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    Hydrogeochemistry 01 PDF

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    andriandwiantoro
    The document discusses hydrogeochemistry and provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of natural groundwater, including common ions, total dissolved solids, pH, and other indicators. It also covers sampling procedures and parameters like turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and isotopes that are important to measure in the field. The document emphasizes that groundwater properties depend on geological conditions and interactions between water and minerals in the subsurface.

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    Hydrogeochemistry 01 PDF

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    14 views19 pages
    The document discusses hydrogeochemistry and provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of natural groundwater, including common ions, total dissolved solids, pH, and other indicators. It also covers sampling procedures and parameters like turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and isotopes that are important to measure in the field. The document emphasizes that groundwater properties depend on geological conditions and interactions between water and minerals in the subsurface.

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    The document discusses hydrogeochemistry and provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of natural groundwater, including common ions, total dissolved solids, pH, and other indicators. It also covers sampling procedures and parameters like turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and isotopes that are important to measure in the field. The document emphasizes that groundwater properties depend on geological conditions and interactions between water and minerals in the subsurface.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views19 pages

    Hydrogeochemistry 01 PDF

    Uploaded by

    andriandwiantoro
    The document discusses hydrogeochemistry and provides an overview of the physical and chemical properties of natural groundwater, including common ions, total dissolved solids, pH, and other indicators. It also covers sampling procedures and parameters like turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and isotopes that are important to measure in the field. The document emphasizes that groundwater properties depend on geological conditions and interactions between water and minerals in the subsurface.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Hydrogeochemistry

    Irwan Iskandar, PhD


    Scope
    • Physical and Chemical Properties of Natural
    Water (groundwater)
    • Common natural geo-chemical process in
    groundwater
    • Interaction of Water and Mineral
    • Hydrothermal – Geothermal influence to
    groundwater
    • Isotopes
    • Natural Potential Contamination
    Books and Paper
    • Introduction to Natural Water Chemistry –
    Pagenkopf
    • Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution,
    Appelo and Postma

    • Some related papers


    1. Physical and Chemical Property of Water

    • Water is highly reactive substance having a


    great capacity to dissolve solids, liquids and
    gasses
    • In natural cond. Groundwater properties
    depend on geological condition, age of water
    and source of water itself
    • Natural dissociation H2O → H+ + OH-
    1. Physical and Chemical Property of Water
    Some important basic indicators of water (notice in the
    field survey)
    Color :
    Temperature :
    pH :
    TDS : Total dissolved solids (mg/L)
    Smell :
    Taste :
    Eh : Redox Potential (volt)
    TSS: Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)
    Turbidity : NTU related with TSS
    EC : Electrical Conductivity (siemens / cm)
    DO : Dissolved Oxygen
    Salinity : related with saline
    Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
    • a measure of the combined content of all
    inorganic and organic substances contained in
    a liquid.
    • Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters
    are agricultural and residential runoff,
    leaching of soil contamination and point
    source water pollution discharge from
    industrial or sewage treatment plants.
    Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
    Jenis air TDS (mg/l)

    1 Air tawar (fresh) 0 – 1.000

    2 Air payau (brackish) 1.000 – 10.000

    3 Air asin (saline) 10.000 – 100.000

    4 Brine water > 100.000


    Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and
    Turbidity
    • TSS : non-filterable residue (NFR), Colloids, in the
    lab. filtered in 0.45 micro meters filter, unit is mg/L
    • Turbidity, is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid
    caused by individual particles (suspended solids)
    that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar
    to smoke in air, unit is NTU (Nephelometric Unit)
    • a correlation between turbidity and total
    suspended solids (TSS) is somewhat unique for
    each location or situation.
    pH (acidity)
    • which measures the hydrogen ion concentration in
    water
    • Pure water has pH around 7, but not all natural
    water has pH 7
    • Less than 7 is called as acid
    • More than 7 is called as base
    Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
    • relative measure of the amount of oxygen that
    is dissolved or carried in water (mg/L)
    Salinity
    • is the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such
    as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium
    sulfates, and bicarbonates) of a body of water
    or in soil.
    Water salinity
    Fresh water Brackish water Saline water Brine
    < 0.05% 0.05 – 3% 3 – 5% > 5%
    < 0.5 ‰ 0.5 – 30 ‰ 30 – 50 ‰ > 50 ‰
    Electrical Conductivity (EC) or Specific
    Conductance
    • is measures a material's ability to conduct an
    electric current (Siemens per meter) Sm-1 or
    microsiemens/cm

    Material Resistivity (Ωm) EC (Sm-1)


    Sea water 2×10−1 4.8
    Drinking water 2×101 to 2×103 5×10−4 to 5×10−2
    Sampling Procedure (important in survey)

    • Prepare sample bottles


    • Bottles are made from non reactive material
    e.g. HDPE material
    • Not transparant
    • Ensure no gas/bubble was trapped with water
    in bottle
    Sampling Procedure (important in survey)
    Prepare bottles and separate samples for each:
    • Major Ions (Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4, HCO3/CO3, Cl),
    no preservation need, keep it cool
    • Total metal (need preservation, no filter)
    • Dissolved metal (need preservation, with
    filter)
    • Isotope (no preservation) just keep it cool
    Sampling Procedure (important in survey)
    Parameter Preservation Waktu / time to
    keep (maks)
    Kesadahan (hardness) -- 7 hari (days)
    Logam, total (total 5 ml HNO3/ L 6 bulan (months)
    metal)
    Logam, terlarut, Filtered, Filtrat 3 ml HNO3 -1:1/ L 6 bulan (months)
    (dissolved metal)
    N (amoniak) 40 mg HgCl2/ L, 4oC 7 hari (days)
    N (nitrat-nitrit) 40 mg HgCl2/ L, 4oC 7 hari (days)
    Oil & grease 2 ml H2SO4/ L, 4oC 24 jam (hours)
    Karbon organik 2 ml H2SO4/ L, pH: 2 7 hari (days)
    pH In the field --
    Sampling Procedure (important in survey)
    Parameter Preservat Waktu (maks)

    Phenol 1 g CuSO4/ L + H3PO4 => pH:4, 4oC 24 jam


    Fosfor 40 mg HgCl2/ L, 4oC 7 hari
    TSS -- 7 hari
    EC -- 7 hari
    SO4 4o C 7 hari
    SO3 2 ml Zn acetate/ L 7 hari
    Bau 4o C 24 jam
    Kekeruhan -- 7 hari
    Major Ions
    • Major or common ions present in natural
    water
    • Cation and anion
    • Cation : Ca2+ (calcium), Mg2+ (magnesium), Na+
    (sodium), K+ (potassium)
    • Anion : HCO3- or CO32-, SO42-, Cl-
    Ion Balance
    • Total milimoles equivalent (meq) of cation and
    anion should be balance (total is same)
    • Tolerance of their difference is 5%
    • How to calculate meq?
    Practice and Exercise

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