or organization determining participation, given the circumstances.

Although participation is widely known to be a free process, in some

instances it practically requires that people dragged into getting involved in
operations that are of no interest to them, but they coerced in the name of
participation. Oakley and Marsden (1984), look at engagement as a concept
that closely linked to rural development. They also explain that very often,
cooperation seen as some ingredient that can be added to the recipe for rural
development so that the results from the development project are palatable
(Oakley and Marsden, 1984:17). The conception that participation is an
essential ingredient in development presents a temptation to force
involvement at any cost. However, it is perhaps helpful to note that there is
what Oakley and Marsden refer to as authentic participation, which described
as a result of a bottom-up process of the development. The concept of the
involvement requires clear interpretation and thorough comprehension before
its adopted for any given purpose.

According to Oakley and Marsden (1984) the different interpretation of

the concept of participation by used of for terms that is collaboration- input-
sponsorship, community development, organization, and empowering. These
terms are used to explain the different orientation in the participation
discourse, and various names represent different intentions or purposes for

11
which the implementers and cooperation adopt participation can be looked at
as a means as much as it can be viewed as an end in itself. Assistance could
be perceived as a means if it adopted as a method of achieving success in a
development program. It is also an end in itself if it is seen as a process the
outcome of which is meaningful participation’’ (Oakley and Marsden, 1984;
27) in the contemporary practice of participation. Assistance adopted as a
catalyst success of a beneficial undertaking in a community.

It advised that there is no need to look for a model of participation that

is one-size- fits- all; thus, this study takes on the perspective of the
involvement as a means (Barnes, 2005).

This section contains five divisions, the first reviews sustainable

development as a means and as an end in itself, the second present waste
management practices, the third presents an integrated strategy to solid
waste management, followed by how the approach can work and the last
present in detailed the significance of public participation in solid waste
management.

In this 21st century, concern about sustainable development is at the

helm of most contemporary development debates/discussions and project
undertakings. Most conventionally, sustainable development is understood as
that development that is mindful of the future generation’ needs while
resources are used to meet the needs of the present age (Brundtland, 1987).
Several issues arise when we start talking about sustainable development.
Most of these issues relate to the “how” of sustainable development.
Sustainable development has continuously become a prominent phrase in the
development discourse and has been impactful in changing the orientation
and practice of development (Adams, 2001). Its prominence, however, has
also bred different meanings and definitions of the concept (Adams, 2001).

12
 Several variables have facilitated an increase in the volume of waste
generated. One of the variables that has led to increased solid waste
generation is rapid urbanization (UNEP, 2007). Urbanization comes with the
expansion of towns which manifests through the development of social and
economic infrastructure/services and industrialization. The development in
such services warrants the increase in civilization in such areas. An increased
group automatically means increased demand for not only social services but
also consumables which potentially present a broader base for waste
generation-in most cases solid waste (UNEP, 2007).

The increase in the volumes of waste produced has been proved to be

synonymous with “new lifestyles associated with greater affluence” which turn
into higher consumption levels, thus generating more garbage midst changes
in waste composition (UNEP, 2007:224). Affluence influences people to adopt
excessive demand and purchase patterns making people acquire more of
what is not very essential for their wellbeing. When people possess further
than what they need, failure to consume all that they affluently have,
eventually leads them to get rid of the useless excess which turns into solid
waste. In most cases, more purchases also mean more packaging material-
which readily translates into solid waste especially for the manufactured
products. The manufactured products contain materials which are very
difficult to decompose, for example, plastics, thus increasing waste volumes
uncontrollably (Bournay, 2006). In a capitalistic world, the ultimate aim of the
manufacturers is to make as much profit as the market can permit. Because
of this line of thought, the manufacturers are more concerned about suiting
the product to the consumer. Little or even no effort is made to package the
products in an environmentally sensitive way and those that make an effort,
are still very few. Usually, the burden is left to the consumer to dispose of the
waste packaging material by their means. In doing so, the manufacturers
externalize the costs of solid waste management by extending it to the
consumers. The problem here is that in most cases the manufacturers do not

13
even bother to give any instructions to the end user on how to manage the
waste appropriately. This complicates the solid waste management process
as those who “manufacture” the solid waste has not considered internalization
of the cost of solid waste management, say as a way of doing Corporate
Social Responsibility. Generally, there is a tendency for development to come
with increased waste generation. Data from Asia confirms that the more
developed countries like Japan, Laos, and Thailand, have more municipal
waste generated per capita (Bournay, 2006).

B. Related Study

Another case study across North America conducted by Wholistic

Environmental Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a
section of all the regular garbage we launch away. That's 25% by weight. In
the U.S., 25% almost equally split between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or
12.8% all MSW) and food waste (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). Then there's all
the other basic stuff that could compost: all the towels, clothing, and bedding
made of organic fibers, old furniture, plus wood, and sawdust. Then there's
paper, which at 83 million accounts for another 30% of municipal waste. As of
2006, this year for which figures are available, over 64% of the yard waste we
throw away was recovered and composted, as was 54.5% of the paper and
cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap as cited by
Magante, G. L. M. (2013).

The experiences and practices of household garbage management of

people in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The
data gathered through an interview with household members using open-
ended questions. Interviews also conducted with garbage collectors as well
as collectors. Results showed that the households made an average of 3.2 kg
of solid waste per day or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of garbages
commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, PET bottles, papers, metals,
and cans, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, boxes/cartons, and yard/garden

14
wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes into glass bottles, PET
bottles, and other garbage (mixed scraps). No respondents show composting.
It's worth noting; however, that burning of waste not done by the respondents.
The households rely on waste collection by the government. Collecting is
done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their
garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump
their waste in non-designated pick-up points, usually in the corner of the
street. The discarded waste becomes a breeding ground for disease
organisms. Some household respondents stated that it is possible that the
dumping in certain areas caused the sickness suffered by some of their group
members. Mothers and helpers are responsible for household garbage
management. Scavengers commonly look for recyclable items in the dropped
garbage. All of them stated that it is their only source of income, which is
usually not enough for their meals. Most of the people said that garbage
collection and disposition is the responsibility of the government. The output
of the study showed that RA 9003, that recognized as the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000, isn't fully implemented in Metro Manila
(Bernardo, 2008).

It showed that out of 253 students, 50.99% or 129 of the students had
good practices in segregation, 23.72% or 60 students had fair practices and
20.95% or 53 students had very good and 4.35% or 11 students had
segregated waste materials poorly. This implies that most of the students
have good practices in separating solid waste. Students’ practices on solid
waste management of reducing. Presents the students’ methods of solid
waste management in terms of reducing (Paghasian, 2017).

The table presents the highest average weighted value of 2.74

interpreted as “Good” fell on item 5, “I am cautious and responsible to every
waste I produced.” The least average weighted value of 2.47 fell on item 4, “I
bring water in reusable water bottles than buying water in one-used plastic
bottles at the school,” interpreted as “Fair.” The weighted mean value was

15
2.61 interpreted as “Good.” This implies that the students have good practices
on reducing solid waste. It showed that out of 253 students, 41.50 % or 105
students of them had good practices on reducing waste; 30.04% or76
students had excellent practices; 26.09% or 66 of them had fair practices, and
2.37% or 6 students had practiced poorly. This means that most of the
students have commendable practices on reducing solid waste. Practices on
Solid Waste Management in Terms of Reuse. Table 7 presents the students’
methods of solid waste management in terms of reuse (Paghasian, 2017).

Then the critical value of 9.488 at 0.05 level of probability with 4

degrees of freedom. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. This implies
that there is a significant relationship between the level of awareness of the
students and their practices in terms of segregation. It signifies that if students
know very well about solid waste management, practically they can segregate
waste according to compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable and special
waste (Paghasian, 2017).

As seen in the table, the obtained chi-square value of 14.88 was higher
than the critical value of 9.488 at 0.05 level of probability with 4 degrees of
freedom. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. This implies that there is
an important relationship between the level of awareness of the students and
their practices in terms of reducing. This means that if the students have
excellent background knowledge of solid waste management, there is a
possibility that they can minimize garbage accordingly. As observed in the
table, the obtained chi-square value of 14.83 was higher than the critical
value of 9.488 at 0.05 level of probability with 4 degrees of freedom. Hence,
the null hypothesis was Advances in Social Science, Education and
Humanities Research, volume 128 10 rejected. This implies that there is a
significant important between the level of awareness of the students and their
practices in terms of reuse. This denotes that if students are aware of solid

16
waste management, they can identify and save reusable materials out of
wastes (Paghasian, 2017).

As manifested in the table, the obtained chi-square value of 12.03 was

higher than the critical value of 9.488 at 0.05 level of probability with 4
degrees of freedom. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. This implies
that there is an important relationship between the level of awareness of the
students and their practices in terms of recycling. This means that if students
are aware of solid waste management, they can recycle things out of waste
materials. The computed chi-square value of 9.14 was less than the critical
value of 9.488 at 0.05 level of probability with 4 degrees of freedom. Hence,
the null hypothesis was accepted. This implies that there is no important
relationship between the level of awareness of the students and their
practices in terms of recycling. This conveys that students know about solid
waste management but not able to internalize and practice proper disposal
(Paghasian, 2017).

17
 CHAPTER 3
Research Design and Methodology

This chapter discusses the research design, methods, and procedures

that were employed in this study. It was presented the description of the
research respondents, research locale, research instruments, and data
gathering procedure.

Research Design

This study as will use the descriptive method of research. This method
involves collecting data in order to test a hypothesis or answer questions
concerning the current status of the subjects of the study. This most
appropriate method of determining the Impact of the Implementation of Solid
Waste Management in Sto. Niño Central Elementary School. In the sight of
the findings of this research design, implications will be then drawn to give
meaningful inferences in this study.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted in Barangay Sto. Niño. It is located at the

Municipality of Tukuran, Province of Zamboanga del Sur. This will be
conducted to contribute to the gradually developing status of the high school
through revealing the hidden internal problems of the said location.

Research Respondent

The target respondents of this study will be the respondents residing in

Barangay Sto. Niño, Tukuran Zamboanga del Sur.

Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire used as the main instruments in gathering the

data. This is a self- made instrument typically consist of written questions

18
classified according to the subproblem raised in this study. The researchers
gathered and read various references such as books, unpublished materials
and also through the internet and other related topics necessary in the
construction of a reliable and valid instrument.

Data Gathering Procedure

A permission letter will be asked from the Barangay Captain of Sto.

Nino, Tukuran Zamboanga del Sur. After the approval of the letter of intent,
an appointment will be set to the different Purok in Sto. Nino for the the
administration of our survey questionnaire. A survey questionnaire will then
be administered to identified respondents. The researchers will further
demonstrate with the used of visual aids and situation to the respondents to
have a clear view of the objectives and importance of the study. Immediately
after administering the survey questionnaire, all results will be checked,
compared, analyze, and correlated in order to determine the implementation
of Solid Waste Management along with the variables used in the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

After the data will be gathered, recorded, analyzed and tabulated, a

descriptive statistic will be used to determine the implementation of Solid
Waste Management along with the variables indicated in the study. The
researchers will also use the frequency, distribution of percentage, and
weighted means to regulate the percentages count of data. Moreover, to test
the significant difference along with the variables used and the study, a t-test
will be employed.

19
 REFERENCES

https://goo.gl/f1MUTk

https://goo.gl/gKckyA

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https://goo.gl/WF2kXN

https://goo.gl/Faad6x

https://goo.gl/xDBjE9

https://goo.gl/QhL95n

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