Elektor 1994 03 PDF

THE INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE
amplifier
AF signal trace
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J1
March 1994
seLEKTUR
ELECTRONICS
CONTENTS Volume 20
Number 220
ISSN 0268/4519
I 4
In next month's issue
Headphone amplifier 15 PROJECT: 100 W high -end a.f. power amplifier
Mains transmission Design by T. Giesberts
equipment
Stroboscope light
Direct conversion
receivers - Part 2 10 NEW COURSE: 800535 hardware/assembler
Halogen light dimmer Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann
A lower frequency 26 PROJECT: PIC programmer
receiving system Design by M. Rose
Figuring it out-Part 15: 50 PROJECT: Mini I/O card for the Casio FX850/880P AF signal tracer - p. 5
Sine waves and others Design by M. Fanrich (hardware) and
and others for your G.J. Klasens (software)
continued interest
34 COURSE: Figuring it out-Part 14: Varying inputs

By Owen Bishop
56 PROJECT: Electronic fuse
Design by K. Walraven
62 Building electronic circuits
By our design staff
Front cover
100 W AF power amplifier - p. 15
The PIC (Programmable
Integrated Controller) is a
60 PROJECT Car battery voltage monitor
(fairly) new RISC -based
Design by L Pipets
(Reduced Instruction Set
OMMIJNICATIONS
Coding) microcontroller
manufactured by Microchip 42 Direct conversion receivers - Part 1
Technology Inc. The article By Joseph J Carr, BSc, MSEE
on page 26 describes a 52 DX Television
programmer that enables a By Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
large number of PIC16Cx
and PIC17Cx devices to be
loaded with your own PROJECT: AF signal tracer
application programs. Design by K. Feigl
Software development for PIC programmer - p. 26
these controllers will be the
subject of a short course $
starting in this magazine
later this year. Buyers' guide 74
Component ratings 67
Index of advertisers 74
© 1994 Elektuur Letters 65
Readers' services 70-71
ABC
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRO_ LAT/ONS
Switchboard 67
Terms of Business 72 N- 8
CONSUMER PRESS Electronic fuse - p. 56
Elektor Electronics is published mo ithly, except in August, by Elektor Electronics (Publishing), P.O. Box 1414, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8YH, England. The magazine is
available from newsagents, bookshops, and electronics retail outlets, or on subscription at an annual (1994) post paid price of £27.00 in the United Kingdom; air speeded: £3400
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Jersey, N.J. 07001.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

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Telephone: (415) 968 9306 ACCESS, MASTERCARD, VISA Welcome.

AF SIGNAL
TRACER
Design by K. Feigl
In the design, fault-finding and repairing of
audio equipment several pieces of test
instrument are either required or just down-
right useful. One of these is a signal tracer as
described in this article. It consists of a signal
generator and a processor with which the
injected signal can be detected (and made
audible) at a number of locations in the
equipment on test.
he tracer is based on the assumption impedance. The test lead of the genera- sistors R4 and R8 ensure that this switch-
that all that is required is knowing tor is connected to K2. ing is not abrupt and that the transistors
whether the signal passes through the The tracer/detector section is formed do not become saturated. The result is
equipment or, if not, where it fails. by IC3, whose input is via K3 and whose that the edges of the signal are not steep
level is adjusted by P6. It is a straightfor- and that the tops of the signal are not
Rectangular or sinusoidal ward, standard application of an LM386. chopped off: in other words, a waveform
The test signal is made audible via a small that is very close to a sine wave.
The unit provides either a rectangular or loudspeaker, LS1. The operating point of the generator is
a sinusoidal signal. The former is gener- Power is derived from a 9-V mains adap- set with P1. The lower the output level,
ated by IC2 and the latter by T1 -T2. Selection tor or battery. The supply line is stabi- the better the waveshape. A good com-
between the two is with S2b, while S2a se- lized by regulator ICI. promise is an output level of about 30 mV
lects an appropriate indicator LED. The The sine wave generator consists of (measured with a multimeter in position
output level of the generator is set with transistors T1 and T2, which switch one a.c.). The distortion is then fairly modest.
P5. Transistor T3 provides a low output another on and off in turn. Emitter re - The frequency of the generator, deter -
7805 01 S1 K1
'Clqq
1N4001
C2 C1
10p 100n 100n 1000p

10V 10V
BT1
9V
5V
.LF15
:100n
14
1C2
0 100n
C14 C15
R14
C18
P6
min NMI
100n 100n 1001J
IC2b 100k 10V
5 LOG.
LS1
852
250mW
C16 C17
TOOn 77n
940006-11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the a.f. signal tracer.

6 TEST & MEASUREMENT
K3
C11
C10
+0 C6
Btl
-0
AC1
012
C2 C3
Ls1
P4
0 P3
0 P2
C8 T2 C A B
0 0 0s2
R2
D
000
E
131
R6 Ai
5
R3
C7 09 01.0-0 n r:co
R4
C150.011Ct
R1
P6
022
1.1
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board for the a.f. signal tracer.
cuit board in Fig. 2. Populating of the

board with reference to Fig. 2 and the
parts list is straightforward. Figure 3
shows a correctly completed board.
This type of instrument is, of course,
best housed in an easily held small en-
closure. Suggested front and rear panel
foils are shown in Fig. 6.
Two test leads are needed, and each of
these may be made from two lengths (about
30 cm = 12 in) of flexible, insulated cir-
cuit wire, terminated at one end into test
pins and at the other into a phono plug.
For most purposes, a battery supply
A
is fine. The unit draws a current of
30-60 mA, provided that the volume con-
trol is not set permanently to maximum
(when the current exceeds 100 mA).
Calibration
Preset PI is intended for setting the level/dis-
tortion of the sine wave generator. This is
done as follows: connect a multimeter
(a.c. mV range) to K2, turn P5 to maxi-
mum and set S2 to position sine wave.
Adjust PI till the meter reads 30 mV. If
an oscilloscope is available, adjust P1 for
Fig. 3. Completed printed circuit board. minimum distortion at a usable output
voltage (25-35 mV).
Interconnect K2 and K3; switch S2 be-
mined by the values of R5, R6, C7 and C8, verted by IC2b. Preset P4 sets the level of tween sine wave and rectangular wave
is roughly 1 kHz. the rectangular signal to about that of the and turn P4 until the two signals sound
The rectangular -signal generator com- sine wave, so that overdriving at switch - equally loud. The tone and length of the
prises four Schmitt trigger/inverter stages over is obviated. When S2 has been set as burst may be set to individual taste with
and also produces a frequency of 1 kHz. appropriate, the output level of the unit P2 and P3 respectively.
The signal consists of short bursts about can be set as required with P5. The sig-
1 s lopng with a mark:space ratio of about nal is then available at K2 via emitter fol- Parts list
50%. IC2d is the generator proper, while lower T3.
IC2, sets the length of the signal bursts. Resistors:
Fine adjustment of the frequency is pro- Construction RI, R2 = 180 SI
vided by P2 and P3. The outputs of IC2a R3 = 1.2 k52
and IC2d are combined by IC2, and in- The tracer is best built on the printed cir- R4, R7, R8 = 1 kit
A.F. SIGNAL TRACER
R5, R6 = 1.5 kQ
R9 = 100 k52
R10 = 1 MO
R11 = 330 1c1
R12 = 2.2
R13 = 10 IcQ
R14 = 1052
Potentiometers:
P1 = 250 Q preset
P2 = 500 k4 preset
P3 = 1 MQ preset
P4 = 10 IcQ preset
P5, P6 = 100 k52 log (16 mm dia)
Capacitors:
C1 = 1000µF, 10 V (if mains adaptor is
used, rating must be 25 V)
C2, C3, C5 -C9, C13 -C16 = 100 nF
C4 = 101.1F, 10 V, radial
C10 = 10 nF
C11 = 1.51.1F, MKT (polytheraphtalate)
C12 = 470 nF
C17 = 47 nF
C18 = 100 aF, 10 V, radial
Semiconductors:
D1 = 1N4001
D2 = LED, 3 mm, yellow Fig. 4. General view of the a.f. signal tracer with top panel removed.
D3 = LED, 3 mm, green
T1, T2, T3 = BC547
Integrated circuits: Faultfinding

ICI = 4805 (7805 if mains adaptor is used) Always start tracing a fault with an inspection of the outside of the equipment.
IC2 = 4093 Often, the fault lies in the mains cable or in the mains fuse.
IC3 = LM386 On the inside of the unit, look for visible damage: burnt wiring, blackened re-
sistors and leaking electrolytic capacitors quickly point to a likely source of the
Miscellaneous: failure. If nothing untoward is visible, check for short or open circuits, starting
Mains adaptor socket for board mount- with the power supply. With the aid of a multimeter, look for defect fuses, or a pos-
ing or (9-V) battery holder and clip sible short circuit of the collector -emitter junction of power transistors.
K2, K3 = phono socket for board If these checks do not point to a likely fault, a signal trace should be carried
mounting out. Switch on the equipment (it is assumed that the power supply is OK) and in-
S1 = SPST switch ject a signal from the tracer into one of the equipment inputs. Next, using the
S2 = double -pole change -over switch tracer, try to follow the signal from input to output. Where the signal fails to be
LS1 = loudspeaker, miniature, 852, 0.25W detected Is the source of the defect. If, for example, the signal is present at the
Enclosure, ESM 14/3 (available from input of an operational amplifier or transistor and not at its output, the device is
Maplin Electronics) almost certainly the culprit. It may still take some time (and cause a few headaches)
before the ultimate reason for the defect is found.
+8,..12V
SIGNAL TRACER
POWER
ED oo
SIGNAL TRACER VOLUME
940006-F
Fig. 6. Suggested front and rear panel layouts for the a.f. signal tracer.

8
.., viEwcom
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4513B 1.20 4016BT 0.43 74160 0.94 74LS169 0.59 74L0669 1.07
7460648 1.77 74407356 749112 a42 B80C1500SIL 0 60 18.432. 19.5508,
4000 SERIES 1.28 0.72 7400648 POA 79M05 66,26644LpP-1102 22440C
4400,178BBT7 00,7788 77441186310 01,2988 7744L1s0,17703 P00300 77441Ls0687780 p0.0768
4000B 0.16
448511848B 11,1122
7460651 1.47 74601365 a54 749113 1.30 79M05A 0.42 SKB6008/60A POA 20. 24. 25 5 313MHz
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0.44 4020B7 ass 74164 1.20 74101730 0.44 741_0674 17.60 7440658 4.49 74407367 as4 74E125 0.60 79M12 0.50 CRYSTALS
4001A 0.16 4517B 1.84 402107 0.65 74165 1.57 7445174 0.36 74LS682 262 62256LP-10 4.98
4001B 0 18 45180
7460659 4.49 74907368 0.80 749126 0.98 74000 056 79M120 0.60 30, 32. 31768, CDM6116063 5.30
0.40 4023BT a38 74188 7415175 0.34 74LS683 PO0 R041(RC18/U)
4001 U8 0.22 45198 7440664 409 74HC1373 0.44 749132 ass 74002 ass LM3177 0.50 3133' 40 & 50MHz
CDM61170E3 580
0.36 402401 0.76 74174 1.53 7445181 1.82 74LS684 3.85
40026 0.18 45208 7440665 4.49 74607374 0.55 74F138 0.58 74008 0.56 LM317MP 156 ` rest MHz Price: £4.45 ea. HM1-6116.5 4.3E
a36 402507 0.38 74175 1.23 7415182 2.05 74LS685 POA 7440670 1.10 74401377 74F139 055 1543200 1.60
400613 039 45218 054 0.58 74010 0.56 LM317LZ 4513-6116-5 3.60
0.72 402781 0.45 74180 1,29 7415183 2.05 74LS686 P00 7440677 378 74401390 0.68 749148 D.94 74014 0.56 1_M338K 4.45
2.000000 1.66
Programmable
4007UB 0.20 45228 HM6116LP-2 2.6C
400813 0.40 45268
0.86
0.50
402801
4029BT
0.56
0.86
74184
74185
POA
1.76
7415189
741_0190
2.60
0.49
74L0687
74LS688
POA
1.98
7490678 5.91 74401393 088 749151 D.58 74C20 0.98 UA7EIGUIC 1.02
3276800
' ''''
1.49
0.98
Crystal 5616116LP-3 260
40090E 0.23 45270 7460680 3.83 74607394 am 749153 D.62 74030 0.98 U07901.110 1.02 Oscillators 1-1M6117LP-3 5.70
0.56 4040E0 0.78 74191 1.41 7415191 549 7415693 POA 7490682 4.21 74401423 162 749157 D.58 74032 0.68 R041954 150 3 579545 1.10
4009UB 029 45288 0.49 404287 0.74 74192 1.41 74L0192 0.49 741_0794 POA 3.686400 1.02 HM62256LP-10 733
40108 029 45298 7490684 5.70 74607533 1.44 749158 0.70 74042 188 EXO 3C SERIES
0.57 404601 74193 1.65 74L0193 0.48 74LS795 POA DIODES 4.000000 1.02 HM6264ALP-12 330
1 41
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4011B 0.18 45308 1.92 404781 1.06 74221 1.23 741_0194 054 74LS796 POA 4.096000 1.10 HM6260ASP-20 198
4011U5 0.18 45315 7490690 1.62 74407540 0.64 74F160A 1.10 74C73 1.28 142986RB 18.20 Package HM6267P-35
1.14 404961 1.06 74259 232 74LS194A 0.57 74L0797 POA 4.194304 1.10 557
7440691 1.62 74407541 0.64 749161 1.10 74074 094 143881
40120E 116 45326 0.44 405081 008 74265 1.46 74151950 0.57 7415848 POA 2.54 4.433519 10 9'99 - Mhz HM628128LP-80
40128 0.20 7490692 1.73 74407563 0.98 749162 1.28 74C76 1.26
1
12. 14.31818. 16,
45348 2.82 405107 078 74273 POA 74LS196 0.68 1539970 6.55 4.608000 1.10 18.50
0.20 74HC SERIES 7440693 1.73 74607564 0.78 749163 1.28 74085 186 154001 16.384,19.8808 &
4013B 45368 1.22 405281 184 74278 3.56 74LS197 058 0.04 4.915200 110 HM66204L-12 15.80
40148 0.42 746000 0.19 7490696 1.48 74407573 as4 749164 1.28 74090 1.29 154002 20MHz
KM62256ALP-10 4.95
45380 0.60 405307 0.98 74279 1.38 74LS221 144 7460697 1.24 74601574 064 749166 4.32 5.000000/6 152 Price: 63.92 e4'
40158 0.42 746002 0.19 74093 2.10 1 44003 1451640-101 2.40
45396 0.82 406007 0.84 74283 1.26 7415224 20.24 7440698 1.24 74401583 0.00 749168 4 48 74095 5 068800 1.10
40168 0.24 744003 0.24 150 144005 0.04 5 242880 P2114AL-2 140
4541E1 0.52 406607 0.59 74298 POA 7410240 D.42 7440699 1 24 74607597 74F169 1.20
16pin DIL Plastic
4017B 0 38 749004 0.19 1.52 3.50 740150 5.40 144007 P2114AL-4 140
45438 057 406861 0.38 74365 0.70 7445241 0.42 74404002 035 74401640 134 749174 5.888200 1.80
7450004 0.24 0.78 740151 3.94 154148
4018B 0.38 45446 2.11 4069067 0.38 74387 1.06 7415242 0.42 74404015 1.07 74HC7643 134 749175 0.76 740154 5.82 1N4149
0.03 6000000 1.02 996'9" P0D5101P 3.30
40198 0.26 4547B 1.68 407013T 0.38 74393 204 74LS243 0.42 745C05 0.20 0.06 6.144000 1.02 PmFrarable for UPD43256AGU101_
4020AE 0 36 749008 0.20 74904016 0.44 74407645 1.11 749181 4.48 740157 3.80 194150 0.08 0400000
45498 POA 407101 0.38 74403 POA 740244 0.42 1.84 57 00f- Frequency 8.33
402013 0.38 745010 0.29 74904017 0.42 74407646 2.40 749182 1.80 740164 254 1N4446 UPD432560-12
45518 1.82 4075E0 0.38 74423 POA 74LS245 0.42 0.06 6.552000 1.40 5.60
40218 0.40 745011 0.20 74604020 0.52 74407648 1.90 749189 4.98 740185 2.54 154728A 0 24 6.553 600
SPG8540AN
UPD4360C-15 4.70
45530 2.37 4077E0 0.38 741_0247 0.44
74404022 0.56 74907651 749190 3.40 21
0.005 to 600kHz
1
402213 0.40 746014 0.25 1.64 740221 -
45546 6.01 4078BT 0.38 74L5 SERIES 74L5248 0.6B 1447350 0.24 7.372800 0.78
40238 010 7450140 0.34 74404024 0.50 74407652 0.00 749191 3.20 740240
1547360 024 8.000000 UVPROMS
45558 0.48 408191 018 74604028 0.58 74407670 1.10 749192 3.20 740244 1.00 SPG8540BN
4023UB 023 748020 0.22 2.08 1N4740A
45568 0.49 409387 0A5 741_000 0.18 7410251 0.32 0.24 8.867230 1.34
40240E 0.27 745C21 0.22 74404040 0.50 74407673 1.64 749193 3.20 740373 2.08 1647430 270128-25 3.98
4557B 1.88 409481 0.95 74LSO1 0.18 74L0253 0.44 0.24 9.830400 1.20 9.0993 t01MHz
40248 0.32 7411027 0.22 74604046 1.54 74607688 1.10 749194 740374 2.08 270640-15
4558B 2.18 450897 255 74LSO2 0.18 7415256 0.78 1N4744A 0.24 10.00000 1.10 sp 3.98
4025B 0.19 746030 0.22 74604049 0.48 744074002 0.39 74F195 2.24 74C901 1.18 1447560 0.24 270256-15 3.98
45606 1.51 4510131 1.35 741_503 0.18 7410257 0.34 74604050 ass 749074015 1.13 749219 4.38 10.69500 1.90 - Ga44°CN
4026B 0.54 745032 0.22 740902 1 18 1N52268
0.09
0.064 to 78810-8
270256-25 3.90
45618 1.74 4511BT 1.35 741_504 0.21 74LS257A 0.46 74604051 164 744014016 0.52 749224 POA
40270 0.30 74H042 0.48 740903 1.52
1452329 0.09 027256 5.40
4562B 5.15 451287 0.68 74LSD5 0.21 74LS258 0.44 12.0 0.92
4028B 0.38 74H051 0.29 74404052 0.68 744014017 ass 74F240 0.62 740906 1.10 1452349 SPG8650BN
45669 1.10 451487 2.20 741506 0.51 74LS258A 0.48 0.09 13.87500 2.40 0.00083 to 100kHz 2705120-12 6.46
40290 0.35 745058 0.42 74404053 0.68 749074020 0.74 74F241 0.62 740907 1.10 145337E1 27010000-12
45685 5.17 451687 1.02 74LSO7 051 741_5259 0.48 0.48 14.00000 1.64 8.92
40308 0.21 745073 0.34 7440405301.10 744074024 ass 746244 0.62 740908 2.20
4569B 3.04 4518B7 Y18 741508 0.18 7410260 0.22 145349B 0.48 14.31818/S 0.85 , 9.2, 2704096-12 POF,
40318 1.04 4572UB 0.70 452OBT 1.18 741509 0.18 7410266 746074 0.25 741104060 0.47 744074040 0.70 749245 0.72 740911 14.42 1"3, n
2, 0.48 14.74560/5 1.10 HM270101G-20 9.80
40328 0.70 741-1C75 0.40 74604061 2.52 746014046 210 749251 0.62 740912 14.42 1453576 0.48 DC to DC H42701024HG10
4573P POA 452187 1.07 74L510 0.18 7440273 0.42 74904066 0.46 746014051 0.96 74F251A 0.66 14 74580 10
40338 0,58 746075 0.40 740914 1.16 1453658 0.48
1
1563
458013 B.84 452287 1.22 74LS11 0.18 7410275 POA 7440406600 54 74F253 15:00000/5 1.10 ."'"verters
40340 1.10 74H077 0.51 744014052 0.96 0.62 740915 2 74 1653668
45818 3.85 452867 0.88 741512 0.18 7415279 0.33 0.48 16 00000 1 02 44270649P -20T 140
40356 0.39 746C85 0.48 74604067 4.72 746014053 084 749257 0.62 740922 6.80 TDK CE -0344 560 4427064G-15
4582B 3.85 4534BD POA 741013 0.19 7440280 0.86 111537081 0.48 16.00000/5 120. 4.2C
404213 0.3232
40368 2.57 45838 746086 0.28 74904072 045 744014059 2.24 74F257A 0,66 740923 6.80
0.86 453807 1.05 741814 0.24 7410283 0.45 74404075 0.32
1115380B 0.48 18.43200/6 1.10 3W5R 15-15 27:50 4427064G-20 4.20
4037B 1.27 74HC93 0.44 744074060 0.84 749258 0.62 740925 930 145401 0.11 IPL S.010 23.40 44462532P
45840 0.57 4541E0 1.05 741515 0.36 7410290 0.48 19.66080/5 1.20 4,08
40386
4038B 0.78 7440107 0.39 74404078 0.46 746014066 0.66 74F259 POA 740926 910 145402
0.49 454307 1.02 741520 0.18 7410292 16.85 0.11 20.00000/5 4448271280-25 4.58
40398 3.22 7440109 0.35 74404094 064 74H014067 4.93 74F260 0.78 740929 9.30 146287A 1 Watt DC/DC
4597CP 6.90 4555BT POA 741021 0.18 7410293 0.38 1.55 2211840/S 56482764G asc
404013 0.42 7460112 0.40 74404316 058 7419074075 0.36 746289 7.48 74S SERIES
11'860
5V input 01351put M2716-191
45988 6.90 455601 1.05 741522 0.18 7415294 17.82 1 N825 1.80 24.00000/S 1:882 150
40418 0.41 7490113 0.40 74904351 189 749014094 0.84 746273 0.84 DIL 8 SIL by M5L2732K
1052529
45998 5.50 458587 0.95 741524 0.58 7445295 1.11 1N825A 1. 27.64800/S 1.20 4.4C
4041UB 0.32 47200 POA 7480123 040 74604511 0.55 749014316 0.68 749280 ass 74000 0.44 19827
4010687 053 741525 0,18 741_5295A 1.15 I 30.00000/5 6.9 Newport M51_2764K 130
7450125 as° 74904514 118 741-1014351 1.04 74F283 0.92 74502 a44 NMA0505z5V
47200 P00 4024497 1.35 741527 0.18 7415298 0.98 00000/5 1.40 MBM27064-20/210
4043B 0,38 47238 74501213 0.47 74604515 1.42 744074510 154 74F299 POA 74503 ob., NMA0509E9V
POA 4037391 234 74L828 0.24 74L0299 183 74604518 050 744074511 0.94 74F323 POA
5082-2800 0.66 48.000000 1.68 4.9C
40446 0.36 47248 1 90 741030 0,18 74L0321 3.82 7450131 0.52 74504 0.42 50822810 1.40 s . &des NMA0512E12V MBM270128-30 4.2C
40456 0.94 4731VP ass 7450132 0.32 74404520 0.72 749074510 1.64 74F350 1.50 74508 0.42 5082-2835 NMA0515.1.15V
74 SERIES 741531 1.58 7413322 POA 0.44 MBM27C258-30 5.10
4046B 0.42 4737VP 18.28 7450133 0.32 74604534 0.00 744074515 2.50 74F352 0.64 74509 6 AA119 11033/0 P1i8e:07.9000. NM027C2560-25
741_032 0.20 74L33220 POA 0.60
40478 018 4738VP 1850 7450137 0.76 74604538 0.68 749074516 181 74F353 1.14 74s, 0.98 00144 0.72 4.90
7400 0.36 741533 0.20 7413323 3.24 74604543 0.81
404813 052 4750VD 28.50 7450138 034 749074520 0.90 746365 1.28 74511 48 00215 0.58 0.204800 8.23 DC/DC Converters N610270640-25 3.68
7401 0.30 741537 0.18 7415347 2.86 74607001 130 74032
40498 0.24 4752VP 29.25 7450139 0.31 1.01 744074538 1.02 74F366 0.48 0.307200 899 by Computer
7402 0.34 74038 0.18 7410348 1.98 74407002 1.01 744077007 0.39 746367 1.48 74022
0.58 TMS2516JL-45 4.52
404908 018 4753VP P00 7450141 0.61 0.78 AAZ18 0.48 1.000000 195 Products TMS27128JL-25 4.60
7403 0.34 741040 0.18 7415352 1.68 74407032
40505 022 4754VP POA 74140147 0.61 1.01 744017046 180 74F368 1.30 74040 0,25 BAV10 0.08 1.843200 3.71 PM623 2460 10102716k-45 4.60
7404 74LS42 0.32 7415353 1.88
74607266 a84 7440740102 2.43 74F373 0.62
405113 034 40085 1.98 7405 0. 741044 2.11 7445363 2.10 74110148 055 74551 036 8AV45 498 2.000000 065 PM671 2610 0P0272560/210 5.60
405213 0.33 74110151 0.40 74607074 1.99 7490140103 1.48 74F374 0.82 74564 2097152 171 PM672
40097 0.62 7408 74L047 0.55 74L0364 POA 74407292 1.10
03 BAW62 2,70 UPD27320/21V 090
40535 0.34 7450153 aso 7440740104 2.71 746377 0.92 74574 0.98 804/16 2.457800 1.92 PM903
74048 0.06 44:00 0P0270256D-15 5.80
406613 0.270000
40098 0.62 7406A 0.72 0.54 74LS365 0.30 74407294 1.10
40545 0.68 7450154 0.98 7460740105 1.82 749378 1.58 7088 1.12 BB204 2.500000 1.92 PM951
40100 2.48 7407 0.63 741549 1,38 741_0365A 0.34 0.32 46:00 UPD27C512D-15 636
4055B 0.62 7450155 0.69 744040102 1.10 749381 3.88 745112 1.08 05212 3.000000 225
40101 POA 7407A 0.85 74051 0.19 741_0366 0.36 744040103 1.10
74HC SERIES 2.48 RESISTORS UPD27064G25 4.90
405613 0,48 7480157 0.42 746355 POA 745124 2.42 131340513
40102 1.20 7408 0.37 741554 0.19 74L03660 0.42 SURFACE 0.22
749040105 1.40 749395 POA 740132 HC49/U4H
40598 2,98 40103 0.88 7409 0. 741555 0.32 741_0367 0.29 7450158 0.47 MOUNT 0.98 85809 0.60 METAL FILM EEPROMS
4060B 0.38 74501130 164 74F399 0.98 740133
40105 1.82 7410 0. 741573 0.40 741_0367A 0.34 0.73 81179 0.42 66 a25w 1%
74HCT SERIES 744COOM 0.32 749412 POA 3.275800
4063B 0.42 40105 0.30 7412 74073A 0.48 741_0368 0.36 7450161 0.42 740134 1.95 81260.200 3.58 3.579595
1
E24 Series 28064-25 380

744002M a32 74F413 POA 24s,, 1.58
4076B 0.42.
40107 0.42 7413 74074 0.22 74LS368A 1.72 7450162 a64 B7261-200 3.88 100 to 1M 3p each 28054-15 10.90
032 74F432 225
406713
406813
1.85
0.20
40108
40109
P08
1.24
7414
7418
72 7415740
741075
0.24
0.28
7415373
7415374
0.38
0.44
74E10183
74110164
a42
0.42 7460702 0.220.32.
7440700
7440703
a22 74HCO3M
74HC04M
a26 7440204
74F521
0.32 746524
P08 745139
1 20 740140
P08 249152
0. BYV28-100 0.99
78 B1032.50 180
5'09
7
86
8.000000
' A'
20 149
1.14
N.B Min Qty. Order 280256-20
Min. 5 c280256-15
P s per value
25.89
27.50
4069UB 0.21 40110 1.04 7417 0. 741076 0.68 7415375 0.42 74110165 0.55 1.26 008805 0.80 280256-1500 213.5C
7460704 0.22 744008M 0.32 74F533 1.20 749157 10.00000 2.25
4070B 0.21 40114 2.62 7420 0.37 741076A 0.72 7410377 0.68 7450166 0.88 1/2 DS16C 0.40 11.05920 METAL FILM X281600 5.10
4071B 0.20 7450173 0.76 7440708 a22 744C10M 012 749534 1.20 749163 240
40116 12.48 7425 79LS77 0.42 7410378 0.98 2.80 MV1404 15.90 PRECISION X2816AP-25 010
40728 0.20 7460174 0.42 7460710 0.22 744014M 0 36 749537 1. 60 740174 12.00000 1.14
40117 1.80 7426 74078 0.32 7415379 0.99
.
092 MV209 120 14.00000 0.25 WATT 0.1% X2864AP-35 12.20

7440711 a22 746020M 0.36 74F538 1.60 740175 2.25
7450175 036 Series24001
40818 0.18740241
40735 0-20 40147 1.23 7427 59 741583 0.39 7410381A 4.96 7460114 0.26 745030M
1.35 0A200 010 16 00000 1.14 9se 24001 1.62
40758 "9 401130 0.54 7430 0.3574083A 0.39 741_3985 3.48 7460181 1.84
745032M
0.36 74F539 1.80 740182
1,98740189
3.28 00202 am 20 00000 100R to 255K 24002 110
4077E1
40161
0.20 40162
0,54 7432 744585 0.38 7415386 0.9111
7450182
7450190
059
0.87
7450120
7440721
0.26
0.26 7440740
0. 36 741540
0.36 74F541 1.913
214 0047 0 14
24' 00000
1.52
.i s, Price: £0.94 each 240042.9E
0.54 7437 0.59 741_086 0.27 74LS390 0.46 745195 2.40 0090 0.14 24018 540
4078B 0.21 7490191 0.52 7460127 026 74HC75M 0.34 749543 3.98 740240
40163 0.54 7438 0.49 74L090 040 74LS393 0.40 74110730 0.26 74HC85WM 0.65 74F544 P00
100 P645368 ass ups -I HIGH PRECISION 280040-20 4.40
40174 0,34 7440 0.77 74L091 POA 74LS395 0.66 7440192 077 1.12 P640470, 0.55 NON -INDUCTIVE 59011 144
4082B 0.20 40175 7450193 054 7450102 0.22 74HC86M 136 749545 POA 740244
0,47 7442 0.55 744.392 P00 74LS3950 0.94 7450742 0.46 7440123AM 0.46 74F547
1.77 8EC53A 040 8. 225 WIRE WOUND 93006 1.12
POA 740257
40800 0-38 40181 P08 74451.20 741593 0.44 7415396 P08 74110194 0.67
7490773 036 7440125M 146 749573 2.92 740258
1.22 ZPD2.7V 0.06 8.192000 252 0.15 WATT 0.1% 93046 1.28
40868 0.38 40192 0,62 7440195 1.22
1.53 741095 0.48 74L0398 POA 7460774 0 26 7440132M 0.42 749574 2.92 10.00000 225
40898 0.98 40193 0.74 7447 0.98 74096 0.82 74L5399 0.81 7450221 044 745260 0.70 ZENER DIODES 11.00000 225 Temp.Coett.3ppm MISC. MEMORIES
4093B 0.24 40194 74110237 0.73 7440175 0.36 7440138M 0.38 749579 7.96 740273
1,82 7447A 1.87 741_0107 0.28 7410423 0.98 2.44 MISC. 12 28800 2.66 10R,50R,100R250R,
74110238 0.64 7460185 0.60 7440139M a38 749804 4.84 74274 2.42
40948 038 40195 2.24 7451 0.57 74LS1070 0.38 74L5445 POA
7440186 0.36 74HC154WM 0.64 749620 15.00000 2.25 10K 1006 6341-1J 4.58
409513 0.70 40240 7450240 0.44 POA 749280
2.62 7454 0.72 74LS109 0.28 7410450 10.68 0.96 BZY93C7V5 2.66 17.73497 Price:'E3.85 each AM2145-4500 5.44
4096B 1.10 40244 7490241 0.44 7440793 0 58 7440157M 538 749621 POA 740283
1.36 7470 74LS1090 0.32 7410481A 7.16 1.90 BZY93015 2136 18.00000 0M270281PC 3.9E
2,75 40245 7440242 0.80 74907107 0.40 7440161M 0.48 746623 POA 740374
22.8500
40978 1.36 7472 38 7415112 0.28 7445465 3.82 2.18 8ZY93018R 2.66 20.00000 2.25 HIGH PRECISION 1017130LA-100P
4098B 040 40257 741-1C243 0.88 74407109 0.42 749C164M 0.48 749646 515 740394
0.54 7473 59 74L51120 0.34 7410467 7.78 74407112 0.42 7440165M 157 749676
2.10 BZY93020 266 21.00000 2.25 NON -INDUCTIVE POA
40990 042 40373 7450244 0.43 POA 740412
1.10 7474 0.53 74LS113 0.32 74LS468 7.78 270 BZY93024V 2.66 24 00000 2 80 WIRE WOUND 10171324A -100P
4104P 1.01 40374 7490245 0.44 74407123 0.64 7440173M 0A8 749821 3.98 740436
1.10 7475 0.67 741,01130 0.38 74LS469 8.10 2.62 620930338 2.66 0.33 WATT 0.1% POA
41608 0.85 45026 7440251 0.35 741107125 0.56 7460174M 0.38 74F823 P00 745437
4,42 7476 0.72 74LS114 0.32 74LS469A 6.70 282 B2T030120 0.40 CRYSTALS MISC. MB8414E 4.90
41618 0.85 45027 7440253 0.52 74407126 056 744C221AM 0.65 746825 POA 740472
5.99 7480 1.26 741_0114A 0.36 74LS490 2.85 232 BZX610902 0.09 Temp.Coeff.3ppm MCM40278C3 280
41748 1.27 45028 7440257 0.47 74407132 0.50 74HC240WM 0.55 746827
745734 252 6043/T
4,49 7483 1.10 74LS122 0.39 74LS491A 12.82 BZX610240 0.09 19,5R.10R,20R5OR N82012804 2.40
41750 1.14 45040 7440258 0.73 74401137 0.52 74HC244WM 0.55 746841 4.48 1.000000 599 price: £0:60 each
POA 7485 0.58 741_0123 0.36 741_0502 POA ZENER DIODES 9825153N 5.80
41940 1.43 45041 7490259 0.65 74401138 032 744C245AW as2 749843 4.93 VOLTAGE
POA 7486 0.53 74LS125 0.28 74LS540 0.80 400mW N82S181AN 6 OS
44099 11.05 45100 7440266 0.36 74901139 0.45 7440251M 0.42 749845 POA REGULATORS MINI CYLINDER
POA 7490 0.76 74LS125A 0.32 7415541 0.80 2.4V to 75V 1008,1201, 2508 NM06504.1-9 3.40
'
44106 16.45 45106 7440273 154 74607147 0.68 7460259M ass 7491244 3.75 0.032788 088
7.98 7490A 1.34 741_5126 0.32 740569 P00 74601151 0 52 741-10273WM ass 78008AP 1.15
Price' 6p each 500R,1 K, 24, 5K, NMC93066
'
1.45
4411P 21.58 45109 POA 7491 2.56 741_0126A 0.36 7410573 1.34 7490279 0.51 10K 20K P5101L-1 3.9C
44129P P00 45138 7440280 0.89 74607153 0.44 741-1C367WM 0.53 7400 SERIES 7805 0.28 WATCH
POA 7492 0.67 74LS132 0.29 7410574 1.34
74401154 1 24 744C373WM ass 78050 a32 ZENER DIODES 0.032768 582 Price: 0.15 ...h TBP180030N 1.74
441291_ POA 45145 74920 7440283 0.58
10.04 741_0133 0.18 7415590 4.85 741-10374WM ass 740000 0.38 780590 500mW TBP24S104 190
441 2VP POA 45146 POA 7493 741_0136 0.38 7415592 5.28 7490298 173 74401157 0.44 0.45
2.4V to 200V
CRYSTAL MEMORIES
709240010N 3.11
44166 P00 45151 7440299 1.06 74401158 0.48 74HC390M as7 740002 0.49 7806 528 OSC. MODULES
19.50 7493A .70 7410137 0.98 740593 5.79 053 740004 ice: 6p each TC5501P 3.50
1.58 74601160 056
4419P POA 45152 74HC393M 0.40 7808 018 DYNAMIC RAM
21.45 7495A 741.0138 0.31 7410595 4.85 7490323 '
TC5504AP-2 3.40
4429PB POA 45156
.
7460354 0.55 741-1C1161 0.56 74HC540WM a76 740008 0.40 7809 a32
15.80 7497 5.23 7415 t39 0.34 7410597 4.95 ZENER DIODES "In OIL 7C5516PL-15 4.20
4433P POA 45157 7440356 0.6574607162 0.84 74HC541WM a76 740010 0.40 7812 a28 Plastic pkg 4164-10 1.40
14.38 74104 0.67 7410145 0.66 7415621 P00 74HC573WM 1.09 740011 1.3 WATT 705517AP-2 4.20
0.41 74601163 056
0.40 78120 012 TTL Output 416012 1 20
4443P POA 45158 11.94 74107 160 74LS147 2.88 7410622 P00 7490365 2 7V to 200V 105565PL-15 3.60
4447P POA 45159 7440366 0.52 74607164 0.52 74HC574WM 0.84 740014 0.40 7812070 0.32 4 Pins spaced at 4164-15 120 T MS0014.101_
POA 74110 POA 74L0148 0.83 740623 2.98 744C688WM 0.84 740020 Price:10p each 240 3.40
0.97 74601165 0.52
4468P POA 45406 0.40 7815 0.28 corners of 8pinDIL 41255-8
2.73 74116 3.10 741_0151 0.32 7410624 2.10 7440367
740032 0.40
0.52 74401166 0 52 74604017M
4469P P00 45407 7440368 0.48 7818 0.28 41256-10 200
4489P POA 45411
6.47 74118 POA 7440153 0.32 74LS625 5.37
7440373 0.44 74401173 0.52 74HC4020M 0.48 740074 048 7824 028 ZENER DIODES me 41256-12 2A0 CAPACITORS
POA 74119 P00 7410154 1.12 74LS626 P00 74H04040M 0.44 7400109 0.64 78L05 3.0 WATT
4490P 3.20 45414 15.60 74121 0.98 74LS155 0.34 74LS627 P00 7440374 0.44 74407174 0.52 0.24 4, 4.9152, 8, 10, 41264-15 224 SURFACE MOUNT
7400112 7.5V to 270V
4495P 527 45428 POA 74123 0.94 741E0156 0.38 7410628 1.78 7490375 0.76 74601175 0 52 74404046M 1.68 0.81 781050 0.28 12, 15 8 20 41464-12 4.45
744071E11 3.24 74404060M 0.48 7400138 055 78L05ACLP 0.40 Price 40 each Price:22.ss ea. 41464-10
4497P 1158 45433 POA 74125 0.67 7440377 0.51 4A5 Multilayer Ceramic
74LS157 0.38 74LS629 1.98 74601182 0.96 74HC4066W 0.84 7400139 055 78L050CZ 028 ZENER DIODES
4499P 624 45440 7440386 0.29 4464-10 2.80 63 VOLT
POA 74126 0.98 7410158 034 74L0631 POA 5.0 WATT
45008 19.45 45441 POA 74128 1.19 74LS160 048 74LS639 PO0 7440390 a38 74407190 0.64 74404538M 0.78 7400151 0.68 7E11E12 0.28 24. 32, 40 8 4142568-70 3.90 Case Size 1206
45016 0.32 74H0393 0.41 74407191 0 64 7400153 0.65 781120 0.28 3.30 to 200V 50MHz 44025692-10 8.85 L211W1.2514.16'
74132 0.86 74LS1600 0.54 74LS640 038 74F SERIES
7400157 78L12A0Z 130 Price:42p each
45025
45038
"8
0.38
4" SERIES
SURFACE
74145 1.16 7415161 146 74L5641 038 74H0423
7490521
0.64
0.95
74601192 0.94
74407193 0.64 74900 7400158
0.81
0.65 7E115 0.28
Price 83.40 ea. 440256-8
511000-85
5.00
805 10092209 3309
74150 1.86 74151610 0.49 7415641-1 118 0.28 47pF
4504B 1.12 MOUNT 7440533 0.95 74401194 1.13 7400163 050 78L24 528 ZENER DIODES 8pin DIL HM484113AP-15
74151 0.80 741_0162 0.48 7410642 0.98 528 100pF 220pF 33009
4505B 042 400107 a32 741518 74110534 089 74501195 1.16 24,4 0.28
7400169 1.98 78L56 1.10 STUD MOUNT sem, Metal 450 470p9 100059 2200pf
0.80 74L01620 1.07 7410642-1 POA 24,6 7400174 a32 20 WATT
4506B 1.14 400281 0.32 74153 0.90 741_0163 0.42 74LS643 POA 7490540 ass 74401221 0.98
074
0.65 78M05 Package HM48415AP-20425 3300pF 4700pF
45060 1.14 401101 0.32 74154 7440541 0.60 74401237 0.94 74F07 7400175 050 78M05A 0.36 7.5V to 75V HCMOS Output HY53C2564.5-80
2.16 741S163A 0.47 74LS644 POA 0.74 10000,
45080 1.14 401101310.32 74155 0.81 741_5164 0.34 741_0645 1.12 7440563 ass 74401238 0.51 74,8 0.28
7400191 118 78M12 012 Pk,£4.84 ea. 150 22000p9 33000p9
401207 032 74157 74607240 0.55 74910 7400240 0.92 78M12A 0.36 13.2mm sq. H75304641S-80
45105 0.54 0.74 7415165 0.59 74L5645-1 1.28 7490564 ass 0.28 Price'. 150 each
0.44 401381 0.4574158 74407241 0.55 74,1 7400241 032 78M130 0.65 BRIDGE Pins spaced 41 395
451113
1.57 74LS166 559 741_0646 5.85 7440573 0.64 028
45128 0.38 401507 0.84 74159 74405730 an 74601242 0.76 74912 7400244 0.92 78M15 032 RECTIFIERS corners of 8pinDIL 906511000-85 8.45 4700009 100000pF
3.98 7415168 575 7415652 POA as2 7400245 1.10 78005 0.48 Price: 18p each

Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers 9
MICROPROCESSOR HD1-0165-5 10.96 SAB8155-P 382 TIL100 1.98 CL7611DCPA 1.32 LM340T5 0.30 NE536H 4.90 TL071CP
TL072ACP
0.64
1 48
manamm
75107
BC182 008 BFW10 1.20
& SUPPORT ICs 90146818AP 420 SAB8259AP 3.59 TIL111 0.60 CL7621DCPA 1.98 LM343H 8.80 NE5530N 3.82 1a2 BC182A 008 BFX48 0.49
8D3-6402-9 6.16 SA682054-2.P 412 TIL113 0.60 0L7622 POA LM346N 3.96 NE5532AN 1.58 TL07209 050 75107A 1.02 6C1828 0.08 BFX85 059
1001140EC 7.40 LM348DP 0.40 NE5532N a80TL072CP 0.50 75108 8E088 a30
H03-6440-9 8.89 SAB82C55A-2-P 4.80 TIL117 CL7650CPD 4.98 1.80 BC182L 0.06
1003XP
0141DC 9'8.76
8.89 SC80C4514on6413.60 TIL1 19 CL765OSCPD 627 LM3489 0.40 NE5534AN 1.80 TL074ACN 2.85 751,A BC182L8 0.08 BFX89 1.59
80 HD3-6495-9 184
63 9.52 SCN2661bc1428 3.35 TIL311 CL7652BCPD 8.24 LM350T 6.85 NE555N 0.20 TL074CN 0.84 75108B 130183 008 8E050 0.34
HD44883 208
6321P 420 9.85 SC N266100428 3.35 TLP504A 1.58 CL7652CPD 8.24 LM351N 2.60 NE556/SMD 0.70 TL081 CP 0.48 751098 801830 008 BF752 034
H046505SP 2.46
63485CP32/Sm 19 95 PALI 6R4-15CN 2.98 TLP5214GB CL7660CPA 1.40 LM3589 0.32 NE556N 0.38 TL082CP 0.49 75110A 1,36 BC183L 0.08 BFY90 0.92
H046802P 5.50 4.20
63803X8 10.07
4.20 TL16C552FN 1258 TORX173 496 CL766OSCPA 3.80 LM359N 4E8 NE5589 2.28 TL084CN 0.48 75113 BC184 0.08 80107 0.28
HD6321P 302
6502 3.98 440 142 TL27L2CD/SMD 1.98 75114
HD63485PS32 3250 TMP7002NL-2 4.97 TOTX173 4.96 CL7662CPA LM360H 7.72 NE564N 3.04 00184/3 008 60170 038
6502A 5.40 LM361M/SMD 6.40 NE565N 2.94 TL497ACN 3.44 75115 8C184L 90250 0.52
HD63B03XP 11.95 TMP8085AP-2 5.98 CL76638CJA 6.78 1.60 0.08
65208 4.40 LINEAR & MISCS 4.03 78118
8068000-8 11.59 TMS3477NL 8 .68
CL7663BCPA 5.10 LM3631-4-100 1650 NE567N 0.65 TL507CP 3.30 BC184LC 008 BSR60 0 48
6522 440 8.78 7.95 LM369DN 3.52 NE568N POA TL7702ACP 2.04
H06845SP 6.92 TMS3700NSB CL7664CPA 75121 2.60 BC212-18 0.08 BSX20 0.38
TMS77C01NL 10.7475138
6522A 526 8.78 3630BM/BB 3.40 CL7665ACPA 4.98 LM369DRC 3.70 NE570N 4.60 TL7705ACP 2.04 78122 0.08
TMS3702ANS 0.48
TMS9900NL 24.4075140
HD68A52P 5.60 ROA BC212A BSX21
6551 4 43 7.55 49620/BB POA LM3809 140 747705CP 2.04
HD68821P 4.29 TMS3835ANS CL7673CPA 1.38 1.20 NE571N 75136 3.10 802126 0.08 155X61 1.85
6551A 4-43 555 -TIMER 0.20 7.88 425 TL7709ACP
H13-7159.5 20.98 CL8052ACPD 8.73 LM381AN NE589N 440 00212E 006 13T136-600 110
6500282
65002P3
,0
5.84-
H13 -7159A-5 23.40 6341-1J
TM59901NL 14.16CL8069CCS0
741-OPAMP
P08
0.18
CL8068AJD 11.38
3.75
LM385Z-1.2
LM385Z-2.5
2.20
2 20
NE592/SMD
NE5929
1 80
140
TL7770-SC
TL783CKC
3.82
5.10 75150
2.65 BC212LB 0.08 BUW46 4.94
HM10422 14.30 I 60 130213 0.08 60211 180
65C102P2 700 214
15 94 ADOPO7CN CL8069DCS0 2E8 LM386M-1/SMD 1.65 NE592N14 0.92 TLC2201CP 3.74 751508/ 2.65 BC213L 0.08
2820864 17.06 TMS9902ANL 811211A 1.62
6502282 4.80
TMS9914ANL 23.10 8252011' POA
CL8069DCZR 2.88 LM3869 -I 1.40 NE602AN 2.98 TLC2274CN 2.85 75152 6.36 BC214 0.08 BUZ47A E90
136402818E 10.20
65051E-1 3 80 740 AD524 21.52 256 LM38651.3 1.80 NE6029 2 40 TLC25I CP 2.54 751
M6402IPL 7.75 TMS9928ANL L8211CPA 1.75 BC214L 0.11 IRFZ14 1.14
65051E-2 ,I'38 POA 248 LM386N-4 TLC2652CP 4.92 7515,ki
M6403IPL 10.80 TMS9995JDL 6085 AD554JH CL8212CPA 2.60 NE604AN 8.24 1 75 80237 0.08 IRFZ20 1.77
68000P-10 898 440 UA96368CP 1.98 AD537,H POA 842 LM387A5 5.90 NE6059 8.60 TLC2654CP 4.84 75155 02239
MS2600P.15 CM7170IPG 120 0.12 /113 0.39
680008-16 1820-
UM684513 4.95751808
NS82504 7.80 UA9637A 198 A0548J9 1.80 M7207AIPD 642 LM3889-1 425 NE612AN 2.87 TLC271CP 0.84 75157 BC307 0a8 J175
4.40 0.68
680008-8 6.50 POA
NS6250N-B 7.80 UA9638CP 198 AD578JN M7207IPD 6 42 LM3899 3.40 NJM455613 1.20 TLC272CP 1.30 75159 545 00327 0.08 J270 092
68008P-8 785 1.98 A0581JH 8.92 NJM4558DX
M5M82C51AP 420 3.75 LM3900N 2.40
UM9151-3 POA75172NG
UA9639CP M72091P8 1 60 1.20 TLC274CN 5.98 13G328 ape JA101 0.48
68010P-12 POA AD581KCSA/SM09.97 CM7211AMIPL 4.68 LM3909N 2.64 TLC339CN 1.98
M5M82C54P-6 5.40 OPO7CJ 3.60 75161A 647 80337 0.08 MBD501 1.10
6802P 3.40
MA880318H1 2P 4.56 0M9151 p04 A0585A0 POA M7211MIPL 4E8 LM3914N 440 0PO7CN 095 TLC372CP 1.40 751828 7.5g BC337-25 0.08 MJE13070 1.10
6803AP POA AD592CN PDA
UPB8286C 4.982.60
MAB8035HL-6P 5A8 M7212AM1PL 3.88 LM3939 0 30 OPO7CP 095 TLC551CP 3.68 3.68 00489 024 MJE340 0.68
6805E3E 10.98 AD594AD 12.64 015
MC10103P 1.98 UPB8238 POA M72131PD 458 LM393P 0.30 OPO7EP 3.10 TLC555CP 75173 3.60 BC490 0.30 MJE350 1.10
6810P POA
UPB8282C 498 8259582 10.20
22.44 LM394CN 5.98 OP11GP 5.85 TLC556CN 1.58
6821P
6840P
152
3.40
MC10115L
MCI 011 5P
3.21
1.98 UP88284AD 498 AD64"40
A0707JN
M7216A1J1
M7217AIPI 920 LM39992 2.76 OP177FP 3.71 TLC7524CN 5.24
75174
75174NG
320
368
150516
80517
0.22
0.20
131E520
MP03638
0.80
018
MC146805E2P 9.18 CM7217BIJI 10 42 LM399H 7.85 OP27GP 2.89 TLE2061CP 220 75175 BC546 0.05 MPSA06 0.12
68448 214
MC68000P12/113 POA UPD70108C-10 9 10 A0711JN M72171.11 10.42 LM4250J 11E2 OP42FZ 7.44 TLE2062CP 3.40 7517, 180 BC546A 0.05 MPSA13 0.12
4-86
68458
13068010810/12 POA UPD70108C-0 6.95 AD712JN 3-72 M7218AIJI 6.85 LM55509 a28 OP77GP 2 07 TLE2064CN 3.45 751766 2.28 605466 0.05 MPSA53 0.32
6845SP 5I40 AD7245.1N/KN POA
UPD7201C 6.802.60
MC6802P 2.47 UPD701160-10 1290 M7218AIPI 885 LM565CN 7.48 OPO7CN ass TLE2161CP 2.42 75,708/.
4.98 130547 008 MPSA92 024
68A0OP POA
MC6809P 878 UP2701160-8 9.20 AD741KN 5'65 M721801J1 6.85 LM710CH 2.80 PM7548HP 18.20 TMS3477NL 5.96 75177 2.60 805478 0.08 MPS005 2.21
688098 4.30
0PD71055C 4.38 A07523KN 9 80 M7218EUL 14.76 LM7230H 2E0 RC413654 0.98 TPIC2406NE 7.14 78178
198
MC6821 P 1.80 2 60 005476 0.08 MTP8P08 2.80
688218 UPD7201AC 11.68 AD7537JN 32.98 898 7M723CN 0.70 RC4193N TPIC2802KV 8.40 75182
MC6840P 5.05 CM7224IPL POA 2.60 BC547C 0.08 00147 1.80
688408 2.56 AD7537LN POA
13068448 18.40 M722681.13 2E12 LM733CN 2.65 RC4194N 2 85 TPIC62599 3.28 75183 BC548 0.08 0019 1.85
UPD80C39HC 8.42284
68A5OP 2.98
M06845P 7.38 UPD765AC 5 42 AD7542KN POA M722651PL 23.54 LM7410J-14 220 R04207GN 1 92 TP1C6273N 328 75188 0.40 BC5488 0.08 0C45 0.65
68809P 198 UP2765AC 5.42 AD7543JCWE POA M72491DM POA LM741CN 045 0.90 TP1065959 328 75189
MC6850P 3.35 R04558 0.85 130549 0.08 0072 a80
680218 1.968
4.76 AD7578KN 46.15 240 LM747CH
6884016
28 M068705R3P 25.35 UP0780C-1 0M75551BA 2.40 904558P 0.60 T0C426CPA POA 751898 0.85 805498 0.08 0078 0.80
80844AN 875 CM7555IPA 090 REF01 CP 3.33 TSC500CPE POA
8080A
808584-2
496
5..98
MC68AOOP
M068A09P
MC8314P
7.02
7.62
6.60
UPD8155HD
UPD8251 AFC
5.84CM7556IPD
ADC0804LCN
4.08 ADC0820CCN 22A0
420
M64031PL
0.84 LM747CN
1.85 LM7800P
10E0 LM79GCP
2.40
2.40
REFO1HP
REFO2CP
3.33
3.98
TSC7106CPL 6.81
78381
75365
TSC7116CPL 5.25 78487A
2.72
130550
BC550B
0.08
108
0091M
0081Z
aeo
0.92
3.26 BC550C 0.08 PN3643 0.18
3.32 8200834009 10.80
8086 3.40 L272
MCM6810P 3.00 UPD8253G-2 2.10 LM833N 2.82 REFO3GP 3.69 TSC71260PL 535 784808
664 BC556 aoe T10106%4 078
8086-2 ADC804LCWM 12.10
MCM68A1OP 5.35 UPD13253C-5 3.32 L272M a10 LS285AB 240 REF25Z 1.12 TSC7660CPA 1.40 75451 005568 0.08 TICP206D 0.61
80028612/8ga 4850 UPD8286C POA ADC84KG-10 12 66 L293E
MM532009 3.40 3.90 LS288B 3.60 025608 POA L110968 4.92 754518 048 BC5566 0.08 T1CV106D 024
80C286-8/plcc 24.40 12.52 ADC908HP 2 L297A
MM581678N 10.64 UPD8741AD 1
4.69 LS7210 9.40 SAA1027 6.51 U20666 2.64 75452 028 60557 0.08 718115 0.55
80085A 4 95
13.98 A5080809 POA 2.72
MM581748N 14.80 UPD8749HC L4805CV 220 LT1006CNB SA51043P 7.98 U24006 5.56 7545215 048 005570 0.08 TIP121 0.68
800858.2
6.95L4960
5'94
13135827401' 9.18 720.10MHz 9.10 ADG201AKN L487 3.15 LTIOIOCT 4.58 58830498 992 U6648 5.95 75453 0.64 00558 0a8 718145 1.37
8118-5CH 760 ADOPO7CN 2.32
MSM5832R5 3.39 720-8MHz 3.15 LT1028048 7.32 SAA502513 7.65 UA2240PC 1.40 754538 0.64 80558A 0.08 TIP2955 0.88
93L34DC i08 MSM80C35RS 4.90 V30-10MHz 12.90 84001502 17.20 L7028 2.94 LT1032CN 4.70 58860028 10.80 06709CP 0.85 75,4
AM25LS258819 2'88 0,64 BC55813 0.08 TIP30 0.48
MSM80C39/SMD6.45 730-8MHz 9.20 AY -3-1270 3.60 LA6250 POA LTI 070CT 9.14 SA55605 3.40 UA709PC 0.85 75,48
AM251_52569P 2.68
' 0.98 BC559A 0.08 7183055 0.88
3.95 7610308 7.80 AY -54013 3.20 4A8358 POA LT1083CP 8.82 SED2000FVA 9.60 UA715HC 4.50 7,82
2'30 MSM80085A 0.98 BC559B 0.08 TIP31A 0.38
AM2602PC AY -5-1013A 5.24 ,...,88.,0
MSM80C85A-2 5.98 VC0106146 8.60 POA LT1086CT SFC2301ADC 6.78 UA723CP 0.70 75483 10 BC260A 008 TIP328 0.40
AM26LS31DC 2 30
Z0800110PSC 16.90 AY.3-1015D 3 60 L885.20 1
813264$31 PC 1 26
MSM80C86
- 7.60 LTC1052 7.97 SFC274113C UA733CJ 2.9875,88 3.60 BC560C TIP47 0.80
4.60 Z0868112PSC 3.20 AY -5-1250 POA LC7132 POA LTC485CN8 2.16 UA741MP
MSM81C55 SG3524N 75469 1 30 001840 0.08 72751A10 0.92
AM275191 ADC 10.20
MSMB2C51A 3.58 Z180-MPU POA AY -5 -3600 -PRO 9.96 LC7522 POA 470490 4.40 51766001 1.92 UA741TC 0. 8 78470 130771 0.22 11'010453 092
AM275281PC 625. POA
MSM82C53-2 3.98 Z8001B-CPU 11.96 1386109 1-68 LC7555 POA M5218AL POA SU 452 6.7 UA748CP 0.36 75471 82131 am 7966AF0 140
8132964620 12.36 BA6208 1.40 1.68
M5782C53-5 3.58 Z8018008VSC 8.25 LD111ACJ POA M5220 POA SL2364C 3.97 UA748TC 0.52 78472 148 80135 0.44 799085 2.96
AM296500 6.36 083048
MSM82054-2 4.20 2808 -CPU 1.25 051 LF13508D 18.20 M5238L POA 5431176 POA UA77000UIC POA 78473 022418 0.98 VP0104443 092
AM2966PC 3.98MSM82C59A-2 166 CA3046(SMD) 0.89 LF311H POA
1 48
3.98 Z80A-CTC 10.80 M5298P 5448628 2.98 UA798TC 3.80 78474 130242C 0.52 VP0104N2 0.98
AM29826DC 225
13513820848 3.30 Z808-D8RT 3.15 083054 0 54 LF347N 2.40 M706131 1.25 5449028 2.80 UCN5800A 2.40 152243 VP010493 0.92
8M68504 82 CA3059 1.20 75477 2 10
MSM82C84/4.2 3.60 Z80A-DMA 195 LF351N 0.98 MAX1232CNG POA SL56002P 3.00 UCN5801 A 2.60 75491 BD516 0. 8 ZTX212 0.18
AM8238PC 1.28 CA30713AT 2.42 LF353N 0.68
AM9050000 MSM82C88 12.60 Z80A-P10 086 MAX1232CPA 3.57 SL627000P 3.30 11092981A 2.00 75ALS176 60675 ZT9237 0.26
AM9050CPC
95
60
N80028810/9 24.50 Z80A-510/0 3.40 083079 "8 LF3559 1.82 MAXI 259CPE POA 546700028 5.47 00N2982A 75845192
2.88
2.88 130676 0.52 ZT 0.18
N1800286.120 29.54 28013 -CPU 1.52 C83080E 0'70 LF356N 1.82 MAX162ACNG POA SN5281CN POA 0056118A 1.6575ALS193J 0.54 Z7X313L 028
8139102080 2 3.22 00679
980428643C2/p136.20 Z80B-CTC 3.00 CA3081 0'66 LF357139 4.98 MAX232ACPE 4.84 SN55451BJG POA UGN3501M
AM9114BOM
AM9551PC
9.
N82359 3.68 2808-DARTLF357M/SMD
5.80 CA3089E
POA CA3094AE
422
2.16 LF357N
498 MAX232CPE 2.80 SOC12 0.20 ULN2001AN
7501154
au
7501408
2.88
2.73
82680
827430
0.56
1.90
ZTX320
270510
a38
0.18
N82649 3.68 ZEI0B-DMA 120 MAX232EWE 380 SPI648DG 5.53 ULN2002A 0.44 75,185 3.98 BDT85 1.12
AM96L02PC 3.35 2.20 CA3096AE 3.48 LF398N
AY.543136
AY -5-81313-006
6.45
6 45
N825126AN
9825181F
9516450N
3.25
10 04
4.68
2808-510LF411CN
28013-PIO
Z800008B6
450 0830960E
2.98 CA3097E
182
2E0 LF412CN
3 98 MAX2329
1.48 MAX280CPA
108 MAX452CPA 5.38
2.80
6.94
584534
58474028
SP86290P
POA
3.44
ULN2003AN
446 ULN2004AN
ULNI2024A
0.44 75G188
1.40
1.40
75,188.8
1 20
1.32
6006715
13D796
2.78
3.60
IC SOCKETS
LOW PROFILE
C1164.6MD ii1198 CA3120E 750189AD 1.32 BF195.0 0.08
NS16550AFN 12.60 P08 LF441CN a75 MAX627CPA 2.98 58866028 4.96 ULN2032A 140 75400176 8E199 0.22
No. Pin Gold Tin Gold
C82318 59.00 TELECOM & SPECIA CA313OBT 1920 LF442CN 260
N508009-1 10.80 0A9 MAX660CPA 572 TA7215P 7.20 ULN2803AN 0.84 BF200 0.16 of spacTurn 95r sldr
C8253 FUNCTION ICs .CA3130E 1.10 TRANSISTORS
P8032AH 4.29 LF444CN 2.71 MAX690ACPA 6.58 TA7256P 2.60 UM5100 POA BF2566 Pins -mg Pin Tail Tan
CA8008515 6200890-018 370 0831408E 1.34 0.38
P8051AH 11 20 LH0002CN 10.80 MAX694CPA POA TA7368P POA UM5101 3.80 THYRISTORS 6 D.3 18p 6p 18p
0282085 662 707W02020 525 CA3140E 0 44 BF256C 0 38
8805284/Basic 23.45 LH0032CG 33.60 MAX697CPE POA TA7658P POA XR2211CP POA 8 TRIACS 8 0.3 18p 6p 18p
0082086H-5 9.74 733W50124 5.25 C83146E SF259 0.40
PE1080A 3.90 090 LM101AH 5.65 MAX7219CNG 7.15 T878005AP POA XTR110KP 9.95 14 0.3 31p Sp 31p
CG80C286-12 48.50 AMA1503GX13 4.68 083160E 125 LM100N BF324
P80858-2 5.98 9.24 MAX8211CPA 2.28 78820084 POA 11112131 4.60 40406 160.
BF421 16 0.3 33p 10p 33p
C080028816 65.00 13881505 1.80 0832400 go, 40673 2.40 0.3 39p 1 1 p 39p
P8085811-2 5.98 LM1I 1H 6.74 MAX901BCPE POA TA8410K 2.80 291445 BF450 0.20 18
COM8136 6.45 CLA25106/PLCC 5.95 CA3240E1 0.17
88088 4.80 20.9168
LM136009 3.40 MC1377P 4.93 TA8449P POA ZN414Z 1.04 1301078/13 BF451 0.22 20 0.3 45p 12p 45p
COM81C17 115 GA050010015 3.20 08324E
-
0.98 LM1370051 1.84 130106A/15/C 0.17 22 0.3 54p 14p

P80C31BH 4.54 3.40 MCI 413P 0.74 78865981' POA 29415E BF494 0.16
01:32C54 6.42 KS-49258/PLCC 5.92 CA32608 1.68 LLmM139
CRT -8004-001 065
P80086AL-2 12.60
MJ1454BB 7.65 CA3280AE 3.40 MC14411P 11.38 7888618 ZN423 220 BC109B/C 0.18
8E759 0.26 24 0.3 54p 14p
5 94 048
P81554/2 139119 8.60 MC14416L 17.60 TBA120.5 0.60 ZN425E-8 5.97 BC140-16 BF961 0.68
24 0.6 54p 14p
058205 892 M05175N 3.80 083280E
D3232 5.60
P8185 18.10
00-147-7 2.40 085550E
3312 LM1458N 0.82 M014495P 4.82 7082400 POA 2N426E-8 3.68 EIC146t01 0 58
BF981 28 0.6 80p 16p
P8205 2.00 020 LM14969 295 MC145406P 2.10 TB8570 POA 7N428E-8 6.95 BC149 0.40 32 0.6 65p 22p
D8086 5.48 8B2352303 4.35 087410E 018 LM1801N 6E982 se
04704LM18819 264 BC157 40 0.6 70p 22p

P8212 7. MC1455P 0 40 TBA820MT POA ZN429E-8 0.34
D8086-2 8.00 84340108 6.80 0S5503-KD POA BFG65
88226 4.80 MC1455P1 0.60 168920 ZN449E 4.76 50158 0 34
08202A POA
2.40
3.60 0079256 POA
BC169C 0.14
BFR53-2GHz 0 48 " 0-6 85p
P8251A PC18 LM1889N 7.40 MC1458P 0.32 TBA990 POA BER91-5GHz 64 0 75 2609
08254-2 142 OMV16BP5 7.98 016903 60179 a24
0.90
082848
P8253 2. 0
OMVI8C 6.95 D800800LCN P08
410
LM1894N 4.16 MC1488L 2.40 TC91066P POA BFR91A-6GHz 120 64 0.9 260p
D8288
D820284-12
0820284-8
D820288-10
148
9.60
7.85
1am
P8259ALM2901
P8255A-5
P8259
P8274
P8279-5
2.8
320
9.98
3.20
OMV18CN1
OMV18CW1
QMV25C
OMV62AW1
7.85 DAC0832LCN 10.67
7.85 DACO8CP
69.9042
DACO8EP
2.60
LM218H
4132391'
164 LM29039
DAC1008LCN 10.73 LM2904N
N
15.75 MCI 488P
3.90 M014898
1.25 MC1489AL
1.25 MC1489AN
425 MC1489L
638
0.80
2.25
0 80
2.20
TCA335A
708965
TCM1520AP
TCMI 531P
POA
POA
POA
POA Processor
PERSONAL COMPUTER - HARDWARE& SOFTWARE
MOTHER BOARDS - VESA LOCAL BUS (Without CPU & DRAM)
Chip BIOS Cache Max Expansion BoardSize Pirce
D820288-12 11E5 S4534-AMI 420 DAC1222LCN 20 40 TCM1705AN POA Intel Set RAM Memory Slots in mm £ p
P8282 2.64 LM2917N-14 6.10 MC1489P TCM31059
9$AA502513
D820288-8 SA336931 0.38 9.42
P8285 2,95 DG201ABK 3.83 LM291751-6
287484
3.60
5.40 DG211
5.80 MC14959 220 T0M50879 2.40 804865X/0X/2X2 SIS AMI 128K 32MB 756(87).2032(73E0 260 x 220 120.00
P82054 4.10 3.40 DG508ACJ 1 56 LM29400T15 2.95 1301550E 332 TCM5089,4 2.40 804860X/DX/002 SIS AMI 256K 32MB 7x1IBATI.2x328/ESA) 260 x 220 129.00
DM96019 SCM66115P 3.98 LM29400T5
P82054-2 2.50 M01648P 12.40 1081083 2.60
DP822851 56578050 4.55 0050801 MICROPROCESSORS CO -PROCESSORS
PALI 048CN 190 125 413290407 7.50 1301 6588 1278 72810858 ass
DP8238N 6.36 SP1450B 5,76 DS148851 80286-16MHz INTEL £65.00 80287-8 INTEL £40.00
PALI 2H6CN 1.90 0-36 LM301AN 0.36 MCI 709CP1 1.20 72810850 3.80
DP8304BN 2 34 ULAIRB029E1 6.80 DS14C88M/SMD 1.65 80386DX-40MHz AMD £75.00 80287-10 INTEL
PAL16R4BCN 2.17 LM30714 1 39 MC1723CP 1.20 TDA1151 1.10 £48.00
DP83119 6.54 ULA2ORK008E119.72 00140886 1.65 8048650-25MHz INTEL £115.00 80287 -XL INTEL
PAL2ODOCNS 4.35 LM308N 1.65 MCI 741CP 045 TDA1170S 2.80 £62.00
251 221 6.44 XR-75683 3.60 00140898N 1.65 8048600-33MHz INTEL 6245.00 8038750-33MHz
PAL20X8CNS 3.32 LM310N 2.98 MC3242AP 7.54 TDA1515A 4.98 INTEL 662.00
D51231-20 4.44 ZNA2L029J-BS 3.80 HAI 2017 80486DX-50MHz
DS34C079 4.80CP
PALCI6L8Q-2520 1.44 INTEL
051232 3.26 2NPCM1J135 LM31114 0.64 13033018 0.88 TDA1521A 4.37 £ 66 MEMORIES
8 95 HA13426 11.96 LM3119-14 80486002-66MHz INTEL £ 00
5.10 2.15 MC3302P 0.60 T281 576 3.90 SIMM 1Mx9x9 CHIP 7Ons P.O.A.
0034865 3.20 OPTO 4817723 1.10
PALC20U3Z-45COS LM312H 8.95 MC3340P 1.60 TDA1578A 3.60 SIMM 1Mx9x3 CHIP 70ns P.O.A.
D53487N 320 54 7 ELECTRONICS HD75189P POA CONNER HARD DISK DRIVES
DS34C86N 4.80 LM3I 7AT 260 MC3357P 3.20 TDA2595 a 32 CP-30174 SIMM 4Mx9x9 CHIP 7045 P.O.A.
8EF4754V 170MB 19msec 3.5' LP £165.00
3.334926 PALC22V10H-3505 22.20 LM317T

0.52 MC3403P 1.40 TDA3048N 1.85 SIMM 4Mx9x3 CHIP 7Ons P.O.A.
4N25 0.60 811-0201-5 3.60 LM317T-SGS 30254 250MB 15msec 3.5" LP £212.00
8.34 052 MC3446AP 675 TDA3505 POA SIMM 256Kx9 CHIP 8Ons P.O.A.
DS36319 0.60 HI I -508A-5 1121 LM318N CP-30344 340MB 13msec 3.5' LP £29600
PCD8584P 8.28 2.98 MC3479P 7.92 TDA3810 POA
D536329 281 0.40 HI1.549-5 POA Lm310, SOFTWARE
PCF8566P 8.28 41'35 284 MC3523U 5.80 TD8440
HI3-201.5TEAL
DS3633N 4538 056 HI1-574AKD-5 42.50 LM32OLZ-12 P08 FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
PCF8566T 8.28 0.34 MC4024P 12 78 TD84510 3.38 MICROSOFT ORIGINAL
053634N 2.81 69139 1.60 1113-0201-5 3.20 LM324AN ALPS 0E87333243 1.44MB 3.r 130.00 WINDOWS 3.1
PCF8570P 3.66 MCT2 0.84 TDA4563 3.38 06100
DS3691N 4.96 CNX36 0.38 H13 -0509A-5 7.15 TEAL FD -2351 -IF 1.44MB 3.5' £30.00
PCF8573P 4133241 2.47 130761 1.18 TD84660 POA
00386214 7'38 0.64 320 LM3249 FD-55GFR 1 2MB 5.25' £35.00 IMPORTANT
PCF8574P 5.90 06517-3 0 64 MF1OCCN 885 TDA7010T POA
DS5000-32-12 47.50 CNY21N POA HIILI MITSUBISHI MF355C/258MG 1.44MB 3.5' £29.00 All prices quoted are
PCF85747 P08 LM325N 9.40 ML924 4.90 1E737052 2.52
00136406 120 0.40 110574 -AK 18.20 MITSUBISHI MF504C/318MP 1.2MB 5.25' £3500 Excluding V.A.T.
PCF8591P 9.35 DF°8 LM3301N 2.60 MM53099 5.76 TDA8702 622
DS8820AN 295 5.70 HCPL-2200 598 CL7104-16CPL 26.08 LM3342
R6502AP 2.20 MM53105N 4.98 TEA1045 POA GRAPHIC CARDS
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R6520P 4.40 LM3352 2.48 MM80C95N 1.44 TEA1060 420 CIRRUS .5324
0088361.1 HCPL-2602 5.68 5.20 LM336Z-2.5 ov915 VI. -BUS Window Am!. W: I MB I:75.00 Charge of 63.00 is
R6522 4.40 1.48 138757012 POA TEA5620 POA TRIDENT
00883714 2.40 5.80 HCPL-2630 3.68 CL7109CPL 9.85 LM3362-5.0 TVGA 89000E New Trident 1MB SV6A£40.00 applicable to all goods
R6522AP 1.48 MUX24E0 160 TIPC2801KV 840 TSENG LAB
DS8838N 2.40 HCPL-2730 3.45 CL7116CPL 6.74 Li3337, ET -4000 1MB SVGA £60.00 under the heading of
R65CO2P2 5.84 1.15 MUX24FP 9.60 TL026CP 1.84
EF6803A-116 380 HCPL-2731 3.20 0L71170PL 674 LM339AN KEYBOARD & MICE 'Personal Computer
R65CO2P3 6.90 2.98 MV500DP 105 TL062CN 0.52
EF6803P 3.80 HCPL-4200 5.98 CL71260PL 674 L13330N BTC 7849R 102 UK KB Board. Regular Size£24.00
Hardware & Software'.
EF6821P R65CO2P4 805 0.60 MV601D8 3.36 TL062C8 0.52
1130 ILD74 1.44 CL7135CPI 8.98 LM340AT12
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R65021P2 5.94 ILO1 1.60 CL7136CPL 894 LM3407-5 0.48 NE50209 1a84 Znix 3 BUTTON MOUSE MS COMPATIBLE 10.00
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R65C22P2 IL074 2.25 CL7137CPL 6.94 I/0 CARDS
EP610PC-35 POA
4.80
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LM340T12
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10
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER
COURSE
PART 1: NTRODUCTION AND FIRST PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES
Welcome to the first instalment of a four-part course on Siemens, and has a number of extra
features over the 8051. To start with,
programming the 800535 microcontroller. The present 'short' the C535 has two additional bidirec-
course is a sequel to the eight -part 8051/8032 assembler tional ports, P4 and P5. It also offers
course featured about two years ago in this magazine. an analogue input port sporting eight
inputs and a common 8 -bit analogue -
Hardware and software peculiar to the 800535 processor will to -digital converter (ADC).
be discussed in an educational/didactic way, based on Remarkably, this port may also be
examples: an assembler and a communication program are used as a digital input port.
Furthermore, there is a powerful
available as 'courseware' on a diskette. The hardware you need timer and compare/capture unit. The
to follow this course is the 800535 single -board computer available interrupt options have been
featured in last month's magazine. considerably extended, and a new bau-
drate generator has been added. The
polarity of the RESET signal has been
changed from positive on the 8051 to
negative on the 800535 (pin 10).
The new features are introduced in
the following sections, using example
Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann programs where appropriate.
Some of you may wonder why we
keep referring to the 800535 proces-
HE present course has an 'easy' called EMON52 and EASM52 respec- sor, when it is a derivative from the
THE level for those of you who tively, and may be found on the òriginal' 80515 or 80535. Unfortu-
have followed the 8051/8032 assem- courseware disk, order code 1811 (see nately, the NMOS 80535 and the
bler course (Ref. 1), because both the Readers Services page). Note in partic- CMOS SAB80C535 are not pin -com-
monitor EPROM (EMON51) and the as- ular that the new software supports patible. Pin 4 (PE) and pin 37 (Vcc)
sembler (EASM51) can be used the Intel Hex file download option, have different functions on the 80535.
straight away on the 800535 single - which is a big asset if you have an For all other functions, the C535 and
board computer described last month EPROM programmer which is compati- the 535 are, however, virtually identi-
(Ref. 2). None the less, a new, extended ble with that file format. cal, with the exception of the POWER -
monitor program and assembler were DOWN and IDLE modes. In this course
developed to take full advantage of the The way ahead: 800535 we restrict ourselves to the 800535.
extra features offered by the 800535
compared with the 8051. These extra The 800535 is an Intel MCS-51 com- SFRs, power -save and
features are summarized in Table 1. patible derivative of the 'generic' 8051. PCON
The new monitor and assembler are The SAB80C535 is manufactured by
As with other ùpgrade' versions of the
8051, the new hardware options of the
800535 are realized by special func-
II Improved assembler (EASM52), offering tions registers (SFRs). The SFRs con-
- Intel -Hex file download option; tained in the 800535 are listed in
DW command to generate 16 -bit address constants; Table 2. Note that some of the SFRs
- DI command to generate 16 -bit integer constants; familiar from the 8052 have been re-
- EQU command capable of processing bit operations. named, although the òld' name is also
II A new system monitor (EMON52) offering given.
- 800535 and 800537 interrupt chaining; The CMOS 800535 processor offers
- Intel -Hex file downloading. two ways of reducing power consump-
A new PC communication program (V25COM) source code, offering tion, which are of particular interest if
- an Intel -Hex file download option. the controller is used in battery -oper-
EPROMEMU, a program to support the Elektor Electronics EPROM Emulator II. ated equipment. To actuate the power -
k A new MENU program for fast object code development and downloading. save modes, certain bits must be set in
Assembly code (.A51) files of all example programs discussed during the the PCON special function register.
course.
The meaning of these bits is illustrated
Complete source code files (Turbo Pascal or MCS-51 assembler) of all utility in Fig. 1.
The IDLE mode allows the CPU
programs. proper to be actually halted, while the
peripherals, like timers, counters and
Table 1. Overview of new features on the 800535 course disk. interrupt circuits remain active. The
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER COURSE - 1
800535 PROGRAMMING
SFR PCON (871-1)
You need the following to be able to
SMOD PDS IDLS 1 - GF1 GFO PDE IDLE 87H
follow the 800535 hardware/assembler
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 course:
Symbol Position Function Hardware:

SMOD PCON.7 When set, the baud rate of the serial channel in mode An 800535 single -board computer as
1, 2, 3 is doubled. described in Elektor Electronics
PDS PCON.6 Power -down start bit. The instruction that sets the PDS February 1994.
flag bit is the last instruction before entering the power - - Art IBM PC or compatible with a serial
down mode.
port on COM1: or COM2:.
IDLS PCON.5 Idle start bit. The instruction that sets the IDLS flag bit is
the last instruction before entering the idle mode.
Software:
PCON.4 Reserved
- Courseware disk (5.25 inch, 360K
GF1 PCON.3 General purpose flag MSDOS format).
G FO PCON.2 General purpose flag - EMON52 system EPROM, fitted on
PDE PCON .1 Power -down enable bit. When set, starting of the 800535 SBC.
power -down mode is enabled.
IDLE PCON .O Idle mode enable bit. When set, starting of the idle The courseware disk and EPROM are
mode is enabled. available as a set under order code 6221.
The disk is also available separately under
920152-11
order code 1:s:1, For prices and ordering
information, see page 70.
Fig. 1. Functions of the bits contained in the PCON register.
JOIN THE COURSE!

watchdog timer is, however, stopped. the IDLE and IDLS bits are normally
The CPU is taken out of the IDLE mode set with the aid of an ORL instruction.
with the aid of an interrupt, which is The POWER -DOWN mode is selected
'serviced' by an appropriate software by first setting the PDE bit, and then
routine. After the RETI (return from in- the PDS bit. In POWER -DOWN mode, where all hardware would stop func-
terrupt) instruction at the end of that the processor is totally 'inert', and can tioning if the POWER -DOWN mode
routine, the CPU continues with the be actuated again by a reset only. The were selected, and there is no way of
instruction that follows the one that data contained in the SFR and the on- restarting the CPU except by switching
caused it to go into IDLE mode. The board RAM remain intact. Both the the supply off and on again.
IDLE mode is controlled by bits 0 IDLE and the POWER -DOWN mode can
(IDLE) and 5 (IDLS) in the PCON regis- only be actuated if the PE input of the Testing the power -down
ter. First, the IDLE preparation bit, 800535 (pin 4) is held low. If not, these modes
IDLE, must be set, then the IDLE -SET modes are disabled. The hardware dis-
bit, IDLS. A sequence of two instruc- able option of the power -down modes is To be able to use the example pro-
tions is used rather than just one in- provided to eliminate any risk of them grams discussed during this course,
struction to prevent the IDLE mode being selected by accident as a result follow this procedure:
being selected by accident. Since the of a crashing program. This is, obvi-
PCON register is not bit -addressable, ously, essential in no -break systems, Hardware
Connect the 800535 single -board
computer to a 5-V power supply and
the COM1: serial port on your PC as
shown in Fig. 2. All jumpers must be
fitted on the board. The EPROM socket
100mA 800535 on the SBC board should contain the
5V
COMPUTER EMON52 EPROM (order code 6221).
Supply
Switch on the PC and the SBC.
Software
T1 Copy all files contained on the course
RESET
V24
diskette, order code 1811, to the hard
GND - K6 Pin 2 K4 Pin 8 2 (3)
disk, into a suitably named subdirec-
K4 Pln 10 3 (2) tory, for instance, C: \ 800535 or
K4 Pin 2 5 (7) C: \ COURSE. Next, load the ASCII file
+- K6 Pin 1
To PC MENU.PAR into your word processor,
K3 Pin 5 = P3.2 = INT Pin
9.w sub.0
25-w sub -0
and change the first line so that it con-
ANO = K6 Pin 3 tains the name of your favourite word
T2 Interrupt
processor ('editor'), complete with the
920152.12
associated path. The author used the
editor contained in Turbo Pascal. Save
the changed file under its old name,
i.e., MENU.PAR.
Fig. 2. Schematic showing the interconnections between the hardware needed to follow the Next, go to the course subdirectory,
course. and start MENU by typing

COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
MENU 535XMP01 (return) PO 80H * Port 0

SP 81H Stack pointer
The menu should appear in the right- DPL 82H Data pointer low
hand top corner of the screen. First, DPH 83H Data pointer high
select 'Assemble', with the aid of the PCON 87H Power control register
vertical arrow keys, and press return. TCON 88H * Timer control register
The first example program is assem- Timer mode register
bled, and the files 535XMP01.OBJ and TMOD 89H
535XMPOI.LST are written. Return to TLO 8AH Timer 0 low byte
the main manu, and select the V24 TL1 8BH Timer 1 low byte
(download) option. Press the RESET THO 8CH Timer 0 high byte
key connected to the SBC, whereupon TH1 8DH Timer 1 high byte
the 800535 should report with P1 90H * Port 1
SCON 98H Serial control register
EMON52 -- version 0.1 (2.7.1992)
RAMTOP=44 SBUF 99H * Serial buffer
P2 AOH * Port 2
Next, start the actual download opera- IENO A8H * Interrupt enable register 0 (1E)
tion by typing CONTROL -D. Start the IPO A9H Interrupt priority register 0
program by entering command P3 BOH * Port 3
X 4100. Watch the ammeter on your IEN1 B8H * Interrupt enable register 1 (IP)
power supply. After a couple of reports
IP1 B9H Interrupt priority register 1
reading 'ACTIVE', the 800535 is
switched to low -power mode, indicated IRCON COH * Interrupt request control register
by the text 'IDLE', and the current con- CCEN C1H Compare/capture enable register
sumption dropping to about 20 mA. CCL1 C2H Compare/capture register 1 low byte
Generate an external interrupt -0 by CCH1 C3H Compare/capture register 1 high byte
pressing switch T2. This should cause CCL2 C4H Compare/capture register 2 low byte
the processor to wake up, and the cur- CCH2 C5H Compare/capture register 2 high byte
rent consumption to rise to about Compare/capture register 3 low byte
40 mA. Shortly afterwards, the CPU re- CCL3 C6H
turns to IDLE mode. CCH3 C7H Compare/capture register 3 high byte
The IDLE mode is initiated by the T2CON C8H * Timer 2 control register
instructions contained in lines 25 and CRCL CAH Compare/reload/capture register low byte (RCAP2L)
26 the assembly code file
of CRCH CBH Compare/reload/capture register high byte (RCAP2H)
535XMP01.A51. Two lines marked by TL2 CCH Timer 2 low byte
the label PDOWN could cause the TH2 CDH Timer 2 high byte
POWER DOWN mode to be actuated.
Check what happens if jumper JP2 is PSW DOH * Program status word
omitted, and the above experiment is ADCON D8H * A -D converter control register
repeated. Or: the interrupt is enabled ADDAT D9H A -D converter data register
in line 24, and disabled again in DAPR DAH D -A converter program register
line 27. What happens if you leave out P6 DBH Port 6
line 27? Press the interrupt key several ACC EOH * Accumulator
times while the program runs.
Imagine, the main program has just P4 E8H * Port 4
called monitor subroutine STXT, is in- B FOH * B register
terrupted, while the interrupt routine P5 F8H Port 5
itself calls STXT.
Baudrate generator and Table 2. List of 800535 special function registers. The SFRs marked with an asterisk (*) are
bit -addressable. Where appropriate, the corresponding 8051 SFR denotation is given in
system clock brackets. SFRs marked with a plus sign (+) are new, or have been assigned new functions.
All programmers who used the 8051
(or 8032) with a 12 -MHz quartz crystal
were unable to have the serial inter-
face running at exactly 4,800 baud,
because the bit clock was derived from
the system clock (12 MHz/12 = ADCON EQU OD8H
1 MHz). This problem is solved by a PCON EQU 087H
special baudrate generator contained
in the 800535. Consequently, one B4800 ANL PCON,#01111111B ;clear bit 7 in PCON
timer is freed for other purposes. The SETB ADCON.7 ;baudrate generator on at 4800 bd
baudrate generator is switched on with RET
bit 7 in the ADCON special function
register. A simple bit set command B9600 ORL PCON,#10000000B ;set bit 7 in PCON
may be used for this purpose since SETB ADCON.7 ;baudrate generator on at 9600 bd
ADCON is bit -addressable. As with the RET
baud rate generator based on Timer 1,
bit 7 in the PCON register is used to Fig. 3. EASM52 listing of baudrate generator test program.

p
A A
OSCILLOSCOPE LIVE CHOP Page 0.00

TiePie engineering manufactures a complete
6.00 U 46.6 U
range of computer -controlled measuring instruments
A
4.u0 4uA.0 0 Connecting these units to a PC (MS DOS 3 0 or higher)
2.00 / 4.0 psec 33,3 results in a number of compre-
0.00
10.0 psec
26.6
hensive test instruments - oscilloscope;
20.0 msec - voltmeter;
20.0
-2,00 50.0 msec
0.1 msec
- spectrum analyzer;
-4,00
0.2 msec
13.3 - frequency meter;
-6.00 0.5 nsec 6.66 - transient recorder.
-8.00
1.0 MSEC
0.00 All measured data can be stored
-10.0
2.0 nsec
5.0 msec .6.66
on disk or run off for documentation Because of the
t.00(psec) 12.00 10.0 msec
many trigger possibilities, a variety of signals can be
FREEZE ONE SHOT MODE CHI SET CH2 S
20.0 msec measured, while the powerful software enables a
50.0 msec multitude of measurements to be carried out in a
TIME/DIV TIME-MAG, TIME-OUT j HYSTERESIS SLOPE
0.1
0.2
sec
sec
CH 1 straightforward manner Application areas include
PRINT COMMENT READ DISK j WRITE DISK
service, medical research, automatic test systems,
research and development, and education
1 I A II
1 P
1
Connect the HANDYPROBE to the parallel printer port The HANDYSCOPE is connected to the parallel printer
of the PC and start the software Measuring can be port This makes it possible to carry out measurements
carried out at once The HANDYPROBE does not need with a laptop or notebook PC Because of its high
an external power supply Some technical parameters resolution (12 bits), the HANDYSCOPE is a very accurate
0 5-400 V software instrument The measuring rate is 100,000 samples/sec
select input range, Either of the two channels can be set independently
one input channel; over a range of 0 5-20 V (with a 1 10 probe up to 200 V)
8 bits resolution The advanced software enables many measurements to
(overall accuracy 2%), be carried out Two probes (switchable 1 1-1 10) are
A complete software provided The HANDYSCOPE is constructed as a small
program consisting of table model with two BNC connectors
a digital The length of
storage oscilloscope, the cable
spectrum analyzer, linking the
voltmeter and a PC and the
transient recorder HANDYSCOPE
is provided is 18 m,
The HANDYPROBE is which can be
eminently suitable for extended
servicing and to 3 8 m
educational purposes
The TP5008 is an interface card The TP208 is an interface card

that provides an analogue with a measuring speed of
output in addition to two input 2x20 Megasamples/sec
channels This output in (8 bits) Phenomena shorter
combination with the two than one millionth of a
inputs may be used for the second can still be
setting up of a complete measured well
control loop The output The completely digitized
may also be used as a triggering ensures very
function generator stable triggering with
The TP5008 has a many trigger
resolution of 8 bits possibilities
and a sampling rate The TP208 has an
of 200,000 samples/ input range of
sec (200 kHz) The input range may be set to 0.5-20 V 5 mV/div to 20 V/div in 12 steps and an auto calibration
full-scale deflection The output range covers 1.25-2.5 V. function Since both channels may be sampled
The TP5008 is fitted with BNC connectors and is simultaneously, phase differences can be measured
delivered complete with a user manual and software. very accurately Even single phenomena can be
Separately available are 1.1-1.10 probes measured since each channel has a
and 1 100 oscilloscope probes 197 32 KByte memory Comprehensive 595
software is provided
(All prices are exclusive of VAT and P841,)
Interested? Then write or fax for a FREE demo diskette to

28 Stephenson Road Telephone (0480) 460 028
INSTRUTEK (UK) Industrial Estate

St Ives, Cambs PE17 4WJ
England
Fax 10480) 460 340
14 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
select between 4,800 (bit=0) and 9,600

baud (bit=1). The listing in Fig. 3
shows how to program the baud rate
****** EASM52 ASSEMBLER LISTING (535XMP01) ****** on the serial interface.
LINE LOC OBJ
1 0000
T SOURCE
535XMP01.A51
; Testing 800535 POWERDOWN Modes
;
Note that this program takes into
2
3
0000
0000 IE EQU 0A8H
account that PCON is not bit -address-
4
5
0000
0000
ACC
PCON
EQU
EQU
OEOH
087H
able: to prevent the 'other' bits in the
6 0000 P3 EQU OBOH register from being affected, masking
7 0000
8 0000 instructions ANL and ORL are used.
9
10
0000
0000 ORG 4100H The course diskette contains a pro-
11
12
4100
4103
90
74
41
01
38 [2] START
[1]
MOV
MOV
DPTR,#INTO
A,#1
; Chain interrupt routine gram called 535XMP02.A51 which,
13
14
4105
4108
75
12
30
02
40 [2]
00 [2]
MOV
LCALL
COMMAND,#ccLINK
MON
when assembled, downloaded and run
15 410B 79 06 [1] LP2 MOV R1,#6 Send text 6 times on the 535 SBC, transmits texts alter-
16 410D 90 41 49 [2] LP1 MOV DPTR,#TXT1 Text ACTIVE
17 4110 12 41 64 [2] LCALL STXT Send nately at 4,800 and 9,600 baud. If you
18
19
4113
4116
90
75
01
30
F4 [2]
21 [2]
MOV
MOV
DPTR,#500
COMMAND,#CcLTIME
0.5 sec
Wait start the download program V24 (or
20
21
4119
411C
12
D9
02
EF
00 [2]
[2]
LCALL MON
DJNZ R1,LP1 Continue loop
the new version, V25) with the corre-
22
23
411E
4121.12
90 41 3F [2]
41 64 [2]
MOV DPTR,#TXTO
LCALL STXT
Send text IDLE sponding speed parameter (see .DOC
24 4124 75 A8 81 [2] MOV IE,#1000000113 Switch on interrupts EA,IEO file), one of the texts will be legible. The
25 4127 43 87
26 412A 43 87
01
20
[2]
[2]
ORL
ORL
PCON,#000000018
PCON,#00100000B
Prepare for IDLE mode
and actuate baud rate may be defined either by
27
28
412D 75
4130 80
A8
D9
00 [2]
[2]
MOV IE,#0
SJMP LP2
Switch off interrupts
changing the appropriate parameter in
29
30
4132
4132 43 87 02 [2] PDOWN ORL PCON,#0000001OB ; Start power down mode
MENU.PAR, or by calling V24COM (or
31
32
4135 43
4138
87 40 [2] ORL PCON,#01000000B V25COM), followed by the appropriate
33 4138 90 41 53 [2] INTO MOV DPTR,#TXT2 ; Interrupt routine parameter, directly from the DOS
34 413B 12 41 64 [2] LCALL STXT Send text
35 413E 32 [2] RETI
;
; Finish interrupt prompt.

36
37
413F
413F OD OA 49 TXTO DB 13,10,'IDLE...',0 ;
In some cases, peripheral ICs re-
44 4C 45
2E 2E 2E
quire the system clock (quartz clock
00
38 4149 20 41 43 TXT1 DB ACTIVE
divided by 12). To have the 800535
54 49 56
45 20 20
' ',0 ;
supply the system clock at pin 30

00 (P1.6), set bit 6 in the ADCON register,
39 4153 OD OA 49
4E 54 45
TXT2 DB 13,10,'INTERRUPT E0',13,10,0 ;
and write a 1 to P1.6. The latter is nec-
52 52 55
50 54 20
essary to enable the output function of
45 30 OD
OA 00
the port line, which is controlled via an
40 4164 internal logic -AND combination. Thus,
41 4164 MONITOR INTERFACE
42 4164 COMMAND EQU 030H MONITOR: command location
;
write
43 4164 MON EQU 0200H MONITOR: jump address
;
44 4164 ccSTXT EQU 002H Send text ;
45 4164
46 4164
ccLINK EQU 040H
ccLTIME EQU 0218
Interrupt chaining
;
DPTR delay in milliseconds

;
SETB ADCON.6
47 4164
48 4164 75 30 02 [2] STXT MOV COMMAND,#ccSTXT
SETB P1.6
49 4167 02 02 00 [2] LJMP MON
50 416A END
********* SYMBOL TABLE (18 symbols) ********** and take the system clock from the
IE :00A8
START :4100
ACC :00E0
LP2 :4108
PCON :0087
LP1 :410D
P3 :0080
PDOWN :4132
P1.6 line.
INTO :4138 TXTO :413F TXT1 :4149 TXT2 :4153
COMMAND :0030 MON :0200 ccSTXT :0002 ccLINK :0040
ccLTIME :0021 STXT :4164 To be continued.
Fig. 4. Assembler code listing of 535XMP01 found on your course disk. This program is used References:
to demonstrate the operation of the two power -down modes of the 800535 microcontroller. 1. 8051/8032 Assembler course.
Elektor Electronics February through
November 1992.
2 800535 Single -board computer.
Elektor Electronics February 1994.
Fig. 5. 800535 single board computer de-

scribed in Ref. 2. The board should be fitted
with the EMON52 system EPROM, no. 6221.

100 WATT HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
Design by T. Giesberts
rrhe simplified circuit diagram in Fig. 1 This article describes a completely updated and higher -power
1 clearly shows the symmetrical design version of the 'Medium power a.f. amplifier' published in this
of the amplifier. The input stage is formed
by differential amplifiers T1, T3, whose magazine just over three years ago(1). At the suggestion of
gain is limited to about 40 dB (x100). The many readers, the new amplifier also incorporates a number of
stage is coupled to differential amplifiers features of the 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers'
T2, T4, whose gain is around 10 dB (x3).
These amplifiers are linked via optoiso- published two years later(2). It provides 100 W into 8 CI and does
lators to drivers T12, T13, which form the not use an output relay.
link between the input and output stages.
The zener symbol between the drivers in-
dicates a variable zener transistor, which
enables the accurate setting of the qui-
escent current through the output tran-
sistors. The output stage consists of tran-
sistors T18 and T17, each of which drives
two parallel -connected power transistors:
T18, T19 and T20, T21 respectively.
The optoisolators provide suppression
of the on/off switching clicks, which, owing
to the absence of an output relay, is es-
sential. The POWER ON DELAY (which is part
of a protection circuit on a separate PCB)
ensures that the LEDs in the optoisola-
tors light up only gradually after switch -on.
Consequently, the optotransistors in the
collector circuits of T12 and T13 come into
conduction slowly, resulting in the power
supply to the output transistors building
up gradually. This arrangement effectively
prevents annoying clicks at switch -on.
When the mains is switched off, the LEDs
go out rapidly, resulting in an abrupt re-
moval of power from the output transis-
tors. Consequently, the output stage gets
no time to produce irritating switch -off
phenomena.
The protection circuit uses no relay
and relies on the current through the
emitter resistors of the output transis- TECHNICAL DATA
tors and the output voltage for correct op-
eration. If, for whatever reason,the cur- Input sensitivity 1 V r.m.s.
rent rises unduly or a direct voltage ap-
pears at the output, two actions take place: Input impedance 46.5 kfl
the optoisolators are cut off, so that the Output power (0.1% THD) 100 W into 8 SI
power to the output stages is removed in- 175Winto4Sl
stantly, and the supply lines are shorted Music power (500 Hz burst: 5 periods on, 105 W into 8 SI
to earth with the aid of triacs, A some- 5 periods off) 185 W into 4 52
what drastic, but very effective and reli- Power bandwidth (50 W into 8 C2) 1.5 Hz - 220 kHz
able means of safeguarding the amplifier Slew rate >50 V ps-1
from compression and distortion at large Signal-to-noise ratio (1 W into 8 12) >102 dB (A weighted)
drive voltages.
Not shown in Fig. 1 is a thermal pro- Harmonic distortion (B = 10 Hz - 80 kHz)
tection circuit, which, again via the op- at 1 W into 8 <0.0025% (1 kHz)
toisolators, removes the power from the at 90 W into 8 n <0.0015% (1 kHz)
output transistors if the temperature of <0.015% (20 Hz - 20 kHz)
these devices rises unduly. Intermodulation distortion <0.002% (1 W in to 8 0)
(50 Hz : 7 kHz; 4 : 1) <0.003% (50 W into 852)
Amplifier circuit Dynamic 1M distortion (block 3.15 kHz <0.0025% (1 W into 8 S2
with 15 kHz sine wave) <0.0015% (100 W into 8 S2)
The circuit diagram of the amplifier (single
Damping factor (8 SI output) >1000 (1 kHz)
channel) in Fig. 3 is, in large parts, sim-
ilar to that of the 'Output amplifier for rib- >290 (20 kHz)
bon loudspeakers' (2). The differences lie

16 AUDIO & HI -11
mainly in the much higher supply volt-

age (2 x 42 V instead of 2 x 15 V) and the
much lower peak output current. Other,
smaller, differences are a number of al-
tered component values, new types of
transistor in various positions, lower value
fuses, fewer parallel -connected emitter
resistors for the output transistors and
an additional capacitor, Cp3, in the feed-
back loop. Also, the separate sense lines
to the loudspeaker(s) are no longer there,
and the connections between IC3 and the
supply lines have been broken (D9 and
D10 are omitted), because the supply volt-
age for the DC correction is now provided
by an auxiliary supply.
At the input, there is a combination of
a high-pass section, C1 -R1, and a low-
pass section, C2 -R2. The first filter pre-
vents any direct voltage entering the ampli-
fier, while the second restricts the upper
limit of the input bandwidth to about
300 kHz.
The signal is applied to differential am-
plifiers T1 and T3. Since the maximum
permissible supply voltage of the excel-
lent dual transistors MATO2 and MATO3
is too low, these types had to be replaced
by a 2N2914 and a BFX36 respectively.
Frequency compensation of the input
stage is provided by networks R5 -C3 and
R10 -C4. The open -loop bandwidth of the
amplifier is around 14 kHz. The gain of
Fig. 1. Simplified circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel). the amplifiers is determined by the ratio
of their collector and emitter resistors.
Current sources T5 and T6 guarantee
stable operation of Ti and T3. This is aug-
15V
IC2 mented by the arrangement of holding
15V 7805 5V the current through reference LEDs D1
and D2 stable with the aid of a third cur-
CI 2x
BC557B
rent source: T9.
The next stage consists of dual tran-
5V
2/205J
T5
to- sistors T2 and T4, which are controlled by

BC516
current sources T7 and T8. Again, the cur-
rent through LEDs D3 and D4 is held sta-
BD140
ble by current sources T10 and T11.
30V 0
Diodes D1 -D4 must be of the same type
with a forward voltage of 1.55-1.65 V to
02
ensure that the operating points of the
30V 22 various transistors remain unchanged.
1 N4004
1 N4001
The optoisolators for the power -on delay
BC
547B BC547B
04 01311
are inserted in the collector leads of T2b
mim 61 82
and T4b. Their LEDs are controlled by the
15V
BC
547B
00n
external protection circuit via B1 and B2.
08
The collectors of predrivers T12 and T13
MEI
IC1 are connected via T14 and T15. The latter
D7 1N4148
15V 1130 131
0+ transistors form a zener transistor, the
194148 O voltage across which, and thus the qui-
TT escent current through the output tran-
TIC263M sistors, is set as appropriate with P1.
BD679 Each of the two halves of the output
BC547B T,0
Al
stage, a super emitter follower, consists
Temperature
C R18
1N4148
2205
R29
22052
0® of a driver, T16 and T17, and two power
Al
1N4148 Tri2 transistors, T18, T19 and T20, T21 respect-
TIC263M 92 ively. The power transistor pairs are con-
C10
7 1132 133 nected in parallel, but have their own
220, 16V
emitter resistors. Transistor T22 monitors
0
220n
the voltage drop across the emitter re-
930039 - 13 sistors via potential divider R44 -R45. If the
total peak output current exceeds 18 A,
T22 switches on, which causes the exter-
Fig. 2. The protection circuit does not use relays. nal protection circuit to be actuated.
A 6.3 A fuse has been incorporated in fuses blow, D5 and D6 light to indicate
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER I
that the amplifier remains loaded ade-
the collector line of each of the power tran- this. In practice this will happen hardly quately at high frequencies.
sistors. The + and - taps in these lines ever, because the primary fuse will almost Output power is supplied to the loud-
are connected to the triacs (+ and -) in certainly blow first. speaker(s) via inductor LI, which limits
the protection circuit-see Fig. 2. If the Boucherot network R47 -C12 ensures the rise time of the signal when the load
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel). The double dashed lines (e.g., D1 -T5) indicate that thermal coupling is
required. Transistors T14 -T21 must be mounted on a common heat sink.
18 AUDIO & HI-FI
is capacitive, and potential divider R48 -R51. keep the base impedances at the left-hand The voltage is used to compensate the
The ratio R49: R50 determines the feed- and right-hand halves of the differential base currents of the input stage via R55
back factor. The feedback voltage at the amplifier equal to ensure optimum com- and R74 to such a degree that the direct
junction of these resistors is applied to mon -mode suppression. voltage at the basis is virtually nil. Inte-
the bases ofTlb and T3b. Capacitor Cfb ac- An additional stabilized voltage is pro- grator IC3 removes any residual direct
celerates the action of the feedback cir- duced with the aid of IC4 to limit the off- voltage (caused by, for instance, temper-
cuit. Network R75 -R76 -C23 -C24 serves to set voltage at the output to a minimum. ature changes). Its output is used to ad-
just the base voltage of T1 and T3 via
R53 -C21, R54 and R73.
Tr1 Protection circuit

0-0 R1 R5
ESE 42V
The protection circuit, whose diagram is
5
R6
ESE shown in Fig. 2, serves a number of func-

POWER ON
DELAY 5W 5W tions.
00 C1
10m
C2
10m
Switch -on click. When the power is switched
on, C3 is charged slowly via R4. After a
50V 50V short while, darlington T7 -T8 comes on,
whereupon the LEDs in the optoisolators
0-0 2x 30V
0 0 C3 C4
begin to conduct gradually. When the po-
300VA B1 = B200C35000 tential across C3 has risen to 1.7-1.8 V,
10m
50V
10m
50V
the diodes light brightly. This situation
R3 R7 remains because D5 holds the base volt-
DTI age of T7 at a fixed level.
R4 5W R8 5 -C) Switch -off click. As long as the mains is
(:7 EEI 42V
switched on, T1 conducts every half pe-
5W 5W
930039 - 15 riod (since it is connected directly to the
secondary of the mains transformer via
D1 and D2), whereas T2 and T3 are off.
Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the power supply. When the mains is switched off, T2 and
T3 are switched on within half a period.
Schmitt trigger T4 -T6 changes state, where-
42V
upon T5 conducts and T7 and T8 are cut
off, so that the optoisolators are deactu-
F1
T1
BC560C
ated. This state is indicated by the light-
ing of D11.
K2
1A6T 131
Ci Over -current. Current monitor T22 in the
R3 R5 amplifier is linked to terminal A via the
R7 350V auxiliary circuit (Fig. 5). If the output cur-
ISM Ri 1 rent of the amplifier rises unduly, T3 switches
s- R6
EMS
350V C8
1%
17 on, whereupon the optoisolators are de -
actuated as described earlier. At the same
1% 470n
630V 1117BC:OC time, triacs Trii and Trig are switched on
4x 1N4007
by T11 via D8 and short-circuit the supply
D1 D3
lines. If this drastic action is not accept-
able, D8 may be omitted.
Temperature. Transistor T12 functions
D2 D4 as a temperature sensor diode which is
R8 R9 R10 R11
D5 Re1 mounted on the heat sink of T14 -T21. The
r1
C9
=I.7.= voltage across the transistor is compared
1000p
24V 35V by ICI, with a preset (P1) reference volt-
age. If the sensor voltage drops (temper-
ature rises) below the reference potential,
Re1 = V23056 -A105 -A101
ICI, changes state and the optoisolators
Tr1
are deactuated via D6. Once the temper-
ature has dropped below a safe value, the
4
Ki 15
MIM
IC1 amplifier is switched on again.
22n 22n 7815 Direct voltage. If there is a direct volt-
R13
015V age greater than ±0.6 V at the output of
C7 C6
the amplifier (point D), either T9 or T10 is
22n 72n switched on via low-pass section R23 -C8.
In either case, the negative input of ICI],
15V
3VA3
B80C1500
C3
D7
-I. NM
C2
O C1
is pulled to earth and its output changes
770p 100n from low to high. This results in the tri-
40V 25V00
acs being switched on via D9 and T11. At
D6 the same time, D7 causes the Schmitt trig-
ger to change state, resulting in the op-
15V
toisolators being deactuated. This func-
42V 0 R12
EEE
930039 - 14
015V
-
tion may be disabled by omitting D7 and
Dg.
Fig. 5. Diagram of the auxiliary circuit.

100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER 19
Fig. 6. Printed circuit board for the auxiliary circuit (scale 1:1).
Power supply but the -15 V line by a simple zener diode, on, the amplifier is powered immediately
D6, since that line is further stabilized in via K2, but the current to it is limited se-
The power supply for the amplifier (see the amplifier by a Type LM337 regulator verely by R8 -R11. This means that the elec-
Fig. 4) is a traditional design. A double - (IC4). Mains on indication is provided by trolytic capacitors in the main power
pole mains switch and switch -on delay R13 and D7. supply are charged relatively slowly and
circuit are followed by the usual combi- The section based on T1 and T2 acts as that the mains fuse does not have to cope
nation of transformer, bridge rectifier and a monitor for the current protection. It is with a substantial surge. Within a short
electrolytic smoothing, buffer and reser- inserted between amplifier output A and while, C9 is charged via R6, C8 and D1 -D4
voir capacitors. The series resistors limit terminal A on the protection board. The to such an extent that the potential across
the peaks in the charging currents of the circuit transforms the potential measured it is sufficient to energize relay Rel. Parallel -
electrolytic capacitors and, together with by current sensor T22 into a much lower connected resistors R8 -R11 are then short-
these capacitors, form an effective mains voltage (relative to earth) suitable for the circuited by the relay contact and full
filter. protection circuit. power is applied to the amplifier.
The design of the mains on delay cir- Diode D5 limits the voltage across C9
cuit between K1 and K2 is straightforward. while R7 ensures that 'a. c. resistor' C8 is
Auxiliary circuit As soon as the mains at K1 is switched
The auxiliary circuit (see Fig. 5) consists
of a ±15 V supply and a mains on delay. 'NV -171!
The ±15 V supply is provided by Tr 1, F ,S oalt). °CIS> otsto. lit 01:30. Ms F2
SZ$ =
Bland various capacitors. The +15 V line
is stabilized by a Type 7815 regulator, !li=b 0a
lao-ne
vl
I S
C12
a
T.
avro
c.0110
TA"DHP'q! n/irsa
cr,,o
11:8
4 Pc'ai(N
5_1
Fig. 7. Component layout of the PCB for Fig. 8. Component layout (scale 1:2) of the PCB for the
the protection circuit (scale 1:2). amplifier (one channel).

20 AUDIO
PARTS LIST (ONE CHANNEL) C6 = 220 µF, 16V Capacitors:

C8 = 100µF, 10 V, radial, bipolar C1; C23 = 2.2 µF, 50 V, MKT
AUXILIARY CIRCUIT Cg = 39 nF C2 = 820 pF, polystyrene
Resistors: C10 = 220 nF C3, C4 = 1.5 nF
R1; R2; R4 = 1 kS2 C5 -C8 = 47 µF, 10V
R3; R5 = 10 k4 Semiconductors: Cg; C10 = 560 pF, polystyrene
R6 = 220 S2 1 W; e.g., PRO1 (Philips) D1,D2 = 1N4004 C11; C20; C21 - 1 F
R7 = 1 MO, 350 V; e.g., SFR25H D3 = 1N4001 C12 = 100 nF
(Philips) D4 = 5.6V, 0.4 W C13 = 5.6 nF
R8-1211 = 180 D, 5W D5 = LED green C14 -C17 = 10 000 9F, 50 V, radial, for
R12 = 2.2 kD, 1 W; e.g., PRO1 D6 -D9 = 1N4148 (fit w. connectors on PCB mounting
R13 = 8.2 kt-2 PCB pins) C18; C19 = 1000 µF, 25 V, radial
D10 = LED orange C22 -10 0', 25 V
Capacitors: D11 = LED, red, high efficiency C24 = 4.7 nF
C1 = 10 µF, 25 V radial Ti; T2; T4; T10 = BC547B C11, = 220 pF, polystyrene (mount at
C2 = 100 nF ceramic T3 = BC516 track side)
C3 = 470 µF, 40 V, radial T5; T6; T7 = BC557B
C4 -C7 = 22 nF, ceramic T8 = BD 140 + heatsink Semiconductors:
C8 = 470 nF, 630 V T9 = BC547A D1 -D4 = LED, red (VF= 1.6 V)
Cg = 1000 µF, 35 V, radial T11 = BD679 D5 = LED, red (high efficiency)
D6 = LED, green (high efficiency)
Semiconductors: Integrated circuits: D7; D8 = 1N4148
B1 = B80C1500 ICI = CA3240 Dg; D10 = not used
D1 -D4 = 1N4007 IC2 = 7805 T1; T2 = 2N2914
D5 = 24 V, 1.4W T3; T4 = BFX36
D6 = 15 V. 0.4 W Miscellaneous: T5 = BC560C
D7 = LED green, low current Trii;Tri2 = TIC263M T6 = BC550C
T1 = BC560C 3 off screw -mount spade terminal for T7 = BC141-16
T2 = BC550C PCB mounting T8 = BC161-16
1 off PCB Ref. 920135-2 (see page 70) Tg = BF256C
Integrated circuits: T10; T11 = BF256A (interconnect gate
ICI = 7815 AMPLIFIER BOARD and source; cut off gate)
Resistors: T12; T17 = MJE15031
Miscellaneous: RI; R34; R35; R75 = 562 D, 1% T13; T16 = MJE15030
K1; K2 = 2 -way PCB terminal block, R2; R76 = 47.5 MI, 1% T14; T15 = BD 139
pitch 7.5 mm R3; R4; R8; Rg = 2.49 k4, 1% T18; T19 = 2SC2922 (Toshiba)
Tr1 = 15 V, 3.3 VA, e.g., VTR3115 R5; R10 = 10 52 T20; T21 = 2SA1216 (Toshiba)
(Monacor/Monarch) R6; R7; R11; R12 = 24.9 D, 1% T22 = BF869 (interchange base and
Ref = V23056 -A105 -A101 (Siemens) R13; R14 = 249 D, 1% collector)
F1 = 1A6 T w. PCB holder R15 = 820
R16 = 18.2 MI, 1% Integrated circuits:
PROTECTION BOARD R17; R18 = 4.71d2 ICI4C2 = 4N35
Resistors: R19; R20; R23; R24 = 187 D, 1% IC3 = OP77
R1 = 82 kS2 R21; R22; R25: R26 = 18.714 1% IC4 = LM337
R2 = 1 MD R27 = 133 t2, 1%
R3; R7; Rg; R25; R26 = 100 k4 R28: R29 = 390 Miscellaneous:
R4 = 15 kS2 R30; R31 = 23.2 D. 1% L1 = 10 turns (15 mm dia.) of 1.5 mm
R5 = 100 t2 R32 = 470 t2 dia. enamelled copper wire
R6; R22 = 1 k4 R33; R44 = 330 t2 K1 = phono socket for PCB mounting
R8 = 47 R36 -R39; R50 = 56.2 D, 1% (or two PCB pins).
R10 = 1.5 MD R42: R43; R61; R62; R64; R65; R66; R69 F1;F2 = 6.3 A (with fuseholder).
R11 = 3.9 MD = 0.22 D, 5 W, low -inductance 5 off spade terminal, screw type.
R12: R13 - 56 kD R40; R41; R60; R63; R67; R68; R70:R71 1 off heat sink max. 0.5 K W-1.
R14; R27 = 4.7 k4 = not used 2 off heat sink for T12 and T13
R15= 104 R45= 180D 1 off PCB Ref. 920135-1 (see page 70)
R16; R17 = 390 D, 1W R46 = 4-7 kQ
R18= 15 R47 = 4.7 52, 5W POWER SUPPLY & ENCLOSURE
R19 = 3.3 Ict-2 R48; R51 = 100 4 Tr1 = ring core transformer, sec. 2x30V,
R20 = 180 k4 R49 = 1.47 k4, 1% 300 VA, e.g., 71017 (Amplimo or ILP)
R21 = 22 MD R52; R53; R72 = 56 k4 B1 = B200C35000 (200 V/35 A bridge)
R23 = 10 Ic4 R54 = 12 MD R1 -R8 = 0.1 II, 5 W
R24 = 220 kS2 R55; R74 = 1.8 MD C1 -C4 = 10 000µ F, 50 V
R28; R29 = 22012, 1 W R56 = 270 1 off mains socket
R30 -R33 = 1.2 D, 5 W R57 = 1 ki2 1 off mains switch
P1 = 50 kQ preset H R58; R59 = 8.2 k4 2 off phono socket (gold-plated)
R73 = 18 MD 2 off loudspeaker terminal or banana
Capacitors: RL (in L1) = 2.2 D, 5 W socket
C1 = 220 µF, 25 V PI = 500 D multiturn, vertical preset Enclosure : e.g., ESM Type ET38/13
C2; C7 = 100 nF (Bourns 3296Y) (300 mm deep) (Maplin)
C3 = 470 µ F, 6.3 V P2 = 2 kD multiturn, vertical preset
C4= 1 aF (Bourns 3296Y)
C5 = 10 a F, 10 V, radial
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
discharged rapidly when the supply is constructed on a prototyping board. The Ref. 2, which includes a template for dril-
switched off. PCBs are available ready made through ling the heat sink. The following descrip-
our Readers' Services. tion will concentrate on the more impor-
Building the auxiliary circuit is straight- tant details only and on the aspects re-
Construction forward and consists merely of populat- sulting from the modifications in the pre-
The printed -circuit board for the auxil- ing the board with reference to Fig. 6 and sent amplifier over that in Ref. 2.
iary circuit is shown in Fig. 6, and the the parts list. Mount most of the components on the
component layout of the PCB for the pro- The same applies to the protection cir- board, but, for convenience's sake, leave
tection circuit and the amplifier in Fig. 7 cuit. Do not forget the heat sink for T8 the large electrolytic capacitors till a lit-
and Fig. 8 respectively. The latter two and use heavy duty terminals for the con- tle later. Although different types of dual
were shown full-scale in Ref. 2 and Ref. 1 nections to the triacs. transistor are used in the T1 -T4 positions,
respectively. There is no board for the As far as the amplifier board is con- they are also housed in a TO -78 enclos-
power supply of Fig. 5, so this must be cerned, a full description was given in ure and they are pin -compatible with the
AUDIO RECISION DEFAULT THD+N(%) vs FREO Hz) 18 NOV 9312:09:23 I AUDIO PRECISION THDVSLVL THD+N % vs measured LEVEL(W) 18 NOV 9312:24:48
1 ...m... 1
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I
i
Ill . I
0 001 0.001 .. ,. ..'

ii==MO
0005 (inns
20 100 1k 10k 20k 10m 0.1 10 100 200
Characteristic A Characteristic B
AU )10 PRECISION PWR-BAND LEVEL(W) vs FREO(Hz) 18 NOV 9313:09:19 Elektor GB2FFT AMP1(dBr) vs FREO Hz) 18 NOV 9311:27:22
500 0.0
Ap Ap
-20.00
100 -40.00
-60.00
-80.00
10 .100.0
.120.0
. -140.0
-160.0
20 100 1k 10k 20k 0.0 500.0 1-00k 1.50k 2.00k 250k 300k 350k 400k
Characteristic C Characteristic D
The results of the measurements on the obtained with an Audio Precision Analyser, of the curve is the clipping point.
prototype are, without exception. very illustrate these statements. Characteristic C shows the maxi-
good. Noise and residual distortion are Characteristic A shows the total mum power at a distortion of 0.1%; it
far removed from the human limits of harmonic distortion plus noise (THD + will be seen that within the audio range
observation. Pulse response and damp- N) over the frequency range 20 Hz to the power is completely independent of
ing factor are almost ideal, although that 20 kHz at an output power of 50 W. frequency
is a strong word to use. Characteristic B illustrates the dis- Characteristic D gives the Fourier
Listening tests confirm the measured tortion at 1 kHz as a function of the drive analysis of a 1 kHz signal at an output
values, Even the most demanding record- level over the frequency range 22 Hz to of 1 W into 8 CI with the fundamental fre-
ings from our record library were repro- 22 kHz. It is clear that between 10 W and quency suppressed. The attenuation of
duced without any discernible hitch. 20 W the limits of the analyser were reached. the 2nd harmonic is about 125 dB, while
The four characteristics shown above. The sharp bend at the nght-hand side the 3rd harmonic is lost in the noise.
Box 2. Four characteristics illustrating certain measurements on the prototype amplifier.
AUDIO & HI -Fl
earlier types. The types of transistor used and source. Resistor RL must be mounted centrally
in the T7 and T8 positions are also pin -com- Since the board was originally intended inside air -cored inductor L1. The coil con-
patible with the earlier types, but they for a BC550C, the collector pin of T22 (a sists of 10 turns of 1.5 mm diameter enam-
are slightly larger, which adds to the den- BF869) must be inserted into the hole lled copper wire wound on a 15 mm di-
sity on the board. originally meant for the base, and the base ameter tube. Make small loops at the ends
Field-effect transistors T10 and T11 need pin into the original commector hole. Take of the wire so that the coil can be mounted
to be modified slightly before they can be care not to short-circuit these pins. on the board with small bolts and nuts.
fitted. Since their gate must not be con- The same sort of thing needs to be done There are no holes provided for Cfb:
nected to the board, the relevant pin must with T12 and T13. Since the types now used this capacitor should be soldered at the
be linked to the source pin and as much are housed in a TO -220 case, they must track side of the board directly across R49.
of it cut off as possible. The result is a be mounted on the board the wrong way Diodes D9 and D10 must not be used
FET with only two pins which are to be around, that is, with the metal plane at in the present amplifier. Fit PCB pins in
inserted in the holes intended for the drain the inside. the holes intended for these diodes and
K1
LS1
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00 c4=0 (piowp 00E. *1 6=6
00
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= Yrd
-1-
F.'"-=,-""---\ I
Tr1
F
CII
cima,
7!M :3 4 LE "2
S 316
IM
4:4Q4e1 ? 5!c11 NtiEl N 00
-
B1
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930039 - 16
Fig. 9. Wiring diagram for the amplifier (one channel).

100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
link them to the ±15 V supply on the aux- not short-circuited by the water. Adjust References:
iliary circuit board. P1 on the protection board until D10 on 1. 'Medium power a.f. amplifier', Elektor
Since sense lines to the loudspeaker(s) the same board just lights. Then, fit T12 Electronics, October/November 1990
are no longer used, terminal FB2 must to the heat sink. Bear in mind that the
be linked to the junction L1 -R47, and FB1 temperature of the heat sink even in normal 2. 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers',
to the earth terminal of the loudspeaker operation becomes at least 20 °C higher Elektor Electronics, November/December
(clamp together with the loudspeaker than ambient. END 1992.
cable in the spring -loaded terminal).
If car -type fuses of 6.3 A are unob-
tainable, use a glass fuse mounted in a
traditional holder soldered on to the screw
type terminals.
Use flat car -type connectors for ter-
minating the supply lines and also for the
output lines (these come at the under-
side of the board).
The board is intended to form a (lat-
eral) 'T' with the heat sink. Screw the
power transistors and T14 -T17, mounted
on the amplifier board, to the heat sink:
use insulating washers in all cases. Do
not yet fit T12 to the upper half of the heat
sink: see under Àlignment'.
A completed single -channel amplifier
module is shown in Fig. 10. Its wiring di-
agram is given in Fig. 9. Use heavy-duty
wire (4mm2 cross-section) for the power
lines, output lines to the loudspeaker(s)
and the lines between the amplifier board
and the triacs on the protection board.
Use screened cable for the input lines.
Such cable is also recommended to link
points A on the three boards.
It proved impossible to obtain an en-
closure suitable for housing two ampli-
fier modules to form an integrated stereo Fig. 10. Completed single -channel (mono) amplifier module.
amplifier; the prototype stereo amplifier
therefore consists of two individual mono
amplifier modules. 11.,e4r'''
Alignment
Set P1 to maximum resistance: check
this with an ohmmeter. Switch on the
mains, and measure the voltage at the
various points shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
If these are all as specified, measure the
voltage across one of the emitter resistors
of T18 -T21 with a digital voltmeter and
adjust P1 until the meter reads 22 mV
(which corresponds to a quiescent cur-
rent of 200 mA per transistor).
Next, again with a digital voltmeter,
measure the direct voltage at the base of
T1 or T3; adjust P2 to make the reading
exactly zero.
Then, measure the output voltage of
IC4, which must be between 0 V and -11 V.
If the voltage is more negative, reduce the
values of R55 and R74 by about 10% (after
switching off the amplifier!).
Next, check the output voltage of IC3
(pin 1). After the amplifier has been switched
on for a little while, this voltage should
remain within ± 10 V. If this is not the
case, reduce R73 to the next lower E12
value.
Finally, connect T12 via a short length
of cable to terminals C and earth on the
protection board. Place the transistor in
a dish of warm water (about 60 °C), mak-
ing sure that the device's terminals are Fig. 11. Mono amplifier module seen from top with cover of enclosure removed.
24
Surplus always Surplus always
wanted for cash! THE ORIGINAL SURPLUS WONDERLAND! wanted for cash!
LOW COST PC SPECIALISTS - ALL EXPANDABLE - ALL PC COMPATIBLE

8088 XT - PC99 286 AT - PC286 386 AT - PC386
ottiiik' I -
I
,6;Neato6tulitaii,
640k RAM expandable 2 serial & 1 parallel 2 meg RAM expanded 2 serial & 1 parallel
with standard SIMMS ports by slots ports
12 Mhz Landmark speed MS-DOS 4.01 20 Mhz with 32k cache. MS-DOS 4.01
256k RAM - expandable Factory burnt -in 20 meg hard disk Co -processor socket Expandable to 64k
to 640k Co -processor socket
Standard 84 key 1.2 meg 5-1/4" floppy Enhanced 102 key 40 meg hard disk
4.7 Mhz speed keyboard keyboard Enhanced 102 keyboard
1.4 meg 3-1/2" floppy 1.2 meg 5-1/4" floppy Kwik Disk Accelerator
360k 5-1/4" floppy 12" green screen Clock & calendar with
EGA driver on board VGA card installed Software - FREE
2 serial & 1 parallel ports included battery back up
MS-DOS 4.01 In good used condition BRAND NEW AND BOXED! BRAND NEW AND BOXED!
Optional FITTED extras: 640K RAM £39. 12" CGA colour
monitor with card £39. 2nd 5-1/4" 360K floppy £29.95. 20
mbyte M FM hard drive £99. oniYE249.00
The Philips 9CM073 is suggested for the PC286 and the
only £425.0a,
oniy£99.00 (F)
CM8873 for the PC386. Either may use the SVGA MTS-9600
if a suitable card is installed. We can fit this at a cost of £49.00
for the PC286 and £39.00 for the PC386.
MONITORS
14" Forefront Model MTS-9600 SVGA
multisync with resolution of 1024 x 768.0.28
pitch. "Text" switch for word processing etc.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES POWER SUPPLIES Overscan switch included. Ideal for the PC -
386 or PC -286 with SVGA card added. Also
Power One SPL200-5200P 200 watt (250 w peak).Semi open
51/4 " from £22.95 - 31/2" from £21.95! frame giving +5v 35a, -5v 1.5a, +12v 4a (8a peak), -12v 1.5a,
compatibe with BBC, Amiga, Atari (including
Massive purchases of standard 51/4" and 31/2" drives enables us the monochrome high resolution mode), Ar-
+24v 4a (6a peak). All outputs fully regulated with over voltage
to present prime product at industry beating low prices! All units chimedes etc. In good used condition (possible minor screen
(unless stated) are removed from often brand new equipment protection on the +5v output. AC input selectable for 110/240 burns). 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12" Only £159(E)
and are fully tested, aligned and shipped to you with a 90 day vac. Dims13" x 5" x 2.5". Fully guaranteed RFE. £85.00 (B) 14" Philips Model CM8873 VGA multisync
guarantee and operate from standard voltages and are of stand- Power One SPL130. 130 watts. Selectable for 12v (4A) or 24 v with 640 x 480 resolution. CGA, EGA or
ard size. All are IBM-PC compatible (if 31/2" supported). (2A). 5v @ 20A. ± 12v CI 1.5A. Switch mode. New. £59.95)B) VGA, digital/analog, switch selectable.
3.5" Panasonic JU363/4 720K or equivalent £29.95(B( Astec AC -8151 40 watts. Switch mode. +5v @ 2.5a. +12v @ Sound with volume control. There is also a
3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-L. 1.4 Meg. Laptops only' £29.95(B) 2a. -12v @ 0.1a. 6-1/4" x 4" x 1-3/4".New £22.95(B) special "Text" switch for word processing,
3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-D. 1.4 Meg. Non laptop £29.95(B( Greendale 19ABOE 60 watts switch mode.+5v @ 6a,±12v spreadsheets and the like. Compatible with
5.25" EXTRA SPECIAL BRAND NEW Mitsubishi MF50113 1a,+15v @ 1 a. RFE and fully tested.11 x 20 x5.5cms. £24.95(C) IBM PC's, Amiga, Atari (excluding the
360K. Absolutely standard fits most computers £22.95(B) Conver AC130. 130 watt hi -grade VDE spec.Switch mode.+5v monochrome high resolution mode), BBC,
* Data cable included in price. 15a, -5v C4 1a,±12v ft 6a.27 x 12.5 x 6.5cms.New. £49.95(C) Archimedes etc. Good used condition (possible minor screen
Shugart 800/801 SS refurbished & tested £175.00(E) Boshert 13090.Switch mode.ldeal for drives & system. +5v @ 6a, burns) 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12". Only £139(E)
Shugart 851 double sided refurbished & tested £275.00(E( +12v @ 2.5a, -12v (4 0.5a, -5v ft 0.5a. £29.95(B) Philips 9CM073 similar (not identical) to above for EGA/CGA
Mitsubishi M2894-63 double sided switchable Farnell G6/40A. Switch mode. 5v @ 40a.Encased £95.00(C) PC and compats. 640 x 350 resolution. With Text switch with
hard or soft sectors- BRAND NEW £250.00(E) Farnell G24/5S. As above but 24v ft 5a. £65.00(C) amber or green screen selection. 14" x 12" x 13-1/2" ...£99(E)
Dual 8" drives with 2 mbyte capacity housed in a smart case KME 10" high definition colour monitors. Nice
with built in power supply! Ideal as exterior drives! £499.00(F) BBC Model B APM Board tight 0.28" dot pitch for superb clarity and'
End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8" 85 £100 CASH FOR THE modern styling. Operates from any 15.625 khz
megabyte of hard disk storage! Full CPU control and industry sync RGB video source, with RGB analog and
standard SMD interface. Ultra hi speed transfer and access time MOST NOVEL
composite sync such as Atari, Commodore
leaves the good old ST506 interface standing. In mint condition DEMONSTRATABLE Amiga, Acorn Archimedes & BBC. Measures
and comes complete with manual. Onl £299(E)
APPLICATION! only 13.5" x 12" x 11'. Also works as quality Tv witn our Hud
THE AMAZING TELEBOX! BBC Model B type computer on a board. A major purchase Telebox. Good used condition. 90 day guarantee. Only £125 (E)
allows us to offer you the PROFESSIONAL version of the BBC KME as above for PC EGA standard £145 (E)
Converts your colour monitor into a computer at a parts only price. Used as a front end graphics Brand new Centronic 14" monitor for IBM PC and compatibles
QUALITY COLOUR TV!! system on large networked systems the architecture of the BBC at a lower than ever price! Completely CGA equivalent. Hi-res
Mitsubishi 0.42 dot pitch giving 669 x 507 pixels. Big 28 Mhz
board has so many similarities to the regular BBC model B that bandwidth. A super monitor in attractive style moulded case.Full
TV SOUND we are sure that with a bit of experimentation and ingenuity many 90 day guarantee. Only £129(E)
& VIDEO useful applications will be found for this board!! It is supplied NEC CGA 12" IBM-PC compatible. High
TUNER! complete with a connector panel which brings all the I/O to 'D' quality ex -equipment fully tested with a 90 -
The TELEBOX consists of an attractive fully cased mains and BNC type connectors - all you have to do is provide +5 and day guarantee. In an attractive two tone
powered unit, containing all electronics ready to plug into a host ± 12 v DC. The APM consists of a single PCB with most major ribbed grey plastic case measuring 15"L x
of video monitors made by manufacturers such as ic's socketed. The ic's are too numerous to list but include a 13"W x 12"H. The front cosmetic bezel has
MICROVIT EC, ATARI, SANYO, SONY, COMMODORE, 6502, RAM and an SAA5050 teletext chip. Three 27128 been removed for contractual£69
PHILIPS, TATUNG, AMSTRAD and many more. The composite EPROMS contain the custom operating system on which we (E)
reasons. Only ......
video output will also plug directly into most video recorders, have no data, On application of DC power the system boots and 20", 22" and 26" AV SPECIALS
allowing reception of TV channels not normally receivable on provides diagnostic information on the video output. On board Superbly made UK manufacture. PIL all solid state colour
most television receivers (TELEBOX MB). Push button controls DIP switches and jumpers select the ECONET address and monitors, complete with composite video & sound inputs. Attrac-
on the front panel allow reception of 8 fully tuneable 'off air' UHF enable the four extra EPROM sockets for user software. Appx. tive teak style case. Perfect for Schools,Shops,Disco, Clubs.
colour television or video channels. TELEBOX MB covers vir- dims: main board 13" x 10". I/O board 14" x 3". Supplied tested In EXCELLENT little used condition with full 90 day guarantee.
tually all television frequencies VHF and UHF including the with circuit diagram, data and competition entry form. 20"....£135 22"....£155 26"....£185 (F)
HYPERBAND as used by most cable TV operators. Composite CALL FOR PRICING ON NTSC VERSIONS!
and RGB video outputs are located on the rear panel for direct Only £29.95 or 2 for £53 (B) Superb Quality 6 foot 40u
connection to most makes of monitor. For complete compatibility SPECIAL INTEREST
- even for monitors without sound - an integral 4 watt audio
amplifier and low level Hi Fi audio output are provided as Trio 0-18 vdc bench PSU. 30 amps. New
Fujitsu M3041 600 LPM band printer
£ 470
£2950
19" Rack Cabinets
standard.
Telebox ST for composite video input monitors £32.95 DEC LS/02 CPU board £ 150 Massive Reductions
Telebox STL as ST but with integral speaker £36.50 Rhode & Schwarz SBUF TV test transmitter Virtually New, Ultra Smart!
25-1000mhz. Complete with SBTF2 Modulator £6500
Telebox MB as ST with Multiband tuner VHF -UHF -Cable. £ 650
Calcomp 1036 large drum 3 pen plotter
& hyperband For overseas PAL versions state Thurlby LA 160B logic analyser £ 375
Less Than Half Price!
5.5 or 6mhz sound specification. £69.95 1.5kw 115v 60hz power source £ 950 Top quality 19" rack cabinets made in UK
Telebox RGB for analogue RGB monitors (15khz) £69.95 Anton Pillar 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter 75Kw POA by Optima Enclosures Ltd. Units feature
Shipping code on all Teleboxes is (B) Newton Derby 400 Hz 70 Kw converter POA designer, smoked acrylic lockable front
RGB Telebox also suitable for IBM multisync monitors with RGB Nikon PL -2 Projection lens meter/scope £750 door, full height lockable half louvered back
analog and composite sync. Overseas versions VHF & UHF call. Sekonic SD 150H 18 channel Hybrid recorder £2000 door and removable side panels. Fully ad-
SECAM / NTSC not available. HP 7580A A1 8 pen high speed drum plotter £1850 justable internal fixing struts, ready
Kenwood DA -3501 CD tester, laser pickup simulator £ 350 punched for any configuration of equipment mounting plus ready
No Break Uninterruptable PSU's mounted integral 12 way 13 amp socket switched mains distribu-
Brand new and boxed 230 volts uninterruptable power supplies BRAND NEW PRINTERS tion strip make these racks some of the most versatile we have
from Densei. Model MUK 0565-AUAF is 0.5 kva and MUD Microline 183. NLQ 17x17 dot matrix. Full width. £139 (D) ever sold. Racks may be stacked side by side and therefore
1085-AHBH is 1 kva. Both have sealed lead acid batteries. MUK Hyundai HDP-920. NLQ 24x18 dot matrix full width. £149 (D) require only two side panels or stand singly. Overall dimensions
are internal, MUD has them in a matching case. Times from Qume LetterPro 20 daisy. Qume QS -3 interface. £39.95 (D) are 77-1/2"H x 32-1/2"D x 22"W. Order as:
interrupt are 5 and 15 minutes respectively. Complete with full Centronics 152-2 9 x 7 dot matrix. Full width. £149 (D) Rack 1 Complete with removable side panels.. ..... £275.00 (G)
operation manuals MUK £249 (F) MUD £525 (G) Centronics 159-4 9 x 7 dot matrix.Serial. 9-1/2" width £ 99 (D) Rack 2 Less side panels £145.00 (G)
1992 Winter Issue of Display News now available - send large SAE - PECKED with bargains!
MO O. -
000
.000. :OM% :
0...
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WOO Me e. II
I ; '
000 .
0 90
$ 00
0 0.99
I: . . I. r
All prices for UK Mainland. UK customers add t7.5% VAT to TOTAL order amount. Minimum order £10. PO orders from Government,Universities,Schoots & Local Autho 'ties
welcome -minimum account order £30. Carnage charges (A)=£2.00. (Al )=£3.75. (B)=£5.50. (C)=£8.50. (0).£11.50. (E)=£14.00 (F)=C18.00 (G)=Call . Scotland surcharge: call.
All goods supplied subject to our standard Conditions of Sale and unless otherwise stated guaranteed for 90 days. At guarantees on a retum to base basis.Rights reserved to
change prices & specifications without prior notice. Orders subject to stock. Quotations willingly given for higher quantities than those stated. Bulk surplus always wanted forcash.

ESR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Station Road, Cullercoats, DEPT. EE
Tyne & Wear NE30 4PQ
Tel. 091 251 4363 Fax. 091 252 2296
74LS-Series 4000 Series TRANSISTORS LINEAR ICs SOLDERING IRONS Rp CONNECTORS
741500 £0.14 4000 £0.17 2N1613 £0.31 8C186 £0.33 0D534 £0.47 CA311E £0.28 Antex Soldering irons BNC Solder Plug 500 £0.93
741S01 £0.14 4001 00.21 2N1711 £0.26 13C204C £0.72 8D535 £0.48 CA324 EC 25 M 12 Watt £7.75 8NC Solder Plug 75R £0.96
741502 £0.14 4002 £0.17 251E193 £0.29 BC20613 £0.72 5D536 £0.65 CA555 £0.22 C 15Waii £7.78 BNC Crimp Plug 50R £0.68
4006 £0.32 252218A £0.28 BC207C £0.72 8D646 £0.52 CA741 CE 22 2E G 18Watt £7.96 8NC Crimp Plug 7515 £0.68
741503 £0.14
£1.08
4007 £0.17 252219A £0.25 134208 £0.72 BD648 £0.52 CA747CE £0.39 CS 17Watt £7.88 BNC Solder Skt
741504 £0.14
BNC Chassis Skt £0.80
741505 £0.14 4008 £0.31 2N2222A £0.16 BC209A £0.72 130650 £0.53 CA3046 £0.37 XS 25Watt £7.96
4009 £0.19 2N2646 £0.80 BC212 £0.08 130707 £0.42 CA3080 £0.72 ST4 STAND £2.85 PL259 5 2mm £0.68
741008 £0.14
PL259 11 mm £0.62
741509 £0.14 4010 0.23 2N2904A £0.25 EIC212L. £0.08 B D807 £0.80 CA3130 £0.98 35Watt Gas Iron £11.58
RND UHF socket £0.68
74LS10 £0.14 4011 £0,16 2N2905A £0.23 8C212LB £0.08 BOX32 £1.78 453130E £0.98 Desolder Pump £3.00
2N2907 £0.20 BC213 £008 808330 £0.46 CA3140 £0.56 SQR UHF socket £0.45
7410107 £0.23 4012 £0.16 Antistatic Pump E4.30 £0.30
2N2926 £0.16 BC213LC £008 BDX34C £0.50 CA3240 £1.22 F Plug RG58
7415109 £0.21 4013 £0.21 22SWG 0 5Kg Solder £7.40 £0.27
£0.27 BC214 £0.08 BDX53C £0.47 ICL7621 £1.70 F Plug RG6
741511 £0.17 4014 £0.30 2N3053 18SWG 0 5Kg Solder £6.60 £1.60
2N3054 £0.90 BC2141 £0.08 BDX54C £0.50 ICM7555 £0.43 N Plug RG8
741S112 £0.21 4015 £0.31 1mrn 3 yds Solder £0.62 N Socket RG8 £1.40
4016 £0.18 2N3055 £0.62 BC237B £0.09 BF180 £0.31 ICM7556 £0.96
7415113 £0.21
£0.09 8E182 £0.31 LM301A £0.25 Desolder Braid £0.87 BNC Crimp Pliers £15.50
4017 [0.27 253440 £0.50 5C238C
7415114 £0.21
£0.09 £0.10 B F185 £0.31 LM348N £0.31
4018 £0.27 253702 BC239C
PCB EQUIPMENT
741512 £0.14
253703 £0.10 BC251 £0.13 8E194 £0.19 LF351 N £0.36
7415122 £0.31 4019 £0.19
4020 £0.31 2N3704 £0.10 BC252 £0.13 8E195 £0.19 LF353 £0.41 UV EXPOSURE UNIT £67.38
7410123 £0.31
2N3705 £0.10 BC2616 £0.24 8E244 £0.35 LM358N £0.27 PLASTIC DEVELOPING TRAY £1.35
741S125 4021 £0.31
£0.21
4022 £0.32 2N3706 £0.10 BC262B £0.24 BF257 £0.33 L M377 £2.57 PHOTO RESIST AEROSOL SPRAY (100m1) £390
741S126 £0.21 2N3771 £1.44 BC267B £0.30 8E259 £0.33 LM380N £1.12 FERRIC CHLORIDE CRYSTALS (0.5Kg) £2.45
4023 £0.16
741513 £0.14 253772 £1.51 BC307 £0.10 BF337 £0.36 LM381 £2.70
4024 £0.21 TIN PLATING POWDER (90g) £10.80
7410132 £0.21
£0.15 253773 £1.79 5C308 £0.10 8E355 £0.38 [M386 £0.48 £0.72
4025 £1.60 ETCH RESIST PEN
741_0133 £0.18
4026 L0.59 253819 £0.40 BC327 £0.10 06423 £0.13 LM387
7415136 £0.16 2N3820 £0.58 8C328 £0.10 B F451 £0.19 LM3925 E0.79 PCB POLISHING BLOCK £1.84
4027 £0.18
741_3138 £0.24
4028 £0.22 253904 £0.10 BC337 £0.10 B F459 £0.29 LM393N £0.28 STRIPBOARD 0 1 PITCH BREADBOARD
7415139 £0.25 2N3905 £0.10 BC338 £0.10 8E469 £0.36 LM748CN £0.31 64rnor x 25mm £0.27 81mm x 60mrn £3.06
4029 £0.36 £0.26 175mm x 42rnm £3.74
741_514 £0.18 4030 253906 £0.10 BC414C £0.13 8FX29 £0.29 LM1458 64rnm a 95rnm £0.90
£0.17 LM3900 £0.72 £3.22 175mm x 67mm £5.56
7415145 £0.56 4031 £0.70 2N4036 £0.31 BC441 £0.40 BFX84 £0.31 64mm x 431 mm
7415147 0 .26 255296 £0.57 BC461 £0.40 BFX85 £0.31 LM3914 £2.70 95mm x 127mm £1.50 203mm x 75mm includes
4033 £0.56 BFY50 £0.29 LM3915 £2.70 mounting plate & posts £7.36
7410148 £0.70 £1.24 255321 £0.57 BC463 £0.29 95mn, x 95mm
4034 £0.32 £0.26 MC3340 £1.60 £4.80
741015 £0.14 4035 £0.31 256107 £0.60 BC478 BEY51 95mn, x 431mrn COPPER BOARD (G. Fibre)
7413151 £0.25 AC126 £0.30 BC479 £0.32 B FY52 £0.28 MC4558 £0.36 100mrn x 160mm £1.60 100rorn x 160mm £0.90
4040 £0.29 AC127 £0.30 BC490 £0.24 55107 £0.21 NE531 £1.56 119mrn x 454rnm £6.20 £1.24
7415153 £0.25 4041 £0.31 110mm x 220mm
741S154 AC128 £0.28 BC516 £0.22 BS170 £0.21 NE556N £0.36 PHOTO RESIST BOARD
£0.70 4042 £0.22 PHOTO RESIST BOARD
741_5155 £0.25 £0.28
AC187 [0.45 BC517 0.20 BSW66 £1.35 NE567N £0.36
(0. Fibre) (Paper)
4043 AC188 £0.37 8C527 £0.20 83126 £1.70 NE5532 £0.80
7415156 £0.36 4044 (0.35 CO. 86 £0.67
ACY17 £3.84 BC528 £0.20 BU205 £1.82 NE5534 £0.66 £1. 62 £1.24
7410157 £0.25 4046 £0.31 AD149 £1.67 BC537 £0.20 BU208A £1.73 TBA1205 £0.77 £2. 09 £1.58
7413158 £0.25 4047 £0.25 £1.80 TBA810S £0.68
AD161 £0.92 BC546C £0.08 BU326A £2. 41 8 rx10 £4.63
7410160 £0.32 4048 £0.31 £0.09 BU500 £2.32 TBA820M £0.39
74L5161
AD162 £0.92 BC547C
£0.32 4049 £0.20 BC107 £0.14 BC548C £0.08 BU508A Cl .76 TDA2030 £1.35 SWITCHES
741_0162 £0.32 4050 £0.20 £0.35
CAPACITORS
BC107B £0.15 BC549C £0.10 BU526 £2.24 TL061
741_0163 £0.32 4051 E0.36 5C108 £0.13 1345504 £0.08 131_1806 £1.36 TL062 £0.42 Ceramic Mini Disc 100 & 63V 3amp 250v 6 4rran ip mounting
741_5164 £0.26 4052 £0.25 BC108A £0.14 BC556A £0.08 133884 £0.78 TL064 £0.46 1 OpE to 100nF SPST Toggle £0.58
74LS165 £0.443 4053 £0.25 BC108C EJ ,6 BC557C £0.08 I RF540 £1.60 TL071 CP £0.32 1 pF 1nF £0.06 1n2i2n7 £0.07 SPOT Toggle £0.60
74[S170 £0.30 4054 £0.56 BC109 £0.14 845584 £0.08 1RF740 £1.63 TL072CP £0.34 3n3 -4n7 0.12 SPOT CO Tog £0.64
7410173 £0.24 4055 L0.34 BC109C BC559C £0.08 MJ11015 £2.11 TL074CN 0.48 10n & 12n E0.07 DPDT Toggle £0.68
7415174 £0.24 40E7 BC114 £0.41 BC5608 £0.09 MJ11016 £2.11 TL081 £0.33 DPDT CO Toggle
Polystyrene 160V 5% 47pF to 10nF £0.76
7415175 £0.24 4063 £0.29 BC115 £0.41 BC637 £0.21 MJ2501 £1 .60 1_082CP £0.34 47p -2n2 £0.09 2n7-100 £0.12 D PDT CO Toggle
7415190 £0.25 4066 £0.18 8C116 £0.41 BC638 £0.21 MJ3001 £1.52 TL084CN £0.46 (biased) £1.20
741_0191 £0.24 4067 £1.91 BC118 £0.41 BC639 £0.21 MJE340 L0.40 IJA733 £0.64 D CONNECTORS D PDT CO Toggle
7410192 f 0.42 4068 £0.16 BC132 £0.36 BC640 £0.21 MJE350 £0.42 1/152004 £0.48 Socket £1.20
4069 £0.20 £0.12 £1 .04
Plug (biased 1 way)
74L5193 £0.24 BC134 £0.36 BCY70 £0.21 MPSA1 3 ZN4142 9 Pin £0.29 £0.30 £0.15
4070 £0.17 £0.20 MPSA42 0.17 Z5425E £4.68 OPDT mini slide
741S195 £0.24 BC135 £0.36 BCY71 15 Pin £0.39 £0.39
741_4196 £0.24 4071 £0.20 BC140 £0.25 BCY72 £0.20 MRF475 £6.21 25426E £2.61 Rotary Waler 1P -12W. 2P 6W
15 Pin H.D. £0.81 £0.90 3P -4W, 4P -3W £0.78
741_0197 £0.24 4072 £0.17 BC141 £0.27 80135 £0.20 TIP121 £0.35 Z94275 £8.82 £0.49
TIP122 £6.12 23 Pin £0.40 Key Switch SPST £2.70
741520 £0.16 4073 £0.17 BC142 £0.31 00136 £0.21 £0.37 25428E 25 Pin £0.48 £0.50
741521 £0.14 4075 £0.17 BC143 £0.34 80137 £0.22 TIP125 £0.37 ZN435E £5.31
£0.30 Push to make £0.25
TIP127 £7.92 9 Way plastic cover
741_522 £0.14 4076 £0.30 BC149 £0.21 80138 £0.22 £0.37 ZN448E
15 Way plastic cover £0.33 Push to break £0.28
7410221 £0.36 4077 £0.17 BC154 £0.36 80139 £0.23 TIP132 £0 46 £0.36 Latching Push Sqr £0.63
TIP137 £0.46 23 Way plastic cover
741S240 £0.32 4081 £0.14 BC157 £0.12 BD140 £0.24 EPROMS & 25 Way plastic cover £0.36 PCB Tact 6 x 6narn £0.25
741_3241 £0.32 4082 £0.17 BC159 £0.12 BD150C £0.82 TIP142 £1.08 RAMS
74LS242 £0.32 4085 £0.28 BC160 £0.28 BD165 £0.42 116147 £1.12 BRIDGE RESISTORS
4086 £0.26 BC170 £0.16 60166 £0.35 7162955 £0.63 2716 L4.46 £0.601100
74[S243 £0.32
BCI 70B £0.16 (313187 £0.39 211.29C £0.31 RECTIFIERS 0 25W 5% CF E12 Series
74[S244 £0.32 4089 £0.55 2732 £4.84 0 5W 5% CF E12 Series £0.95/100
4093 L0.18 BC171 £0.11 40201 £0.40 TIP3055 £0.63 2764-25 £3.00 W005 1 5A 50V £0.19 0 25W 1% MF E24 Series £1.72/100
7410245 £0.33
40202 £0.40 £0.31
7415247 4094 £0.31 BC171B £0.16 TIP3OC
[2.80 W02 1 5A 200V £0.20 POTS Log or Lin 4709 IMO 25ner dia 0.25in
£0.32
5C172 £0.13 30203 £0.40 TIP31C £0.32 27C64 25
74LS251 £0.24 4095 £0.56 43.69 BR32 3A 2008 £0.36 shaft £0.42
4097 £1.20 BC172B £0.13 BD204 £0.40 TIP32C £0.32 21728-20
74[S257 PRESETS Enclosed Horz
£0.24
4098 BC177 £0.18 BD222 £0.40 TIP33C 0.72 27C128-20 43.31 BR62 6A 200V £0.64
or Vert 1008 1 MO 0.15W £0.15
7410258 £0.24 13C178 £0.18 BD225 £0.42 TIP41A £0.36 £3.15 1004 10A 4008 £1.39
4099 £0.38 27256-20 PRESETS Skeleton Hone
741526 £0.14 BC179 £0.17 00232 £0.38 TIP42C £0.38
741_0266 £0.14
4502 £0.38 27C256-20 [3.55 or Vert 100R IMO 0 1W £0.11
4503 £0.31 BC182 £0.08 80237 £0.32 TIP47 £0.48
741_027 £0.14 BC1821 £0.32 £0.62 PLEASE STATE VALUE REQUIRED *
4508 £0.90 £0.08 130238 TI P48
7415273 £0.32 BC182LB £0.08 802408 £0.37 TIP50 £0.53 27C512 £3.69
741_5279
4510 £0.26
£0.50 £0.44 27C010 44.97 COMPUTER ACCESSORIES DIODES
£0.25
4511 [0.32 BC183 £0.08 13024313 VN1OKM
741530 £0.14 BC1831_ £0.08 BD244A £0.53 VN66AF £1.50 6116-10 41.53 Zener Diodes 287 33V
4512 [0.32 Parallel Printer Lead 2m
741532 £0.14
4514 00.77 BC1831B £0.08 00246 £106 ZTX300 £0.16 6264.10 L3.06 RS232 Lead (all pins) Male Male £3.75
13ZY88400Mw £0.08
7415365 £0.21
4515 [0.98 BC184 £0.08 80441 £0.41 ZTX500 £0.16 8Z)035 1.3W £0.14
74LS367 £0.21 BC184L £0.08 130442 £0.41 62256-10 £4.83 RS232 Lead (all pins) Female Male £3.80
4516 £0.31 4164.15 11.78 Centronics 36 Way Lead Male Male £4.78 154001 £0.06
74LS368 £0.21
4518 £0.27 £0.07
74[S37 £0.14 TRIACS THYRISTORS 41256.10 [2.80 Gender Changers 1 N4002
4520 £0.26 9 Way D Mini Female to Female £1 .81 154003 £0.07
7410373 £0.32 4521 £0.62 Z0105DA £0.42 P0102AA £0.30 511000-8 45.61
7410374 TIC206D £0.65 TIC1060 £0.40 L5.61 9 Way D Mini Male to Male f1.98 154004 £0.07
£0. 32 4526 £0.40 514256-8 25 Way D Mini Female to Female £2.23
741_5375 £0.34 4527 £0.39 TIC226D £0.73 TIC116D £0.66 154005 £0.07
7415377 £0.32 131-A08-6008 E0.84 TIC126D £0.77 25 Way D Mini Male to Male E2.23 154006 £0.08
4528 £0.40 9 Way D Female to Female E2.33
74[S378 £0.62 4529 £0.44 TIC236D £0.96 DIL SOCKETS £2.33 1 N4007 £0.08
741_538 £0.14 4532 £0.32 DIAC £0.20 HARDWARE 9 Way D Male to Male
1 N5400 £0.09
741S390 £0.25 8 Pin £0.07 25 Way D Female to Female £2.71
4534 £2.48 VOLTAGE T2 Box 75 x 56 x 25mrn £0.82 155401 £0.09
7415393 £0.24 14 Pin £0.11 25 Way D Male to Male £2.71
4538 £1.00 REGULATORS T3 Box 75 x 51 x 25mm £0.82 £0.15
7410395 £0.26 4538 £0.37
16 Pin Adaptors 1 N5402 £0.09
74 Box 111 x 57 x 22mrn £0.98 18 Pin £0.15
741_5399 £0.62 4541 [0.33 78L05 £0.24 MB1 Box 79x 61 x 40nen £1.44 2 Was Maie to 25 Way Comae c 2 .7 1 1 55404 £0.11
741540 78112 £0.24 20 Pin £0.16 9Wav E.ernale i3 25Was Mare E2 71 1 55406 £0.11
£0.14 4543 £0.46 M B2 Box 100 a 76 x 41mrn £1.56 24 Pin £0.19
74LS42 £0.25 4555 £0.34 78115 £0.24 25 Way Male to 9 Way Female £2.33 1 N5407 £0.14
M83 Box 118 x 98 x 45rten £1.82 28 Pin £0.22
74LS47 4556 £0.34 79L05 £0.28 25 Way D Male to 36 Way Centronic £3.56 1 N5408 £0.15
74[S51 £0.28 M85 Box 150x 100 x 60mm £2.50 40 Pin £0.25
£L1.14 4560 f1.18 791_12 25 Way Null Modem Female Female £3.02 1 N914 £0.06
741_5670 £0.69 4568 £1.96 79L15 £0.28 25 Way Null Modem Male to Female £3.02
741_573 £0.17 4572 £0.25 7805 £0.28 ELECTROLYTIC RADIAL CAPACITORS £302 1N916 £0.06
25 Way Null Modem Male to Male
741_574 4584 £0.24 7812 £0.28 RS232 Surge Protector Male Female E6.12 154148 £0.05
741_575 £0.19 4585 £0.32 7815 £0.28 uF 16V 25V 63V 100V 450V BY133 £0.13
RS232 Jumper Box Male to Female £3.02
74[S76 £0.25 4724 £0.70 7905 £0.38 0 47 £0.05 £0.07 £6.59 0A47 £0.28
RS232 Tester (7 LEDs) Male Female
74L583 £0.31 40106 £0.31 7912 e0.38 10 £0.05 £0.06 £0.15
7915 £0.38 Data Switch Boxes 0A90 £0.07
741585 £0.35 40109 £0.50 22 £0.05 £0.06 £0.18
Serial Switch box 2 Way A/B £9.20
LM3172 £0.56 47 £0.05 £0.08 £0.30 0591 £0.10
741586 £0.20 40163 £0.46 Serial Switch box 3 Way A/B/C £13.16
741090 £0.23 40174 £0.34 LM723 £0.29 10 £0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.08 £0.48 05202 £0.27
L200CV f1.16 22 £005 £0.05 £0.09 Serial Switch box 4 Way A/13/C/D £15.15 BA157 £0.10
74LS92 £0.35 40175 £0.36 E19.69
LM323K £2.70 47 £0.06 £0.06 £0.11 Serial Switch box Cross over
BA158 £0.10
74LS93 £0.25 40193 £0.60 LM338K £5.52 Parallel box 2 Way A/B £11.84
100 £0.06 £0.09 £0.11
85159 £0.10
220 £0.09 £0.12 £0.31 Parallel box 3 Way AiEliC. £17.11
ENAMELLED OPTO DEVICES 470 £0.15 £0.19 £0.57 Parallel box 4 Way A'8IC/0 £18.43 154149 £0.06
COPPER 5mrn Red LED £0.09 1000 £0.22 £0.29 Parallel box Cross over £20.42 0A200 £0.10
WIRE 2200 £0.37 £0.57
5mm Green LED £0.10 4700 £1 .11
All 2oz Reels
14 SWG £0.63
5mm Yellow LED
5mm Orange LED
£0.10
£0.10 ELECTROLYTIC AXIAL CAPACITORS
ORDERING INFORMATION
16 SWG £0.67 3mm Red LED £0.08
18 SWG £0.67 3mm Greer, LED £0.12 uF 16V 25V 63V 100V 450V All prices exclude VAT.
20 SWG £0.72 3mm Yellow LED £0.13 0 47 £0.15 Please add £1.25 carriage to all orders and VAT (17.5%).
22 SWG £0.76 3mm Orange LED £0.13 10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.19
24 SWG £0.80 5mm Flashing Red £0.50
2.2 £0.10 £0.10 £0.22 No minimum order charge.
47 £0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.34
26 SWG £0.89 5mm Flashing Green £0.54 10 £0.12 £0.12 £0.12 £0.48 Free Computer listing with all orders over £5.00.
28 SWG £0.91 5mm Bi Colour £0.36 22 £0.09 £0.13 £0.17 £1.06
30 SWG £0.93 5mm Tri Colour £0.48 47 £0.10 £0.11 £0.16 £0.20 £1.33 Please send payment with your order.
32 SWG £0.93 5mm Plastic Bezel £0.04 100 £0.10 £0.13 £0.21 £2.46 PO/Cheques made payable to
34 SWG £0.99 £0.05 220 £0.13 £0.18 £0.42
36 SWG £1.04
3mm Plastic Bezel
0 3" 7 Segment Display Red 470 £0.21 £0.24 £0.69 ESR Electronic Components VISA
1000 £0.33 £0.40 £1.05
38 SWG £1.10 common anode £1.14 2200 £0.52 £0.64 Access & Visa cards accepted
40 SWG £1.22 common cathode £1.14 4700 £0.90 Offical orders from schools & colleges welcome.
CALL IN - OPEN: MON-FRI 8.30-5.00 SAT 10.00-5.00

26
PIC PROGRAMMER
The latest buzz in Programmable Logic Land is `PIC', a RISC -
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
based microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology
Inc. Read all about it in this article! A programmer is described 28 -pin processors: PIC16C52; -55; -56;
which enables a large number of PIC16Cx and PIC17Cx devices -57; -71; -84
to be loaded with your own application programs. And there is 40 -pin processors: PIC17C42
Processor: EPROM or OTP
more good news: software development for PIC controllers will version
be the subject of a short course to be featured in this magazine Programs: Code memory and
in the near future. configuration word
IC sockets: ZIF type (28 -pin
and 40 -pin)
Software: On -board in
PIC17C42
Support: via MS-DOS PC
RAM memory: 32KByte
Communication: via RS232 interface
PIC 16C56, PIC 16C57, PIC 16C71,

PIC16C84 and PIC17C42. These ICs
are connected to the programmer via
two zero -insertion force (ZIF) sockets.
The PIC17C42 is fitted into a 40 -way
ZIF socket, while the other PICs fit into
a 28 -way ZIF socket. If you do not en-
visage ever programming either a
PIC16C or a PIC17C device, the rele-
vant ZIF socket may be omitted with-
out problems.
The programmer is controlled by
software that runs on an MSDOS PC,
in conjunction with the pre-pro-
grammed PIC17C42 in the program-
mer circuit itself. The latter PIC takes
care of the communication with the
Design by M. Rose PC, and generates the supply and pro-
gramming voltages for the PIC to be
programmed. The direct voltages used
THE sheer market force and impact injection systems, police radar detec- in the programmer circuit are 'tailored'
of microcontroller families such as tors and anti -block brake systems. with the aid of the PWM (pulse -width
the MCS-51 and 68xx, manufactured One of the intentions of this article modulation) outputs of the PIC17C42.
by semiconductor 'giants' like Intel and is to make the advanced hobbyists and This obviates the need of a host of di-
Motorola, would make you almost for- small-scale programmer familiar with rect voltage sources usually found in
get that there exist competing compa- PIC devices, and what better way to do programmers.
nies in this field. One of these this than to describe a compact and in-
companies is Microchip Technology in expensive programmer? Once you have The hardware
the USA., who produce a remarkable built the programmer and completed
family of microcontrollers designated the course on PIC software develop- The circuit diagram of the PIC pro-
with the type prefix 'PIC'. ment, you are ready to use these inter- grammer is given in Fig. 1. First, let us
PIC processors were developed for esting devices in a vast range of discuss the digital section of the cir-
use in widely different surroundings processor -controlled applications. cuit. The two ZIF sockets that receive
and conditions. In the office environ- the PIC devices to be programmed are
ment, for instance, you may find them The programmer marked U11 and U12. The operation of
lurking in photocopying machines, the circuit is not so easy to explain in
typewriters and barcode scanners. The programmer circuit is designed one go because the PIC devices that
Computer peripheral manufacturers such that it can be used for a large can be programmed have slightly dif-
use PICs in printers, scanners and number of PIC devices. The hardware ferent programming sequences. These
disk drives. In the telecomms sector, remains limited to an absolute mini- sequences will, therefore, be described
PICs are found in a wide range of mum thanks to the use of ... a PIC mi- separately for each processor.
equipment, including fax machines crocontroller! The programmer is
and cellular telephones. The automo- capable of burning the following de- PIC17C42
tive industry, too, employs PICs in fuel vices: PIC16C54, PIC16C55, The PIC17C42 has an internal ROM

PIC PROGRAMMER
C7
5V
U4
10, 16V ADO 2 19 AO
D > 7
AD1 3 18 Al 5V
26 2 ADO
5V C11 PAO/INT PCO/ADO 2 4 17 A2
116 25 3 ADO
O e U14
0, 21,
PA1/RT PC1/A D1
PC2/AD2
4 A135
ADO 6
6
15
A3
A4
28
X1 16V PA2 ADO AO

8- R2114 R2OUT - 23 PC3/.4133 A135 4 A5
0.2 L MUT T2IN
10 PA3
PC4/AD4
6 ADS
AD6 8 13 A6
A
A
A2
4 T1OUT T1 IN "
12
PC5/A135
AD2
AD
AD] 9 12 Al A2
11 600
R1IN R1OUT PC6/AD6 U1b 3
U3
DO
4 ADO 4 A4 12 AD1
C2. 2 PC7/AD7 AO O1
MAX232 \ A5 5
02
13 AD2
5
10 POO/AD8 EN \ A6 4
D3
15 A03
0.2 11
PBOHCAP1
PD1/0.09
38 R4 74HC573 D4
16 AD4
12 PD2JAD10 U2 A4 25 RAM 1] AD5

0-8-- PB1/CAP2 PIC 37 P-L10k
AEW V 32K
D5
10 161/
13
10
PB2/PWM1
PB3/PWM2
17C42 P03/A011
PO4/A012
PD5/AD13
6 9 10 r>
18 A9 /.\ A10 21
A9
A10
O6
07
18
19
ADfi
A07/
A11
15
PB4/TCLK12
P06/A014
4
10k
A03 5 16 411^ 612 2
Al2
16
P95/TCLK3
PD)/4015 15 Al2/111.3 413 R/W
RI
14 613/ A10
REO/ALE lox
17
18
PB6
R E1 /OE
29 \AL21 13 414
CE y OE
PB7 28 \407 9 12
I10 22
PE2/111 20
U1a
2
MCLRNPP
27 2
TEST
EN
OSC1 /02g
9 120 0 74HC573 Ud
5
ADW D
0, 19 ADO
18 AD1
9 10 13 12
C1 CD \ A33 6 403
U6a
15 ADO A10 2
72;" ' 22p 10 AD5 &

3
12 AD)
U6c
V
fi
41 &
U7a
5
74HC573 9
1N4148 IC3 U7b
U6b
10:16V
U9
CTR12
0- 5V
-7-
10i ff >0 2
5
CTI
6 2L
13
12
8 2
14 PCO/ADO
T=0 9
2 AD3 PC1 /AD1
10
15 U12
PC2/A132 26
1 PAO/INT
U10a PC3/A03 25
U6d 28 PA1 /R7
0901 MCLR PCOIA04
749C4040 24
12 RTCC U10b 7 PC5/A05 PA2
23
28- OSC2 25 PC6/ADS PA3
U11 PC7
24 PC7/AD7 22
ADO 6 PC6 RA4/RX/137
PAO 23 5 21
J ADI PC5 40- PDO/A138 PA5MUCK
PA1 22
/A02 PCO U10c 0-- 39- PD1/AD9
PI30//CAP1
11 ADO/
PA2 2
U7c / PC3 81 19 38- 1.132/40I 0 12 A131/
PA3 zo
PC2
P'33"'" ZIF40
O /A05
A134 0
PBO
ZIF28 PC1
PCO
19
18
RIO
fi
37
3
35
P134/41312
P05/4013
PB2/PWMI
PE3/PWA12
13
10
AD2 /
AD3/
U7d PB1
/ADO
PB2 PB7
7 34- P136/8814
PM/70_102
15 A04/
/AD) PB3 PB6
6 33- P137/A1315
PB5/TCLIO
16 AD5/
14 15 30
U7e
P55
29
REO/ALE
PB6
17 A06/
U10d REVITE
P B
8 AD]/
10 1
23 PE2NTR
32
C5 MCLRNPP
Ulf 2
- 27TEST
OSC1 /CLIMT a.
9 20 110
R11
R12 U15
C6
O 7805 V
220n R13
12
U 3d
VDD 0
R/4 R15 499
P
X2
M
C10
C8 R16
00n
111 = 74HCT32 00n
220n
U6 = 74HC08
U7 = 74HC04
U10 = 74HCT4066 Al'
R18
U13 = LM324
5V
113 9
VPR
220n 9 U13c
PWM2
20
EMI
R2
EMI
10
j? 14 .120;123
UB
20 2
C14
100n
220n
Tel Ton? T.17
900048 - 11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the PIC programmer. The circuit is a 'hybrid', i.e., a combination of digital and analogue electronics.

28 GENERAL INTEREST
(read-only memory) which contains a is achieved by analogue switch Ulm) using the same hardware settings as
program that enables the processor to switching on the supply voltage of the the PIC16C54/56, but a different pro-
program itself. To enable the it to make PIC17C42, and closing thoc about 1µs gramming algorithm. This is fairly
use of this programming routine, the later to put the programming voltage complex, but fortunately we need not
processor must be given access to a on the reset input of the processor. bother about that because everything
small RAM (random access memory) Next, the programming operation is is taken care of by the system software
area. This RAM is formed by U3, a 32- started. contained in the PIC I7C42 (which is
KByte static memory type 62256 or supplied ready -programmed through
43256. Two octuple registers type PIC16C55/57 the Readers Services).
74HC573 (U2 and U4) act as a latch These processors come in 28 -pin DIL
which allows 16 -bit RAM address loca- enclosures, and differ only in respect of The analogue circuitry
tions to be stored. The signals needed the size of their memory. Contrary to
to store data into the memory are the PIC17C42, the PIC16Cxx devices Apart from digital circuitry, Fig. 1 also
found on port connections PDO and do not require an external memory for shows a fair amount of analogue elec-
PD1 of the PIC microcontroller, U5. the programming sequence - data is tronics. To begin with, there is a serial
During the programming operation, simply placed word -by -word into the port based on the MAX232 single -chip
the control signals appear at port con- PIC16Cxx by the controller in the pro- RS232 interface. A big advantage of the
nections PC6 and PC7 of U12, the con- grammer circuit. MAX232 is its on -chip voltage con-
troller to be programmed. The control Since the 28 -pin socket is also used verter which supplies the symmetrical
signals are combined logically by two to program 18 -pin PICs, a number of voltages needed to comply with re-
OR gates, UlA and U113, contained in a signals on the socket must be config- quirements as regards voltage swing
74HCT132. urable. The connection with U5, the on an RS232 link. This converter al-
main processor, is established by clos- lows the programmer's power supply to
A very special configuration is found
around register U8. It may strike you ing Ulop. At the same time, the connec- be kept simple. Indeed, all that is
as odd that this memory is nearly al- tion with the programming voltage needed is a standard 7805 which can
ways in high -Z mode, while its inputs must be broken. This is achieved with easily supply the 50 mA or so drawn by
and outputs are interconnected. This the aid of switch U100. the programmer. A heat -sink is not
is not a mistake! While the IC is in The programming cycle is started as needed on the 7805.
high -Z mode (also called 3 -state), the soon as the supply voltage and the pro- The 7805 is powered by a mains
`short-circuited' input and output con- gramming voltage are applied to the adaptor with an output voltage be-
nections carry the bit patterns to be tween 15 V d.c. and 20 V d.c. The min-
stored in the RAM. The information imum value is required to ensure the
conveyed over the bus may also be proper programming voltage, while the
copied into the register by controlling maximum value must be observed to
the C input (pin 11). This happens with prevent the 7805 from being destroyed
one byte only: the configuration word. by a too high input voltage. The parts
As long as U8 is in high -Z mode, the list mentions a 12-V mains adaptor.
contents of the register remain `hidden' Most of these adaptors supply a con-
in the IC. The PIC17C42 to be pro- siderably higher output voltage than
grammed reads the configuration the nominal value when the load cur-
stored in this register with the aid of a rent is relatively low. Just to make sure
pulse on port PC3. Only during this it is suitable for the job, the adaptor's
pulse is the register released from its output voltage should be checked with
high -Z state. Since the outputs of U5 the programmer connected. If you use
and U3 are then at high impedance, the processor to be programmed. This is an adaptor with an internal regulator,
contents of U8 appear on the multi- achieved with the aid of U101) and U 1 oc be sure to set this for an output voltage
plexed data/address bus during this respectively. between 15 and 20 V.
short read pulse. In other words, U8 The programming algorithm used The desired programming voltage,
acts as a one -byte wide memory with a enables selected bytes to be pro- Vprog, and the supply voltage, VDD,
depth of one location, and is used for grammed individually, and to be read are regulated by the PWM1 and PWM2
intermediate storage of the processor back for verification. This allows the outputs of the P1C17C42, U5. These
configuration word. main microcontroller, U5, to keep track outputs are connected to two active
The processor configuration word is of the complete programming sequence second -order low-pass filters, and op-
built by the software which runs on the (which includes blank check, program- erate at a frequency of about 64 kHz.
MSDOS PC, and serves to define pro- ming and verification) in a simple man- The roll -off frequency of the filters built
gramming parameters including the ner. from four opamps contained in an
type of clock generator used, and LM324, U13, is set at about 1 kHz. The
whether or not the PIC is to be pro- PIC16C54/56 filtered output voltage has a value be-
tected from being read out. For these controllers, the signal tween 0 and 5 V depending on the duty
The programming status informa- arrangement on the ZIF socket is mod- factor of the PWM signal. Despite the
tion may be found on pins PCO and ified. Switch UIOA is opened because simplicity of the filter sections, the di-
PC1 of the PIC17C42 to be pro- pin 9 is to be used for the programming rect output voltages are sufficiently
grammed. These outputs are low dur- voltage. As with the 16C55/57, the stable, accurate and virtually free of
ing the programming operation. If the supply voltage is applied to the socket ripple. The filter is followed by a d.c.
programming sequence is successfully via 'Clot), while Uice connects the pro- amplifier wired for a gain of three. In
completed, PCO goes high. If not, PC I gramming voltage. The programming this way, a variable output voltage of
goes high. algorithm is identical to that of the between 0 V and 15 V is obtained. In
The programming cycle is started by 16C55/57. practice, VDD is usually between 4 V
applying a programming voltage (Vpp) and 6.5 V, while VPROG lies between
of 12.5 V to the reset input, MCLR, PIC16C71/84 12 V and 13.5 V. The output imped-
while the test input is made high. This These processors are programmed ance of the opamps is low enough to

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30 GENERAL INTEREST
PIC PROCESSORS - PORTRAIT OF A FAMILY

Below is a short discussion of tice, a maximum of about
the block diagram of the 10 MHz is achieved, which re-
generic PIC16C5x processor. sults in a minimum machine
For full data on all devices in EPROM
512 X 12 TO 1I
4111
PC
44.4 STACK
STACK 2
RTCC
PIN
coNFIG ORATION EPROM
DISABLE
OSCI OSC2 MCLR
cycle length of 400 ns.
the PIC family, consult the 2048 X 12
(*) SELECT
OSC
Microchip Technology data - 2 WA rcHDOG 'CODE

PROTECT'
2
OSCILLATOR
General specifications
books. INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
TIMING 8
CONTROL
Clock frequency: d.c. - 10 MHz
DT TIME
OUT
WDT/RTCC
PRESCALER
CLKOUT
Instruction time infinite to
2
PIC16C5x "SLEEP"
400 ns
The PIC16C5x from Microchip INSTRUCTION
DECODER T5 Instruction width: 14 bit
Technology Inc. is a family of I DIRECT ADDRESS
DIRECT RAM
OPTION PEG. "OPTION"
Bus width: 8 bit
1. FROM W
low-cost, 8 -bit wide, fully static ADDRESS
GENERAL
EPROM memory: 1K x 14
CMOS microcontrollers with PURPOSE
REGISTER
Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM)
on -chip EPROM. The core of FILE Spec. func. registers: 15
STATUS (131
the processor has a RISC struc- RTCC (II) FSR (IA)
Hardware stack: 8 levels
18
ture, and has an instruction set 1
Addressing: direct, indirect
of 33 instructions. A feature of Awe; w ALA
fl and relative
the RISC structure is that the DATA BUS
CPU is capable of executing FROM W FROM W FROM W /8 I/O functions

one instruction per machine I/O lines: 10 - 20
cycle, except the jump instruc- TRISA IS
MIME TRISC I 17
RTC/counter: 8 bit with
tions, which take two machine /4 /a 8 -bit prescaler
cycles. RAO-RAT ABC -ART RCO RC]
(PIC I8C55,C57
Watchdog timer. internal, with
The 12 -bit wide instructions 940048 -12 ONLY)
RC oscillator
have a very compact structure. Protection: EPROM, via fuse
Consequently, machine code Energy reduction: via sleep
generated for the PIC16C5x is mode
claimed to be twice as compact indicates a simple RC oscilla- cycle. As with the 16C5x, two
as for other, comparable, 8 -bit tor. The fourth oscillator option cycles are needed for a jump PIC17C42
processors. Furthermore, PIC is the use of an already avail- instruction, The processor rec- The 17C42 is largely similar to
processors contain circuitry to able clock signal, which may ognizes four interrupt sources, the other processors in the
reduce power drain and exter- be used on all processors. and has an eight -level stack. family. However, it has no
nal component count of a com- The on -chip A -D converter has fewer than 55 instructions,
plete system. General specifications four channels, a sample -and - each of which is executed in
The internal power -on reset Clock frequency: d.c. - 20 MHz hold function, and a resolution one machine cycle. At a clock
circuit and start-up timer en- Instruction time: infinite to of 8 bits. The tolerance is frequency of 16 MHz, a ma-
sure that the processor is prop- 200 ns ±1 LSB, while the complete chine cycle lasts 250 ns. All op -
erly initialized after the power Instruction width: 12 bit conversion time is 30 codes are 16 -bit wide, so that
supply is switched on. The Bus width: 8 bit instructions can be packed in a
usual hardware for this pur- EPROM memory: 512 - 2K x 12 General specifications single 'word'. This processor is
pose may, therefore, be omit- Registers: 25 - 72 x 8 (SRAM) Clock frequency; d.c. - 16 MHz capable of addressing a pro-
ted. Spec. func. registers: 7 Instruction time: infinite to gram memory of up to 64 K x
A choice of four oscillator Hardware stack: 2 levels 250 ns 16. The internal program mem-
types is available, including a Addressing: direct, indirect Instruction width: 14 bit ory has a size of 2K x 16
low -energy oscillator based on and relative Bus width: 8 bit
a crystal or a ceramic res- EPROM memory: 1K x 14 General specifications
onator, and an inexpensive RC I/O functions Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM) Clock frequency: d.c. - 16 MHz
oscillator. The EPROM versions I/O lines: 10 - 20 Spec. func. registers 15 Instruction time infinite to
of the PIC16C5x (indicated by RTC/counter: 8 bit with Hardware stack: 8 levels 250 ns
the suffix JW) allow the user to 8 -bit prescaler Addressing: direct, indirect Instruction width: 16 bit
select the oscillator type during Watchdog timer internal, with and relative Bus width: 8 bit
the programming of the con- RC oscillator EPROM memory. 2K x 16
figuration word. By contrast, Protection: EPROM, via fuse I/O functions Registers. 232 x 8
the oscillator type selection is Energy reduction: via sleep I/O lines: 13 Spec. func. registers: 48
fixed by the manufacturer for mode RTC/counter: 8 bit with Hardware stack: 16 x 16
OTP (one-time programmable) 8 -bit prescaler Pins: 40
versions of the processor. The PIC16C71 Watchdog timer. internal, with
letters after the type number This PIC processor is an up- RC oscillator I/O functions
indicate which oscillators may graded derivative of the A -D converter:8 channels, 8 -bit I/O lines: max 33
be used with the processor. PIC16C5x. It features, among Protection: EPROM, via fuse Interrupts: 11
Extensions XT and HS indicate others, an integrated A -D con- Energy reduction via sleep 16 -bit counters/timers. 3
a crystal or a ceramic res- verter. The processor handles mode 16 -bit capture registers 2
onator; LP indicates a low - 14 -bit wide instructions, which 10 -bit PWM outputs: 2
power oscillator; and RC are executed in one machine PIC16C84 Serial ports 1
The PIC16C84 is also a static RTC/counter: 8 bit with

controller, only this type has an 8 -bit prescaler
Type EPROM RAM I/O pins EEPROM program memory of Watchdog timer: internal, with
1Kx14 and an EEPROM data RC oscillator
PIC16C54 512x12 32x8 13 18 memory of 64 bytes Further- Protection EPROM, via fuse
PIC16C55 512x12 32x8 21 28 more, the maximum clock fre- Energy reduction: via sleep
PIC16C56 1Kx12 32x8 13 18 quency is lower than that of mode
PIC16C57 2Kx12 80x8 21 28 other PIC processors In prac-

PIC PROGRAMMER
\
I
Pi
IM . A
LI
\II
ti
L
7
0000
., .,
X1 R18 R2 R6 84
to Co
R21 R5 8 R2
0 UCO
U10
R20 R4 R9
U13
R19 R3
uO
U14 R22 R6
R17 R11 R113
C5
R1
R3 U12
U3 U5
U4
U11
X2
U2
U8
C16 c2, I
C17 O
C18
CM I el I
- - -,- / - /-
WI 4111L. \ , )II 7
/-
0--.
..,,,,,,--,,.
rM111 A
v `-.
._,---,_....1/4._.,
__; imr. A 4( NO.
ki47:: /
.0
e
O. 0)11,
limm
411
V
' ./.__,._ - . flibflI \'..L -. . fk-

0- \
0-0
-40
\_.,.
\
fr iir-V- \'
__.-,.,.,....
.
-\
'`
. \ 71 Thlk1
-'- \L=. '
N
' ._
-
OL s
SmS
/-. .-\,
--' '
/
/
.___. ,
.._, ..__. -e--\
\ ). yVV4\V
t .0 I fL lOill)., 11.--/./ OM=
0---__, \ - - -0 , ems sk .._
.M. 14.,
N
L_ ..
ik ,- , ---
11
.__. ale
\ -\ //- \\
\-
--(/
. It..
,, .--41,
est,
/
.,...pif
.Lits47ti
0
/ "-
i, .- l\----._,
!
r-jr/r- lir-. li---- l .amme
r
0- j
-\ - --- L., th) -
I... amome
0,1.1-1 11 ITITh' .
O .1
`` \ a
ar---la
Fig. 2. Track layouts (direct reading) and component mounting plan of the printed circuit board designed for the PIC programmer (PCB avail
able ready-made).

GENERAL INTEREST
Resistors:
R1-R4;R6-R10 = 1041
R5=270i2
R11;R12;R17;R18= 1MS2
R13-R16;R19-R22 = 499kO 1%
Capacitors:
C1;C2 = 22pF
C3;C7;C10;C11;C12 = 101.1F 16V (radial,
pitch 2.5mm)
C5 = 22nF
C6;C9;C13;C15 = 220nE
C8;C14;C17-C23 = 100nF
C16 = 100gF 25V (radial)
Semiconductors:
D1 = 1N4148
D2 = 1N4007 Fig. 3. Fully loaded printed circuit board before mounting in DB3 case.
U1 = 74HCT32
U2;U4;U8 = 74HC573
U3 = 62256 or 43256 short-circuits which can take hours to programmed PIC17C42 which contains
U5 = PIC17C42 (order code 7161) pinpoint and correct. The parts list and the program running on the program-
U6 = 74HC08 the component overlay on the PCB mer board. The software on the PC
U7 = 74HC04 should enable you to populate the pro- does all the communication with the
U9 = 74HC4040 grammer board without problems. programmer, and starts the necessary
U10 = 74HCT4066 First, fit the passive components, tak- routines. Since the programmer board
U13 = LM324N ing good care to observe the polarity of is also 'intelligent', the amount of traf-
U14 = MAX232 the electrolytic capacitors. Have a good fic on the serial link is reduced to a
U15 = 7805 think about the ZIF sockets before you minimum.
mount them. The idea is to make them After starting the program PIC.EXE
Miscellaneous: protrude from the front panel of the on the PC, you are first prompted to
Q1 = 16MHz crystal. plastic case. This is easily achieved by enter the PIC type to be programmed.
X1 = 9 -way sub -D socket, angled pins, inserting the ZIF sockets into a stack of Obviously, only types supported by the
PCB mount. normal IC sockets. Alternatively, use programmer can be selected. After the
Ull = ZIF28 socket for wide and nar- wire -wrap sockets to enable the height type selection, the program first dis-
row ICs (e.g., ARIES, RS no. of the ZIF sockets above the board to plays the type of processor, the mini-
403825). be trimmed accurately. The PCB is de- mal and maximum supply voltage, the
U12 = ZIF40 socket (e.g., ARIES, RS no. signed to fit into a type DB3 plastic en- programming voltage, and the name of
403831) closure from LTP. The advantage of the file to be burned into the device.
Printed circuit board and software this enclosure is that the PCB can be Also shown are the options contained
package, order code 940048 (see page secured with the aid of two strips, in the configuration word. These op-
70). which go round the problem of the ab- tions differ, depending on the PIC type
The project software (diskette and sence of screw holes in the board. selected. Finally, COM1: or COM2:
PIC17C42) is also available separately The PIC 17C42 (U5) is preferably fit- allow you to select between these serial
as order code 7161 (see page 70). ted into an IC socket, so as to enable it ports on your PC.
to be replaced easily with an updated The file to be programmed into the
version. All other ICs may be soldered PIC must already be present on the
directly on to the PCB, although the diskette or hard disk - it can not be
enable direct connection to the ICs to use of IC sockets is recommended if generated by PIC.EXE. The file format
be programmed. The variable supply you want to reduce fault-finding time. and available instructions will be dis-
voltage is furnished by opamps U13a Once all components are accommo- cussed in the 'PIC Programming
and U13,1, and the variable program- dated on to the board, the programmer Course' to be featured in future issues
ming voltage, by U13b and U13,. Note may be connected to the PC's serial of this magazine. First, read the file
that the LM324 is supplied direct by port. To keep this link as simple as using the 'File' menu option, and then
the adaptor's output voltage. possible, all necessary handshaking program it by selecting the option
lines have been interconnected. The 'Prog'. The configuration is burned into
Construction link is established by a 9 -to -9 pin ex- the processor by selecting the menu
tension cable without crossed wires. If option 'Fuse'. Mind you, the oscillator
The PIC programmer is simple to build your PC has a 25 -way serial port con- type selection is fixed by the manufac-
on the double -sided, through -plated, nector, use a 25 -to -9 pin adaptor as turer, since it is hardware dependent.
printed circuit board of which the art- supplied with many mouse packages. The 'Blank' option allows you to check
work is shown in Fig. 2. This board is whether the PIC to be programmed is
best ordered ready-made through our Control software empty. The function of 'Quit' is obvi-
Readers Services, and comes together ous. An overview of available com-
with the PIC programmer's software The control software for the PIC pro- mands may be called up by typing '?'.
package (MSDOS program diskette and grammer consists of two parts: (1) an
PIC17C42). Solder carefully, and use MSDOS diskette containing the pro-
solder tin sparingly. This prevents gram to be run on a PC and (2) a ready -

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34
FIGURING IT OUT
PART 14 VARYING INPUTS
By Owen Bishop
This series is intended to help you with the quantitative aspects of electronic design:
predicting currents, voltage, waveforms, and other aspects of the behaviour of circuits.
Our aim is to provide more than just a collection of rule -of -thumb formulas.
We will explain the underlying electronic theory and, whenever
appropriate, render some insights into the mathematics involved.
We continue the exploration of equation for a parallel LCR cir- zero: equal:
circuit modelling by extending cuit is similar (see Eq. 108 in
d2 di
it to deal with applied voltages Part 13). Remember that, al- --7+ 5000 50 000i =0 55 000C = 400
or currents that vary in time. though we are analysing only the dt dt-+ C = 400/55 000
To model a circuit with both ca- simplest of series and parallel [Eq. 111] = 7.27 x 10-3.
pacitive and inductive elements, circuits, more complicated cir- The auxiliary equation ofEq. 111
we need a second -order differ- cuits can often be reduced to is The coefficient of t0 is D on the
ential equation. In Part 13 we these cimple circuits by using the left. There is no term in t0 on
showed that, if the elements are techniques of network reduc- m2 + 5000m + 50 000 = 0. the right, so the coefficient is
in series (Fig. 118) and the ap- tion that we have discussed on zero:
several occasions in previous Solving this by using the quadratic
months. formula (Part 13), we find that D = 0.
it has real roots: m1 = -10.02
Particular integral and m2 = -4990. The PI is:
The CF is:
Solving equations with the form i = t(7.27x10-3).
of Eq. 109 is done in two stages. i = Ae-10.02t Be -4990t
First we solve the equation as if The complete general solution
the right-hand side equals zero. where A and B are arbitrary con- is:
The method for doing this, based stants which can be determined Ae-10. 02 t +Be -4990 t
on the auxiliary equation, was if we are told two boundary con-
930010-XIV-118 described in Part 13. The result ditions. +t(7.27x10-3)
obtained is known as the com- To find the particular integral,
Fig. 118 plementary function (CF). At we assume that the right-hand [Eq. 113]
this stage we can say that: side of the solution has the The first two terms in this gen-
form: eral solution are like those ob-
plied voltage is constant, the complemetary function = 0. tained in Part 13 for a constant
equation has the form: i=Ct+D applied voltage. Now we have an
Next, we need to find something additional term to allow for the
±_R
i =0 [Eq. 94] else to include in the left-hand where C and D are constants. If fact that the voltage is ramp-
dt L dt LC side of the equation, so that the this is so, then: ing.
But the right-hand side of the right-hand side equals (1/L)du/dt. In this example we assumed
equation is zero only when we This 'something' is known as the di/dt = C that the right-hand side of the
have made the simplifying as- particular integral (PI): and equation has the form Ci + D.
sumption that the applied volt- d2i/dt2 =0. This was based on the fact that
age is constant. This is an as- CF + PI = (1/L)du/dt. on the right-hand side of Eq. 109
sumption that seldom can be Substituting these values in the highest power of t is t1. If t
made. More often, the voltage, u, An example shows how to find Eq. 110: is of higher power or there are
varies in a regular manner . For the particular integral. Suppose
example, it may ramp up or down that in Fig. 118: R = 500 Q, 0+5000C +50 000(Ct+D) Form of Assumed
at a fixed rate, it may vary si- C = 200µF and L = 100 mH. Let = 400 t RH side function
nusoidally, or it may increase u be a voltage that ramps up at 55 000 Ct +50 000D = 400t
or decrease exponentially. We a rate of 20t2. From these par- k C
need to be able to solve equations ameters, R I L = 5000; 1/LC [Eq. 112] kt Ct+D
of the form = 50 000; (1/L)du / dt = 400 t. The We solve this equation by look- kt2 Ct2+D+E
modelling equation is: ing at the coefficients of the pow- k sin t Ccost+Dsint
d2i R di
±_._+_ 1 du
i =_._
1 .
ers of t. The highest power of t

2 k cos t
dt2 L dt LC L dt d is tl. On the left, its coefficient
+5000 -d+ 50 000 i = 400 t ekt Cekt
[Eq. 109] dt
dt dt is 55 000C; on the right, its co-
in which u is a function of [Eq. 110] efficient is 400. For Eq. 112 to
time.Part 13 shows how this equa- To find the CF, put the right- be satisfied by all possible values Box 1. Functions for particular
tion is obtained. The form of the hand side of Eq. 110 equal to of t, these coefficients must be integrals (k is a constant).

FIGURING IT OUT - PART 14
other functions of t, different as- of operator D gives:

j kt A
sumptions are made. Box 1 lists 2 1
forms suitable for other cases. f D i+-R Di+ -LC i=u
We can now proceed, as usual, 1000
to find a particular solution (not [Eq. 116]

to be confused with the particu- Now comes the interesting point
lar integral). This is the solu- 800 about D. Although we have said
tion obtained when two border it is not a variable, it can be
conditions are satisfied. Let us shown that it can be manipu-
assume that, when t = 0, i = 0. 600 lated in equations and behave as
Also, when t = 0.01, i = 1 mA. if it were a variable. For exam-
Substituting the conditions for ple, we can factorize the left-
t = 0 in Eq. 113: 400 hand side of Eq. 116:
1
0=A+B (D2+1D+ i u
200 LC-)
B = -A. There is no advantage in using

operator D with such an equa-
The equation becomes: 2 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 tion, which is easy enough to
930010-XIV-119
t/ms solve by the method used above.
Ae-- 10 02 t Ae-4990t Operator D really comes into its
Fig. 119 own when we are modelling cir-
+t(7. 27x 10 -3)
cuits in which input voltages
A(e-1o.o2t -4990t
plotted on a longer time scale. We ciable initial 'kick' of Fig. 119. vary sinusoidally (or cosinus-
+t(7.27x 10 )
can see that the current increases oidally) or exponentially. For ex-
steadily, keeping pace with the Operator D ample, consider a series LCR
[Eq. 1141 upwardly -ramping applied volt- Before we model any further cir- circuit as in Fig. 118, but with
Substituting in Eq. 114 the values age. the following values: R = 1.5 Q,
cuits, we will look at a technique
when t = 0.01: C = 1 F and L = 0.5 H. The input
To simulate the conditions in that often simplifies finding the
voltage , u = -(cos 3t)/6, is sinu-
which the current begins with no solution of differential equations.
0.001 = A(e-0 1002 - e-49.9) charge on the capacitor and no This method is based on a dif- soidal. Calculating coefficients
+7.27x10-5 flux in the inductor, we make ferent way of symbolizing dif- gives: R 1 L = 3 and 1/LC = 2.
= 0.9047A + 7.27x10-5the first border condition i = 0 ferentiation. Instead of writing Differentiating u and dividing by
and when t = 0 as before. The sec- di/dt, we write Di. D is not a L produces sin 3t. The equation
A= (0.001- 7.27x10-5)/0.9047 ond condition is that di/dt = 0 quantity or variable, but an op- modelling this circuit is:
= 0.001025. when t = 0. In words, the cur- erator, which means 'differen-
tiate'. We usually refer to it as d2i di
Substituting these values in rent is constant at zero when -rs-+ 3-+ zt = sin 3t
Eq. 114, we obtain the particu- t = O. This makes B = -A as be- operator D. We are using it to dt` dt
lar solution: fore and we obtain Eq. 114. represent differentiation ofi with [Eq. 117]
Differentiating Eq. 114: respect to t, but it can be used When using operator D, we
-4990 t
i= 0.001025(e-10.021 for any other pair of variables, first find the complementary func-
di -10.021 for example x and y. Using this tion in the usual way. The aux-
+t(7. 27x 10 -3) =A( -10. 02e
dt symbol, Dx3 = 3x2. The rules of iliary equation is:
[Eq. 115] +4990 e-499°1 )+ 7.27 x 10-3 differentiation apply exactly as
The graph of Eq. 115 for usual. m2 +3m +2 = 0.
0<t<0.01 appears as Fig. 119. Inserting the second border con- The idea of D is extended to
It shows the rapid increase of cur- dition: differentiating a differential. We Although we nearly always need
rent; this is necessary in order obtain the second differential: to use the quadratic formula to
to meet the condition that i =1 mA 0 = A(-10.02 + 4990) +7.27x10-3 solve this equation, there are
when t = 0.01 s. Remember that and d2i
2
D(Di)=D t =-2- cases like this one in which it fac-
when we specified that i = 0 when A = (7.27x10-3)14979.8 dt torizes easily:
t = 0, this only means that i is 1.46x10-6.
zero at that instant. In actual- Similarly, we have the reverse (m + 1)(m + 2) = 0,
ity, it is passing through zero at The particular equation is: operation, represented by the
that instant to reach a relatively symbol 1/D, which means 'inte- so that m1 = -1 and m2 = -2.
high level soon after. Specifying i = (1.46x10-6)(e-10.02t_e-49901) grate': Both roots are real and so the
zero current at zero time does not +t(7.27x10-3). CF is:
mean that there is no charge on x 4/D = x 5/5 .
the capacitor and no magnetic It can be seen that, because A is i = AE -1 +Be -21.
flux in the inductor. These must so small, the final expression Note that we do not introduce the
have been present as the result dominates the equation. Current constant of integration when we We make use of operator D for
of a voltage applied to the cir- increases at the rate of 7.27 mA are working with D. finding the particular function.
cuit before t = O. This is why the per second without the appre- Representing Eq. 109 in terms The advantage of D is that
current increases so rapidly. there are three very helpful the-
However, the effects of this die orems associated with it. Their
away and the current begins to 1 F(D) eax = eax F(a) proofs are rather lengthy, so we
decrease. After about 10 ms, the 2. F(D) {e* f(x)} = elm F(D + a) f(x) do not have space here to ex-
circuit begins to show the ef- 3a. F(D2) sin ax = F( -a2) sin ax
plain them. The theorems are
fects of the new voltage ramp- stated in Box 2. They look rather
ing up from 0 V at t = 0. The ef- 3b. F(D2) cos ax = F( -a2) cos ax obscure, but they are easy to use
fects of this are better shown on as will be shown by this exam-
the right of Fig. 119, which is Box 2. Operator D theorems. ple. First, rewrite Eq. 117 in terms

36 GENERAL INTEREST
of D: Theorem 1 is the appropriate

choice since the right-hand side
D2i +3Di + 2i = sin 3t. [mA] [V]t of Eq. 119 is simply an expo-
nential term involving t only in
Factorizing: the index of e. To apply the the-
100- orem, we have only to write the
(D2 + 3D + 2)i = sin 3t, exponential term as it stands,
but to replace D by a. This makes
whence -02 the calculation easier than the
1 - 0.1
previous example. In this ex-
i= sin 3f ample, a = -0.4545, so we find:
D +3D+22- 0 t
[ms] -11. 3625-a 4545t
i-
Notice how we move the terms -O. 45452 + 250 x-0.4545 +1000
in D across from one side of the = -0.0128 e4'4545 t
equation to the other, just as if
they were variables. Now look This is the PI. Adding this to
at Theorem 3a in Box 2. This tells -100- the CF, we obtain the complete
- -0.2
us that, if we have a function of 930110-XN-1f
solution:
D which includes D2, and this is
multiplied by sin ax (in which a i= Ae-4t÷Be-246t
is a constant), we can replace Fig. 120 +( -0. 0128 e -414545t
D2 by -a2. In this example, we
have t as the variable instead of Given two border conditions, we
x. The constant a is equal to 3, can find A and B in the usual way
so we replace D2 by -32, which and so obtain the particular so-
is -9: lution.
1 This month, we have mod-
sin 3f elled only series LCR circuits,
-9 + 3D + 2
1 C2 R2
but parallel circuits can be mod-
= sin 3t 50 elled in a very similar way and
3D-7 R1
Ok solved using operator D.
5000u
[To be continued]
Having eliminated the D2, it re-
mains for us to eliminate the D. Test yourself
We juggle with the fraction on 1. Given the complete solution
the right, multiplying top and C1 L1
of Eq. 118 and the border con-
5V
bottom by 3D + 7: ditions that i = 0 and di/dt
2207 200mH
3D+7 = 0 when t = 0, find the par-
i= sin 3t ticular solution.
(3D -7X3D+ 7) 930010-XIV-121
=
3D+7 sin 3t 2. Given the complete solution
9D-, -49 of Eq. 119 and the border con-
Fig. 121 ditions that i = 0 when t = 0,
Once again, we have D2 in the de- and i =10 mA when t =100 ms,
nominator, so we use Theorem two border conditions. Fig. 120 R /L = 250 and 1/LC =1000. The find the particular solution
3a again and replace D2 with shows the graph of the solution, equation is: and calculate i when t = 250 ms.
-9:
3D+7
.
sin dt
given i = 0 and di/dt = 0 at t = 0.
Note how the curve begins with
o
2
+ 250 --+ 1000 i
i idi
3. Given a circuit as in Fig. 118,
zero gradient (di/dt = 0). After the dt with R = 100 fl, C = 2000 µF,
-81-49
initial upsurge, the current set- = -11.3625 a-0.4545 t L = 10 mH, and u = 0.08e0.5t,
3f tles down to a sinusoidal form,
= -(3D +7).sm. write the modelling equation
130 symmetrical about the x-axis, and [Eq. 119] and the general solution. Given
-(3D sin 3t+7 sin 3t) lagging slightly behind the input The auxiliary equation is: that when t = 0, i = 0 mA and
130 voltage. di/dt = 4 A s-1, find the par-
m2 + 250m + 1000 = 0 ticular solution. Calculate the
The term 3D sin 3t means 'three Exponential input current when t = 100 ms.
times the differential of sin 3t', In Fig. 121 the input to the op- and its roots are m1 = -4 and
which equals 9 cos 3t and the erational amplifier rises expo- m2 = 246 (approximately). The Answers to
PI becomes: nentially. The opamp is a voltage CF is: Test yourself (Part 13)
follower, so the input to the LCR 1. i = -0.01e-2500t cos 9354t
. -(9 cos 3t+7 sin 3t) circuit follows the same curve. Ae-4t Be -246t. - 0.03457e -2500t sin 9354t.
130 The switch is set to charge C1 to Underdamped. At 0.0008 s,
5 V. When t = 0, the switch is As before, we use D to find the i = -4.85 mA.
Thus, the general solution (CF set to discharge C1. It can be PI. Writing Eq. 119 in terms of
+ PI) is: shown by the methods describ- D: 2. i =1.0097e -9.11 -0.9097e -9990.9t.
ned in Part 12 that: (D2 + 250D + 1000)i After 0.5 ms the current peaks
Ae-t +BC2t-(9cos3t+7sin30
.
- = -11.3625e-04545t at 1 A, then falls to 0.406 A
130 u = 5e -0.4545t.
at 100 ms. It falls to 0.01 A
[Eq. 118] . _11.3625e -0.4545t after 255 ms.
t=
Eq. 118 has two arbitrary con- The coefficients for the equation D- +250D + 1000
stants so it can be solved, given modelling the LCR circuit are

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42
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS

(PART 1)
SOME NOTES ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
The direct conversion or synchrodyne receiver was invented several decades ago, but
only with the advent of modern semiconductor technology has it come into its own as
a viable design alternative. Although most designs are intended for novices, and lack
certain features of high-grade superheterodyne receivers, the modern direct
conversion receiver (DCR) is capable of exciting performance.
By Joseph J. Carr, B.Sc., MSEE
Acase can be made for the assertion the sum IF or the difference IF, while re-
that the modern DCR is capable of jecting the other IF, the LO and RF sig-
performing as good as many middle nals. Most of the gain (which helps
grade communications receivers. determine sensitivity) and the selectivity
Although that assertion may seem very of the receiver are accomplished at the IF
bold indeed, the results of my literature frequency. In older receivers it was al-
search and experience building several most universally true that the difference
different models bears it out. While no IF frequency was selected (455 KHz and
one, least of all this author, would repre- 460 KHz being very common), but in
sent the DCR as capable of the best pos- modern communications receivers either
sible performance, modern designs are or both might be selected. For example, it
no longer in the hobbiest curiosity cate- is common to use a 9 -MHz IF amplifier
gory. In this two-part article you will find on high frequency (HF) band shortwave
the basic theory of operation, some of the receivers. On bands below 9 MHz, the
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the heterodyne sum IF is selected while on bands above
appropriate circuits, and some of the ac- frequency conversion circuit that forms the
tual designs tried on the workbench. 9 MHz the difference IF is selected. A
basis of both the superheterodyne and direct popular combination on amateur radio
conversion receivers (DCR). In the DCR, FL() receivers uses a 9 -MHz IF combined with
Basic theory of operation FRP a 5 to 5.5 -MHz variable frequency oscil-
The DCR is similar to the superhetero- lator. To receive the 75/80 -meter band
dyne in underlying concept: the receiver (3.5 to 4.0 MHz), the sum IF is used. The
radio frequency (RF) signal is translated to FRF and FLo plus the product frequen- same combination of LO and IF frequen-
in frequency by nonlinear mixing with a cies (Fu+FL0), and (FRF FLo). The latter cies will also receive the 20 -meter (14.0
local oscillator (LO) signal (`heterodyn- two are called sum and difference in- to 14.4 MHz) band if the difference IF
ing'). Figure 1 shows the basic block dia- termediate frequencies (IF). Other (i.e., 14.0-5 = 9 MHz) is used.
gram for the 'front end' of both types of products are certainly present, but for In a DCR, on the other hand, only the
receiver. The mixer is a nonlinear ele- purposes of this discussion are regarded difference IF frequency is used (see
ment that combines the two signals, FRF as negligible. Fig. 2). Because the DCR LO operates at
and FLo. The output of the mixer con- In a superheterodyne radio receiver, a the same frequency as the RF carrier, or
tains a number of different frequencies tuned bandpass filter will select either on a nearby frequency in the case of CW
that obey the relationship:
Fe = m FR ± n FLO [1]
Where: RF Gain
Control
Volume
Control
Fe is the output frequency;
FRF is the frequency of the received radio Mixer
signal; Input
RF Low -Pass
Signal
FL, is the frequency produced by the Conditioning AMP Filter
local oscillator;
(All frequencies in same units).
m and n are integers (0; 1, 2, 3, ...).
Local
All frequencies other than FRF and FLU Oscillator
are product frequencies. In general,
we are only interested in the cases where 940015 - I - 12
m and n are either 0 or 1, so the output
frequency spectrum of interest is limited Fig. 2. Block diagram of a generic direct conversion receiver.

DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - 1 43
and SSB reception, the difference fre-

quency represents the audio modulation
of the radio signal. Amplitude modulated Tr1 Blue Pin Bead
RF
(AM) signals are accommodated by zero - 3 5 7
0000
1
beating the LO to the radio signal signal D2
0 0 06 0
making Fix, = FRF(carner)' Thus, only the 4 8
recovered upper and lower sidebands will Bottom View
pass through the system, and they are at

audio frequency. Function
SRA - I SBL - I SBL - IX
SRA - SBL -
For CW signals (morse code on -off I - I I - I
Ground 2,5,6,7 2,5,6,7 2,5,6,7

telegraphy), and single sideband signals,
it is necessary to offset the LO frequency LO In 8 8 8
slightly to recover the signal. For the CW Tr2 RF In 1 1 3,4
case one must select a comfortable tone IF Out 3,4 . 3,4 * 1
(which is an individual preference). In

my own case, I am most comfortable LO: .7dBm LO Input
* Pins 3 4 to be connected together
Blue bead indicates Pin 1
using an 800 -Hz note when copying CW, RF: < .1.1dBm (+7dBm) 940015 -1-13
so will offset the LO from the RF by

800 Hz. For example, when copying a CW
signal at, say, 3650 KHz, the LO will be Fig. 3. Internal circuit of the SRA-1 and SBL-1 passive double balanced mixers. Inset shows
tuned to either 3649.2 KHz or pin -outs on device package.
3650.8 KHz. In either case, the beat note
heard in the output is 800 Hz. Single
sideband (SSB) reception requires an off- frequency selection at the front end, the mixer that recovers the audio modula-
set of the order of 1.8 to 2.8 KHz for mixer is wide open with respect to fre- tion either a product detector or second
proper reception. quency, and may be unable to prevent detector, even though the same type of
As was true in the superheterodyne some unwanted signal, or spurious com- circuit can be used for both cases.
receiver, most of the gain and selectivity binations of signals, from entering the There are any number of mixer cir-
in the DCR is provided by the stages receiver circuits. Some designs will in- cuits used in radio receivers, and most of
after the first mixer. While the super- clude more than one style of filter. For them are candidates for use in direct con-
heterodyne uses the IF amplifier chain example, a popular combination uses a version receivers. As you will see, how-
for this purpose, followed by second de- single staged tuned resonant circuit at ever, not all mixers are created equal, so
tection and audio amplification, the DCR the input of the mixer to select the RF some are better suited to DCR applica-
must use only the audio amplifier chain. signal to be received and a high-pass fil- tions than others. In nearly all cases, the
Thus, it becomes necessary to provide ter - with a cut-off frequency, Fe, of output circuit of the mixer will be a low-
some very high gain audio amplifiers and 2,200 KHz - which is designed to ex- pass filter that passes audio frequencies,
audio bandpass filtering in the DCR de- clude AM broadcast band signals. The but not RF frequencies.
sign. reason for such an arrangement is that Two issues seem to predominate
One implication of DCR operation is the AM signal may be quite intense, mixer selection: sensitivity and dy-
the lack of single signal operation. Both being of local origin, and is therefore ca- namic range. The former determines
CW and SSB signals will appear on both pable of overriding the minor selectivity how small a signal can be detected, while
sides of the zero -beat point (F,F=FLo ex- provided by the tuned circuit. the latter determines the ratio between
actly). While this feature can be a prob- The RF amplifier used in the front- the minimum detectable signal and the
lem, it has at least one charming end is also optional, and is used to pro- maximum detectable signal. There are
attribute on SSB reception: the DCR will vide extra gain, and possibly some some passive mixers that produce so
receive LSB signals on one side of zero - selectivity. The gain is needed to over- much loss, so much noise and require so
beat and USB signals on the other side of come losses or inherent insensitivity in much signal strength to operate in the
zero -beat. There have been attempts to the mixer design. Not all mixers require first place that they are simply not suited
provide single -signal reception of SSB the RF amplifier, so it is frequently to DCR design unless adequate pream-
signals on DCRs' by using audio and deleted in published designs. In general, plification is provided. Such detectors
VFO phasing circuits (in the manner of RF amplifiers are used only in DCRs op- can sometimes be put to good use in su-
the phasing method of SSB generation). erating above 14 MHz. Below 14 MHz, perheterodyne receivers because they are
That approach greatly increases the com- signals tend to be relatively strong and preceded by the gain of the front-end and
plexity of the receiver, which may make man-made noise tends to be much the IF amplfier chains, which can be con-
other design approaches more reasonable stronger than inherent mixer noise.3 siderable.
than DCRs.2 There are two issues that must be ac-
The most basic implementation of the Mixer circuits counted for when selecting or building
DCR (Fig. 2) required only a mixer the mixer element of the DCR. First,
stage, a local oscillator and an audio am- The principal element in any direct con- there is always the possibility of radia-
plifier. In fact, if the mixer has a high version receiver (DCR) is the mixer. The tion of the local oscillator (LO) signal
enough output signal level, and high im- mixer is a nonlinear circuit that exhibits through the antenna. In order to prevent
pedance earphones are used to detect the changes of impedance over cyclical excur- this problem, it is necessary to keep the
audio, some designs can make do without sions of the input signals. When mixing mixer unilateral, i.e. signal flowing only
the audio amplifier. These are, however, linear, one signal will ride on the other in one direction. Some mixers are inher-
a rarity and the one version that I tried as an algebraic sum, but the product fre- ently good in this respect, while others
did not work very well. quencies are not generated. A mixer that are a bit problematical. In cases where
In some DCR designs, there will be op- produces product frequencies can be used LO radiation might occur it is recom-
tional RF input signal conditioning con- either in DCRs or superheterodyne re- mended that an RF amplifier be used
sisting of either a low-pass filter, ceivers. In superheterodyne receiver ter- ahead of the mixer, regardless of
high-pass filter, or bandpass filter (as ap- minology it is common to call the whether or not it is needed for purposes
propriate) to select the desired signal or frequency translation mixer that proof improving sensitivity.
reject undesired signals. Without some duces the IF a first detector, and the The second problem that must be rec-

44 RADIO AND TELEVISION
and reverse resistance readings obtained 50 Q at the tap, while still providing tun-
with an ohmmeter. Although not an opti- ing action to select input signals. The
mal match, the resistance matching output network consists of an audio
scheme results in superior performance transformer with a 10-k4 primary and a
over randomly selecting the diodes. lower impedance secondary. The audio
One of the most popular forms of com- output of this circuit is quite low, despite
mercial DBM is the Mini -Circuits (P.O. being an active circuit, so it must be fol-
Box 166, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; lowed by considerable audio gain (80 to
phone 718-934-4500) SRA-series and 100 dB).
SBL-series devices. The pin pattern for
the shielded case of these mixers is Considerations for good
shown as an inset to Fig. 3, while the pin DCR designs
assignments are shown in the associated
table. Note that pin 1 is indicated by a It probably does not surprise many read-
blue bead insulator around the pin, while ers that there are some principles of good
the other pins will have a different color. design that result in superior DCR per-
Also, on the top of the mixer case the let- formance. Some of these principles were
ters `MCL' appear (which is the manufac- discussed by Campbell; and others4.
turer's logo), and the 'M' is positioned Even relatively simple DCR designs, in-
directly above pin 2. These mixers are cluding those based on the Signetics
used in many published DCR designs, NE602 integrated circuit double bal-
where they have proved an excellent anced modulator' and the popular
Fig. 4. Balanced mixer based on the CA choice. They are designed for 50-Q input LM386 audio amplifier, have proven to
3028A IC device. and output impedances, so are relatively be very sensitive and free of hum and mi-
easy to match with tuned circuits and LC crophonics, even though that combina-
filters. The RF signal must be kept at tion is not without critics. Dillon's
ognized is transmission of the RF or LO +1 dBm or below, while the LO signal design, which was tested in the laborato-
signals to the output of the mixer. Many must be around +7 dBm. At an imped- ries of the American Radio Relay League
forms of mixer are particularly bad in ance of 50 Q, the +7-dBm signal level (ARRL), proved remarkably free of the
this respect, while others are consider- represents about 5 mW, or 500 mV,.,, problems often associated with simple
ably better. Theoretically any mixer can (1.4 Vpp ). DCR designs.6
be used for the front-end of the DCR, An active mixer can be built with any One method for terminating the mixer
however, the simple halfwave rectifier of several different integrated circuits, or is to place a resistor -capacitor (RC) net-
diode envelope detectors are not at all their discrete equivalents. One approach work across the IF OUT terminals of the
recommended. uses analog multiplier circuits, while an- mixer and ground (see Fig. 5). The SBL-
Perhaps the best passive form of other uses simple differential amplifier 1 is designed for 50 Q input and output
mixer is the double balanced mixer circuits. The mixer of Fig. 4 is based on impedances, so the device is terminated
(DBM) of Fig. 3. This circuit provides su- the CA -3028A differential IF/RF ampli- in it characteristic impedance at RF fre-
perior suppression of the LO and RF sig- fier IC. The differential input impedance quencies by the 51-Q resistor (R1).
nals in the output, leaving only the sum (pins 1 to 5) is of the order of 1 kQ, while Because capacitor C1 has a value that
and difference IF frequencies. This type the differential output impedance (pins 6 produces a high reactance at audio fre-
of mixer uses the same sort of diode ring to 8) is 8 kQ. For an input circuit, there- quencies (AF), and a low reactance at RF,
circuit as the single balanced mixer dis- fore, a transformer is needed that con- the mixer is terminated for any residual
cussed above, but adds a second trans- verts the antenna impedance (typically LO and RF signal (which are absorbed by
former to the circuit for the RF signal. In 50 Q) to 1000 Q. This transformer can R1), but AF is transmitted to the low-
this circuit, the LO signal is driven in have a tapped primary that matches pass filter.
push-pull across two opposite nodes of
the diode ring, while the RF signal drives
the alternate nodes in push-pull.
All of these diode mixers can be made
with either hot carrier diodes (preferred)
or ordinary silicon small -signal or
switching diodes (those in the 1N914 and
1N4148 class are suitable). In either
case, performance is improved if the
diodes are matched. While matching is
best done on an oscillographic curve
tracer, silicon switching diodes can be
crudely matched by comparing forward
100n
C2 C3 36 CTCS I=15
hn :10u
1n 1
NM C9
C10 T470p
Tr2
270p r --
C12
(values for 3.5MHz band)

MAIN 365p 120p
TUNING
940015 - I - 16
Fig. 5. Block diagram of mixer output circuit

used in direct conversion receivers. Fig. 6. Direct conversion H.F. receiver using the NE602 and LM386 integrated circuits.

A 0
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a a 0 e 0 0
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Sing eet mu mrcti -^ ,90, 0110 Oral Ira&
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lbp wn ion schematic
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Or planeastu port ith full DRC
1-
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Gridl ss re-entrant a torourer
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Full in
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alogue support
resume, pan
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utput drivers - Included as stands

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a C4
UT1
500
18rnH
from DBM RI to Audio Amplifier
940015 - I -18e
Tuning
b
Voltage
C8
*see text
C4 C5 ,,.6 10n
:n :1O7
940015 I 17
AF OUTPUT AF
Fig. 7. Direct conversion receiver based on the TDA7000 integrated circuit.
C
Some practical design circuit uses the same balanced front-end
approaches as other designs and, like the typical
NE602 design, uses the internal oscilla- AF
The NE602 type of DCR is relatively easy tor for the variable frequency oscillator E)
to build, and provides reasonable perfor- (VFO). The circuit following this front-
mance for little effort. The NE602 chip is end should be of the sort typically found
relatively easy to obtain, and for the in the NE602 designs. This particular
most part is well behaved in circuits (i.e. variant uses the internal operational am-
it does what it is supposed to do). It has plifiers of the TDA7000 to provide active A MIK
about 20 dB of conversion gain, so can bandpass filtering. 100m 100.1 100mFI
help overcome some circuit losses, and Figure 8a shows the passive diplexer ALL <0113TONO
TYPE 101315
2-r I a" an
reduces slightly the amount of gain re- used by Campbell'. It consists of several 940015 I ISc
quired of the audio amplifier that fol- inductor, resistor and capacitor elements
lows. The NE602 can provide very good that form both low-pass and high-pass Fig. 8. a) Diplexer circuit used to terminate
sensitivity, on the order of 0.3 µV is rela- filter sections. The values of the induc- the mixer and filter the audio; b) audio
tively easy to obtain, but lacks something tors (L1, L2 and L3) are selected with preamplifier for direct conversion receiver;
in dynamic range. Although the specifi- their d.c. resistance in mind, so it is im- c) audio bandpass filters with three switch
cations of the device allow it to accept portant to use the originally specified selectable bandpass characteristics.
signals up to -15 dBm, at least one components, or their exact equivalents
source recommended a maximum signal in replicating the project. Campbell used
level of -25dBm7. At higher input signal Toko Type 1ORB inductors: L1 is a sign is scaled from the 3000 Hz design.
levels, the NE602 tends to fall apart.' 181LY-392J, L2 a 181LY-273J and L3 a Campbell claims that these filters of-
The newer NE612 is basically the same 181LY-273J. fered a shape factor of 2.1:1, with an es-
chip, but has improved dynamic range. The matched 50-52 audio preamplifier sentially flat passband "...with rounded
While I have not personally tried the is shown in Fig. 8b, and is an improved corners, no ripple and no ringing."
newer variety, it is reputed to be a version of the Lewallen circuit. Campbell implied the use of switch-
greatly improved device compared to the According to Campbell, this circuit pro- ing, as shown in Fig. 8c, but did not ac-
NE602. vides about 40 dB of gain, and offers a tually show the circuitry. As shown here,
The Dillon design shown in Fig. 6 noise figure of about 5 dB. The range of the switching involves use of a pair of
uses the push-pull outputs of the NE602 input signals that it will accommodate ganged SP3P rotary switches. In a short
(i.e. both pins 4 and 5), and is superior to ranges from about 10 nV to 10 mV, with- time in the future I will be working on a
the single -ended variety. According to out undue distortion. These specifica- PIN diode switched variant for a differ-
Dillon, the balanced output approach im- tions make the amplifier a good match to ent purpose, and see no immediate rea-
proves the performance, especially in re- the DBM. Like the Lewallen circuit, the son why it shouldn't work.
gard to AM BCB breakthrough. Also Campbell circuit uses a grounded base A complex DCR was designed by
helping the breakthrough problem is the input amplifier (T,), and an active decou- Breed, and reported in the amateur radio
use of a 47-nF capacitor across the out- pler (T2). But Campbell also adds an literature as a direct conversion single
put terminals of the NE602. emitter follower/buffer amplifier (T3). sideband receiver.' The single sideband
Daulton takes exception to the use of A set of three passive audio filters, (SSB) mode is properly called single
the NE602 as the DCR front-end, and which can be switched into or out of the sideband suppressed carrier ampli-
prefers instead to use the TDA7000 chip. circuit, is shown in Fig. 8c. These filters tude modulation, for it is a variant of
While functionally similar to the NE602, are designed for termination in an im- AM that reduces the RF carrier and one
the TDA7000 is more complex and is said pedance of 500 52. Three different band -of the two AM sidebands to negligible
to deliver superior performance with re- passes are offered: 1 KHz, 3 KHz and levels. This mode is used in HF transmis-
spect to dynamic range and signal over- 4 KHz. The 4-KHz filter is a fifth order sions because it reduces the bandwidth
load characteristics. Figure 7 shows a Butterworth design, while the 3-KHz fil- required by half, and removes the carrier
DCR front-end circuit based on the ter is a seventh order elliptical design that produces heterodyne squeels on the
TDA7000 after Daulton's design. This after Niewiadomskim. The 1000 Hz de - shortwave bands.

DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - I 47
receiver as well.
Several different VFO designs are
used for receiver LOs: Armstrong,
Hartley, Colpitts/Clapp and an ampli-
tude limiting design. The first three of
these circuits are recognized according to
the nature of their respective feedback
networks, while the other is recognized
by the special connection of a trans-
former. Note that the Colpitts and Clapp
are basically the same circuit, except
that the Colpitts uses a parallel tuned
LC frequency setting network and a
Clapp oscillator uses a series tuned LC
network.
VFO circuits consist of an active ele-
ment (transistor, IC, etc.) and a feedback
Fig. 9. Phasing -style direct conversion receiver for improved single sideband reception. network that must meet the Bark-
hausen criteria for feedback oscilla-
tors: 1) the loop gain of the circuit must
There are two methods for generating an amount that will create a comfortable be unity or greater, and 2) the feedback
SSB. The most common today uses a dou- listening level, while also tailoring the must be in -phase with the amplifier
ble balanced modulator to combine a bandpass characteristics of the overall input signal. In most circuits, there is
fixed carrier and the audio signal to pro- receiver to limit noise and other arti- 180 degrees of phase inversion between
duce a double sideband suppressed car- facts. Although any number of discrete input and output, so the feedback net-
rier output signal; the unneeded and integrated circuit (IC) circuits are work must provide an additional 180 de-
sideband is then removed by filtering. suitable, most designers today tend to grees at the desired frequency of
The older and more complex variant uses use the IC versions. Figure 10 shows a oscillation. In practical terms, for HF
a phasing method of SSB generation. simple LM -386 design, while the pub- VFO circuits these criteria result in a
Breed uses the inverse process to demod- lished literature shows many other de- need for a gain -bandwidth product (F,) in
ulate SSB signals in a clever, but com- signs as well." a bipolar transistor of 250 MHz or more
plex, receiver design (Fig. 9). This circuit The LM386 design of Fig. 10 is the and a gain (H,) greater than ten. The
splits the incoming RF signal into two single -ended configuration for the high F, prevents unplanned phase
components and then feeds them both to LM386 low -power audio stage. This IC changes at higher frequencies within the
separate mixers. These mixers are dri- device contains both preamplifiers and VFO range. For field effect transistors a
ven 90 degrees out of phase by a VFO power amplifiers for a nominal output transconductance of 2,000 siemens or
that produces -45° and +45° outputs. power of 250 mW. The LM386 series of more is usually required. In this article I
The respective outputs of the mixers are audio power ICs are easy to use, but behave somewhat arbitrarily selected the
amplified and then fed to bilateral 90° cause of the high gain needed will oscil-
audio phase shift networks where they late if layout is not correct, or if
are recombined. The output of the phase grounding is not proper. There are two
shift network is filtered in a low-pass fil- basic circuit configurations for the
ter and bandpass filter, to provide the re- LM386. The differential version was
covered modulation. shown in Fig. 6 (Dillon's design), while
Fig. 10 shows the more common single -
Audio circuits ended design. The gain of the circuit can
be either 46 dB (x200) when capacitor C2
The audio chain in the direct conversion is used, or 26 dB (x20) when C2 is deleted
receiver tends to be very high gain in (leave pins 1 and 8 open -circuited).
order to compensate for the low output
levels usually found on the mixer cir- Local oscillator circuits
cuits. The principal job of the audio am-
plifier is to increase the signal level by The local oscillator (LO) for a continu-
ously tunable receiver of any description Fig. 11. Hartley VFO circuit.
is basically a variable frequency oscilla-
tor (VFO). Although higher grade re-
ceivers today typically use frequency
synthesis techniques for generating the
LO signal, the standard inductor -capaci-
tor (LC) controlled VFO still has appeal
for less complex receivers. The VFO used
for the LO in receivers is pretty much the )1,5 50011
same as the VFO in transmitters, so C2
transmitter VFOs are frequently used.

There are some cases, however, where a
receiver LO has at least one specification
that is more rigid than the transmitter
equivalent: many receivers have a re-
quirement for low FM phase noise. In the
main, however, amateur radio applica-
Fig. 10. Audio stage based on the LM386 tions of direct conversion receivers typi-
audio integrated circuit. cally use the transmitter VFO for the Fig. 12. Colpitts VFO circuit.

ing feedback. The oscillating frequency is In the second and final part of this article
set by L1 -C1, although the effects of C2, we will look at some practical designs of
C3 -C4 and the gate capacitance of the direct conversion receivers.
JFET must also be considered.
Figure 13 shows a VFO circuit that Notes and references:
uses the transformer core to provide out- 1. Gary A. Breed, 'A new breed of re-
put amplitude stability with a low -noise ceiver', QST, January 1988, pp. 16-23.
operation.12 The inductor, which not only 2. The ARRL Handbook for the Radio
helps control frequency but also limits Amateur - Sixty-fifth edition, American
amplitude variations, is wound on an Radio Relay League (Newington, CT,
Amidon T-68-6 toroidal core. The main USA, 1988).
coil (L1) consists of 17 turns of #26 AWG 3. Rick Campbell, KK7B, 'High perfor-
wire, and is tapped at 1 turn for the base mance Direct -Conversion Receivers',
of T1. A feedback coil consists of 2 turns QST August 1992, pp. 19-28.
of the same wire on the same form. 4. Roy W. Lewallen, W7EL, 'An
Optimized QRP Transceiver', QST
August 1980, pp. 14-19; Paul G. Daulton,
Oscillator stability K5WMS, 'The explorer: HF Receiver for
Local oscillator stability is always impor- 40 and 80 meters', 73 Amateur Radio
tant, but a case can made that it is more Today August 1992, pp.30-34; John
so in DCR receivers. Several factors are Dillon, WA3RNC, 'The Beophyte
Fig. 13. Low -noise HF VFO circuit. involved in VFO stability, and if these Receiver', QST February 1988, pp. 14-18.
guidelines are followed result in a stable 5. Micheal A. Covington, 'Single -chip
oscillator more often than not.13 Some Frequency Converter', Radio Electronics
junction field effect transistor (JFET) of guidelines that will result in a more sta- April 1990, pp. 49-52; Joseph J. Carr,
the MPF102 class to serve in the circuit ble VFO are: 'NE602 Primer', Elektor Electronics
illustrations. In addition, because the January 1992, pp. 20-25.
NE602 is so popular amongst DCR Avoid excessive temperatures in the 6. Ibid. (Dillon).
builders I have also included the three oscillator. Also avoid wide variation in 7. Ibid. (Covington).
principle forms of oscillator circuit used temperature. 8. Ibid. (Daulton).
with that chip: Hartley, Colpitts and Use only as much feedback as needed 9. Ibid. (Campbell).
Clapp. to ensure quick starting of the oscilla- 10. S. Niewiadomski, 'Passive Audio
Figure 11 shows a Hartley oscillator tor. Filter Design' Ham Radio September
circuit. This type of oscillator is identi- Use an output buffer amplifier to iso- 1985, pp. 17-30; cited in Campbell (op-
fied by use of a tapped inductor in the late the VFO circuit from changes in cit.).
frequency setting network as part of the the external load. 11. Ray Marston, 'Audio Amplifier ICs',
feedback network. The source of the Use an IC voltage regulator that Radio -Electronics. April 1990, pp. 53-57.
JFET is connected to ground through the serves only the oscillator device (but See also the National Semiconductor
tap, so its current becomes the feedback not the buffer amplifier). Linear Data Books, or the data books of
signal. The top end of the coil is con- Rigidly mount the frequency determin- other major IC manufacturers for appli-
nected to the resonating capacitor and ing capacitors and inductors. cations information and device data.
then to the gate of the JFET. Output can >>. Prefer air core inductors over ferrite or 12. From an article by L. Gunn, K7HFD,
be taken from the drain, gate, or source powdered iron core inductors; prefer discussed and cited in W. Hayward and
terminals of the JFET, as well as from ei- slug -tuned coils over toroids. D. DeMaw, Solid -State Design for the
ther a special tap on L1 or a second wind- Trimmer and main tuning capacitors Radio Amateur, American Radio Relay
ing on the same core as L1. It is common should be air dielectric types, rather League (Newington, CT, USA, 1977).
practice to use a small value capacitor at than mica or other materials. 13. These criteria were developed from
the source terminal for output so as to Small capacitors in the frequency de- W. Hayward and D. DeMaw, Solid -State
lightly load the oscillator. The normal termining network, or used as coupling Design for the Radio Amateur (op-cit.).
ideal is to have a capacitance that is from the frequency determining net-
large enough to permit fast starting work, should be zero temperature coef-
every time the circuit is turned on, but ficient types (NPO disk ceramics
small enough to not seriously load the LC preferred).
network. Lightly load the frequency determin-
The tuned circuit that sets operating ing LC network by using a small capac-
frequency consists of L1 and C1, with L1 itance (1-10 pF) between the tank
being tapped for feedback purposes. In circuit and the gate or base of the oscil-
most cases, the tap is between 20 and 40 lator transistor.
percent of the total inductance. The cou- If an air variable capacitor is used for
pling capacitor between the LC network the main tuning control, then it should
and the JFET is a very small value so as be a double bearing model.
to prevent loading. The diode in Fig. 11 If a varactor diode is used for the main
is used to provide a limitation on ampli- tuning control, then it should use a
tude variations. This diode is a small sig- tuning voltage supply that is regulated
nal silicon diode of the 1N914 or 1N4148 by a varactor controller device such as
class. the MVS-460-2/ZTK33B.
Figure 12 shows the Colpitts VFO
circuit. This circuit can be configured These guidelines are neither exhaustive
with a series resonant circuit, in which nor absolute, but following them as
case it is called a Clapp oscillator. Both closely as possible will result in a supe-
types of oscillator are identified by the rior VFO stability.
tapped capacitor voltage divider provid-

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6 17 b.' 8 e ft 3, e 3,60 3 b

50
MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO

FX850/880P
A marked difference between large and small computers is the number of
possibilities available for communication with peripheral devices. In particular
pocket-size personal computers, like the Casio FX850/880P, could do with a few
communication extensions. The I/O extension card described in this article adds an
RS232 interface and a parallel printer port to the Casio FX850/880 pocket computer.
Design by M. Flinrich (hardware) and G.J. Klasens (software)
OVER the past few decades, calcu- eliminated by the internal protection
lators have evolved from simple circuit contained in the gates.
slide rules to fairly powerful miniature The parallel port extension for the
computers. This trend is typified by, printer consists of a latch, ICs, and six
among others, the change from a sim- logic gates. Gates IC la and IC ib invert
ple one -row LED display on those early the WE and CS signal respectively,
machines to an extensive graphics whereupon IC2b combines these sig-
LCD screen on some of the most recent nals into a strobe pulse for the latch.
models. The latch serves to store the eight
Likewise, the possibilities to pro- dataline levels needed for the printer.
gram the calculator have gone through In addition to the data, the printer
many changes. Until recently, pro- needs three control signals: STROBE,
gramming a calculator was restricted BUSY and INIT. Three buffers, IC2a,
to typing long strings of primitive cal- IC2c and IC2d, enable the PC and the
culation instructions. What were then Casio to exchange these signals as re-
called advanced machines were capa- quired.
ble of storing these instructions on a
magnetic tape, which prevented the Construction
`program' from being lost when the cal-
culator was switched off. To make the construction of the inter-
That has all changed with the ar- face easier, a printed circuit board was
rival of higher programming languages designed. The artwork is given in
like BASIC, Pascal and C. Further, the Fig. 2. Unfortunately, this board is not
programs are now stored in non- available ready-made through our
volatile memories (usually static a 4049, IC lc and ICid, are responsible Readers Services.
CMOS RAMs). There are even pocket for the buffering of the two serial sig- Start the construction by fitting the
computers around with a memory of nals, TxD (transmit) and RxD (receive) six wire links, the two sub -D connec-
more than 4 MByte. on the Casio extension connector. The tors (Ki and K2), the pinheader (K3),
Not surprisingly, users have an in- zener diode connected across the out- and the other passive components.
creasing need of 'connectivity', i.e, put of the TxD driver, IC1c, is a protec- Next, mount the diodes and the voltage
being able to link their pocket com- tive device, which starts to conduct regulator on to the board, paying due
puter to other equipment, including a when the output level of the driver be- attention to the polarity of these de-
'normal' PC. Entering and editing pro- comes too high, for instance, as a re- vices. Finally, mount the three digital
grams using the miniature keyboard sult of a supply voltage increase. Since ICs.
on the pocket computer is far less con- the output stage of the driver contains The connector is likely to be a real
venient than on the normal PC. a resistor, the current through the problem, because it is, to the authors'
Consequently, many users would like protection diodes in the gate is limited, knowledge, not available as a standard
to have a serial interface that allows and the voltage level cannot rise above component. The only way of getting
data to be exchanged between the PC 5.6 V. This prevents peripheral equip- hold of it is to salvage it from a faulty
and the pocket computer. Likewise, a ment connected to the computer from interface or another electronic device,
printer port is useful in many cases, being damaged. Conversely, resistor or to order it as a spare part. A further
particularly if hard copy of calculation R2 ensures that the TxD output is alternative could be an SMA (surface
results is required. Fortunately, the short-circuit resistant. Furthermore, mount assembly) connector salvaged
Casio FX850/880P has an extension the current through the zener diode is from a piece of electronic surplus.
connector which has all signals needed automatically limited should the out- These connectors usually have the
to implement a serial and a parallel put be accidentally connected to the same raster. Real hobbyists, however,
port. output of another device. should have a go at making their own
The input buffer, ICid, is also pro- connector by inserting a number of
The circuit tected. Negative voltages at the input stiff wires, or thin needles, into the
are blocked by diode D2, while resistor connector openings. Next, a small
The circuit diagram of the extension R3 serves to establish a 0-V reference piece of thin plastic sheet is inserted
card, Fig. 1, shows that two gates from level. High input voltage levels are between the two pin rows for isolation.

MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO FX850/880P
r A few drops of epoxy resin are then

CENTRONICS INTERFACE 1 sufficient to turn these components
I STROBE 3 into a solid whole.
2&;& Once the board is complete and in-
IC2a 5V O serted into the Casio extension con-
IC2c
R1
nector, it is time to connect it to a
K3
BUSY INIT
mains adapter (8-15 VDC output), and
1_0 02 10
start using it.
3_0 K1
5-0 0 6 BUSY IC2d
12
7_0 02
RxD 9 10 INIT
INIT
13
BUSY' 11
12_0
,_, 25
Software
11 0...LI2 23
IC3 10_0 0
13_0 14 TxD
\D7 v 9 0
Fortunately, the Casio FX850/880P
15_0 16 D3/
\D6
2
113
19 D7'
06'
02L. has built-in software protocols to sup-
\D4 D2/
4 17 8
0 cgiL.
\D5
17
19
18
20 D1/ \ D5 6 15 05' 7
0 oiL. port communication with peripherals
\D6
0 0 22 00/
\D4
\D3
8 3 4'
0 oiL. via the serial and parallel ports you
\D7
21
23 024
9 12 DT 5
0(:)7_ have just added. The serial port is de-
25_0 026 IC1a \D2 7 14 132' 4
0 0;ji___
27_0 28 WE WE 3 2
\ DI 16 D1' 3
0 0.15 scribed as COMO in CASIO BASIC. The
CS 29 30
1
\0O 3 18 DO'
0 014 commands that can make use of
Num
4
8 & C1
STROBE COMO are OPEN, CLOSE, PRINT#,
Casio Connector IC1b 1n
EN INPUT#, SAVE and LOAD. The para-
IC2b
CS 5
74HC573
meters that may be used with these
commands are listed in the user man-
ual.
i
L J
!Cie
r Diskette 1921 which is available
SERIAL INTERFACE 5V I through our Readers Services contains
TxD 7
ICU
16
R2
K2
.."........
0 I the program 'Casio", which arranges
CEO 1_0
0
I
the serial data traffic between a Casio
I IC1d
TxD
RxD
2
3
0 0.2 I computer and an MS-DOS PC. This
0
RxD 1009 D2
-0 0-
4
8
program is invaluable for exchanging
14 _8_0 9
R3 Ot 1N4148 data between the Casio and the hard

disk in the PC. By virtue of its clear
556 structure and built-in Help function,
the program is readily used, even with-
IC4 5V J out a manual.
8...15V
7805
The printer port may be enabled by
0 IC1 = 4049 selecting Mode 7 on the Casio (ènable
C3 IC2 = 74HC08
printer'). Further, all BASIC instruc-
100p 505 22p 16V
IC1 IC2 IC3 tions that have to do with the printer,
100n
like LLIST and LPRINT, make use of
930090 11
the parallel port.
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the mini I/O interface for the Casio FX850/880P pocket computer.
Resistors:
2 4741 R1;R3
1 4700 R2
Capacitors:
3 100nF C1;C2;C3
1 10011F 50V radial C4
1 2211F 16V radial C5
Semiconductors:
1 5V6 0.4W zener diode D1
1 1N4148 D2
1 4049 1C1
1 74HC08 1C2
1 74HC573 1C3
1 7805 1C4
Miscellaneous:
1 25 -way sub -D socket,
angled pins, PCB mounting K1
1 9 -way sub -D socket,
angled pins, PCB mounting K2
1 30 -way 2 -row pin header K3
1 Diskette 1921 (see page 70)
Fig. 2. Artwork of the PCB designed for the interface (PCB not available ready-made).

DX TELEVISI N aim
1:
011
A two -monthly column by Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
OCTOBER was a vast improvement gramme region, notably Haardtkopf

_num gin
on the previous month for reception (channel E55) and Ahrweiler (E56), and Finnish 3rd network FuBK test pattern.
with a relatively high number of spo- also their respective ZDF channels. Regional identification is sometimes
radic -E openings for the same year, with Several enthusiasts saw the new incorporated. The service operates mainly at
activity on at least nine days. Signals Dutch station `ZH-TV' on channel E49 UHF, but reception in the United Kingdom
were mostly from Spain, Italy and showing colour bars with identification. could be possible given the right
Portugal with strong, stable pictures of The station is still undergoing experi- atmospheric conditions.
excellent quality at times. mental tests.
Towards the end of the month, intense On October 31st, Bob Brooks (South
tropospheric activity dominated the Wirral), Andrew Jackson, Tim Tebbs and and recent examination clearly shows
scene, producing spectacular DX recep- Garry Smith logged many German sta- Canadian TV's maple leaf emblem in the
tion in Band III and at UHF. Signals tions from regions such as WDR-1 on background of a game show. The likeliest
were identified from as far away as channels E9 and Ell; West -3 E48 and transmitter is CKCW-TV located at
Spain, Switzerland and Sweden. Both E55; NDR-1 E11, E43, E50 and E53; Moncton, New Brunswick with an ERP of
bands were virtually choc-a-bloc over a NDR-3 E47; WDR-3 E48; RB-1 (Radio 56 kW.
period of several days; the opening lasted Bremen) E22; ZDF E21, E26, E34 and
into the first few days of November. The E35; MDR -3 E31 (Inselberg). On the Log for October
remainder of November was fairly mun- same day, the Swedish TV4 network was 04.10.93: An early afternoon sporadic -E
dane with only a handful of sporadic -E resolved on channel E50 by Andrew opening with Spain, Portugal and
signals, mainly from Spain and Portugal. Jackson. Norway.
However, an unexpected tropospheric November 1st and 2nd brought in 07.10.93: Denmark E3; Norway E2 and
opening occurred on the 18th with a del- many more German stations. Andrew E4; Italy IA.
uge of signals from transmitters as far Jackson caught Bayerischer Rundfunk 08.10.93: Italy IA.
away as Poland and Finland. showing the FuBK test card with the 15.10.93: Denmark E3; Spain TVE-1 E2,
transmitter identification `Dillberg' on E3 and E4; Spain TVE-2 E2; Italy IA;
Reception reports channel E6, and `Buttelberg' on E55. Portugal E3.
There were also relays of SAT -1 E42, 18.10.93: Netherlands at UHF via tro-
Andrew Jackson (Birkenhead) com- VOX E39, and RTL+ present on channels pospheric reception.
mented that the tropospheric opening E35 and E36. Bob Brooks noted the 19.10.93: Norway E3; Sweden E3; Italy
`seemed to go on for ever'. Several 'firsts' Swiss test card on channel E6 from the IA and IB; CIS R1 and R2; Poland R1;
were notched up, including a host of transmitter atop the Rigi during the Slovakia R2; Switzerland E2; Germany
Danish and Swedish transmitters, in ad- opening on the 2nd sporting the `+PTT E2.
dition to several unusual ones from deep- SRG-1' identification. 20.10.93 - 02.11.93: Tropospheric recep-
est Germany. The best reception was on The unexpected tropospheric opening tion in Band III and at UHF included:
November 1st and 2nd, with a host of on the 18th produced several rare Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden,
German stations broadcasting test cards, catches for Simon Hamer (New Radnor). Denmark, France, Germany,
making regional identification relatively These included Polish TVP-1 signals on Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and
easy. channel R8 from either the Bialystok or Eire.
On the 27th, Andrew identified trans- Katowice transmitter, plus the YLE-1
missions from the Danish DR network on test card from the Espoo transmitter in Log for November
channels E7, E10 and E31, plus the TV -2 Finland on channel E6. This is the first 06.11.93: Sporadic -E signals from Spain,
service on channels E22, E26, E27, E30, ever report of this transmitter being re- Portugal, Corsica and Italy between 1130
E35, E40, E48, E56 and E58. During the ceived in the United Kingdom. Other and 1400 UTC.
same opening, the Swedish transmitter goodies, although Simon has been receiv- 18.11.93: Intense tropospheric activity
at Halmstad was received on channel ing these fairly regularly, include included Poland, Finland, Sweden,
E24. All in all, it was quite a remarkable Norway's 2nd network on channel E12, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Eire,
catch considering that the Pennines were and the Swedish 4th network on channel France, Netherlands, Luxembourg and
in the reception path! The 28th produced E50. Belgium.
many unusual German ARD-1 stations Keith Greenwell (Luton) identified
in Band III. Spanish stations at UHF during the late Receiving alternative ITV
Stephen Michie (Bristol), Garry Smith October tropospherics. During the same regions
(Derby) and Tim Tebbs (New Romney) all opening, scores of French stations were
report high-level colour signals from var- noted, including relays of ARTE at UHF. Over the years, the subject of receiving
ious Dutch stations on the 29th. Further There were at least four instances of an alternative ITV region has cropped
afield, various German regional broad- transatlantic TV reception via sporadic - up, sometimes out of curiosity. For in-
casts were identified during the same E throughout the 1993 sporadic -E sea- stance, in many parts of Derby,
opening, including WDR-1, West -3, son, but the precise source of the signals, Yorkshire TV from Belmont on channel
NDR-1 and MDR -3. on channel A2, could not be identified at 25 is available as an alternative ITV re-
On the 30th, Tim Tebbs received the time. Fortunately, Peter Chalkley gion with good quality colour, but only a
German transmitters from the SWF pro- (Luton) recorded some of his reception, handful of potential viewers realize it.

DX TELEVISION
One problem is, of course, that aerial 500 W), and the SFB Broadcasting House
riggers are reluctant to recommend, or (approx. 5 W).
experiment with, an installation which On channel R59 (400 W) Telekom are
may only produce mediocre or varying re- testing four digital TV signals (Videnet)
sults. Despite the technical difficulties which occupy the bandwidth of only one
involved, most viewers seem to expect normal TV channel. over the coming
perfect results or none at all! months, there will be many more addi-
Richard Irving (Holt, Wiltshire) ques- tional tests emerging.
tions the possibility of receiving good Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: The fol-
colour reception from the Crystal Palace lowing transmitters have been assigned
transmitter on channel 23 at his location for the first private TV network to oper-
east of Bristol. Unfortunately it is un- ate in the region: Marlow E43; Bergen
likely because under normal reception E57; Schwerin E41 and Zussow E55. All
conditions, high -power TV signals can Part of the Finnish MTV -3 opening sequence. transmitters have an ERP of 100 kW.
only be successfully received up to ap- Various companies have applied to op-
proximately 50-60 miles from the trans- erate the network. These include Babel-
mitter. Spain: There are changes to the identifi- Hilm and Video GmbH, MVTV-Regional
As DX -TV enthusiasts know, atmos- cation on the GTE test card shown via Fernseh GmbH i.G.; Pro -7; Rilgen-TV;
pheric bending can increase this range, the 1st network. Instead of `tve' in large SAT -1 and Television Mecklenburg-
but it all depends on the prevailing con- letters in the upper half of the pattern, a Vorpommern GmbH.
ditions. With a high -gain aerial and an stylised '1' inside a rectangular outline is Niedersachen: Telekom has a new TV
amplifier, it may be possible to pick up shown. tower in north-western Hannover. The 1 -
very weak traces of a signal in excess of Portugal: The first programme of RTP kW transmitter on channel E28 is radiat-
this distance under 'flat' conditions, but is now called 'CANAL 1'. The logo in the ing the FuBK test pattern on weekdays.
these would not provide 'entertainment' left-hand corner is 'Cr with a miniature Hamburg: Channel E34 is assigned
quality viewing. Only when the signal globe inside the letter 'C'. The second for a new local TV station.
improves would this be possible. programme is called `TV2', and there is Switzerland: The opening of `S -Plus'
In Derby, Channel 4 from the Crystal also a logo in the top left-hand corner of from Geneva (E38) and Montreux (Mt.
Palace outlet is detectable, but signals the picture. Pelerin E52) has been delayed. `Telecine
are very weak and fluttery; turning the The unidentified transmissions re- TCR' on channel E96 ceased operation on
aerials to the east produces very weak ceived on channel E2 this season (with 17.09.93 with `S -Plus' taking over the
signals from the Lopik transmitter in the zero offset frequency) originate from a channel on the same day.
Netherlands. This is using a standard new TV2 transmitter, the ERP and loca- All three networks come on air at
18 -element Group A aerial raised to tion of which are, at present, unknown. 0600 UTC with Euronews, the sound
about 10 m, and fitted with a 'Supreme' Czech Republic: All transmitters oper- channel being in French, German or
low -noise amplifier. ating on channel R4 are to be closed Italian depending on the network. It can
When conditions are good, the signals down and transferred to UHF channel also be heard in Spanish and English by
come up in colour, but reception is unpre- R55 by the end of 1994. viewers with stereo receivers by switch-
dictable. Signals from Germany: A satellite channel dedicated ing to the second intercarrier sound
Tyne Tees TV (Bilsdale channel 29), to travel is due to be launched later this channel as follows:
Border TV (Caldbeck channel 28) and year. The broadcasts will be via Eutelsat, DRS Net. CH1 in German, CH2 in
Anglia TV (Sandy Heath channel 24) and the services will be called 'Reise-TV' Spanish;
were detectable (in the case of Anglia TV, (Travel -TV). The broadcasts will origi- SSR Net. CH1 in French, CH2 in
in colour) before several local relays nate from outside Germany because the English;
came on -air. programmes are regarded as advertising. TSI Net. Chl in Italian, CH2 in
For anyone wishing to assess alterna- The following information concerns French.
tive ITV reception at their particular lo- various German TV regions: However, Euronews is already running
cation, it is best to obtain a copy of a Bayern: New transmitters assigned into financial difficulties with huge
transmitter list such as the handouts for `Deutsches Sportfernsehen' (DSF) are losses incurred for 1993. Most of the fi-
supplied by the BBC, etc., with all four as follows: Munchen channel E37; nancial resources for the service, which
channels listed. The closest transmitter Regensburg E38, Neu -Ulm E48; Ansbach is also distributed by cable, are believed
will not always provide the best results. E49 and Bamberg E54. A local TV ser- to come from Swiss banks with the sup-
Particular attention should be given to vice called `TV Weil3-blau' (TV White - port of SSR and SRG which are both
any local topographical features, and blue) commenced on 01.09.93 in Munich shareholders.
also watch out for local and semi -local re- using channel E51. Transmissions are Scandinavia: There are plans to intro-
lays sharing the same group of channels. between 1200-0100, local time. Text duce a terrestrial channel which can be
If there are signs of an alternative re- pages with local information are shown received 'all over Scandinavia'. Tele-X, as
gion on the existing aerial, then success outside these times. it may be known, could be a joint venture
may be assured using a dedicated array Berlin/Brandenburg: The regional ser- between Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
fitted with an amplifier. For general ex- vice '1A Brandenburg' commenced last
perimentation, a wideband aerial is a November via the transmitter at Berlin- This month's service information was
worthwhile choice because it will re- Alexanderplatz on channel E5 with kindly supplied by Gosta van der Linden
spond to the whole of the UHF spectrum. 100 kW ERP. and the Benelux DX Club, Netherlands;
In Berlin there are several experimen- Reflexion, Germany; Pertti Salonen,
Service information tal broadcasts currently undergoing Finland; Roger Bunney, UK; Garry
tests. On 200 MHz (Band III) and also on Smith, UK; Thomas Pahlke, Germany;
Netherlands: The Nozema has plans for 107.5 MHz (FM radio band) there is a Bernd Trutenau, Lithuania.
an encrypted pay -TV service on the music programme using DAB (digital
NED-1 and NED-2 networks during the audio broadcasting). On channels E47
night between 0200 and 0700 local time. and E49 there are transmissions using Please send any news about DX -TV in
This will mean that all the Dutch trans- the new PAL -Plus system; these origi- your part of the world to Keith Hamer, 7
mitters will be on -air 24 hours a day. nate from Alexanderplatz (approx. Epping Close, Derby DE3 4HR, England.
COMMODORE MICRODRNE SYSTEM mini storage
AMSTRAD DMP4000 Entire printer assemblies including
device for C64's 4 times faster than disc drives, 10 times faster
printhead, platen, cables, stepper motors etc. Everything bar the electron-
than tapes. Complete unit just £12 REF:MAG12P1
ics and case. Good stnpper!! Clearance price just £5 REF: MAG5 or 2
for £8 REF: MAG8 SCHOOL STRIPPERS We have quite a few of the above
VIEWDATA SYSTEMS Brandnew units made by TANDATA units which are 'returns' as they are quite comprehensive units
complete with 1200/75 built in modem, infra red remote controlled
keyboard. BT approved, Prestel compatible, Centronice printer port, MASSIVE they could be used for other projects etc. Let us know how many you
need at just 50p a unit (minimum 10).
HEADPHONES 16P These are ex Virgin Mantic. You can have
RGB colour and composite output (works with any TV) complete with
power supply and fully cased. Price is just £20 REF: MAG20 Also WAREHOUSE CLEARANCE 8 pairs for £2 REF: MAG2P8
some customer returned units available at £10 each REF: MAG10 PROXIMITY SENSORS These are small PCB's with what look
PPC MODEM CARDS. These are high spec plug in cards made FANTASTIC £20.00 REDUCTION like a source and sensor LED on one end and lots of components on
for the Amstrad laptop computers. 2400 baud dial up unit complete the rest of the PCB. Complete with fly leads. Pa* of 5£3 REF: MAG:
with leads. Clearance price is £5 REF: MAG5P1 3P5 or 20 for £8 REF: MAG8P4
INFRA RED REMOTE CONTROLLERSOnginaiiymadetor REFURBISHED PC BASE UNITS FIBRE OPTIC CABLE Made for Hewlett Packard so pretty good
hi spec satellite equipment but perfect for all sorts of remote control stuff! you can have any length you want (min5m) first 5m £7 REF:
projects. Our clearance price is just £2 REF: MAG2 COMPLETE WITH KEYBOARD MAG7 thereafter £1 a metre (ie 20m is E22). REF: MAGI Max length
TOWERS INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTOR GUIDE. A 250m.
very useful book for finding equivalent transistors, leadouts, specs FROM ONLY £29.00 SNOOPERS EAR? Originall made to clip over the earpiece of
etc. E20 REF: MAG20P1 telephone to amplify the sound -it also works quite well on the cable
SINCLAIRC6 MOTORS We have a few left without gearboxes. AMSTRAD 1512 BASE UNITS running along the wall! Price is E5 REF: MAG5P7
These are 12v DC 3,300 rpm 6"x4', 1/4'OP shaft. £25 REF: MAG25 DOS PACKS Microsoft version 3.3 or higher complete with all
UNIVERSAL SPEED CONTROLLER KIT Designed by us GUARANTEED manuals or price just £5 REF: MAG5P8 Worth it just for the very
for the above motor but suitable for any 12v motor up to 30A. comprehensive manual! 5.25' only.
PERFECT WORKING ORDER.
Complete with PCB etc. A heat sink may be required. £17.00 DOS PACK Microsoft version 50riginal software but no manuals
A LOW COST INTRODUCTION TO 1HE HOME COMPUTER MARKET.
REF: MAG17 hence only £3 REF: MAG3P6 5.25' only.
VIDEO SENDER UNIT. Transmits both audio and video signals FOREIGN DOS 3.3-Gennan,French,italian etc £2 a pack with
from either a video camera, video recorder, TV or Computer etc to AMSTRAD 1512SD manual. 5.25' only. REF:MAG2P9
any standard TV set in a 100' range! (tune TV to a spare channel) 12v MONO VGA MONITOR Made by Amstrad, refurbished E49
DC op. Price isE15 REF: MAG15 12vpsu is£5 extra REF: MAG5P2 1512 BASE UNIT, 5.25" FLOPPY DRIVE AND REF: MAG49
*FM CORDLESS MICROPHONE Small hand held unit with a KEYBOARD. ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR AND CTM 644 COLOURMONITOR. Made to workwith the CPC464
500' range! 2 transmit power levels. Reqs PP3 9v battery. Tuneable home computer. Standard RGB input so will work with othermachi nes.
POWER SUPPLY. WAS £49.00
to any FM receiver. Price is £15 REF: MAG15P1 Refurbished £59.00 REF:MAG59
LOW COST WALKIE TALKIES Pair of battery operated units NOW ONLY £29.00
JUST A SMALL SELCTION of what we have -to see more get
with a range of about 200'. Ideal for garden use or as an educational REF: MA G29
our 1994 catalogue (42p stamp) or call in Mon -Sat 9-5.30
toy. Price is £8 a pair REF: MAG 8P1 2 x PP3 req'd.
HAND HELD TONE DIALLERS Ideal for the control of the
*MINATURE RADIO TRANSCEIVERS A pair of walkie AMSTRAD 1512DD Response 200 and 400 machines. £5 REF:MAG5P9
talkies with a range of up to 2 kilometres in open country. Units
measure 22x52(155mm. Complete with cases and earpieces. 2x PP3 1512 BASE UNIT AND KEYBOARD AND TWO PIR DETECTOR Made byfamous UK alarm manufacturerthese
req'd. £30.00 pair REF: MAG30 . are hi spec, long range intemal units. 12v operation. Slight marks on
5.25" 360K DRIVES . ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR case and unboxed (although brand new) £8 REF: MAG8P5
COMPOSITE VIDEO KIT. Converts composite video into AND POWER SUPPLY WAS £59.00
separate H sync, V sync, and video. 12v DC operation. £800 WINDUP SOLAR POWERED RADIO AM/FM radio com-
NOW ONLY £39.00 plete with hand charger and solar panel! £14 REF: MAG14P1
REF: MAG8P2.
LQ3600 PRINTER ASS EM BLIES Made by Amstrad they are REF: MAG39 COMMODORE 64 Customer returns but ok for spares etc £12
entire mechanical printer assemblies including printhead, stepper REF: MAG12P2 Tested and working units are £69.00 REF: MAG69
motors etc etc In fact everything ba r the case and electronics, a good COMMODORE 64 TAPE DRIVES Customer returns at £4
stripped £5 REF: MAG5P3 or 2 for £8 REF: MAG8P3 REF: MAG4P9 Fullytested and working units a re E12 REF: MAG12P5
PHILIPS LASER 2MW helium neon tube. Brand new full spec SOLAR POWER PANELS COMPUTER TERMINALS complete with screen, keyboard
£40 REF MAG40. Mains power supply kit £20 REF: MAG20P2. and RS232 input/output. Ex equipment. Price is £27 REF: MAG27
Fully built and tested unit £75 REF: MAG 75. MAINS CABLES These are 2 core standard black 2 metre mains
SPEAKER WIRE Brown two core, 100 foot hank £2 3FT X 1FT 10WATT GLASS PANELS cables fitted with a 13A plug on one end, cable the other. Ideal for
REF: MAG2P1
LED PACK of 100 standard red 5mm leds E5 REF' MAG5P4
14.5v/700mA projects, low cost manufacturing etc. Pack of 10 forE3 REF: MAG3P8
Pack of 100 £20 REF. MAG20P5
JUG KETTLE ELEMENTS good general purpose heating NOW AVAILABLE BY MAIL ORDER SURFACE MOUNT STRIPPER Originally made as some
element (about 21(w) ideal for allsorts of heating projects etc. 2 for £3 form of high frequency amplifier (main chip is a TSA55117 1.3GHz
REF: MAG3 £33.95 synthasser ) but good stripper value, an excellent way to play with
UNIVERSAL PC POWER SUPPLY complete with flyleads, (PLUS SZOO SPECIAL PACKAGING CHARGE)
surface mount components £1.00 REF. MAGI P1.
switch, fan etc. Two types available 150nei at E15 REF:MAG15P2 MICROWAVE TIMER Electronictimerwith relay output suitable
TOP QUALITY AMORPHOUS SILICON CELLS HAVE ALMOST A
(23x23x23mm) and 200w at £20 REF: MAG20P3 (23x23x23mm) to make enlarger timer etc £4 REF: MAG4P4
TIMELESS LIFESPAN WITH AN INFINITE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
OZONE FRIENDLY LATEX 250m1 bottle of liquid rubber, sets APPLICATIONS, SOME OF WHICH MAY BE CAR BATTERY PLUG 420? showing your age? pack of 10 with leads for £2 REF,
in 2 hours Ideal for mounting PCB's, fixing wires etc £2 each REF CHARGING, FOR USE ON BOATS OR CARAVANS, OR ANY- MAG2P 11
MAG2P2 WHERE A PORTABLE 12V SUPPLY IS REQUIRED. REF: MAG34 MOBILE CAR PHONE £5.99 Weil almost! complete in car
*FM TRANSMITTERhoused in a standard working 13A adapted!
phone excluding the box of electronics normally hidden under seat.
the bug runs directly off the mains so lasts forever! why pay E700? or ALSO 1FT X 1FT GLASS SOLAR PANELS 12v 200mA Can be made to illuminate with 12v also has built in light sensor so
pace is £26 REF' MAG26 Transmits to any FM radio. ONLY £15.00. REF: MAG15P3 display only illumi nates w hen dark. Totally convincing! REF: MAG6P6
*FM BUG KIT New design with PCB embedded coil for extra
ALARM BEACONS Zenon strobe made to mount on an external
stability. Transmits to any FM radio. 9v battery req'd. £5 REF.
bell box but could be used for caravans etc. 12v operation. Just
MAG5P5
FM BUG BUILT AND TESTED superior design to kit, as FREE SOFTWARE! connect up and it flashes regularly) E5 REF: MAG5P11
FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL High quality metal cased
supplied to detective agencies etc. 9v battery req'd. £14 REF: Brand new, UNUSED top quality Fomous brand alarm panel 350x165x80mm. Comes with electronics but no informa-
MAG14 licensed software discs. Available in 5.25" DSDD or 5.25" tion. E15 REF: MAG15P4
TALKING COIN BOX STRIPPER originally made to HD only. You buy the disk and it comes with free BRAND
retail at £79 each, these units are designed to convert and ordinary SUPER SIZE HEATSINK Superb quality aluminium heatsink.
NEW UNUSED SOFTWARE. We are actually selling you the
phone into a payp hone. The units we have generally have the locks 365 x 183 x 61mm, 15 fins enamble high heat dissipation. No hdes!
floppy disc for yourown "M EGA CHEAP" storage facilities, £9.99 REF: MAG10P1P
missing and sometimes broken hinges. Howeverthey can be adapted
if you happen to get software that you want/need/like as REMOTE CONTROL PCB These are receiver boards for
for their original pupose or used for something else?? Price is just £3
well you get a 'MEGA BARGAIN" tol
REF: MAG3P1 garage door opening systems. You may have another use? E4 ea
DSDD PKT10 £2.99 REF: MAG3P7 PKT100 £16.00 REF: MAG16
100 WATT MOSFET PAIR Same spec as 2SK343 and REF: MAG4P5
HD PKT10 £3.99 REF: MAG4P3 PKT100 £26.00 REF: MAG26P1
2SJ413(8A,140v,100w) 1 N channel and 1 P channel, E3 apair REF: LOPTX Line output transformers believed to be for hi res colour
MAG3P2 LARGER OANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE ON APPLICATION monitors but useful for getting high voltages from low ones! £2 each
VELCRO 1 metre length of each side 20mm wide (quick way of REF: MAG2P12 bumper pack of 10 for £12 REF- MAG12P3.
fixing for temporary jobs etc) £2 REF: MAG2P3 iff./£££WE BUY SURPLUS STOCK£££££££
MAGNETIC AGITATORS Cosistmg of a cased mains motor TURN YOUR SURPLUS STOCK INTO CASH.
with lead. The motor has two magnets fixed to a rotor that spin round IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT. WE WILL ALSO QUOTE FOR
inside. There are also 2 plastic covered magnets supplied. Made for
remotelystining liquids!youmay have a use? £3 each REF: MAG3P3
COMPLETE FACTORY CLEARANCE. PORTABLE RADIATION DETECTOR
COMING SOON
2 for E5 REF: MAG5P6
TOP QUALITY SPEAKERS Made for HI Fl televisions these 1994 CATALOGUE.
am 10 watt 4R Jap made 4' round with large shielded magnets. Good
quality general purpose speaker. £2 each REF: MAG2P4 or 4 for £6
REF: MAG6P2
PLEASE SEND 42P , A4 SIZED SAE FOR YOUR FREE COPY
.NIMUM GOODS ORDER 8500 TRADE ORDERS FROM GOVERNI.GENI. SCHOOLS.
UNIVERSITIES, &LOCAL AUTHORITIES WELCOME ALI, GOODE SUPPUED SUBJECT TO
BUR CONDITION OF SALE AND UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED GUARANTEED FOR 30
£49.99
TWEETERS 2' diameter good quality tweeter 140R (would be
good with the above speaker) 2 for £2 REF: MAG2P5 or 4 for E3
Ass R OHTS SERVED TO CHANGE PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT PRIOR
:'TICE "Tr,' SUBJECI TO STOCK QUOTATIONS WILLINGLY GIVEN FOR QUANTI-
A Hand held personal Gamma and X
REF: MAG3P4 TIES HIGHER THAN THOSE STATED
Ray detector. This unit contains two
AT KEYBOARDS Made by Ap ricot these quality keyboards need
just a small modification to run on any AT, they work perfectly but you 'SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS MAY BE UNLICENSABLE IN THE UK Geiger Tubes, has a 4 digit LCD dis-
will have to put up with
MAG6P3
1 or 2 foreign keycaps! Price £6 REF. play with a Piezo speaker, giving an
XT KEYBOARDS Mixed types, some returns, some good, some
foreign etc but all good for spares! Price is £2 each REF: MAG2P6
BULL ELECTRICAL
250 PORTI.AND ROAD HOVE SUSSEX
audio visual indication. The unit de-
tects high energy electromagnetic
or 4 for £6 REF: MAG6P4
PC CASES Again mixed types so you take a chance next one off
BN3 5QT quanta with an energy from 30 K eV to
thepile£12REF:MAG12 ortwoidenticalonesfor£20REF: MAG20P4 MAIL CORDER TERMS: CASH POOR CHEQUE
component pack bargain 1,000 resistors +1,000 capacitors (all WITH ofoeR PLUS elvo POST PLUS VAT. over 1.2M eV and a measuring range
same value) £250 a pack. REF:MAG2P7
PLEASE ALLOW 7 ,10 DAYS FOR DELIVERY of 5-9999 UR/h or 10-99990 Nr/h. Sup-
1994 CATALOGUE TELLPHONE ORDERS WELCOME
Tag 027320350X/
plied complete with handbook.
REF: MAG50
OUT NOW FAX 0273 373.077

33NAJ-1113VIIU8
SURVEILLANCE
PROFFINISHED
A SMALL SAMPLE OF OUR RANGE KIT MODULE
ROOM TRANSMITTER RT1 An extremely 9.95 13.75 19.00

sensitive miniature transmitter with long battery life.
Dimensions: 20 x 20mm
MAINS TRANSMITTER MT4 Can be connected 19.75 31.50 46.00 S

inside any equipment that is mains powered.
Dimensions 35 x 20mm
TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER TTS Small enough 12.75 17.50 25.00

to conceal within a telephone. Will transmit both sides of
a conversation (series connection)
Dimensions: 10 x 20mm
TELEPHONE SOCKET TRANSMITTER TSTS 14.74 29.00

Replace your telephone socket with this one within
which a transmitter has been concealed.
ROOM AND TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER RTT 31.50 45.50 86.00

Operates as a room transmitter, then switches to
telephone transmitter mode during telephone calls. MEASUREMENT DATA ACQUISITION & CONTROL BOARDS
Dimensions: 30 x 25mm AR -B3001 16 Channel, 12Bit ND Card £66
AR -83201 8 Channel 12Bit A/D + 3 Channel D/A Card £96
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER 16.80 25.90 39.00 AR -83204 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain £235
SWITCH TRS2 Record telephone conversations with PCL-711B 8 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain £185
this interface unit and your own tape recorder. PCL-812-PG 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain £306
Dimensions: 36 x 50mm PCL-813 32 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition Card £347
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER ATR1 PCL-818H High Performance 16 Chanel, 12Bit Data Acquisition & Control Card £472
34.95 69.00 PCL-814 Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 14Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card £680
Adapt the tape recorder included to record telephone
calls automatically. PCL-816 Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 16Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card £964
PCL-860 4 1/2 Digit Voltmeter (DCV/ACV/DCR) Card £369
TELEPHONE TAP ALERT TTA1 Visual warning 21.95 31.50 45.00 AR -B2001 16 Channel Opto-Isolated Digital I/P Card £52
of any invasions of privacy on your telephone line. AR -B2102 16 Channel SPST Relay Switch Card £74
Dimensions: 38 x 52mm AR -82201 64 Channel Digital I/O Card £41
AR -B9221 3 Port (24 Bit) Digital I/O, 3 Chan Counter/Timer, Prototype Card £41
RF DETECTOR RFD1 Highly sensitive hand-held 42.75 69.00 95.00 AR -B9101 16 Channel SSR Switching Card (For AR -89221) £242
detector. Range between 10Mhz and 600Mhz. Silent
PCL-720 32 Channel Digital I/P + 32 Channel 0/P, 3 Channel Timer/Counter £128
operation. Dimensions: 70 x 50mm
PCL-722 144 Bits (24'6) of Buffered Digital I/O £250
CAMERA DETECTOR CD8 Detects hidden video 69.00 89.00 PCL-724 24 Bit Digital I/O Card £77
125.00
cameras (even miniature CCD models). PCL-725 8 Channel Relay + 8 Channel Isolated Digital I/P £167
Dimensions: 63 x 38mm PCL-726 6 Channel 12 Bit D/A Output Card (16 Channel Digital I/P + 16 Channel DIP) £389
PCL-838 Stepper Motor Control (3 Motors), 16 Channel D/IP + 16 Channel D/OP £319
RECORDING BRIEFCASE RBC1 completely 1.1 145.00 PCL-750 Prototype Development Card £66
discreet recordings at a value for money price. PCL-755A Slot Extension Card (XT/AT) £41
PCL-756 PC -Bus 8 Bit Switch/Extension Card £125
SHOTGUN MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER SMA 24.95 36.00 4500 PCX-794 PC/XT BUS Expansion System (Master + Slave Cards + 1m Cable) £211
Ideal for surveillance. The amplifier will pick up sounds
from a long distance. PCL-830 10 Channels of 16Bit Counter Timer (AMD9513 ' 2) £ 204
SIGNAL CONDITIONING/CONTROL DAUGHTER BOARDS (For use with PCL cards)

SIGNALLING TRANSMITTER SIGT Sends a 21 95 34.89 45.00 PCLD-782 Opto Isolated Digital I/P (16 Channel) £132
continual audio pulse. Can be integrated into alarm,
tracking or warning systems. Dimensions, 20 x 50mm PCLD-785 16 Channel Relay 0/P Board £153
PCLD-787 8 Channel Sample & Hold Card £361
TELEPHONE AMPLIFIER TA5 Connected directly 10.95 16.95 PCLD-788 Relay Scanner/Multiplexer Board £195
19.95
to the telephone, this unit will amplify both sides of a PCLD-779 8 Channel Isolated Relay Mux and Amplifier Board £264
telephone call. Dimensions: 25 x 52mm PCLD-789 Amplifier & Multiplexer Board £243
PROFESSIONAL SOUND TO LIGHT UNIT 21.95 32.49 44.95 COMMUNICATIONS & INTERFACE BOARDS (RS232/RS422/RS423/11S485/IEEE-488)
SK72 Custom built for disco or home use. Audio signal 1-104 4 Port Serial RS232 PC Card £59
divided into bass, mid and treble bands, with internal PCL-743 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card £98
microphone and spotlight option. PCL-744 Intelligent 8 Port RS232 PC Interface Card with on -board CPU £410
Dimensions 210 x 45mm AR -89011 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card £66
PC -232-485 RS232-RS485 or (232-422) Converter Adaptor, Self Powered £65
MICRO METAL DETECTOR MMD Detect the 9.95 16.95
presence of ferrous and various non-ferrous metals. PCL-848A IEEE -488 Interface Board £222
Useful for all those DIY jobs. Dimensions: 40 x 25mm
ADAM REMOTE/DISTRIBUTED MODULAR DATA ACQUISITION MODULES
ADAM -4011 Analogue Input Module (mV, V, mA, Thermocouple) £154
ADAM -4021 Analogue Output Module (V or mA) £154
ADAM -4050 Digital Input/Output Module £112
ADAM -4060 Relay Output Module £112
ADAM -4520 Isolated RS-232/RS-485 Converter Module £84
19" RACK MOUNTING MULTI -SLOT INDUSTRIAL PC CHASSIS

AR-IPC12A Industrial 19' Rack Mounting Chassis, 12 Slot, 200W PSU £454
AR-IPC12M Industrial 19" Rack Mounting Chassis, Motherboard fitting, 200W PSU £396
IPC-610A Industrial 19" Rack Mounting ChasSis,14 Slots, 250W PSU £718
IPC-610MB Industrial 19" Rack Mounting Chassis, Motherboard fitting, 250W PSU £644
IPC-6520 19" Rack Mount Monitor Kit for 14" Monitor £352
IPC-6305 19" Rack Mount Keyboard & Drawer, Telescopic Slides £279
PC -BUS CARD CHASSIS FOR CUSTOM ENCLOSURES/EMBEDDED APPLICATION

IPC-6706 PC -Bus Card Cage Enclosure Chassis (With 6 Slot Passive Backplane) £176
IPC-6806 6 Slot Node IPC Chassis, 150W PSU, Floppy + Hard Disk Mountings £410
AR-IPC6MP 6 Slot Node IPC Chassis, 200W PSU, Floppy + Hard Disk Mountings £290
MBPC-640 Micro Box Industrial PC Chassis (With 3 Slot Backplane) £135
PCXU-205 PC BUS Expansion Unit (With 5 Slot Backplane & Power Supply) £176
IPC-6010 8 Slot Passive Backplane Card Cage (6'16 + 2'8 Bit), card clamp, speaker £132
AR-CC6LP 6 Slot (16 Bit) Passive Backplane Card Cage, Full Length, 150W PSU £227
AR-CC11LP 11 Slot (16 Bit) Passive Backplane Card Cage, Full Length, 150W PSU £246
SOLID STATE FLASH/SRAM/ROM DISK CARDS

AR -B7008 512K ROM or 256K SRAM Disk Card £80
AR -B7010 512K ROM Disk Card. £59
AR -B7040 4MB Flash/SRAM/ROM Disk Card. £118
PCD-890 12MB Flash/SRAM/ROM Disk Card. Dual Floppy Emulator £200
PCD-8928 6MB Flash/ROM Disk Card £118
Please add £2.00 P & P to all orders and 17.5% VAT on all U.K. orders,
Plus MUCH more ...
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: II SYSTEMS
Southampton S01 OHW, HAMPSHIRE
Tel: (0703) 771143 Fax: (0703) 704301
Designers & Suppliers of Measurement, Test & Control Systems & Software

56
ELECTRONIC FUSE
We tend to forget about fuses until one has blown, when it is
time to locate and investigate an electrical overload problem.
Once that is fixed, a new fuse must be installed. Typically, this
will not be handy at the required rating, and the shops are
closed. What a drag to serious experimenting! Fortunately,
these problems can be overcome with the present circuit. The
fuse described here never needs to be replaced, and is as
good as new any time the reset switch is pressed.
Design by K. Walraven
MHE little circuit described in this menting with a circuit whose maxi-
1 article is the electronic version of mum current drain is not accurately
the well-known glass fuse, which melts known yet. Ideally, a fuse would have
when it carries a current exceeding its to be resettable, and, you guessed it,
À' (ampere) specification. By melting, that is a feature par excellence of the
the wire in the fuse interrupts the cur- present circuit. tor, R3, which is connected as an ex-
rent flow in the circuit, and so protects ternal part to connector K3.
an electrical device against damage How it works The operation of the circuit is sim-
caused by overheating. Unfortunately, ple. Darlington transistor T2 functions
the common wire fuse (usually con- As shown in Fig. 1, the circuit consists as a current -controlled switch, its col-
tained in a small glass tube with metal of little more than two transistors and lector -emitter junction carrying the
end caps) is not re -usable, and has to one thyristor. The electronic fuse is in- current flowing into the load con-
be replaced with a new one every time serted into the supply line of the nected to K2. Since T1 feeds a current
an overload condition occurs. equipment to be protected. The cur- into the base of T2, the 'switch' is nor-
Obviously, this is annoying when rent at which the circuit is actuated is mally closed, and the load powered. T1
faultfinding in equipment, or experi- defined with the aid of a single resis- functions as a current source, with the
base of the transistor held at a con-
stant voltage by LED D 1. Conse-
quently, the emitter resistor of R2 will
supply a constant voltage, which, in
turn, results in a constant emitter cur-
rent (and collector current), of which
the magnitude is determined by the
value of R2. Here, the constant current
is just over 10 mA, which is ample to
keep T2 conducting.
The load current also flows through
resistor R3. As soon as the current
rises to a value that causes a voltage
drop of about 0.6 V across R3, thyris-
tor Thi starts to conduct. This causes
the base of T2 to be pulled to the
ground line of the power supply.
Consequently, T2 is switched off, and
breaks the current flow to the load.
The current remains broken because
the current supplied by T1 is a little
above the 'hold' level of the thyristor.
The current is interrupted the moment
switch Si is pressed, when Thi is
switched off. That is, if the load cur-
rent has dropped below the critical
value. If not, the thyristor will start to
conduct again.
The fuse value

Fig. 1. circuit diagram of the electronic fuse. The fuse actuation level is determined by the The current level at which the elec-
value of resistor R3. Once actuated by an overload condition, the fuse can be reset by press- tronic fuse is actuated is simple to cal-
ing S1 (a push -to -break contact). culate using Ohm's law. As already
ELECTRONIC FUSE
Resistors:
R1 = 4417
R2 = 6852
R3 = see text
Capacitors:
D1 = red LED
T1 = BD140
T2 = DB679
Th1 = TIC106
Miscellaneous:
K1;K2;K3 = 2 -way PCB terminal block;
raster 5mm
S1 = push -to -break button
K3 KI
e e 4)1
Pire14-O_+
combinations shown in Fig. 2 are in-

tended as suggestions to help you on
the way. Opel b ccru
Finally, still on component values, Thi Ti
be sure to use a power resistor in posi- O 000
tion R3 at currents exceeding 500 mA. O 000
s7 T2
Construction and
practical use
Consisting of an absolute minimum
number of components, the electronic Fig. 3. Track layout and component mount
fuse should be a simple construction ing plan of the printed circuit board designed
project for anyone with a basic knowl- for the electronic fuse (PCB not available
Fig. 2. The fuse actuation current can be edge of electronics. The less experi- ready-made).
made variable by connecting a fixed resistor enced constructors among you will be
and a potentiometer in series on connector pleased to know that artwork is avail-
K3. able to make a printed circuit board R3, but also by the collector -emitter
for the present project - see Fig. 3. junction of the conducting darlington
Unfortunately this printed circuit transistor, T2 (approx. 1 V). In most
mentioned, the fuse is actuated at a board is not available ready-made cases, this will not be a problem, but
voltage of 0.6 V across R3. Therefore, through the Readers Services. you are well advised to take the drop
the fuse comes into action at a current When connecting the electronic into account when the circuit is used
of 600 mA (0.6 A) with R3 = S2. 1 fuse, keep in mind that it introduces a to protect a load which operates at low
Similarly, the actuation current is voltage loss in the supply line to the voltages.
125 mA with R3 = 4.7 S-2, or 50 mA with load to be protected. As already men-
R3 = 12 IL tioned, a voltage drop is introduced by
Looking at the most commonly used
low -power fuse values, the value of R3
will usually lie between 1.2 S2 and
12 S2. The minimum value that may be
used is 0.68 S2, which results in a 'trip'
value of 1 A. That corresponds to the
maximum current this circuit can
handle safely.
Assuming that the electronic fuse is
built into a power supply for use in
your workshop, it is, of course, useful
to make the current limiting action
switchable or continuously variable.
The former is achieved by fitting a ro-
tary switch and a number of resistors.
A continuously variable fuse actuation
level is implemented by connecting a
potentiometer in series with R3. Note,
however, that most ordinary pots can
withstand a dissipation of about one
watt only. Relatively high currents
therefore call for a wirewound poten- Fig. 4. Completed prototype with external current -determining resistor and potentiometer fit-
tiometer. The resistor/potentiometer ted to K3.

58
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Books from Elektor Electronics (Publishing)

The following books are currently available: see order form on p. 79) or direct from our Dorchester
301 Circuits £9.95 $14.50 office (private customers only*) on the order form on page
302 Circuits £9.95 $14.50 79.
303 Circuits £10.95 $17.90 * Orders other than from private customers, for instance,
304 Circuits £12.95 $23.95 bookshops, schools, colleges, should be sent to
305 Circuitst £14.95 $27.70 Gazelle Book Services Ltd
SMT Projects £ 9.95 $14.50 Falcon House
Microprocessor Data Book £10.95 $19.90 Queen Square
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Data Book 3: Peripheral Chips £10.95 $19.95 England
Data Book 4: Peripheral Chips £10.95 $19.95 Telephone (0524) 68765; Fax (0524) 63232
Data Book 5: Application Notes £10-95 $19.95
t We regret that, owing to technical difficulties beyond our
The books may be obtained from bookshops*, Old Colony control, publication of this book hass been delayed to the
Sound Lab (USA and Canadian readers only-for address, end of March 1994.

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60
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR

Design by L. Pijpers
is particularly during the autumn and If you have ever tried to start your car and found the battery (al-
Itwinter months, when a car battery is most) as flat as a pancake, you will appreciate this miniature
called upon to provide a lot of energy, that
more is sometimes taken from it than put monitor, which fits in the car's cigarette lighter Its LED indica-
back. The inevitable result is a flat bat- tors tell you when the battery voltage drops dangerously low
tery. Moreover, during these wetter months and also when the charging voltage is too high.
a battery is required to be in tip-top con-
dition to be able to cope with condensa-
tion on the sparking plugs. Problems may
arise in the warmer months as well, how-
ever. It may happen, for instance, that the
voltage regulator, the alternator (or, in old
cars, the dynamo) or the rectifiers are
faulty. Such a fault may result in much
too high a charging voltage, which se-
verely lowers the life of the battery, or too
low a charging voltage so that the battery
is hardly charged. In all these cases, a
battery voltage monitor is indispensable.
The monitor described in this article
uses three LEDs: green to show that all
is well, red to indicate that the charging
voltage is too high, and yellow to show
that the charging voltage is too low.
The circuit in Fig. 1 may be built on a
piece of prototyping board or on the DIY
printed -circuit board shown in Fig. 3. In
the latter case, the board may be built
into a car -type cigarette lighter.
Circuit description
The circuit (Fig. 1) is a fairly simple de-
sign based on a window comparator, IC1.
A window comparator consists of two sep-
arate comparators, each of which moni-
tors whether its input signal is below or 3 V. This level falls within the window and is exactly twice this value, i.e., 120 mV.
above a level preset by the user. The com- is, therefore, considered to be good. This means that only variations in bat-
bination of two comparators enables two From the ratio R1 : R2, it follows that tery voltage greater than 120 mV can
different levels to be monitored simulta- the battery voltage is all right if it is because a switch from one LED to another.
neously. It can, therefore, indicate whether tween 11.6 V and 14.4 V. Below 11.6 V it
an input signal is lower or higher than is too low and above 14.4 V it is too high. Construction
the two threshold levels, or whether the To ensure that the monitor does not
signal lies between the two, that is, within follow any variation in the battery volt- Although the design is aimed at keeping
the so-called window. This is exactly what age, the circuit is designed to react only the unit as small as possible, as shown
is needed for the present monitor, since to slow variations. Low-pass filter R1 -C1 by the printed -circuit in Fig. 3 (not avail-
this must show whether the battery volt- suppresses any fast changes, such as able ready made), it is, of course, not nec-
age is too low, too high, or just right (within those caused by the car's ignition system, essary to make it that small, in which
the window). for instance. Such peaks are short-cir- case it may be constructed on a suitable
The upper and lower threshold levels cuited to earth by C1. piece of prototyping board. If the moni-
are determined by potential divider R3 -R5. Depending on the input signal, one of tor is constructed on the PCB, it can be
The potential at pin 10 of IC1 is a con- the three LEDs at the output of ICI lights: built into a cigarette -lighter plug.
stant 6 V, derived from a regulator on the green one (D2) when the battery volt- Note that C1, R 1 , R4 and IC1 are fitted
board IC1. The values of R3 -R5 have been age is between 11.6 V and 14.4 V; the yel- on to the board as shown in Fig. 4. Keep
chosen to give a voltage at junction R3 -R4 low one (D1) when the voltage is too low; the terminals of all these components as
of 3.6 V and one of 2.9 Vat junction R4 -R5. and the red one (D3) when the voltage is short as feasible to prevent short-circuits.
This means that the window ranges from too high. Cut the terminals of the three flat LEDs
2.9 V to 3.6 V. Apart from low-pass filter R1 -C1, the to a length of about 5 mm. and solder the
The input voltage is derived from the circuit has another facility that prevents diodes to the board as shown in Fig. 4
battery via potential divider R1 -R2 and is too rapid switching between LEDs: hys- and Fig. 5.
applied to pin 8 of IC 1. The potential at teresis. This is set by potential divider Next, solder the remaining resistors to
junctionR -R2 is exactly a quarter of the R6 -R7, which has a ratio of 1 : 100. Thus, the track side of the board as in Fig. 5:
battery voltage. Thus, if the battery volt- the potential of 6 V at pin 10 is brought start with Rg. Here again, cut the termi-
age is 12 V, the input signal at pin 8 is down to 60 mV at pin 9. The hysteresis nals of these components as short as fea-
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR 61
sible. Solder R6 and R3 in place last. Be

careful not to cause a short-circuit when
soldering R3 'around' R6. Some sleeving
around its terminals will help. The risk
of a short-circuit is greatest near pin 6 of
IC1 and between pins 10 and 11 of the IC.
When all components have been fit-
ted, carry out a thorough visual inspec-
V REF tion. When this is satisfactory, connect a
U LIMIT INSIDE variable power source (0-20 V) to the
L LIMIT board. Increase the voltage slowly from
W CENTER
BELOW 0 V to 20 V when first the yellow, then
H WINDOW the green and finally the red LED should
INH B OUTSIDE light. If this test is satisfactory, the board
INH A .1.
can be built into the cigarette lighter plug.
Great care has to be taken to prevent
short-circuits caused by shifting compo-
nents. It may be necessary to bend the
metal clip slightly outwards so that it fits
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the car battery voltage monitor neatly around the IC. It is recommended
to wrap some insulating tape around the
clip and earth it with a short length of
GND ABOVE wire.
BELOW INSIDE If the monitor has been constructed
OUTSIDE
TCA965
INH B on a prototyping board, the same visual
INN A inspection and electrical test should be
V REF V STAB carried out, after which the unit may be
U LIMIT H WINDOW rir fp\ fitted in a suitable small enclosure.
L LIMIT W CENTER
The current drawn by the monitor de-
L.4? -/-45-130 7c7cly_b2e' pends to large extent on the battery volt-
926122X - 12
age: it is about 10 mA at 5 V, 30 mA at
12 V and 40 mA at 20 V.
The threshold voltages can be altered
Fig. 2. Pinout of IC1. by changing the values of R3 -R5. The po-
tential at junction R4 -R5 is R5/ (R3+R4+R5)
times 6 V. That at junction R3 -R4 is
(R4+R5)/(R3+R4+R5) times 6 V. The win-
dow may be moved up or down by alter-
Fig. 3. The PCB for the monitor ing the scale factor R2/(R1+R2). With values
is not available ready made specified for the present design it is 1/4.
Some constructors may find it desirable
to use 1% resistors here also.
Parts list
Resistors:
atKl;,\N:#7 R1 = 82 'cc -2
`04i,N.k
R2 = 27 ki2
R3 = 4.32 kS2, 1%
R4 = 1.371d2, 1%
R5 = 5.49 kS2, 1%
R6 = 10 kS2
R7 = 100 C2
R8 = 560 12
Fig. 4. Completed PCB (component layout side) Capacitors:

C1 = 4.7 jt F, 10 V, tantalum
Semiconductors:
D1 = LED, yellow, flat
D2 = LED, green, flat
D3 = LED, red, flat
Integrated circuits:
IC1 = TCA965
Miscellaneous:
1 off car -type cigarette lighter plug
Fig. 5. Completed PCB (track side)

62
BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Although ready-made printed circuit boards are available for to test and adjust audio circuits, but
do not have a full-blown function gen-
most projects described in this magazine, there are cases erator. Since our main concern in the
where a 'real' PCB is not necessary. For instance, with small- present article is the construction of a
scale experiments, or if the design is simply not critical as tone generator, a description of its op-
eration is not given.
regards component layout. In such cases, prototyping board First, let us have a look at the tools
(also called stripboard or veroboard) is a very useful, easy to and materials needed to build the cir-
handle, alternative. cuit on prototyping board.
Tools and materials

Fortunately, the tools and materials
needed to build a circuit on prototyp-
ing board are fairly common, and will
be found even in the 'poor man's' work-
shop.
The materials shown in Fig. 2 in-
clude a small piece of prototyping
board cut to size. The connections be-
tween the components on the board
are made in 0.2 mm dia (SWG36)
enamelled copper wire. Note that this
diameter is given as guidance only -
connections carrying large currents
should be made in thicker wire. Also
needed is a soldering iron with a power
rating of about 30 W. Obviously, there
is nothing against using a tempera-
ture -controlled soldering station with
adjustable solder temperature (350-
400 °C). The relatively high solder tem-
perature is needed, among others, to
make the enamel lacquer coating at the
wire ends melt, so that the copper wire
By our design staff can be tinned and soldered.
A sponge and a plastic flask con-
taining a little water should be kept
AS
A S many of you will be aware, a everyone will have the time and means handy to enable the tip of the solder
circuit board is a key ele- necessary to achieve satisfying results. iron to be cleaned from time to time.
ment in almost any electronics con- If a certain printed circuit board is The flask saves you having to walk to a
struction project, since it ensures not available ready-made, or if no art- tap every half hour or so to moisten the
compactness, reliability and safety. work is provided, construction on pro- sponge. Several types of small flask or
Unfortunately, making a printed cir- totyping board should be considered. bottle may be used. The flask shown in
cuit board for a particular circuit is On prototyping board, components are Fig. 2 used to contain contact lens
often more difficult and time consum- soldered at the desired locations, and cleaning/storage liquid, and was cho-
ing than actually building the project, then interconnected using short sen because of its nozzle and solid
i.e., soldering and wiring. None the lengths of enamelled copper wire, sealing cap.
less, printed circuit boards are pro- which run at the solder side. This Furthermore, you need flat nose pli-
duced at home or in the hobbyist's method is well -proven, if only by the ers, solder tin (type 40/60 alloy), PCB
workshop by skilful experimenters who fact that nearly all circuits described in solder pins and, of course, the compo-
are not daunted by the amount of this magazine are built in this way by nents that make up the circuit.
work, which is mostly chemistry and Elektor Electronics design staff before a A component lead preforming aid is
photography. printed circuit board layout is drawn. useful, but not indispensable. The
After etching and cleaning, the same goes, basically, for a circuit
printed circuit board is drilled using a The circuit diagram board holder that can be used during
suitable drilling machine. Next, the the testing phase also. Finally, before
copper tracks are smoothed with a Construction on a prototyping board is you start soldering, make a copy of the
piece of wire wool, and then sprayed best illustrated with the aid of a practi- circuit diagram on paper, and have a
with solder lacquer to give them a pro- cal example, in this case, building a colour felt pen handy. Enlarge the dia-
tective coating. Optionally, a compo- simple generator. gram if it is complex.
nent layout is printed on the Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram
component side of the board. of a sine -wave generator which pro- Practical construction
As already mentioned, making one's duces a fairly clean 1 -kHz tone. The
own printed circuit boards is time con- output level is adjusted with preset Pi. Although the example circuit works at
suming and certainly not easy, and not This tone generator is ideal if you want a voltage which is quite safe to touch,

BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 63
glue between the spot and the board

material, and will cause the spot to
come loose (Fig. 3), so that it can be Resistors:
picked up with the tip of the iron, or
R1;R2;R3 = 39141
simply pushed off the board surface.
R4 =
Start the construction by fitting the
R5 = 2kS27
part with the highest number of termi-
P1 = 21625 preset
nals, or the largest size. This is done to
prevent lack of space for this compo-
nent later. For small parts, it is much Capacitors:
easier to find a place if you find that C1;C2;C3 = 10nF
one or two have been overlooked. C4 = 100p.F 10\/
Transistor T1 is selected as the cen-
tral part in the sine wave oscillator, Semiconductors:
and it is fitted first, observing the size T1;T2 = BC54713
of preset P1. Next, fit capacitor C3 so
that one of its terminals is close to the
base of Ti (see Fig. 4). Next, bend the
capacitor terminal to the transistor
Fig. 1. The example circuit discussed in this base terminal, and join the two by sol-
article is a simple sine -wave oscillator. dering (Fig. 5). Mark this connection in
Always useful as a signal source for testing the circuit diagram by running the felt
audio circuits! pen over the relevant line in the draw-
ing (Fig. 6). Make a habit of marking
the interconnections in this way imme-
it is always useful to bear in mind the diately after soldering - it may save
requirements for electrical safety when you a lot of trouble later.
dealing with higher voltages, such as Next, fit preset P1 in the vicinity of
the mains. Wherever the mains voltage the emitter of T1. The connection be-
(240 V) is present on a printed circuit tween the emitter and the preset is
board, a minimum isolation distance of made using a short piece of copper
6 mm should be observed between sol- wire. Make sure the solder iron is hot,
der points. On prototyping board, this apply some fresh solder tin to the tip,
is easily achieved by removing all cop- and then pre -tin the end of the enam-
per spots within a distance of 6 mm of, elled copper wire which is still on the Fig. 3. All copper spots within 6 mm distance
for instance, the spots to which the pri- reel. Clean the solder tip by wiping it of a terminal at mains potential should be re-
mary terminals of a PCB -mount mains across the sponge - this is necessary moved. This is readily achieved by heating
transformer are soldered. The spots to because most of the solder resin will spots with the solder iron, and then pushing
be removed are firmly heated with the have evaporated at the high tempera- them off the board.
solder iron. The heat partly melts the ture. Do not cut off the wire as yet -
Fig. 4. Lack of space on a circuit board space

may be avoided by first fitting the larger com-
ponents. Since the connections are made
with wires, the constructor is free to deter-
mine the position of the parts on the board
(within limits, of course). Evidently, parts that
are interconnected are mounted as close as
possible to one another.
MP
a.
40 40
41
41
Fig. 5. Here, you do not need a wire. The con-

Fig. 2. Most of the tools necessary for working with prototyping board will be available in your nection between capacitor C3 and the base
toolcase. A water flask, a component wire preforming tool and a circuit board holder are op- of transistor T1 consists of a bent terminal of
tional to make construction easier. capacitor C3.

64 GENERAL INTEREST
MEGAPROM II Eprom programmer 2k (2716) to 8MEG (27080) EPROM, EPROM & FLASH memories on
one unit. Program voltage for 12 - 25 volt type Eproms. Plugs into standard printer cable on your IBM PC,Centronies
/
interface is faster than RS232 web no latch up' problems. Software supplied has full screen editor, supports Intel Hex,
Motorola S and Bin lies algorithms for over 200 different mom types.
Software and unit for only L89.95 RequIres IBM PC and 15-30voit ACJDC power supply. Suitable onnsformer available (6.50 extr
PIC I 6C54/5/6/7 DEVELOPMENT Develop and test PIC16Cxx software on your IBM PC.The powerful inte-
grated package contains a Text EditorAssembler. Disassembler and PIC simulator.All functions are available from within
the PICDEV program, The simulator allows you to step through your code or set breakpoints. Register iles can be
altered at any time The PICS1M even includes VDT, timer and option reg. Supplied with example programs and user
manual. ...(29.95
LOW COST PIC 16C54/56 I.C.E. In Circuit Emulator with Read and Write Ports PJB, 05C2/ClkOut and RTCC
in. Single Step, breakpoints, register change/examine etc. Plugs into centronics port Lptl /2. Maximum speed depends
r\ Multichannel
on computer in use, approx 2 MHz on 386/486.
1.C.E unit supplied with PIC 16C545/6/7 Development software (as above) L89.95
EPROM/ROM EMULATOR Works with ANY computer with centronics printer port. Fast download. Ideal for
MICRO development. ...(39.95 Free view
PC SCOPE Turn your IBM PC into a powerful Storage Oscilloscope, Digital Voltmeter or Sound Sampler. Sample rate
101, - 30K per sec. Converter plugs into punter port with no power required.The ND converter with scope and
voltmeter software (VGA required) ready to plug in and go.. Only L29.95
_No contracts
ASM51 + SIMS I Complete Text Editor /Assembler plus Simulator for Microcontrollers 8051/52. Runs on IBM PC
Full control Registers & memory. Label generated disassembly. program trace, single-step, go with break
many more features
ASM48 + SIM48 As above but for 8048'49 controllers.
PLEASE ADD L
JOHN MORRISON (MICROS) DEPT El
....
50 POST A, PACKING
VISA
L 1 9 .9 5
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SmartCard
4 REIN GARDENS,TINGLEY, WEST YORKSHIRE,
WF3 I JR. TELEPHONE 0532 537 507 D2 -Mac Eurocrypt
Videocrypt
BADGER BOARDS IK-Tjanst
Printed Circuit Boards for Amateur Radio Schools Colleges
Short Wave Listeners Clubs Hobbyists & Industry
P.O. Box 460
A range of Printed Circuit Boards in stock from many of the Projects in Magazines
S-901 09 Umea, Sweden
PRACTICAL WIRELESS U SHORT WAVE MAGAZINE CI ELEKTORU HRT Phone + 46 (0)90 13 84 40
RADIO COMMUNICATION
Kits Projects and Materials for manufacturing your own boards. Artwork and Plotting from Fax + 46 (0)90 13 84 70
your own Schematic drawings and also C A D facilities We supply ONE OFF Prototypes
Phone between 9.00am and 5.30pm Monday to Friday for helpful advice and assistance BBS + 46 (0)90 13 84 70
Club talks and demonstrations of Printed Circuit Board manufacture QRP involvement etc
021-353 9326
87, Blackberry Lane, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldtield. 1374 4JF
(Please mention where you spotted this advertisement)
that would leave you with a short wire reasonably expect the circuit to work
which is difficult to handle. spot-on. A careful last check on all
Solder the wire end to the emitter or connections and component polarities
the preset terminal. Next, run the wire (where appropriate) will, of course, give
to the other point to be connected, cut, ..... .
... ........
* ......
*
at * you even more certainty.
To test the circuit, connect the
and pre -tin the end. Clean the solder
iron tip, apply fresh solder tin, and join
the wire to the solder spot (Fig. 7).
Mark the connection you have just
*
a .
..... *
.
*
4
*
# . 4.
power supply (in this case, a 9-V bat-
tery), and examine the output wave-
form on an oscilloscope.
made in the circuit diagram (Fig. 8). In
. .
Fig. 7. Example of an interconnection made

in enamelled copper wire at the solder side of
the board. Thanks to the isolation formed by
a thin enamel coating, wires are allowed to
cross freely without affecting the operation of
the circuit.
this way, all components are fitted on

to the board, and interconnected as in-
dicated by the circuit diagram. The
connections with the 'outside world'
(battery connections and signal out-
put) are best made with the aid of sol-
der terminals.
If there are no more components left
Fig. 6. The 'prototyping board' method works (inspect the floor or the carpet also!), Fig. 8. The second connection made on the
only if the connections made by soldering examine the circuit diagram copy to board is marked in the circuit diagram, by
are consistently marked in (a copy of) the cir- see if all interconnections have been running a colour marker pen over the rele-
cuit diagram. marked. If this is the case, you may vant line in the circuit diagram.

65
READERS' CORNER
BOLTON INSTITUTE, Emulator miniaturized into a module only blocks. The device requires a single adaptor
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 11 mm high that plugs directly into your to emulate almost all 8051 derivatives. The
May I appeal to any readers who are former EPROM socket. Unlike conventional emu- package comes with high-level debugging,
students of Bolton Institute of Higher Education lators, there is no messy ribbon cable. Once hardware breakpoint capability, cross as-
or who, prior to 1982, attended Bolton College programming is complete and the computer sembler and real-time trace buffer that can
of Education (Technical) or Bolton Institute connection removed, the emulator can remain be interrogated 'on the fly' .
of Technology. Indeed, we shall be glad to in circuit like a normal EPROM. Because of For more information contact Micro AMPS
hear from anyone who during the last fifty its non-volatile storage, the emulator can be 66 Smithbrook Kilns, Cranleigh GU6 8JJ; tele-
years or so, prior to the Institute's creation, used with any computer that has a Centronics phone +44 (0)483 268 999; Fax +44 (0)483
pursued a higher -level course in Bolton, e.g., printer port. No software is needed to run the 268 397. See also advert on page 41.
at Bolton College of Art or Bolton Technical emulator; just send an ASCII file containing
College. systems information (such as EPROM size,
Bolton Institute is establishing an Alumni data format type, any offsets, high or low SPICEAGE 3 FOR WINDOWS FROM
Association (an association of former students reset), followed by the datafile, to the printer THOSE ENGINEERS
of an educational institution) and we are try- port. It can download a 27512 binary file in V3 of SpiceAge for Windows gives an order
ing to trace anyone who has studied at the in- only 2 seconds. of magnitude of speed rise for logic simula-
stitute, no matter when, as we want to reestab- Consider the MicroRom as an EPROM with tion over SpiceAge 2, previously believed to
lish contact with them. an inbuilt programmer that has an unlimited be the fastest analogue simulator of its type
We are inviting all former students to number of write cycles. available. V3 benchmarks at 9 seconds on the
write and let us know what they are doing now For further information, contact Squarewave digital test compared with 120 seconds on V2.
and to join the Bolton Institute Alumni Electronics, Unit 25, Imperial House, 64 Speed gains are also apparent on some ana-
Association. Willoughby Lane, London N17 OSP; tele- logue circuits. To support this, a new 32 -
This year we hope the Institute will be- phone/fax +44 (0)81 880 9889. See also ad- channel logic analyser display is available,
come Bolton's University, and former stu- vert on page 59. more digital models are provided and input
dents will be invited to celebrate with us. signal bus structures are supported. The
We hope also to establish International Zetex SPICE library of analogue semicon-
Alumni Associations in other countries. We NEW EMULATORS FROM ductor models is shipped with V3 and the ana-
will be arranging reunions, giving informa- MICROAMPS logue side is further expanded by a brand new
tion of new developments and sharing news Dvelopers working with the 8031/51 mi- opamp model especially developed to ex-
about former students through the Alumni crocontroller can get a low-cost, full func- ploit the linear extrapolation pragmas pro-
Magazine, the first issue of which was pub- tion, In -Circuit Emulator from MicroAmps. vided in SpiceAge's polynomial functions.
lished in January. The ICE51+ features include small size Not only is this topology more accurate than
Please write to: Jan Lancaster, Alumni (110x65 mm), operation up to 16 MHz, many SPICE models, but is faster to analyse.
Relations Officer, Bolton Institute, Deane Road, 64 kbytes of battery -backed memory par- For further information, contact Those
Bolton BL3 5AB, or phone (0204) 28851, ex- tionable in 4 kbyte blocks between program Engineers Ltd, 31 Birkbeck Road, London
tension 3808, or fax us on (0204) 399074. and on -board or off -board data, 64 k hard- NW7 4BP. Telephone +44 (0)81 906 0155;
ware breakpoints in program and external data fax +44 (0)81 906 0969. See also advert on
memory, single step and software trace to- page 58.
gether with a host of other facilities.
PRODUCT NEWS The BICEPS51 In -Circuit Emulator is
capable of supporting almost al 8051 deriva- IMPULSE RESPONSE
NEW EPROM EMULATOR FROM tives using a new technique that combines the MEASUREMENT AND PROCESSING
SQUARE WAVE ELECTRONICS best features of an EPROM emulator with a The dedicated IMP board from Falcon Acous-
Squarewave Electronics has launched the full -function In -Circuit Emulator. tics, which is similar in operation to the KEF
MicroRom, a revolutionary new type of The BICEPS51 replaces the EPROM in and Bowers & Wilkins impulse measure-
EPROM Emulator. the circuit on test with 64 kbytes of emula- ment, generates an impulse which is sent to
The MicroRom is a conventional EPROM tion RAM that can be partitioned in 4 kbyte the loudspeaker via an amplifier (your hi-fi
less otherwise specified. for synchronization, some modification may

COMPONENT RATINGS be required.
The direct working voltage of capacitors (other
In resistor and capacitor values, decimal points than electrolytic or tantalum types) is assumed The international letter symbol U' is used for
and large numbers of zeros are avoided wher- to be .150 V. As a rule of thumb, a safe value voltage instead of the ambiguous . The let-
ever possible. Small and large values are usu- is about 2x direct supply voltage. ter V is reserved for 'volts'.
ally abbreviated as follows:
Direct test voltages are measured with a 201d2/V The size of a metric bolt or screw is defined
P (Pico-) = 10-12 meter unless otherwise specified. by the letter M followed by a number corre-
n (nano-) = 10-9 sponding to the overall diameter of the thread
j_t (micro-) = 10-6 Mains (power line) voltages are not listed in the in mm, the x sign and the length of the bolt or
m (milli-) = 10-3 articles. It is assumed that our readers know screw, also in mm. For instance, an M4x6 bolt
k (kilo-) = 103 what voltage is standard in their part of the has a thread diameter of 4 mm and a length of
M (mega-) = 106 world. 6 mm. The overall diameter of the thread in the
G (giga-) = 109 BA sizes is: 0 BA= 6.12 mm; 2 BA =4.78 mm;
Readers in countries that use 60 Hz supplies, 4 BA = 3.68 mm; 6 BA = 2.85 mm; 8 BA =
Note that nano -farad (nF) is the international should note that our circuits are usually designed 2.25 mm.
way of writing 1000 pF or 0.001 pF. for 50 Hz. This will not normally cause prob-
Resistors are1/3 watt, 5% metal film types un- lems, although if the mains frequency is used

66
amplifier?). The output pulse is picked up by so that the antenna connector no longer pro- clock for PCs. I have an IBM (compatible)
a microphone and fed back into the IMP trudes from the enclosure. This can be over- PC486 and have, as stated in the article,
where it is digitized and then fed into an come by terminating the antenna cable into complemented the CONFIG.SYS file with
IBM (compatible) computer via the printer a coaxial plug and making the entrance hole the following (last) line:
port. The IMP software then analyses the slightly larger. Moreover, one of the two DEVICE C:\MSDOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS.
input via Fourier transforms and outputs the earth tags of the UV916H must be connected I should be pleased if you would tell me:
results on to the computer screen in graph- at a different position. 1. Whereto should the files of the software
ical form in the shape of amplitude and phase provided (DCFCLOCK.ASM, DCF-
response curves. Full control is via the PC. CLOCK.DOC and DCFCLOCK.SYS be
The amplifier output can be sampled via a copied? To the root, the MSDOS or a sepa-
probe to correct for errors in the pulse spec- LETTERS rate directory?
trum and amplifier response. 2. Once the files have been loaded, how is
IM P allows the collection and analysis SCART SWITCHING BOX the program called up to initialize the driver
of 12 -bit analogue data up to 4,095 samples (December 1993) and to fill the options P, I, S, B and D?
in length and sample rates are selectable at I have a few problems with this project, (M. Meersschaut)
either 61.441 kHz or 1.92 kHz which, along which I believe have to do with the connec-
with the internal filtering, allows measure- tions. Pin 1 of one connector is linked to The file DCFCLOC .ASM is the assembler list-
ments from several hertz to 20 kHz. pin 2 of the other. The same is true of pins 3 ing of the program, which you no longer
Further information from Falcon Acoustics and 19, which are linked to pins 6 and 20 re- need (it is of interest only to dyed-in-the-
Ltd, Tabor House, Norwich Road, Mulbarton, spectively. All other pins are interlinked as wool programmers). The file DCF-
Norfolk NR14 8JT, England. Telephone one would expect, i.e., pin 5 to pin 5, pin 10 CLOCK.DOC contains the instructions for
+44 (0)508 78272; fax +44 (0)508 70986. to pin 10, and so on. the program, which you can read with a word
L. Bastiaenssen processing program. It is not necessary to
store this file on a hard diksk.
Ina SCART cable, the wiresfor the video and The only program that you need to copy
CORRECTIONS audio connections are always crossed. That to the hard disk is DCFCLOCK.SYS. Place
is why the video output (pin 19) at one end this file in the directory containing the DOS
DIGITAL DIAL (January 1994) of the cable is linked to the video input commands (e.g., C ADOS). Add aline that in-
An attentive reader has drawn our attention (pin 20) at the other end. This arrangement dicates where the computer can find that
to the fact that the digital dial can not be ensures that the input of one piece of equip- program to CONFIG.SYS (in C:\), e.g. DE-
used in conjunction with the receiver illus- ment is always connected properly to the VICE = C:\DOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS. Other suf-
trated (a Yaesu Type FRG -7) since the IF of output of another. There is, therefore, noth- fixes may be added for changing certain set-
that receiver is much too high for the dial. ing wrong with your cable. tings (see DOC file), but even without these
Sorry for that oversight! [Editor] Note that two pieces of equipment must the system should work correctly.
never be connected simultaneously to K3 Note, however, that the receiver circuit must
and K5/K6. Use SCART connector K3 or the be connected to the COM port 2 and that the
VHF/UHF TUNER (Oct/Nov 1993) phono plugs K5/K6, but not both at the same computer must be restarted after the software
The tuner module used in this design is no time! [Editor] has been installed. The program will then au-
longer in production with Philips and its tomatically set the correct time in the inter-
availability will thus become a problem. nal clock of the PC every minute.
Fortunately, the Type UV916H is an excel- PRECISION CLOCK FOR PCs [Editor]
lent alternative. The snag is, however, that (November 1993)
this unit is slightly smaller than the UV816, I have encountered a problem with the Precision
Produced and published by ELEKTOR Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Parm GERMANY NETHERLANDS
ELECTRONICS (Publishing) Pashley Road Elektor Verlag GmbH Elektuur BV
TICEHURST TN5 7HE Susterfeld Stral3e 25 Peter Treckpoelatreat 2-4
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or +44 305 250 995 (International ) The Netherlands
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Subscriptions: B P 59; 59850 NIEPPE Publisher M Avraham
World Wide Subscription Service Ltd Editor G.0 P. Raedersdorf

67
IF Increase your electronics

AN ADVERT know-how and skills
IS WRONG, The speed and intensity with which electronics penetrates our daily lives
at home, at work, or in our car, tends to make us forget that we can use
WHO PUTS electronics creatively by building designs with a practical application
IT RIGHT? and having the satisfaction of a successfully finished project. Elektor
We do.
Electronics, which is distributed all over the world, can help you achieve
The Advertising Standards these goals. Throughout the year, the magazine features original
Authority ensures advertise- construction projects, informative articles and news on the gamut of
ments meet with the strict
Code of Advertising Practice.
electronics, science & technology, book reviews and information on new
So If you question an products. The past 11 issues contained 80 major and 97 minor
advertiser, they have to construction articles, 21 articles of an educative or instructional nature,
answer to us_
and 10 articles dealing with Science & Technology.
lb find out more about the
ASA, please write to
If you wish to increase your electronics know-how and skills, take out an
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You will then have the convenience of having the magazine delivered to
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WANTED. Acorn Atom with disk drive, any

SWITCHBOARD condition. Please ring (0729) 860 224.
Switchboard allows all PRIVATE READERS of

WANTED. Epsom FX800 circuit. Please write
to R. Click, 12 Avon Grove, Cheadle, Stoke on
Elektor Electronics one FREE advertisement
of up to 108 characters, including spaces,
Trent, Staffs ST10 1QR.
commas, numerals, etc., per month
Write the advertisement, which MUST
FOR SALE. Philips scope PM3217, 50 MHz,
Send this coupon to
relate to electronics, in the coupon on this calibrated will October 1994, with leads and Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
page; it MUST INCLUDE a private telephone
pouch. £250 o.n.o. Please ring 091 372 0923. P.O. Box 1414
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number or name and address; post office England
boxes are NOT acceptable.
HELP! I need some information about the
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) can not ac- Orcad program. I need the file `LIB EDIT' for Block capitals p ease - one character to each box
3.21 version. Thanks in anticipation. Please write
cept responsibility for any correspondence or
transaction as a result of a free advertisement
to Luis M. Pinto, C. de Vila-Nespereira, 4620
or of any inaccuracy in the text of such an ad-
Lousada, Portugal.
vertisement.
Advertisements will be placed in the order FOR SALE. PDP 11/23 main frame, 3 RLO2
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Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve
ing. £250 o.n.o. Please phone (0642) 711 368.
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Labs 2001A frequency response analyser.
Please ring (0602) 372 109.
!HELP! Can anyone suggest a source o
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switch -mode PSU? Phone Alan on 081 800 0982.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS 03/94

WANTED. 27128 EPROMs 21 V. Please phone
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68
Project No Price
PRODUCT OVERVIE
(E) (USS)
DECEMBER 1990
ELEKTOR Active mini subwoofer 900122-2
Milliohmmeter
6.15 12.30
910004 5.90 11.80
Phase check for
M ARM 11396 EL ECTRUNIC-S audio systems

PC -controlled Video-
text decoder (1)
Signal suppressor for
900114-1/2 9.40 18.80
ELV project
all -solid state preamp 904024 4.40 8.80

A number of projects carried in Elektor Electronics are supported by ready-made printed -
circuit boards (PCBs), self-adhesive front panel foils, ROMs, EPROMs, PALs, GALs, 1991
microcontrollers and diskettes, which may he ordered through our Readers Services using the
JANUARY 1991
order form printed every month opposite the Readers Services page. Logic analyser (1):
The list printed here is complementary to the shorter one opposite the Readers Services page - Busboard
PC controlled Video-
900094-4 10.60 21.20
elsewhere in this issue. This two -page overview of all currently available products is regularly text decoder (2) ELV project
SWR meter 900013 3.55 7.10
updated and appears in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor
Electronics. FEBRUARY 1991
Logic analyser (2):
Items marked with a dot (*) following the product number are in limited supply only, and their - RAM board 900094-2 18.50 37.00
- Probe board 900094-3 5.00 10.00
availability can not be guaranteed by the time your order is received. Multifunction measure-
ment card for PCs 28.20 56.40
Items not listed here or on this month's Readers Services page are not available. MIDI -to -CV interface
900124-1
Doepfer Elektronik
The artwork for making PCBs which are not available ready-made through the Readers RDS decoder:
- demodulator board 880209 5.30 10.60
Services may be found in the relevant article (from March 1990 onwards). - processor board 900060 7.65 15.30
Prices and item descriptions subject to change. Prices can be confirmed on request at the time MARCH 1991
of ordering. The complete preamplifier:
- input board 890169-1 26.10 52.20
- main board 890169-2 39.35 78.70
Electronic exposure
Project No. Price Project No. Price Project No. Price timer 900041 10.85 21.70
(E) (USS) (E) (US$) (E) (USS) PC -controlled weather
station (1) 900124-3 4.40 8.80
ST and Archimedes 880109 8.65 17.30 890170-1; 1x 890170-2 and 1x 890170-3) are 2-m band converter 900006-1 5.00 10.00
PRINTED -CIRCUIT BOARDS MIDI control unit 880178-1 10.65 21.30 available as a package, ref. 890170-9, at a
880178-2 7.80 15.60 discounted price of £48.15 (USS96.30). APRIL 1991
Low -budget capaci- Logic analyser (3):
1987 tance meter UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 FEBRUARY 1990 - control board 900094-5 18.50 37.00
Initialisation aid for 900007 16.75 33.50 MIDI programme
JANUARY 1987 FEBRUARY 1989 printers changer 900138 6.75 13.50
Top -of -the -range Digital Model Train 87291-1 4.95 9.90 Digital Model Train (11) 87291-8 5.30 10.60 8 -bit I/O for Atari 910005 12.35 24.70
preamplifier 86111-2 26.45 52.90 VHF receiver 886127 8.75 17.50 Reflex MW AM receiver UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 6-m band transverter 910010 11.45 22.90
Video mixer (2) 87304-2 19.10 38.20 Wattmeter:
MARCH 1987 MARCH 1989 Capacitance meter 900012 8.50 17.00 - meter board 910011-1 6.45 12.90
MSX EPROMmer 87002 11.15 22.30 Power line modem 880189 7.15 14.30 - display board 910011-2 4.10 8.20
Centronics buffer 890007-1 23.05 46.10 MARCH 1990 Moving -coil (MC)
MAY 1987 890007-2 2.55 5.10 Audio/video modulator ELV project preamplifier 910016 10.60 21.20
MIDI signal distribution 87012 870 17.40 890007-3 9.80 19.60 Digital model train (12) 87291-9 4.10 8.20 Dimmer for halogen lights:
Power line monitor 900025 5.60 11.20 - transmitter 910032-1 4.10 8.20
OCTOBER 1987 APRIL 1989 Video mixer (3) 87304-3 41.70 83.40 - receiver 910032-2 4.40 8.80
Low -noise microphone Digital Model Train 87291-2/3 5.05 10.10 PC -controlled semi-
preamplifier 87058 4.05 8.10 Function generator UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 APRIL 1990 conductor tester ELV project
Triplet 890013-1 7.80 15.60 Digital model train (13) 87291-10 4.70 9.40
NOVEMBER 1987 890013-2 8.00 16.00 Q meter 900031 7.05 14.10 MAY 1991
BASIC computer 87192 23.80 47.60 Multi -point IR control 890019-1 4.05 8.10 RS -232 splitter 900017-1 8.50 17.00 80C32/8052 Computer 910042 12.05 24.10
890019-2 4.75 9.50 900017-2 5.30 10.60 Battery tester 906056 4,10 8.20
Video recording amplifier ELV project Wiring allocation tester ELV project Laser (1) ELV project
1988 Moving -magnet (MM)
MAY 1989 MAY 1990 preamplifier 900111 6.75 13.50
JANUARY 1988 RDS decoder 680209 5.30 10.60 Acoustic temperature Universal I/O interface
Stereo limiter 87168 8.50 17.00 Digital Model Train (4) 87291-4 6.15 12.30 monitor UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 for IBM PCs 910046 10.85 21.70
DTMF system decoder 890060 7.65 15.30 Budget sweep/function
MARCH 1988 Sine -wave converter UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 generator 900040 8.25 16.50 JUNE 1991
Computer -controlled S-VHS-to-RGB converter ELV project Centronics ADC/DAC 900037D 17.90 35.80 Universal battery charger 900134 9.40 18.80
slide fader 87259 18.80 37.60 PC servicing card ELV project Logic analyser - 4
Low -noise preamplifier JUNE 1989 Transistor characteristic - power supply board 900094-7 8.80 17.60
for FM receivers 880041 7.65 15.30 Echo unit ELV project plotting 900058 5.60 11.20 - Atari interface 900094-6 12.65 25.30
Signal divider for - IBM interface 900094-1 14.40 28.80
satellite TV receivers 880067 5.90 11.80 JULY/AUGUST 1989 JUNE 1990 Digital phase meter
MIDI keyboard interface Electronic load simulator 900042 14.10 28.20 (set of 3 PCBs) 910045-1/2/3 26.15 52.30
APRIL 1988 decoder board 890105-1 8.25 16.50 MIDI master keyboard Doepfer Elektronik Light transceiver UPBS-1 2.30 4.60
Fuzz unit for guitars 87255 7.65 15.30 controller board Mini EPROM viewer 900030 21.15 42.30 Variable AC PSU 900104 6.15 12.30
Tracking tester ELV project Power zener diode UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Light switch w. TV IR ric 910048 5.60 11.20
MAY 1988 Floppy disk monitor 890078 5.00 10.00 Remotely controlled RTC for Atari ST 910006 6.15 12.30
Plotter 87167 13.50 27.00 Function generator UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 stroboscope ELV project
JULY/AUGUST 1991
JUNE 1988 SEPTEMBER 1989 JULY/AUGUST 1990 Multifunction I/O for PCs 910029 24.40 48.80
Wideband active aerial 880043-1 7.05 14.10 Digital Model Train 87291-6 7.85 15.70 Battery tester ELV project B/W video digitizer 910053 22.60 45.20
for SW receivers 880043-2 5.60 11.20 Resonance meter 886071 4.60 9.20 Compact 10A power Stepper motor board - 2:
supply 900045 13.50 27.00 - power driver board 910054-2 28.50 57.00
JULY/AUGUST 1988 OCTOBER 1989 Intermediate projects UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Laser - 3 ELV project
Frequency read-out for CD error detector 890131 7.05 14.10 Mini FM transmitter' 896118 5.00 10.00 LED voltmeter 914005 5.60 11.20
SW receivers 880039 21.60 43.20 RGB-to-CVBS converter ELV project Sound demodulator for Wien bridge 914007 4.10 8.20
satellite -TV receivers 900057 4.40 8.80 Angled bus extension
OCTOBER 1988 NOVEMBER 1989 Audio power indicator 904004 4.40 8.80 card for PCs 914030 12.05 24.10
Preamplifier for 880132-1 6.95 13.90 Digital Model Train (8) 87291-5 51.10 102.20 Four -monitor driver Sync separator 914077 4.40 8.80
purists 880132-2. 14.40 28.80 for PCs 904067 6.15 12.30
Peripheral modules DECEMBER 1989 can not be supplied to readers in the UK SEPTEMBER 1991
for BASIC computer 880159 5.90 11.80 Digital Model Train 87291-7 10.30 20.60 Peak indicator for loud-
EPROM simulator 890166 11.75 23.50 SEPTEMBER 1990 speakers ELV project
NOVEMBER 1988 Hard disk monitor 890186 12.95 25.90 High -current hEE tester 900078 6.45 12.90 Timecode interface for slide control:
Bus interface for hi-res IC tester ELV project Infra -red remote - main board 910055 24.40 48.80
LCD screens 880074 19.70 39.40 LF/HF signal tracer 890183 9.40 18.80 control 904085/86 7.95 15.90 - display board 87291-9a 4.10 8.20
LFA-150 -a fast 880092-1 9.95 19.90 Solid-state preamp 890170-1' 13.80 27.60 Sound generator ELV project Asymm-symm converter 910072 5.60 11.20
power amplifier 880092-2 9.20 18.40 890170-3' 10.60 2120
Harmonic enhancer 880167 7.40 14.80 OCTOBER 1990 OCTOBER 1991
6P -controlled telephone PC -controlled weather
DECEMBER 1988 1990 exchange 900081 21.15 42.30 station (2) 900124-2 3.80 7.60
LFA-150 -a fast 880092-3e 7.50 15.00 S-VHS/CVBS-to-RGB Digital function generator
power amplifier 880092-4e 7.60 15.20 JANUARY 1990 converter 900055. 14.40 28.80 - main board 910077-1 21.75 43.50
CVBS-to-TTL adaptor 880098 5.70 11.40 Video mixer (1) 87304-1 32.00 64.00 - display board 910077-2 12.65 25.30
Autonomous I/O Mini EPROM NOVEMBER 1990 Audio spectrum shift
controller 880184 18.00 36.00 programmer 890164 8.25 16.50 400 -watt laboratory PSU 900082 12.95 25.90 encoder/decoder 910105 10.35 20.70
All solid-state Dubbing mixer EV7000 ELV project
preamplifier 890170-2' 18.50 37.00 Medium -power audio 900098 10.60 21.20 NOVEMBER 1991
1989 Simple AC milli - amplifier Relay card for uni-
voltmeter 900004 7.65 15.30 Programmer for the 8751 900100 8.25 16.50 versal I/O interface 910038 12.95 25.90
JANUARY 1989 PT100 thermometer 900106 5.90 11.80 Dissipation limiter 910071 4.40 8.80
Fax interface for Atari *The four PCBs required for the preamplifier (2 x Digital function generator

Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a sign are only available in combination with the
associated software item, and can not be supplied separately. The indicated price includes the software. 69
Project No. Price Project No. Price ROMS - EPROMS - PALS - GALS - MICROCONTROLLERS
(£) (US$) (£) (US$)
Article/Project' Issue Order Description Price
- sine converter 910077-3 15.00 30.00 Printer sharing unit 920011 14.70 29.40 code (£) (US$)
- R/T converter 910077-4 12.35 24.70 Sound sampler for Amiga 920074 6.75 13.50
Class -A power amplifier (1): Difference thermometer 920078 5.30 10.60 Multifunction measurement card for PCs 2/91 561 1 x 16L8 10.30 20.60
880092-1 9.95 19.90 Low -power TTL-to- The digital model train series 572 1 x 2764 11.75 23.50
880092-2 9.05 18.10 RS232 interface 920127 3.55 7.10 Darkroom clock 2/90 583 1 x 27128 10.85 21.70
Timer for CH systems UPBS-2 3.80 7.60 Video mixer 3/90 5861 1 x 2764 11.75 23.50
ECEMBER 1992 Four -sensor sunshine recorder 6/90 5921 1 x 27128 11.75 23.50
DECEMBER 1991 Digital audio/visual system µP -controlled telephone exchange 10/90 5941 1 x 27128 15.30 30.60
Class -A power amplifier (2): (incl. EPROM 6171) 920022+ 34.10 68.20 RDS decoder 2/91 5951 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60
880092-3 7.50 15.00 1.2 GHz multifunction MIDI programme changer 4/91 5961 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60
880092-4 7.60 15.20 frequency meter Logic analyser (series) see under Cr ISKETTES below
Economy power supply 910111 9.40 18.80 (incl. EPROM 6141) 920095+ 29.40 58.80 Logic analyser (IBM interface) 6/91 5971 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50
al. programmable filters 910125 6.75 13.50 Output amplifier for ribbon MIDI -to -CV interface 2/91 5981 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60
Amiga mouse/joystick loudspeakers 920135-1 19.40 38.80 Multifunction I/O card for PCs 7-8/91 5991 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50
switch 914078 4.10 8.20 920135-2 7.95 15.90 Amiga mouse/joystick switch 12/91 6001 1 x GAL 16V8 8.25 16.50
Safe solid-state relay 914008 3.80 7.60 Peak -delta NiCd charger 920147 6.10 8.20 Stepper motor board 6/91 6011 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50
Slave mains on/off IDC-to-boX header adaptor924049 6.45 12.90 4-MByte printer buffer (6/92 and 4/93) 6041 1 x 27C64 15.30 30.60
control Mark -2 914072 6.45 12.90 Mini keyboard for Z80 924047 12.35 24.70 8751 emulator (incl. system disk 5.25 in.) 3/92 6051 1 x 27C64 29.40 58.80
Wideband antenna 800552 pP system 924071 20.00 40.00 EMON51 (incl. course disk 1661) (series) 6061 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00
amplifier ELV project Mains power -on delay 924055 6.45 12.90 Connect 4 12/91 6081 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60
EMON51 (incl. course disk 1681) (series) 6091 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00
FM tuner 7/92 6101 1 x 27C256 15.30 30.60
1992 1993 Multi -purpose 280 card: GAL set 6/92 6111 2 x GAL 16V8 11.15 22.30
Multi -purpose Z80 card: BIOS 6/92 6121 1 x 27128 15.30 30.60
JANUARY 1992 JANUARY 1993 TV test pattern generator (80C32 SBC) 3/93 6151 x 27256
1 15.30 30.60
CD player 910146 8.25 16.50 PAL test pattern generator 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 6141 1 x 27C256 11.45 22.90
Fast precise thermometer 910081 8.50 17.00 (incl. GAL 6211) 920129+ 15.30 30.60 Digital audio/visual system 12/92 6171 < 27C256
1 10.30 20.60
Low -frequency counter Multi -core cable tester Digital audio/visual system (software package) 2/93 6181 EPROM. GAL. and disk 30.50 61.00
- input board 910149-1 5.00 10.00 - matrix board 926079 17.05 34.10 PAL test pattern generator 1/93 6211 1 x GAL 20V8 9.40 18.80
- display board 910149-2 6.45 12.90 - slave unit 926084 6.20 12.40 Watt-hour meter 2/93 6241 1 x 27256 10.00 20.00
Mini Z80 system 910060 10.60 21.20 - master unit 926085 8.25 16.50 Four fold DAC 7-8/93 6251 1 x GAL 10.75 21.50
Prototyping board for Multipurpose display decoder 7-8/93 6261 1 x 2764 11.50 23.00
IBM PCs 910049 21.15 42.30 FEBRUARY 1993 Digital hygrometer 11/93 6301 1 x 2764 14.50 29.00
PC -controlled weather 900124-5 10.00 20.00 U2400B NiCd battery 8751 programmer 11/90 7061 1 x 8751 46.40 92.80
station (3) charger 920098 8.75 17.50 Microcontroller NiCd charger 10/93 7071 1 x ST62E15 10.00 20.00
Digital -audio enhancer 920169 14.25 28.50 Maxi micro clock (clock) 7-8/93 7081 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00
FEBRUARY 1992 12C opto/relay card 930004 11.00 22.00 Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) 7-8/93 7091 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00
Audio/video switching Watt-hour meter (PCBs -1 Maxi micro clock (cooking timer) 7-8/93 7101 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00
unit 910130 11.75 23.50 and -2, and EPROM 6241)920148+ 37.25 74.50 Mini micro clock (clock) 9/93 7111 1 x ST62T15 11.50 23.00
12C interface for PCS 910131-1 14.40 28.80 Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) 9/93 7121 1 x ST621-15 11.50 23.00
Measurement amplifier 910144 13.50 27.00 MARCH 1993 Mini micro clock (cooking timer) 9/93 7131 x ST62715
1 11.50 23.00
Mini square wave Linear sound pressure VHF/UHF TV tuner 11/93 7141 1 x 87C51 25.75 51.50
generator 910151 5.30 10.60 meter 930006 7.00 14.00 * For pre -1990 project EPROM5 see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office
RAM extension for mini Electrically isolated
Z80 system 910073 2.35 4.70 RS232 interface 920138 10.25 20.50 DISKETTES
Switch -mode power
supply 920001 4.40 8.80 APRIL 1993 Article/Project` Issue Order Disk size Price
Audio power meter 930018 10.25 20.50 code (0) (US$)
MARCH 1992 Video digitizer for PCs
8751 emulator 920019 12.05 24.10 (incl. disk 1831) 930007+ 37.00 74.00 EPROM emulator II 9/92 129 5.25 -inch 6.75 13.50
A-D/D-A and I/O for Infrared receiver for 80C32 Multifunction measurement card (MMC) for PCs 2/91 1461 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
I2C bus 910131-2 6.15 12.30 single -board computer Logic analyser: IBM software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1491 5.25 -inch 19.40 38.80
AF drive indicator 920016 5.60 11.20 (incl. disk 1791) 920149+ 14.50 29.00 Logic analyser: Atari software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1501 3.5 -inch 19.40 38.80
Centronics line booster 910133 5.90 11.80 4MB printer buffer card 920009 27.50 55.00 Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) 9/91 1541 5.25 -inch 11.15 22.30
FM tuner (tuner board) 920005 21.15 42.30 8 -bit I/O interface for Atari ST 4/91 1571 3.5 -inch 7.65 15.30
LC meter 920012 8.80 17.60 MAY 1993 Tektronix/Intel file converter 4/91 1581 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
MIDI optical link 920014 6.15 12.30 FM stereo signal generator920155 23.00 46.00 B/W video digitizer for Archimedes 7-8/91 1591 3.5 -inch 11.15 22.30
VHF/UHF receiver 926001 19.00 38.00 Timecode interface for slide controller 9/91 1611 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
APRIL 1992 Philips preamplifier 930003 7.50 15.00 Real-time clock for Atari ST 6/91 1621 3.5 -inch 7.65 15.30
80C32 SBC extension 910109 13.50 27.00 Workbench PSU 930033 21.50 43.00 24 -bit colour extension for video digitizer 11/91 1631 3.5 -inch 11.15 22.30
2 -metre FM receiver 910134 10.30 20.60 920075-1 4.70 9.40 PC -controlled weather station (3) 1/92 1641 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
Comb generator 920003 8.50 17.00 (supersedes 1551 and 1561)
AD232 converter 920010 12.35 24.70 JUNE 1993 8051/8032 assembler course (IBM version) (series) 1661 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
Automatic NiCd charger UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Spectrum VU meter 920151 13.00 26.00 A-D/D-A and I/O for I2C bus 3/92 1671 order as 1821 (see below)
LCD for L -C meter 920018 4.70 9.40 GAL programmer upgrade930060 4.50 9.00 8051/8032 assembler course (Atari version) series 1681 3.5 -inch 7.65 15.30
Milli -ohm meter adaptor 920020 4.40 8.80 Digital frequency readout AD232 converter 4/92 1691 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
for VHF/UHF receiver 926001-2 11.50 23.00 GAL programmer (upgrade: June 1993) 5/92 8 6/93 1701 5.25 -inch (3 x) 11.15 22.30
May 1992 Inexpensive phase meter Multi -purpose Z80 card 6/92 1711 5.25 -inch 7.65 15.30
1.3-GHz prescaler 914059 5.00 10.00 - main board 930046 9.00 18.00 Fuzzy Control One 10/93 1721 5.25 -inch 7.75 15.50
Compact mains supply 920021 7.35 14.70 - meter board 920018 4.75 9.50 Pascal routines for MMC for PCs 10/92 1751 5.25 inch 9.70 19.40
FM tuner - 3 (PSU) 920005-2 8.80 17.60 Speech/sound memory 12/92 1771 5.25 inch 7.65 15.30
GAL programmer 920030 11.15 22.30 JULY/AUGUST 1993 PC -aided transistor tester 9/93 1781 3.5 inch 7.50 15.00
NICAM decoder 920035 15.00 30.00 Active 3 -way loudspeaker Int ra-red receiver and DTMF decoder for
system 930016 21.50 43.00 80032 single -board computer 3 & 4/93 1791 5.35 -inch 7.50 15.00
JUNE 1992 Maxi micro clock 930020 15.50 31.00 I2C opto/relay card 2/93 1821 5.25 inch 7.65 15.30
4 -Megabyte printer buffer 910110 18.80 37.60 Four -fold DAC for PCs 930040 Koller Electronic Video digitizer for PC5 4/93 1831 5.25 inch 14.50 29.00
Audio -video processor - 2 ELV project SMD soldering station 930065 9.50 19.00 GAL programmer for Amiga 6/93 1841 3.5 inch 11.00 22.00
I2C display 920004 4.70 9.40 VHF -low converter 926087 15.50 31.00 ITC alphanumerical display 9/93 1851 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00
FM tuner - 4: I2C bus fuse 15 on I PCB)934016 8.00 16.00 Philips preamplifier 5/93 1861 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00
- mode control board 920005-3 5.60 11.20 Voice operated recording 934039 6.00 12.00 GAL programmer (excl. Opal Jr. disks) 6/93 1881 5.25 inch 10.75 21.50
- synthesizer board 920005-5 10.85 21.70 General transformer PCB 934004 6.50 13.00 X2404 -to -8751 interfacing 6/93 1891 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00
Guitar tuner 920033 10.00 20.00 Plant humidity monitor 934031 4.50 9.00 For pre -1991 project diskettes see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office
Multi -purpose Z80 card 920002 20.25 40.50 Plant humidity monitor
(supply) 934032 4.00 8.00
JULY 1992
SELF-ADHESIVE FRONT PANEL FOILS
12VDC to 240VAC inverter SEPTEMBER 1993 Article/Project* Issue Order code Price
- main board 920039-1 11.15 22.30 Fuzzy logic multimeter -1920049-2 20.00 40.00 (0) (US$)
- power board 920039-2 6.45 12.90 Linear temperature
Audio DAC - 1 920063-1 8.50 17.00 gauge 920150 7.05 14.10 Wattmeter 4/91 910011-F 9.70 19.40
Optocard for universal PC -aided transistor Universal NiCd battery charger 6/91 900134-F 6.45 12.90
PC I/O bus 910040 12.95 25.90 tester 920144 9.75 19.50 Logic analyser (series) 900094-F 10.30 20.60
Audio -video processor - 3 ELV project Harmonic enhancer 930025 13.50 27.00 Digital phase meter 6/91 910045-F 11.75 23.50
FM tuner - 5: ITC alphanumerical Variable AC power supply 6/91 900104-F 16.45 32.90
- keyboard/display 920005-4 14.40 28.80 display (incl. disk 1851) 930044+ 14.25 28.50 Timecode interface for slide controller 9/91 910055-F 8.80 17.60
- S -meter 920005-6 3.80 7.60 Mini micro clock 930055 7.50 15.00 Digital function generator 10/91 910077-F 10.60 21.20
RS232 quick tester 920037 5.00 10.00 950-1750 MHz converter UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 4 -Megabyte printer buffer 6/92 910110-F 11.45 22.90
Small projects: Economy power supply 12/91 910111-F 10.60 21.20
Water pump control for OCTOBER 1993 Measurement amplifier 2/92 910144-F 8.80 17.60
solar power system 924007 7.35 14.70 Stereo mixer UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 CD player 1/92 910146-F 12.05 24.10
Simple power supply 924024 5.00 10.00 MIDI channel monitor 930059 14.00 28.00 FM tuner (series) 920005-F 13.20 26.40
Wideband active teles- Ah meter with digital 4 -Megabyte printer buffer insertion card 3/93 920009-F 8.25 16.50
copic antenna 924102 3.25 6.50 display 930068 14.00 28.00 LC meter 3/92 920012-F 11.45 22.90
Autoranging frequency Digital audio/visual system (series) 920022-F1 10.00 20.00
SEPTEMBER 1992 readout 930034 12.50 25.00 920022-F2 19.40 38.80
EPROM emulator - II 910082 10.00 20.00 ROM -gate switchover for 920022-F3 28.80 57.60
Audio/video processor - 4 ELV project Atari ST 930005 30.25 60.50 Guitar tuner 6/92 920033-F 8.80 17.60
Audio DAC - 2 920063-2 18.80 37.60 Microntroller-driven NiCd NICAM decoder 5/92 920035-F 8.25 16.50
battery charger (incl. 12VDC-to-240VAC inverter 7/92 920038-F 16.15 32.30
OCTOBER 1992 programmed ST62E15) 920162+ 25.50 51.00 Audio DAC 10/92 920063-F 10.00 20.00
Audio DAC - 3 920063-3 26.45 52.90 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 2 1.2GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 920095-F 13.80 27.60
Mains sequencer 920013 17.35 34.70 (incl. disk 1721) 920049-1+ 23.75 47.50 U2400B NiCd battery charger 2/93 920098-F 8.75 17.50
Wideband active antenna 924101 3.25 6.50 Workbench PSU 4/93 930033-F 17.00 34.00
RDS demodulator 880209 5.30 10.60 Inexpensive phase meter 6/93 930046-F 17.25 34.50
r-oi November 1993 to March 1994 foams see
page 70 of this issue " For 1990 project front panel foils see the September 1993 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office
NOVEMBER 1992

70
PROJECT No. Price Price PROJECT No. Price Price
READERS SERVICES (£) (US$) (£) (US$)
Except in the USA and Canada, all orders, except for Workbench PSU 930033-F 17.00 34.00 Multi -purpose Z80 card 1711 7.65 15.30
subscriptions and past issues (for which see below), Inexpensive phase meter 930046-F 17.25 34.50 Fuzzy Control One 1721 7.75 15.50
must be sent BY POST to our Dorchester office using Mini preamplifier 930106-F Not available Pascal library for MMC 1751 9.70 19.40
the appropriate form opposite. Please note that we AF rms voltmeter 930108-F 17.25 34.50 Speech/sound memory 1771 7.65 15.30
can not deal with PERSONAL CALLERS, as no stock PC -aided transistor tester 1781 7.50 15.00
is carried at the editorial and administrative office. IR receiver and DIME decoder
EPROMS / PALS / MICROCONTROLLERS for 80C32 SBC 1791 9.00 18.00
Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders,
except for subscriptions (for which see below), to Old Amiga mouse/joystick 800535 assembler course 1811 8.80 17.60
Colony Sound Lab, Peterborough, whose full address switch (1 x GAL 16V8) 6001 8.25 16.50 12C opto/relay card 1821 7.65 15.30
is given on the order form opposite. Please include 4 -Megabyte printer buffer Video digitizer for PCs 1831 14.50 29.00
shipping cost according to total order value. For sur- (1 x 2764) 6041 15.30 30.60 GAL programmer for Amiga 1841 11.00 22.00
face delivery in the USA, if order is less than $50, in- 8751 emulator 12C alphanumerical display 1851 8.50 17.00
clude $3; $50+, $4. For Canada surface, if less than incl. system disk (MSDOS) 6051 29.40 58.80 Philips preamplifier 1861 8.50 17.00
US$50, include US$5; US$50+, US$7.50. For air or Connect 4 (1 x 27C64) 6081 15.30 30.60 GAL programmer (excl. Opal
other deliveries, please inquire. Please allow 4-6 EMON51 (8051 assembler Jr. disks) 1881 10.75 21.50
weeks for delivery. course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1661) 6061 20.00 40.00 Precision clock for PCs 1871 8.50 17.00
All other customers must add postage and packing EMON51 (8051 assembler X2404 -to -8751 interfacing 1891 8.50 17.00
charges for orders up to £25.00 as follows: UK and course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1681) 6091 20.00 40.00 Mini I/O card for Casio
Eire £1.95; surface mail outside UK £2.45; Europe FM tuner (1 x 27C256) 6101 15.30 30.60 FX850/880P 1921 10.75 21.50
(airmail) £2.95; outside Europe (airmail) £3.70. For or- Multi -purpose Z80 card: SIM - an 8051 simulator 1931 34.25 68.50
ders over £25.00, but not exceeding £100.00, these GAL set (2 x GAL 16V8) 6111 11.15 22.30
p&p charges should be doubled. For orders over Multi -purpose Z80 card:
£100.00 in value, p&p charges will be advised. BIOS (1 x EPROM 27128) 6121 15.30 30.60 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
1.2 GHz multifunction
SUBSCRIPTIONS & PAST ISSUES frequency meter(1 x 27C256) 6141 11.45 22.90 Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a
Subscriptions and past issues, if available, should be Digital audio/visual system + sign are only available in combination with the as-
ordered from Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd, (1 x 27C256) 6171 10.30 20.60 sociated software item, and can not be supplied sepa-
Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm, Pashley Road, TICE- TV test pattern generator rately. The indicated price includes the software.
HURST TN5 7HE, England. For subscriptions, use (1 x 27256) 6151 13.00 26.00
the order form on the opposite page. Prices of past is- DiAV system. Package:
sues (except July/August and December), including 1 x 27512; 2 x GAL; 1 x NOVEMBER 1993
postage for single copies, are £2.70 (UK and Eire); floppy disk (MSDOS) 6181 30.50 61.00 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 3
£3.00 (surface mail outside UK); £3.20 (air mail PAL test pattern generator (four boards) 920049 Not available
Europe); £3.95 (airmail outside Europe). Prices of past (1 x GAL 20V8-25) 6211 9.40 18.60 Precision clock for PCs
July/August and December issues, including postage 800535 assembler course incl. disk (1871) 930058+ 12.25 24.50
for single copies, are £3.75 (UK); £4.00 (surface mail (1 x EMON52 EPROM and VHF/UHF TV tuner
outside UK); £4.25 (airmail Europe); and £5.00 (air- 1 x disk 1811) 6221 17.05 34.10 boards -1 and -2, and
mail outside Europe). Watt-hour meter (1 x 27256) 6241 10.00 20.00 87C51 (7141) 930064+ 57.25114.50
Four fold DAC (1 x GAL) 6251 10.75 21.50 Output amplifier with AF
PAST ARTICLES Multipurpose display decoder bandpass filter 930071 6.75 13.50
Photocopies of articles from January 1978 onwards (1 x 2764) 6261 11.50 23.00 Electronic load 930088 Not available
can be provided, postage paid, at £1.95 (UK and Eire), Telephone -controlled switch Digital hygrometer
£2.10 (surface mail outside UK), £2.45 (airmail (1 x 2764) 6271 14.50 29.00 incl. EPROM (6301) 930104+ 28.00 56.00
Europe), or £2.70 (airmail outside Europe). In case an Relative humidity meter Power MOSFET tester 930107 32.50 65.00
article is split into instalments, these prices are applic- (1 x 2764) 6301 14.50 29.00
able per instalment. Photocopies may be ordered 535 card w. EPROM emulator DECEMBER 1993
from our editorial and administrative offices. (1 x PAL; 1 x GAL) 6311 26.00 52.00 535 card w. EPROM emulator
Copybit eliminator ( x GAL
1 incl. GAL and PAL (6311) 930103+ 47.50 95.00
COMPONENTS 16V8 and 1 x MACH110) 6321 42.25 84.50 AF rms voltmeter 930108 12.25 24.50
Components for projects appearing in Elektor Elec- RDS decoder (1 x 27C64) 6331 14.50 29.00 I2C power switch 930091 6.25 12.50
tronics are usually available from appropriate advertis- 12C tester (1 x GAL 6001) 6341 30.75 61.50 Medium power HEXFET
ers in this magazine. If difficulties in the supply of 8751 programmer (1 x 8751) 7061 46.40 92.80 amplifier 930102 12.75 25.50
components are envisaged, a source will normally be Microcontroller NiCd charger Microcontroller driven UART 930073 4.75 9.50
advised in the article. It should be noted that the (1 x ST62E15) 7071 10.00 20.00 SCART switching box 930122 14.25 28.50
source(s) given is (are) not exclusive - other suppli- Maxi micro clock (clock) 7081 11.50 23.00 Low -power NBFM transmitter 914114 Not available
ers may also be able to help. Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) 7091 11.50 23.00 Photographic workshop light 930116 Not available
Maxi micro clock (cooking timer) 7101 11.50 23.00 Stereo PWM output amplifier 934076 Not available
BOOKS Mini micro clock (clock) 7111 11.50 23.00
For book availability, see advertisement on page 58. Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) 7121 11.50 23.00 JANUARY 1994
Mini micro clock (cooking turner) 7131 11.50 23.00 Digital dial 930161 12.75 25.50
SHELF BOX VHF/UHF TV tuner RDS decoder
Elektor Electronics shelf box £2.95 $6.00 (1 x 87C51) 7141 25.75 51.50 incl. EPROM (6331) 930121+ 23.75 51.50
Microntroller-driven UART 12C tester
FRONT PANELS (1 x ST62T10) 7151 17.25 34.50 incl. GAL (6341) 930128+ 36.25 72.50
PROJECT No. Price Price PIC programmer Telephone -controlled switch
(£) (US$) (1 x PIC17C42 and 1 x disk) 7161 50.00100.00 incl. EPROM (6271) 934054+ 37.25 74.50
Timecode interface 910055-F 8.80 17.60
DISKETTES FEBRUARY 1994
Digital function
generator 910077-F 10.60 21.20 Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) 1541 11.15 22.30 800535 single -board
4 -Megabyte printer I/O interface for Atari 1571 7.65 15.30 computer 924046 14.10 28.20
buffer 910110-F 11.45 22.90 Tek/Intel file converter 1581 7.65 15.30 Copybit eliminator
FM tuner 920005-F 13.20 26.40 B/W video digitizer 1591 11.15 22.30 incl. MACH and GAL 930098+ 46.25 92.50
4MB printer buffer card 920009-F 8.25 16.50 Timecode interface 1611 7.65 15.30 Mini preamplifier 930106 29.25 58.50
LC meter 920012-F 11.45 22.90 RTC for Atari ST 1621 7.65 15.30 Bidirectional RS232 -to -
Guitar tuner 920033-F 8.80 17.60 24 -bit colour extension Centronics converter 930134 14.00 28.00
NICAM decoder 920035-F 8.25 16.50 for video digitizer 1631 11.15 22.30 24 cm FM ATV transmitter PCB available from author
12VDC to 240VAC PC controlled weather
inverter 920038-F 16.15 32.30 station - 3 (supersedes MARCH 1994
Audio DAC 920063-F 10.00 20.00 disks 1551 and 1561) 1641 7.65 15.30 PIC programmer
Dig. audio/visual system 920022-F1 10.00 20.00 8051/8032 Assembler course incl. software set 7161 940048+ 64.75129.50
920022-F2 19.40 38.80 (IBM version) 1661 7.65 15.30 100W AF amplifier
920022-F3 28.80 57.60 8051/8032 Assembler - adaptor board 930039 8.25 16.50
1.2 GHz multifunction course (Atari version) (3.5") 1681 7.65 15.30 - amplifier board 920135-1 19.40 38.80
frequency meter 920095-F 13.80 27.60 AD232 converter 1691 7.65 15.30 - protection board 920135-2 7.95 15.90
U2400B NiCd battery GAL programmer (3 disks; Mini I/O card for Casio
charger 920098-F 8.75 17.50 upgrade: June 1993) 1701 11 15 22.30 FX850/880P 930090 Not available
A list of all PCBs, software products and front panels available through the Readers Services is ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
published in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor Electronics.
x
r
Send this order form to "
Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
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TERMS OF BUSINESS
HOW TO PAY TW8 8AY, England. Our account number is ing to identify such patent or other protection.
Unless you have an approved credit account 4285 0134.
with us, all orders must be accompanied by COPYRIGHT
the full payment, including postage and pack- DELIVERY All drawings, photographs, articles, printed -cir-
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also be made by Bankers' sterling draft drawn Claims for damaged goods must be received at nexion with, the supply of goods or services by
on a London clearing bank, Eurocheque made our Dorchester office within 10 days (UK): 14 Elektor Electronics (Publishing) other than to
out in pounds sterling (with holder's guaran- days (Europe) or 21 days (all other countries) supply goods as described or, at the option of
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clear to the issuing hank that your full name PATENTS shall be determined in all respects by the laws
and address MUST be communicated to the Patent protection may exist in respect of circuits, of England.
London clearing bank. devices, components, and so on, described in our April /993
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Bank PLC, 100 High Street, BRENTFORD do not accept responsibility or liability for fail -
r
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form to the National Giro Centre (UK) or to your national
Giro Centre. Our bankers are National Westminster Bank PLC, Sorting
If you live outside the United Kingdom, payment may Code 60-03-23, 100 High Street, Brentford TW8 8AY,
also be made by Bankers' sterling draft drawn on a London England. Our account number is 4285 0134.
clearing bank or Eurocheque. Eurocheques should be
made out in pounds sterling and have the holder's guarantee June 1993
card number written on the back.
US dollar cheques. Subscribers in the USA and Canada

L

SURVEILLANC13
PIU11ESSI4KAL 01JALIT7' KITS
No. I for Kits
Whether your requirement for surveillance equipment is amateur, professional or you are just fascinated by this unique area of
electronics SUMA DESIGNS has a kit to fit the bill. We have been designing electronic surveillance equipment for over 12 years
and you can be sure that all our kits are very well tried, tested and proven and come complete with full instructions, circuit
diagrams, assembly details and all high quality components including fibreglass PCB. Unless otherwise stated all transmitters
are tuneable and can be received on an ordinary VHF FM radio.
Genuine SUMA kits available only direct from Suma Designs. Beware inferior imitations!
UTX Ultra -miniature Room Transmitter UTLX Ultra -miniature Telephone Transmitter
Smallest room transmitter kit in the word! Incredible 10mm x 20mm including mic. Smallest telephone transmitter kit available. Incredible size of 10mm x 20mm!
3-12V operation. 500m range £16.45 Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use.
All conversation transmitted. Powered from line. 500m range £15.95
MTX Micro -miniature Room Transmitter
Best-selling micro -miniature Room Transmitter TLX700 Micro -miniature Telephone Transmitter
Just 17mm x 17mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 1000m range £13.45 Best-selling telephone transmitter. Being 20mm x 20mm it is easier to assemble than
STX High-performance Room Transmitter UTLX. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All
Hi performance transmitter with a buffered output stage for greater stability and range. conversations transmitted. Powered from line. 1000m range £13.45
Measures 22mm x 22mm including mic. 6-12V operation, 1500m range £15.45 STLX High-performance Telephone Transmitter
VT500 High -power Room Transmitter High performance transmitter with buffered output stage providing excellent stability
Powerful 250mW output providing excellent range and performance. Size 20mm x and performance. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use.
40mm. 9-12V operation. 3000m range £16.45 All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. Size 22mm x 22mm.
1500m range £16.45
VXT Voice Activated Transmitter
Triggers only when sounds are detected. Very low standby current. Variable sensitivity TKX900 Signalling/Tracking Transmitter
and delay with LED indicator. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £19.45 Transmits a continous stream of audio pulses with variable tone and rate. Ideal for
signalling or tracking purposes. High power output giving range up to 3000m. Size
HVX400 Mains Powered Room Transmitter 25mm x 63mm. 9V operation £22.95
Connects directly to 240V AC supply for long-term monitoring. Size 30mm x 35mm.
500m range £19.45 CD400 Pocket Bug Detector/Locator
LED and piezo bleeper pulse slowly, rate of pulse and pitch of tome increase as you
SCRX Subcarrier Scrambled Room Transmitter approach signal. Gain control allows pinpointing of source. Size 45mm x 54mm. 9V
Scrambled output from this transmitter cannot be monitored without the SCDM decoder operation £30.95
connected to the receiver. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £22.95
CD600 Professional Bug Detector/Locator
SCLX Subcarrier Telephone Transmitter Multicolour readout of signal strength with variable rate bleeper and variable sensitivity
Connects to telephone line anywhere, requires no batteries. Output scrambled so used to detect and locate hidden transmitters. Switch to AUDIO CONFORM mode to
requires SCDM connected to receiver. Size 32mm x 37mm. 1000m range £23.95 distinguish between localised bug transmission and normal legitimate signals such as
SCDM Subcarrier Decoder Unit for SCRX pagers, cellular, taxis etc. Size 70mm x 100mm. W operation £50.95
Connects to receiver earphone socket and provides decoded audio output to ammo Crystal Controlled Room transmitter
headphones. Size 32mm x 70mm. 9-12V operation £22.95 Narrow band FM transmitter for the ultimate in privacy. Operates on 180 MHz and
ATR2 Micro Size Telephone Recording Interface mmx
requires the use of a scanner receiver or our QRX180 kit (see catlogue). Size 204a95
Connects between telephone line (anywhere) and cassette recorder. Switches tape 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £40.95
automatically as phone is used. All conversations recorded. Size 16mm x 32mm. PLX180 Crystal Cointrolled Telephone Transmitter
Powered from line £13.45 As per QTX180 but connects to telephone line to monitor both sides of conversations.E45
20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range 0
*** Specials ***

OLTIUDLRX Radio Control Switch
IISX180 Line Powered Crystal Controlled Phone Transmitter
As per CILX180 but draws power requirements from line. No batteries required. Size
32mm x 37mm. Range 500m
QUM Crystal Controlled FM Receiver
£35.95
Remote control anything around your home or garden, outside lights, alarms, paging For monitoring any of the 'Q' range transmitters. High sensitivity unit. All RF section
system etc. System consists of a small VHF transmitter with digital encoder and receiver supplied as a pre -built and aligned module ready to connect on board so no difficulty
unit with decoder and relay output, momentary or alternate, 8 -way dil switches on both setting up. Outpt to headphones. 60mm x 75mm. 9V operation £60.95
boards set your own unique security code. TX size 45mm x 45mm. RX size 35mm x
90mm. Both 9V operation. Range up to 200m.
A build-up service is available on all our kits if required.
Complete System (2 kits) £50.95 UK customers please send cheques, POs or registered cash. Please add
Individual Transmitter DLTX £19.95 £1.50 per order for P&P. Goods despatched ASAP allowing for cheque
Individual Receiver DLRX £37.95 clearance. Overseas customers send sterling bank draft and add £5.00 per
MIX -1 11141 Micro Broadcaster order for shipment. Credit card orders welcomed on 0827 714476.
Not technically a surveillance device but a great idea! Connects to the headphone output
of your Hi-Fi, tape or CD and transmits Hi-Fi quality to a nearby radio. Listen to your OUR LATEST CATALOGUE CONTAINING MANY MORE NEW
favourite music anywhere around the house, garden, in the bath or in the garage and
you don't have to put up with the DJ's choice and boring waffle. Size 27mm x 60mm. SURVEILLANCE KITS NOW AVAILABLE. SEND TWO FIRST
9V operation. 250m range £20.95 CLASS STAMPS OR OVERSEAS SEND TWO IRCS.
A II

74
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS is available from, among others:

CRICKLEWOOD L.F. HANNEY AAGE NIELSEN TABACCARIA BRITANICA
ELECTRONICS LIMITED Your electronic component 1 Sortedam Dosseringen Praca do Duque da
40 Cricklewood Broadway, specialist for Avon, Wilts & DK-2200 Copenhagen, Terceira 19
London NW2 3ET Somerset. Denmark, 1107 Lisboa, Portugal
Telephone 081 450 0995 77 Lower Bristol Road, Bath, Telephone 01 39 30 10 Telephone 932 4752
Fax 081 208 1441 Avon, Telephone 0225 Fax 031 39 05 02
424811 MK KNJIGARNA
THE ELECTRONIC SHOP HELMHOLT ELEKTRONIK Slovenska 29
Electronic components, test D.P. HOBBS (NORWICH) Farvevej 2 Ljubljana
equipment, telephone LTD DK-7600 Struer, Denmark Slovenia
accessories, computer Electronic component Telephone 97 85 26 11 Telephone 061 150 196
accessories, microphones, specialists. Amateur radio
disco lighting, speakers, turn equipment. RCE ELECTRONIC TECHNICAL BOOKS &
tables, mixers, meters, stylus. 13 St. Benedict Street, CENTRE MAGAZINES
29 Hanging Ditch, Norwich NR2 4PE, Boulevarden 34 289-299 Swanston Street
Manchester M4 3ES, Telephone 0603 615786 DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark Melbourne, Australia 3000
Telephone 061 834 1185 Telephone 98 16 07 10 Telephone 663 3951
MANCOMP
GREENWELD 240 Platt Lane VEJLE RC ELEKTRONIK INEL Co.
27 Park Road Manchester M14 7BS Sdr Brogade 42 P.O. Box 1397
Southampton SO1 3TB England P 0 Box 332 JL. Hariang Banga No. 3
England Telephone 061 224 1888 DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark Bandung 40116
Telephone (0703) 236 363 Telephone 75 83 25 33 Indonesia
Fax (0703) 236 307 OMNI ELECTRONICS
Stock a wide range of BEBEK ELECTRONICS
electronic components. Hirsimetsantie 26
174 Dalkeith Road, SF -15200 Lahti 11
Edinburgh EH16 5DX, Finland
Telephone 031 667 2611 Telephone (18) 33 99 46
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
Advertising Standards Authority 33 Swift Television Publications 37

Badger Boards 64 Suma Designs 73
B K Electronics 40, inside back cover Those Engineers 58
Bull Electrical 54 Tsien (UK) Ltd 45
Canal Bridge Audio 55 Viewcom Electronics 8, 9
CIL 59 White House Systems 45
Cirkit Distribution 41
Cricklewood Electronics 33
Display Electronics 24
Electronics - the Maplin Magazine 39
ElectroValue 33
Elektor Electronics 38, 58, 74
Elinge Komponent Service 64
ESR Electronic Components 25 ADVERTISING SPACE
Ice Technology Inside front cover for the April 1994 issue may be reserved not later than
lnstrutek (UK) 55 Thursday 10 February 1994 by
J P Distribution 59
Labcenter 29 Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
Maplin Electronic Supplies Back cover Advertisement Office
MicroAmps 41 3 Crescent Terrace
Morrison Micros 64 Cheltenham GL50 3PE
Number One Systems Ltd 4 England
Pico Technology Ltd 49 Telephone (0242) 510 760
POWERware 37 Fax (0242) 226 626
Speaker Builder 33
Squarewave Electronics 59 to whom all correspondence, copy instructions and artwork
Stewart of Reading 41 should be addressed.

-
POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -DIMMERS - SERVICE * LARGE CA41
R U.
60p STAMPED FOR CATALOGUE *
LOUDSPEAKERS -19 INCH STE ED
OMP MOS-FET POWER AMPLIFIERS THOUSANDS PURCHASED 1;t1"1 Illjf1 al1.111111441 SUPPLIED READY BUILT AND TESTED.
HIGH POWER, TWO CHANNEL 19 INCH RACK BY PROFESSIONAL USERS These modules now enjoy a world-wide reputation for quality, reliability and performance at a realistic price. Four
models are available to suit the needs of the professional and hobby market i.e. Industry, Leisure. Instrumental and Hi-Fi
etc. When comparing prices, NOTE that all models include toroidal power supply, integral heat sink, glass fibre P.C.B. and
drive circuits to power a compatible Vu meter. All models are open and short circuit proof.
THOUSANDS OF MODULES PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 45ViuS,
-110 dB. Size 300 x 123 x 60mm.
PRICE £40.85 - £3.50 P&P

R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 50VIuS,
FOUR MODELS:- MXF200 (100W + 100W) MXF400 (200W + 200W) s T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 dB. Size 300 x 155 x 100mm.
MXF600 (300W + 300W) MXF900 (450W + 450W) PRICE £64.35 + £4.00 P&P
ALL POWER RATINGS R.M.S. INTO 4 OHMS, BOTH CHANNELS DRIVEN
FEATURES: *Independent power supplies with two toroidal transformers * Twin L E D Vu meters *
Level controls * Illuminated gala switch * XLR connectors * Standard 775mV inputs * Open and short circuit OMP/MF 300 Mos-Fet Output power 300 watts
proof * Latest Mos-Fets for stress free power delivery into virtually any load * High slew rate * Very low R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
distortion * Aluminium cases * MXF600 & MXF900 fan cooled with D C loudspeaker and thermal protection -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 60V/uS,
USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC
-110 dB. Size 330 x 175 x 100mm.
SIZES:- MXF200W19'xH3',e" (2U)xD11" PRICE £81.75 £5.00 P&P
MXF400 W 19"x145'4" (3U)x131 2"
MXF600W19"xH5'," (3U)vD13"
MXF900 W19"x115',." (3U)xD14.,t" OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts
PRICES:-MXF200 £175.00 MXF400 £233.85 R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
MXF600 £329.00 MXF900 £449 15 -3dB, Damping Factor , 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS,
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. F12.50 EACH 104 T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2
Second Anti -Thump Delay. Size 385 x 210 x 105mm.
PRICE £132.85 + £5.00 P&P
R.M.S. into 2 ohms, 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms,
frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping
Factor > 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical
0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan
Advanced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over, housed in a 19' x 1U case Each channel has three level controls Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second
bass, mid & top. The removable front fascia allows access to the programmable DIL switches to adjust the Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
cross -over frequency: Bass -Mid 250/500/800Hz, Mid Top 1 8/3/5KHz, all at 24dB per octave Bass invert switches
on each bass channel. Nominal 775mV input/output Fully compatible with OMP rack amplifier and modules PRICE £259.00 + £12.00 P&P
Price £117.44 + £5.00 P&P NOTE: MOS-FET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS:
STANDARD - INPUT SENS 500mV, BAND WIDTH 100101x.
,It =I :1=1.7 I< I 41-1= * ECHO & SOUND EFFECTS* PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE) - INPUT SENS
775mV, BAND WIDTH SOKHz. ORDER STANDARD OR PEC.
STEREO DISCO MIXER with 2 x 7 band
L & R graphic equalisers with bar graph
LED Vu meters. MANY OUTSTANDING LOUDSPEAKER LARGE SELECTION OF SPECIALIST LOUDSPEAKERS
FEATURES:- including Echo with repeat & AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
speed control, DJ Mic with talk -over GRILLES, CROSS-OVERS AND HIGH POWER, HIGH
switch, 6 Channels with individual faders FREQUENCY BULLETS AND HORNS, LARGE (A4) S.A.E.
plus cross fade, Cue Headphone Monitor. 8
Sound Effects. Useful combination of the (60p STAMPED) FOR COMPLETE LIST.
following inputs:- 3 turntables (mag), 3 McKenzie and Fane Loudspeakers are also available.
mica, 5 Line for CD, Tape, Video etc.
Price £144.99 + £5.00 P&P SIZE: 482 x 240 x 120mm EMINENCE:- INSTRUMENTS, P.A., DISCO, ETC
: it : ALL EMINENCE UNITS El OHMS IMPEDANCE
8" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-100 GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, EXCELLENT MID, DISCO.
Join the Piezo revolution! The low dynamic mass (no voice coil) of a Piezo tweeter produces an improved
RES. FRED. 72Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 4KHz, SENS 97dB. PRICE £32.71 - C2.00 P&P
transient response with a lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters. As a crossover is not required
these units can be added to existing speaker systems of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE 10" 100 WATT R.M.S. MEI 0-100 GUITAR, VOCAL, KEYBOARD, DISCO, EXCELLENT MID.
RES. FREQ. 71Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz, SENS97dB. PRICE C33.74 + £2.50 P&P
EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPLIED WITH EACH TWEETER.
10" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME10-200 GUITAR, KEYB'D, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID.
TYPE 'A' (KSN1036A) 3" round with protective wire mesh. Ideal for RES. FREQ. 65Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE C43.47 - C2.50 P&P
bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi apeakers. Price £4.90 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LE GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, DISCO, STAGE MONITOR.
TYPE 'B' (KSN1005A) 3'/" super horn for general purpose speakers, RES.FRED. 49Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 100dB. PRICE £35.64 + £3.50 P&P
disco and P.A. systems etc. Price £5.99 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE, P.A., VOCAL, STAGE
TYPE 'C' (KSN1016A) 2"x5" wide dispersion horn for quality Hi-Fi sys- MONITOR. RES. FRED 42Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 10KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £36.67 h 03.50 P&P
12" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME12-200 GEN. PURPOSE, GUITAR, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT MID.
tems and quality discos etc. Price £6.99 - 50p P&P. RES. FREQ. 58Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £46.71 £3.50 P&P I
TYPE '0' (KSN1025A) 2"x6" wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency 12" 300 WATT R.M.S ME12-300GP HIGH POWER BASS, LEAD GUITAR, KEYBOARD, DISCO ETC.
response retained extending down to mid -range (2KHz). Suitable for high RES. FRED. 47Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE £70.19 + £3.50 P&P
quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 r 50p P&P. 15" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME15-200 GEN. PURPOSE BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
TYPE 'E' (KSN1038A)31'." horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim. RES. FRED. 46Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE £50.72 £4.00 P&P
Suitable for Hi-Fi monitor systems etc. Price £5.99 -r 50p P&P. 15" 300 WATT R.M.S. ME15-300 HIGH POWER BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
RES. FREQ. 39Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE C73.34 -r C4.00 P&P
LEVEL CONTROL Combines, on a recessed mounting plate, level control
and cabinet input jack socket. 85x85mm. Price £4.10 + 50p P&P. EARBENDERS:- HI-FI, STUDIO, IN -CAR, ETC
ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Except EB8-50 & EB10-50 which are dual impedance tapped a 4 & 8 ohm)
BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
lb/ FLIGHT CASED LOUDSPEAKERS 8" 50watt EB8-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR.
RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz SENS 97dB. PRICE C8.90 - C2.00 P&P
A new range of quality loudspeakers, designed to take advantage of the latest 10" 50WATT EB10-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR.
speaker technology and enclosure designs. Both models utilize studio quality RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS. 99dB. PRICE £13.65 £2.50 P&P
12" cast aluminium loudspeakers with factory fitted grilles, wide dispersion 10" 100WATT EB10-100 BASS, HI-FI, STUDIO.
constant directivity horns, extruded aluminium corner protection and steel RES. FREQ. 35Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 96dB. PRICE £30.39 I
£3.50 P&P
ball corners. complimented with heavy duty black covering. The enclosures 12" 1 00WATT EB12-100 BASS, STUDIO, HI-FI, EXCELLENT DISCO.
are fitted as standard with top hats for optional loudspeaker stands. RES. FREQ. 26Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 93dB. PRICE C42.12 I- £3.50 P&P
FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WATTS RMS FOR EACH CABINET 60WATT EB5-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz - 20KHz RES. FRED. 63Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 92dB. PRICE £9.99 I- C1.50 P&P
ibl FC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE £159.00 PER PAIR 6'I2" 60WATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
ibt FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE £175.00 PER PAIR RES. FRED. 38Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 94dB. PRICE £10.99 1.50 P&P
8" 60WATT EB8-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC.
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. £12.50 PER PAIR
RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 18KHz, SENS 89d13. PRICE £12.99 + £1.50 P&P
OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR £49.00 10" 60WATT EB10-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC.
Delivery £6.00 per pair RES. FRED. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 12KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £16.49 - £2.00 P&P
THREE SUPERB HIGH POWER
CAR STEREO BOOSTER AMPLIFIERS
150 WATTS (75 75) Stereo, 150W PROVEN TRANSMITTER DESIGNS INCLUDING GLASS FIBRE
Bridged Mono PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD AND HIGH QUALITY COMPONENTS
250 WATTS (125 125) Stereo, 250W
I
COMPLETE WITH CIRCUIT AND INSTRUCTIONS
Bridged Mono 3W TRANSMITTER 80-108MHt, VARICAP CONTROLLED PROFESSIONAL s
400 WATTS (200 x 200) Stereo, 400W PERFORMANCE, RANGE UP T03 MILES, SIZE 38 x 123mm. SUPPLY 12V a 0.5AMP.
Bridged Mono PRICE (14.85 - £1.00 P&P
ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS FM MICRO TRANSMITTER 100.108MHx, VAMP TUNED, COMPLETE WITH
Features: VERY SENS FET MIC, RANGE 100-300m, SIZE 56 x 46mm. SUPPLY 9V BATTERY.
* Stereo, bridgable mono * Choice of ; t PHOTO: 3W FM TRANSMITTER
B.K. ELECTRONICS
1 s s
high & low level inputs * L & R level

PRICES, 150W £49.99 250W £99.99 controls * Remote on -off * Speaker &
400W £109.95 P&P £2.00 EACH thermal Drotectio
POSTAL CHARGES PER ORDER E.1.00 MINIMUM. OFFICIAL BAR
ORDERS FROM SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, GOVT. BODIES, PLCes ETC. UNITS 1 & 5 COMET WAY, SOUTHEND-ON-SEA,
PRICES INCLUSIVE OF V.A.T. SALES COUNTER. VISA AND ESSEX. SS2 ETR.
ACCESS ACCEPTED BY POST, PHONE OR FAX. Tel.: 0702 - 527572 Fax.: 0702 - 420243
FULL COLOUR GUIDE TO ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
BS 5750
Part 2 1987
Level B:
Duality Assurance
RS12750
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\50 0), ..t -C'4,50
1-0 C;',/ '0" ,
: 0. of brand New Products at Super Low Prices-,`
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on sale now onl £2.95.
(>4.q.0''`'''';`6;;°'?0,
........ ,..,.. .,_, _0 00 \)<,
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j>0 0//...0 /0 RsmccoLL in Scotland ONLY, and Maplin stores nationwide.
The Maplin Electronics 1994 Catalogue - UNIQUELY DIFFERENT!
Africa customers please contact MAPLIN (SOUTH AFRICAITel (0241 5 1-5 124

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What are some of the electronic products described in the document?

What are some of the electronic products described in the document?

What are some of the features of the car stereo booster amplifiers mentioned?

What are some of the features of the car stereo booster amplifiers mentioned?

THE INTERNATIONAL

34 COURSE: Figuring it out-Part 14: Varying inputs

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

EASY -PC, Schematic and PCB CAD

Laser / Ink -jet Printer,

Superbly easy to use.

Options: -500 piece Surface Mount Symbol Library £48,

Electronic Designs Right First Time?

Integrated Electronics CAD

Analogue PULSAR Professional: Digital Circuit

& Digital - 50,000 gate capacity.

Iraq 1 %IT 130 node capability

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

10p 100n 100n 1000p

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the a.f. signal tracer.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

Fig. 2. Printed circuit board for the a.f. signal tracer.

cuit board in Fig. 2. Populating of the

Integrated circuits: Faultfinding

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

402213 0.40 746014 0.25 1.64 740221 -

E24 Series 28064-25 380

092 MV209 120 14.00000 0.25 WATT 0.1% X2864AP-35 12.20

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

0.98 LM1370051 1.84 130106A/15/C 0.17 22 0.3 54p 14p

04704LM18819 264 BC157 40 0.6 70p 22p

3.334926 PALC22V10H-3505 22.20 LM317T

Symbol Position Function Hardware:

Fig. 1. Functions of the bits contained in the PCON register.

JOIN THE COURSE!

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

MENU 535XMP01 (return) PO 80H * Port 0

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

OSCILLOSCOPE LIVE CHOP Page 0.00

The TP5008 is an interface card The TP208 is an interface card

Interested? Then write or fax for a FREE demo diskette to

INSTRUTEK (UK) Industrial Estate

select between 4,800 (bit=0) and 9,600

; Finish interrupt prompt.

supply the system clock at pin 30

44 4164 ccSTXT EQU 002H Send text ;

DPTR delay in milliseconds

Fig. 5. 800535 single board computer de-

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

mainly in the much higher supply volt-

to- sistors T2 and T4, which are controlled by

Tr1 Protection circuit

ESE shown in Fig. 2, serves a number of func-

Fig. 5. Diagram of the auxiliary circuit.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994

PARTS LIST (ONE CHANNEL) C6 = 220 µF, 16V Capacitors:

0 001 0.001 .. ,. ..'

>=. ° " "'

Fig. 9. Wiring diagram for the amplifier (one channel).