Assignment 3

ES 212 | Fluid Mechanics
Assignment 3
Notes
 Problems marked with an asterisk are part of in-class exercises. Students must submit the solutions by the
end of the respective tutorial session
 Other problems are part of homework and needs to be submitted before the start of the lecture/tutorial on
01/02/2019
Problem 1*
Consider steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow through a converging duct (as shown below). A simple
approximate velocity field for this flow is
⃗ = (𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑈𝑜 + 𝑏𝑥 )𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦𝑗
𝑉
where 𝑈𝑜 is the horizontal speed at 𝑥 = 0. Note that this equation ignores viscous effects along the walls but is
a reasonable approximation throughout the majority of the flow field. Calculate the material acceleration for
fluid particles passing through this duct. Give your answer in two ways: (1) as acceleration components 𝑎𝑥 and
𝑎𝑦 and (2) as acceleration vector⃗⃗𝑎.
Problem 2
For the same converging duct problem, the pressure field is given by
𝜌
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 − [2𝑈𝑜 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )]
2
where 𝑃𝑜 is the pressure at 𝑥 = 0. Generate an expression for rate of change of pressure following a fluid
particle.
Problem 3*
A viscometric flow in the narrow gap between large parallel plates is shown below. The velocity field in the
narrow gap is given by:
𝑉 = 𝑈(𝑦⁄ℎ)𝑖̂,
where 𝑈 = 4 mm/s and ℎ = 4 mm. At 𝑡 = 0, line segments ac and bd are marked in the fluid to form a cross
as shown. Evaluate the positions of the marked points at 𝑡 = 1.5 s and sketch for comparison. Calculate the
rate of angular deformation and the rate of rotation of a fluid particle in this velocity field. Comment on your
results.
Problem 4
Consider steady, incompressible, two dimensional shear flow for which the velocity field is
⃗ = (𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑖 + 0𝑗
𝑉
where, a and b are constants. Sketched in figure below is a small rectangular fluid particle of dimensions 𝑑𝑥 and
𝑑𝑦 at time t. The fluid particle moves and deforms with the flow such that at a later time (𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡), the particle is
no longer rectangular, as shown in the figure. The initial location of each corner of the fluid particle is labelled
in figure. The lower-left corner is at (𝑥, 𝑦) at time t, where x component of velocity is 𝑢 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦. At the later
time, this corner move to (𝑥 + 𝑢𝑑𝑡, 𝑦) or (𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦)𝑑𝑡, 𝑦).
1. In similar fashion, calculate the location of each of the other three corners of the fluid particle at
time 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡.
2. From the fundamental definition of linear strain rate (the rate of increase in length per unit length),
calculate linear strain rates 𝜀𝑥𝑥 and 𝜀𝑦𝑦 .
3. Compare your results with those obtained from the equations for 𝜀𝑥𝑥 and 𝜀𝑦𝑦 in Cartesian coordinates
i.e.,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = 𝜀𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
4. Use two methods to verify that the flow is incompressible: (a) by calculating the volume of the fluid
particle at both times, and (b) by calculating the volumetric strain rate.
5. From the fundamental definition of shear strain rate (half of the rate of decrease of the angle between
two initially perpendicular lines that intersect at a point), calculate shear strain rate 𝜀𝑥𝑦 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
(Hint: Use the lower edge and the left edge of the fluid particle, which intersect at 90° at the lower left
corner of the particle at the initial time)
6. Compare your results with those obtained from the equation for 𝜀𝑥𝑦 in Cartesian coordinates, i.e.,
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜀𝑥𝑦 = ( + )
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
7. From the fundamental definition of rate of rotation (average rotation rate of two initially perpendicular
lines that intersect at a point), calculate rate of rotation of the fluid particle in the xy plane, z . (Hint:
Use the lower edge and the left edge of the fluid particle, which intersect at 90° at the lower left corner
of the particle at the initial time)
8. Compare your results with those obtained from the equations for  z in Cartesian coordinates, i.e.,
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜔𝑧 = ( − )
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
9. Is this flow rotational or irrotational? Calculate z-component of vorticity for this flow field.
Problem 5
Consider the visualization of flow over a 12º cone and sphere as shown below. Are we seeing streamlines,
streaklines, pathlines, or timelines? Explain.

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is the velocity field for flow through a converging duct?

What type of flow is described in Problem 3?

ES 212 | Fluid Mechanics

You might also like