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CS6008-HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

Two Marks Question with Answers

Unit - I

1. What are the 5 major senses?

Sight

Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell

2. What are the effectors?

Limbs
Fingers
Eyes
Head
Vocal system.

3. What are the two stages of vision

the physical reception of the stimulus from outside world, and The processing and
interpretation of that stimulus.

4. What are rods and cones?

Rods are highly sensitive to light and therefore allow us to see under a low level of
Illumination. : the rods have been active and are saturated by the suddenlight. The
cones do not operate either as they are suppressed by the rods. We are therefore
temporarily unable to see at all. Rods therefore dominate peripheral vision.
Cones are the second type of receptor in the eye. They are less sensitive to light
than the rods and can therefore tolerate more light. There are three types of cone,
each sensitive to a different wavelength of light. This allows color vision. The
eye has approximately 6 million cones, mainly concentrated on the fovea.
5. What is HCI? Human - Computer Interaction
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6. What are the input and output channels of human?

Input in human is mainly though the senses and out put through the motor
control of the effectors. There are five major senses: Sight, Hearing, Touch,
Taste, Smell.
There are a number of effectors: Limbs, Fingers, Eyes, Head, Vocal system.
7. What is reading?
There are several stages in the reading process. First, the visual pattern of the word
on the page is perceived. It is then decoded with reference to an internal
representation of language. The final stages of language processing include
syntactic and semantic analysis and operate on phrases or sentences.
8. What is hearing?
Provides information about environment:
distances, directions, objects etc.
Physical apparatus:
a. outer ear – protects inner and amplifies sound
b. middle ear – transmits sound waves as

vibrations to inner ear

c. inner ear – chemical transmitters are released
and cause impulses in auditory
nerve
d. sound frequency
9. What is touch?
Provides important feedback about environment. May be key sense for someone who
is visually impaired. Stimulus received via receptors in the skin:

a. thermoreceptors – heat and cold

b. nociceptors– pain
c. mechanoreceptors – pressure (some instant, some continuous)

Some areas more sensitive than others e.g. fingers.

Kinethesis - awareness of body position affects comfort and performance.

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10. What is sensory memory?

Buffers for stimuli received through senses

iconic memory: visual stimuli

echoic memory: aural stimuli

haptic memory: tactile stimuli

Examples

“sparkler” trail , stereo sound

11. What is long term memory? And mention its types Repository for all our knowledge

slow access ~ 1/10 second

slow decay, if any

huge or unlimited capacity

Two types
1. episodic– serial memory of events

2. semantic – structured memory of facts,concepts, skills semantic LTM derived

from episodic LTM

12. Give example for Long term memory

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13. What is semantic memory?

Semantic memory structure

provides access to information

represents relationships between bits of information

supports inference

14. What is forgetting?

Decay- information is lost gradually but very slowly
interference- new information replaces old: retroactive interference old may interfere
with new: proactive inhibition

15. What is retrieval?

recall -information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, e.g.
categories, imagery
recognition -information gives knowledge that it has been seen before less complex
than recall - information is cue
16. What is deductive reasoning
It is derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises.
e.g. If it is Friday then she will go to work
It is Friday
Therefore she will go to work.
1. Logical conclusion not necessarily true:
e.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry
It is raining
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Unit I to V

1 it has been observed that most computer users use menu option for input instead of
keyboard accelerator. What is the reason behind it?

 Menu options are easier to find.

 You don't have to memories the keys for menu option but for key board accelerators you
have to memories them
2 Define active intervention.
Active intervention with the participant and actively probes the participant understands
of whatever is being tested.

3 what is Ubiquitous Computing?

The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the
fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. These words have inspired a
new generation of researchers in the area of ubiquitous computing

4 which display device is very cheap and has fast enough response time for rapid animation
with high color compatibility
The CRT is a cheap display device and has fast enough response times for rapid animation
coupled with a high color capability
5 By breakdown Skelton plane into its component elements then how all piece fit together
to
create this as whole user experience?
Beneath that surface is the skeleton of the site: the placement of buttons, tabs, photos, and
blocks of text. The skeleton is designed to optimize the arrangement of these elements for
maximum effect and efficiency

6 Explain Meta data in term of data processing

In data processing, meta-data is definitional data that provides information about or
documentation of other data managed within an application or environment

7 suppose you are a system analyst, with your work experience, briefly describe when it is
useful to observe in contrast to observation process?
Being a system analyst, Early in design, observation helps designers understand users' needs.
Other types of observation are done later to examine whether the developing prototype meets
users' needs
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8 Describe any five usability goals of Internet Explorer.

Usability is broken down into the following goals:

 Effective to use (effectiveness)

 Efficient to use (efficiency)
 Safe to use(safety)
 Have good utility (utility)
 Easy to learn (learnability)
Effectiveness
It is a very general goal and refers to how good a system at doing what it is suppose to
do.
Efficiency
It refers to the way a system supports users in carrying out their tasks.
Safety
It involves protecting the users from dangerous conditions and undesirable
situations. In relation to the first ergonomics aspect, it refers to the external
conditions where people work.
Utility
It refers to the extent to which the system provides the right kind of functionality so
that user can do what they need or want to do
Learnability
It refers to how easy a system is to learn to use. It is well known that people do not
like spending a long time learning how to use a system
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9 when observation is useful and how to observe?

Observing is useful at any time during product development. Early in design, observation helps
designers understand users' needs.
The same basic data-collection tools are used for laboratory and field studies (i.e., direct
observation, taking notes, collecting video, etc.) but the way in which they are used is different.
In the laboratory the emphasis is on the details of what individuals do, while in the field the
context is important and the focus is on how people interact with each other, the technology, and
their environment. Furthermore, the equipment in the laboratory is usually set up in advance and
is relatively static whereas in the field it usually must be moved around. In this section we
discuss how to observe, and then examine the practicalities and compare data-collection tools.

10 Difference between Semi-structure interview and focus group interview.

Semi-Structure Interview Focus Group Interview

Semi-structured, interviews combine One form of group interview is the

features of structured and focus group that is frequently used in

unstructured inter views and use both marketing, political campaigning, and
closed and open questions. social sciences research.
Use of pre-determined questions Normally three to 10 people are
provides uniformity involved.
Requires some level of training or Focus groups are also attractive
practice in order to prevent because they are low-cost, provide
interviewer suggesting answers quick results, and can easily be scaled
It also allows respondents to
discuss to gather more data.

and raise issues that you may not have A preset agenda is developed to guide
considered the discussion

11 Differentiate between Visual Art and Visual Design?

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Visual Art Visual Design

Visual art is art such as paintings, Visual design is the way a piece of
photographs, sculptures, artwork, a room, yard, video game,
The term visual art separates those photo or other artistic subject is
kinds of art from music, dance, and composed and appeals to the human
drama. eye
It is two-dimensional. Visual arts are Photoshop designs for each page,
things like paintings, drawings,
visual page type, module within an
designs, photography, and computer app/site/software.
art. Creates or contributes to style guides
There is no "designing" for a purpose; detailing how everything looks and

12 which theory claimed Problem solving is both productive and reproductive what are
controlled vocabularies?
Gestat theory
Gestalt psychologists were answering the claim, made by behaviorists, that problem solving is a
matter of reproducing known responses or trial and error. This explanation was considered by the
Gestalt school to be insufficient to account for human problem solving behavior.

13 how active intervention technique performed?

Active intervention is particularly useful early in design. It is an excellent technique to use with
prototypes, because it provides a wealth of diagnostic information. It is not the technique to use;
however, if your primary concern is to measure time to complete tasks or to find out how often
users will call the help desk. To do a useful active intervention test, you have to define your goals
and concerns, plan the questions you will use as probes, and be careful not to bias participants by
asking leading questions.

14 Application software implemented in file system model?

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Software implemented in the file system model: Our software is already designed and built that
way, and users are used to it neither of these arguments is valid. The first one is irrelevant
because new programs written with a unified file model can freely coexist with the older
implementation model applications. The underlying file system doesn't change at all. In much the
same way that toolbars quickly invaded the interfaces of most applications in the last few years,
the unified file model could also be implemented with similar success and user acclaim.
The second argument is more insidious, because its proponents place the user community in front
of them like a shield. What's more, if you ask users themselves, they will reject the new solution
because they abhor change, particularly when that change affects something they have already
worked hard to master — like the file system. However, users are not always the best predictors
of design successes, especially when the designs are different from anything they've already
experienced,

15 explain metadata in term of data processing

In data processing, meta-data is definitional data that provides information about or
documentation of other data managed within an application or environment.

For example:-
Meta-data would document data about data elements or attributes (name, size, data type, etc) and
data about records or data structures (length, fields, columns, etc) and data about data (where it is
located, how it is associated, ownership, etc.).

16 Point out the problem with Excise task?

The problem with excise tasks is that the effort we expend in doing them doesn’t go directly
towards accomplishing our goals. Where we can eliminate the need for excise tasks, we make
the user more effective and productive and improve the usability of the software.

17 Define controlled vocabularies?

Vocabulary control comes in many shapes and sizes. At its most vague, a controlled vocabulary
is any defined subset of natural language. At its simplest, a controlled vocabulary is a list of
equivalent terms in the form of a synonym ring, or a list of preferred terms in the form of an
authority file.

17 Write principles to prevent user privacy?

Most previous evaluations in human-computer interaction, these studies can be done without
users knowing that they are being studied. This raises ethical concerns, chief among which are
issues of privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, and appropriation of others’ personal stories
(Sharf, 1999).
People often say things online that they would not say face to face.

18 what is Scope Plane in context of elements of user experience?

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On the software side, the strategy is translated into scope through the creation of functional
specifications: a detailed description of the "feature set" of the product. On the information space
side, scope takes the form of content requirements: a description of the various content elements
that will be required. Now we can map that whole confusing array of terms into the model. By
breaking each plane down into its component elements, we'll be able to take a closer look at how
all the pieces fit together to create the whole user experience.
19 by breaking down Skeleton plane into its component elements then how all the
pieces fit together to create this as a whole user experience?
The skeleton plane breaks down into three components.
On both sides, we must address information design:
The presentation of information in a way that facilitates understanding.
For software products:
The skeleton also includes interface design, or arranging interface elements to enable
users to interact with the functionality of the system.
The interface for an information space is its navigation design:
The set of screen elements that allow the user to move through the information
architecture

20 what "function" will create a copy of the original document in MS Word?

The word snapshot makes it clear that the copy is identical to the original, while also making it
clear that the copy is not tied to the original in any way. That is, subsequent changes to the
original will have no effect on the copy.