Acicrsi Committee Correspondence PDF

ACI/CRSI COMMITTEE CORRESPONDENCE
Address writer at:

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
933 N. Plum Grove Road
Schaumburg, IL 60173-4758
Tel: (847) 517-1200 Ext. 15
Fax: (847) 517-1206
E-mail: [email protected]
October 17, 2016
To: Members ACI/CRSI Committee 315 - Details of Concrete Reinforcement
Voting Members:
Mark Agee Dennis L. Hunter Javed B. Malik

Gregory P. Birley David W. Johnston Christopher J. Perry
Richard H. Birley Mahmoud E. Kamara Curtis Yokoyama
David A. Grundler William M. Klorman Peter Zdgiebloski
Robert W. Hall Douglas D. Lee
Todd R. Hawkinson Mustafa A. Mahamid
Associate/Consulting/Subcommittee Members:
Paul J. Brienen David P. Gustafson Thomas G. Schmaltz

Larry Campbell Garrick N. Goldenberg William G. Sebastian
Grant Doherty Paul Gordon Avanti C. Shroff
Pedro Estrada James S. Lai Richard W. Stone
Christopher Evans Amadeus L. Magpile Richard D. Thomas
Dennis J. Fontenot Harold E. Reed Farahad Zahedi
Peter Fosnough Dale Rinehart
From: Anthony L. Felder

Secretary
Subject: Meeting Notice and Agenda

October 23, 2016
Philadelphia Marriott Downtown
Philadelphia, PA
Our next meeting will be held on Sunday, October 23, 2016 from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. in
Independence Ballroom 1 of the Philadelphia Marriott Downtown in Philadelphia, PA.
A proposed agenda is attached.
Copy to: Harry A. Gleich, TAC Contact

Matthew R. Senecal, ACI Engineering Manager
c:\users\afelder\documents\aci\315\agnd\ag1016.doc
AGENDA
ACI/CRSI COMMITTEE 315 - DETAILS OF CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Philadelphia Marriott Downtown, Philadelphia, PA

October 23, 2016 2:00 – 5:00 p.m. Independence Ballroom 1
1. 2:00 p.m. - Call Meeting to Order
2. Self-Introductions
3. Approval of Minutes of Last Meeting, April 17, 2016, Distributed June 1, 2016
4. Review Committee Membership. See First Exhibit, Current Roster.
5. Review Purpose of “Designer’s Guide to Reinforcing Bar Detailing”
6. Status Reports
a. ACI 131 BIM / CRSI BIM - David Grundler / Dennis Fontenot
b. CRSI Detailing - Robbie Hall
c. CRSI Standards (Placing, Fabrication, Supports) - Robbie Hall
7. Review Table of Contents
8. Documents for Review (Exhibits Attached)

a. Chapter 1 – Introduction and Scope
b. Chapter 2 – Notation and Definitions
c. Chapter 3 – General Considerations
d. Chapter 4 – Structural Drawings
e. Chapter 5 – Designing for Constructability
f. Chapter 6 – Review of Placing Drawings
9. Review of Task Group
10. Discuss Steps Going Forward
11. New Business
12. Motion to Adjourn

ACI/CRSI COMMITTEE 315 ROSTER
October 2016
Richard H. Birley, Chairman Paul J. Brienen*

Retired Brienen Structural Engineers, PS
24520 Fraser Hwy 1316 Central Ave S
Langley, British Columbia V2Z 2L1 Kent, WA 98032-7431
Tel: 604/318-6750 Tel: 206/397-0000
Fax: Fax:
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Anthony L. Felder, Secretary Larry Campbell*

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute CMC Construction Services
933 N. Plum Grove Road 5913 Diamond Oaks Ct
Schaumburg, IL 60173-4758 Haltom City, TX 76117-2802
Tel: 847/517-1200 Tel: 214/920-2799
Fax: 847/517-1206 Fax:
Harry A. Gleich, TAC Contact David H. DeValve*

Metromont Corporation Oklahoma Steel & Wire
PO Box 2486 1041 S. 1st
Greenville, SC 29602-2486 Madill, OK 73446-0220
Tel: 864/605-5063 Tel: 580/795-6007
Fax: Fax: 580/795-7422
Mark D. Agee Grant Doherty*

Whitacre Engineering Co. Martin Martin Inc.
8215 Hidden Glen Ave NE 12499 W. Colfax Ave
Cnton, OH 44721-1746 Lakewood, CO 80215-3720
Tel: 330/455-8503 Tel: 303/ 431-6100
Fax: Fax:
Gregory P. Birley Pedro Estrada*

Condor Rebar Consultants PEG Ingenieria C A
800-885 Dunsmuir St 88-60 Calle Los Guayos
Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 1N5 Urb Trigal Centro
Tel: 604/692-2168 Valencia 2001 Venezuela
Fax: 604/689-9206 Tel: 58-241 8428964
* - Associate Member ** - Consulting Member *** - Subcommittee Member

ACI/CRSI Committee 315
October 2016
Page 2
Dennis J. Fontenot* Robert W. Hall

Commercial Metals Company Gerdau
12001 Mystic Forest Ln 1255 Lakes Parkway, Ste. 325
Austin, TX 78739-4813 Lawrenceville, GA 30043-5818
Tel: 512/523-3398 Tel: 678/367-6036
Fax: Fax: 678/367-6001
Peter Fosnough* Todd R. Hawkinson

Harris Rebar Wire Reinforcement Institute
1342 S Grandstaff Dr. 323 Fox Briar Lane
Auburn, IN 46706-2661 Ballwin, MO 63021-6151
Tel: 260/572-1227 Tel: 314/807-4386
Fax: 260/925-3152 Fax: 636/227-3776
Garrick N. Goldenberg* Dennis L. Hunter

Chappell Engineering Associates LLC Gerdau
26 Tisdale Dr. 3915 Riga Blvd
Dover, MA 02030-1600 Tampa, FL 33619-1345
Tel: 508/481-7400 Tel: 813/740-3301
Fax: 508/481-7406 Fax: 813/740-3401
David A. Grundler David W. Johnston

Applied Systems Associates North Carolina State University
5270 Logan Ferry Road Civil Engineering Department
Murrysville, PA 15668-9727 Raleigh, NC 27695-0001
Tel: 724/733-8700 Tel: 919/515-7412
Fax: 724/325-5553 Fax: 919/515-7908
David P. Gustafson Mahmoud E. Kamara

Consultant StructurePoint
42845 N Berrong Ct 2021 N Charter Point Dr.
Winthrop Harbor, IL 60096-1013 Arlington Heights, IL 60004-7258
Tel: 847/731-3585 Tel: 847/259-5499
Fax: Fax:

October 2016
Page 3
William M. Klorman Javed B. Malik

W M Klorman Const Corp. Jacobs Engineering Group
23047 Ventura Blvd, 2nd Floor 5985 Rogerdale Rd
Woodland Hills, CA 91364-1146 Houston, TX 77072-1601
Tel: 818/591-5969 Tel: 281/776-2540
Fax: 818/591-5926 Fax: 281/776-2501
James S. Lai* Christopher J. Perry

Lai Associates Perry & Associates, LLC
PO Box 517 221 N LaSalle St., Ste. 3100
La Canada Flintridge, CA 91012-0517 Chicago, IL 60601-1513
Tel: 818/790-5475 Tel: 312/364-9112
Fax: Fax: 312/364-9163
E-mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]
Douglas D. Lee Harold E. Reed***

Douglas D. Lee & Associates Davis Wire
6150 Foxglove Court 85139 Appletree Dr.
Fort Worth, TX 76112-1106 Eugene, OR 97405-9702
Tel: 817/457-7030 Tel: 541/912-3195
Fax: 817/457-8970 Fax:
Amadeus L. Magpile** Dale Rinehart**

Barlines Rebar Est. & Det. Sierra Rebar LLC
2871 W. Carson St. 10480 E 96th Ave.
Torrance, CA 90503-6068 Henderson, CO 80640
Tel: 310/618-8402 Tel: 303/558-0015
Fax: 310/618-8394 Fax: 720/358-4101
Mustafa A. Mahamid Thomas G. Schmaltz**

University of Illinois at Chicago Precision Rebar & Accessories, Inc.
842 W Taylor St 1712 NE 99th Street
Chicago, IL 60607-7021 Vancouver, WA 98665-9018
Tel: 312/355-0364 Tel: 360/574-1022
Fax: Fax: 503/224-7414
E-Mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

October 2016
Page 4
William G. Sebastian** Farshad Zahedi*

American Rebar Detailing, LLC Babol Noshirvani University of Tech
543 Wright Loop Shariati Avenue, Moalem 4, White House
Williamstown, NJ 08094-1224 Babol, Mazandaran Iran
Tel: 856/728-6645 Tel: +9809111170600
Fax: 856/728-0088 Fax:
Avanti C. Shroff** Peter Zdgiebloski

Iffland Kavanagh Waterburry CMC Rebar
2 Penn Plaza, Ste 603 300 SMI Way
New York, NY 10121-0101 Farmville, VA 23901-3180
Tel: 212/946-2300 Tel: 434/522-8311
Fax: 212/302-4645 Fax: 434/929-1964
Richard W. Stone*
Richard W. Stone, PE Inc.
1523 Richard Dr.
West Chester, PA 19380-6332
Tel: 484/639-5511
Fax:
Richard D. Thomas**
CMC Rebar Florida
2665 Prince St.
Fort Myers, FL 33916-5527
Tel: 239/337-3480
Fax: 239/337-3542
Curtis R. Yokoyama
Fluor
23 Danta
Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688-1514
Tel: 949/349-4118
Fax:

AMENDED Working Draft ACI Committee 315
Details of Concrete Reinforcement
Oct 5, 2016
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE (Mandated by TCM)

1.1—General
1.2—Scope
CHAPTER 2 – NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS (Mandated by TCM)

2.1—Notation
2.2—Definitions
CHAPTER 3 – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

3.1—Building Information Modeling (BIM)
3.1.1—Introduction to Building Information Modeling
3.1.2—Level of Development
3.1.3—Benefits of BIM
3.1.4—IFC Files and BIM File Transfers
3.1.5—State of the Technology
3.2—Tolerances
3.2.1—Introduction and ACI 117
3.2.2—Concrete Cover for Reinforcement
3.2.3—Spacing of Reinforcement
3.2.4—Placing of Reinforcement
3.2.4.1—General Information
3.2.4.2—Tolerance Cloud
3.2.4.3—Design Considerations
3.2.5—Reinforcing Bar Fabrication
3.2.5.2—Restrictive Tolerances
3.2.5.3—Fabrication Tolerance Clouds
3.2.5.4—Design Considerations
3.2.6—Forming Tolerances
3.2.6.2—Forming Tolerance Clouds
3.2.7—Confined Reinforcing Bars
3.2.8—Accumulated (Combined) Tolerances
3.3—General Cautions
3.3.1—Revisions of Drawings
3.3.2—Dimensioning
3.3.3—Field Cutting of Bars
3.3.4—Field Bending of Bars
3.3.5—Mechanical Connectors
3.3.6—Mixing Grades of Steel on a Project
CHAPTER 4 – STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

4.1—Scope
4.2—General
4.3—Order of Sheets
4.4—General Notes Sheets
4.4.1—Codes and Standards
4.4.2—Design Loads
4.4.3—Specifications
4.4.4—Concrete Notes
4.4.5—Reinforcement Notes
4.4.5.1—ACI 318 Reinforcing Requirements
4.4.5.2—Development and Splices
4.4.5.3—Supports for Reinforcing Bars
4.4.5.4—Weldability of Bars
4.4.5.5—Hooks and Bends
4.4.5.6—Welded Wire Reinforcement
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Oct 5, 2016
4.4.6—Construction Notes
4.4.7—Inspection Notes
4.5—Plan Sheets
4.5.1—Plan Graphics and Member Geometry
4.5.2—Reinforcement on Plan Views
4.6—Elevation Sheets
4.7—Section Sheets
4.8—Large Scale View Sheets
4.9—Detail Sheets
4.10—Schedule and Diagram Sheets
4.10.1—Slab Schedules
4.10.2—Beam and Girder Schedules
4.10.3—Column Schedules
4.10.4—Wall Schedules
4.11—Foundation Sheets and Schedules
4.12—User Defined Sheets
4.13—3D Representations
CHAPTER 5 – DESIGNING FOR CONSTRUCTIBILITY

5.1—Defining Requirements for Cover, Development, Splices and Clearance
5.1.1—Clear Cover
5.1.2—Bar Development
5.1.3—Bar Splices
5.1.4—Clearance Between Bars
5.2—Defining Bar Placing Configuration
5.2.1—Staggered Laps
5.2.2—Embedment into Support
5.2.3—Bar Dimensioning
5.2.4— Skewed Bars
5.2.5—Termination of Vertical Bars
5.2.6—Beam Stirrups
5.3—Foundations
5.3.1—Types
5.3.2—Bar Arrangements
5.3.3—Layering
5.3.4—Construction and Expansion Joints
5.4—Walls
5.4.1—Introduction
5.4.2—Scope
5.4.3—General
5.4.4—Considerations
5.4.5—Best Practices
5.4.5.1—Footing to Wall Connections
5.4.5.2—Corners and Intersections
5.4.5.3—Steps and Sectional Transitions
5.4.5.4—Multiple Curtains and Layers
5.4.5.5—Construction Joints, Contraction Joints, Expansion Joints and Waterstops
5.5—Columns
5.5.1—Vertical Bar Arrangement
5.5.2—Ties
5.5.3—Detail at Steps and Transitions
5.5.4—Laps
5.5.5—Termination of Vertical Bars
5.6—Beams
5.6.1—Layering of Beam Bars at Intersections
5.6.2—Layering of Slab Bars at Beam Intersections
5.6.3—Depth of Beams at Intersections
5.6.4—Tie Arrangements
5.6.5—Arrangement of Longitudinal Bars
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Oct 5, 2016
5.6.6—Beam Steps
5.6.7—Special Details
5.6.8—Beam Schedules
5.7—Slabs
5.7.1—Bottom Bars
5.7.2—Top Bars
5.7.3—One-Way Slabs
5.7.4—Two-Way Slabs
5.7.5—Edges and Openings
5.7.6—Steps and Depressions
5.7.7—Stud Rails, etc.
CHAPTER 6 – REVIEW OF PLACING DRAWINGS

6.1—Scope
6.2—Definition
6.3—Overview
6.4—Procedure
6.5—Review Placing Drawings
6.5.1—Benefits of Review
6.5.2—Review Process
6.5.3—Minimum Checklist for Review of Placing Drawings
6.6—Levels of Approval
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A – REPRESENTATIVE DRAWINGS

A.1—Building Foundation
A.2—Building Superstructure
A.3—Building Seismic Example
A.4—Maybe Some Other Example
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1 CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
2 1.1—General
3 “ACI Designer’s Guide to Reinforcing Bar Detailing” is not intended to instruct the LDP how to detail
4 rebar. Its purpose is to show LDPs the information a reinforcing bar detailer needs to properly detail rebar and
5 how to present that information on their structural drawings so that his design intent is effectively and accurately
6 conveyed.
7 It is hoped that information in this guide on structural members of reinforced concrete structures will
8 advance standardization through the detailing, fabrication, and installation of concrete reinforcement. The
9 information presented herein complies with the requirements of the following ACI committees:
10  ACI 318 – Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
11  ACI 301 – Specifications for Structural Concrete
12  ACI 117 – Tolerances
13  ACI 131 – Building Information Modeling for Concrete Structures
14  ACI 132 – Responsibilities in Concrete Construction
15 This guide is intended to facilitate clear communication between LDP’s, reinforcing bar detailers,
16 fabricators, and placers by encouraging standard presentation of details and information.
17
18 1.2—Scope
19 This guide provides both general and specific information and illustrative details that are required by
20 reinforcing steel detailers in steel reinforced concrete members such as slabs, beams, and columns. It stresses the
21 importance of this information to ensure that the detailer effectively and accurately captures the intent of the LDP
22 and presents it in a manner that is clear and unambiguous to the rebar fabricator and placer.
1
1 CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2 1.1—Notation
5 2.0—Definitions
6 ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions and terminology through an online resource:
7 “CT-13: ACI Concrete Terminology - An ACI Standard”
8 It can be downloaded without charge from the ACI website at :
9 https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT13
1
1 CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2 3.1 —Building Information Modeling (BIM)
4 3.1.1 Introduction to Building Information Modeling
5 Building information modeling (BIM) is a 3D process used to generate and manage digital
6 models of buildings and other constructed infrastructure. This process is used by those who plan,
7 design, construct and manage facilities. The process involves creating and maintaining intelligent
8 models that represent physical characteristics of a facility, and also contain parametric data about the
9 elements within the model. Numerous software packages exist that fall within the definition of BIM,
10 and each of these have distinct advantages to different parts of the life cycle of a facility, from the design
11 to construction through operation.
12 Although the focus of most BIM discussions centers on the 3D model, the information contained
13 within is of equal importance. The following is from NBIMS 2007:
14 “(A) Building Information Model, or BIM, utilizes cutting edge digital technology
15 to establish a computable representation of all of the physical and functional
16 characteristics of a facility and its related project/lift-cycle information, and is
17 intended to be a repository of information…”
18 In general, what makes BIM more than a simple 3D model is the information. BIM should be
19 thought of not only as a full size virtual mock-up of a structure, but also as a database of included
20 information.
21 BIM is applied to the details of concrete reinforcement in both the design and construction
22 phases of a facility. In the design phase, BIM is often used by the design team to define the physical
23 characteristics of the concrete to be reinforced by defining concrete edges in physical space, and
1
24 reinforcement information by the use of either data within the concrete elements or physical
25 representations of the reinforcement. This definition of concrete and reinforcement information is often
26 to a ‘design intent’ level of modeling. In the construction phase, the concrete geometry is often defined
27 to a construction level of detail, and the reinforcement is defined to a level from which it can be
28 fabricated and installed.
29
30 3.1.2 Level of Development
31 The content and reliability of a Building Information Model is defined by an industry standard referred
32 to as the Level of Development (LOD). The AIA and BIMForum have developed the LOD
33 Specification to standardize these definitions. From BIMForum [Provide Reference]:
34 “The Level of Development (LOD) Specification is a reference that enables
35 practitioners in the AEC Industry to specify and articulate with a high level of
36 clarity the content and reliability of Building Information Models (BIMs) at various
37 stages in the design and construction process. The LOD Specification utilizes the
38 basic LOD definitions developed by the AIA for the AIA G202-2013 Building
39 Information Modeling Protocol Form[1] and is organized by CSI Uniformat
40 2010[2]. It defines and illustrates characteristics of model elements of different
41 building systems at different Levels of Development. This clear articulation allows
42 model authors to define what their models can be relied on for, and allows
43 downstream users to clearly understand the usability and the limitations of models
44 they are receiving. The intent of this Specification is to help explain the LOD
45 framework and standardize its use so that it becomes more useful as a
46 communication tool. It does not prescribe what Levels of Development are to be
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47 reached at what point in a project but leaves the specification of the model
48 progression to the user of this document.”
49
50 3.1.3 Benefits of BIM
51 The benefits of using BIM are numerous and vary from project to project and depending on
52 where in the design/construction process it is utilized. Potential benefits include:
53  Design and Detailing
54 o Better visualization, especially when dealing with complex structures.
55 o Improved coordination between trades through the sharing of information, which is
56 one of the tenets of BIM.
57 o Ability to easily provide multiple ‘what-if’ scenarios.
58 o Improved communications and efficiency and reduced errors through:
59  Addressing items earlier in the process, thereby reducing the number of RFI’s
60 and issues in the field.
61  Clearer communication of structural geometry and design intent from the
62 engineer to the reinforcement detailer than that which is possible using
63 traditional 2D documents.
64  Reinforcing details presented in 3D at a construction level of development.
65  Better communication of reinforcement fabrication and placement information
66 to downstream entities.
67  Construction
68 o Enhanced project visualization made possible my having full building models and
69 related information at your fingertips.
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70 o More accurate material take-offs, leading to less waste and reduced overall project
71 costs.
72 o Improved project coordination, clash detection and resolution achieved by combining
73 3D models from various sub-contractors into a single consolidated model.
74 o 4D Schedule simulation animations produced by combining the 3D model with a
75 construction schedule.
76  Operation
77 o Better ‘as-built’ documentation than conventional 2D drawings, leading to easier
78 remodels, rebuilds and additions.
79 o Improved management of a building’s lifecycle achieved by using the 3D model as a
80 central database of all of the building’s systems and components.
81 o Enhanced tracking of building maintenance needs.
82 3.1.4 IFC Files and BIM File Transfers
83 Numerous BIM software packages exist that are capable of defining concrete geometry and data,
84 detailing reinforcement, or both. Most BIM software is compatible with an open file format
85 specification know as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data models. This is an object-based file
86 format that allows ease of interoperability between software platforms. IFC files are able to be exported
87 from and imported into most BIM software platforms, allowing model content created in different
88 software to be viewed and used in other software.
89
90 3.1.5 State of the Technology
91 BIM has been around since the late 1990s , but one characteristic makeing it different from past
92 technologies is its openness to continuous change and evolution. The State of BIM adoption and use
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93 varies with companies, industry segments and regions, but it has been expanding. The introduction of
94 tablet computers, laser scanning, drones, 3D printers, and more all have had a role in shaping where
95 BIM is today and where it is going. One large focus for the evolution of BIM is improving the ability of
96 different users applying different tools to utilize the information in the database. Most BIM software
97 products are compatible with opening IFC format databases, but each still interprets the data differently
98 leading to differences and errors when applying this method at this time. The improvement focus is not
99 only intended for designer to designer transfer, there has also been much effort in developing ways to
100 transfer the data for downstream fabrication uses allowing structural steel, pipe and duct, and even rebar
101 fabricators the ability to seamlessly utilize the information from the BIM directly on the fabrication line
102 of these elements.
103
104 3.2 —Tolerances
105 3.2.1 Introduction and ACI 117
106 ACI 301 requires that construction tolerances comply with ACI 117. ACI 117 provides
107 tolerances for concrete construction, including tolerances for concrete forming, reinforcing bar
108 fabrication and placement. These tolerances can have an effect on cover, strength, constructability, and
109 serviceability but are required to make concrete construction physically possible and economically
110 practical. If more restrictive tolerances are required than those shown in ACI 117, they need to be
111 clearly indicated in the construction documents.
112 In areas of potential congestion, the LDP must consider combinations of tolerances, namely
113 reinforcing bar fabrication, reinforcing bar placement and formwork. Certain combinations of
114 tolerances can result in conflicts that are not simple to remedy in the field. For instance, the “+”
115 tolerance for a bent bar may cause the bar to encroach into the concrete cover and exceed the “-”
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116 tolerance for that cover. The design/construction team must be aware of tolerances and work to identify
117 and remove conflicts prior to construction.
118 3.2.2 Concrete cover for reinforcement
119 ACI 301 and ACI 318 define concrete cover requirements for reinforcement. Concrete cover as
120 protection of reinforcement against weather and other effects is measured from the concrete surface to
121 the outermost surface of the steel to which the cover requirement applies. ACI 117 defines tolerances for
122 concrete cover (measured perpendicular to the concrete surface). There are two measurements for
123 concrete cover as shown in Fig. 3.2.2:
124  Face Cover – measured from the face or surface of a bar to the concrete surface
125  End Cover – measured from the end of a bar (straight or hooked) to the concrete surface
126
127 Fig. 3.2.2—Face cover and end cover for reinforcement
128 Face cover values defined by ACI 301 and ACI 318 vary based on exposure conditions and the
129 concrete element the bar is in. End cover values are simplified in industry practice based on code
130 definition, rather than an actual code definition. Generally, end cover provided in practice is 2 in. unless
131 required to be to be 3 in. (3 in. when cast against earth, 2 in. everywhere else).
132 Where concrete cover is prescribed for a class of structural members, it is measured to the outer
133 edge of stirrups, ties, or spirals if transverse reinforcement encloses main bars; to the outermost layer of
134 bars if more than one layer is used without stirrups or ties; to the metal end fitting or duct on post-
6
135 tensioned prestressing steel; to the outer edge of mechanical splices; or to the outermost part of the head
136 on headed bars.
137 The condition “concrete surfaces exposed to earth or weather” refers to direct exposure to
138 moisture changes and not just to temperature changes. Slab or thin shell soffits are not usually
139 considered directly exposed unless subject to alternate wetting and drying, including that due to
140 condensation conditions or direct leakage from exposed top surface, run off, or similar effects.
141
142
143 3.2.3 Spacing of reinforcement
144 The spacing of reinforcement needs to comply with the project drawings, but there are times
145 where the spacing will need to differ due to field conditions, accumulating tolerances and/or
146 coordination of concrete reinforcement and other embedded items. ACI 117 defines tolerances for the
147 spacing of reinforcement.
148 The reinforcement spacing tolerance consists of an envelope with an absolute limitation on one
149 side of the envelope determined by the limit on the reduction in distance between reinforcement. In
150 addition, the allowable tolerance on spacing should not cause a reduction in the specified number of
151 reinforcing bars used.
152 Designers are cautioned that selecting element sizes that exactly meet their design requirements
153 may not allow for reinforcement placement tolerance. This sometimes happens when lap spliced bars
154 take up extra space and cannot accommodate the placement tolerance. Where reinforcement quantities
155 and available space are in conflict with spacing requirements, the contractor and designer might consider
156 bundling a portion of the reinforcement. Bundling of bars requires approval of the designer.
157 3.2.4 Placing of reinforcement
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158 3.2.4.1 General information
159 Just as there are tolerances in the fabrication of a bar, there are also tolerances in the placement
160 of a bar in a concrete member—creating potential “placement tolerance clouds.”
161 Because LDP’s and reinforcing bar detailers may overlook the impact of placement tolerances on
162 constructability, it’s worthwhile to use a couple of examples to take a brief look at what can occur.
163 3.2.4.2 Tolerance cloud
164 The tolerances for reinforcement location are found in ACI 117. Cover tolerances vary from 1/4
165 in. for member sizes of 4 in. or less to 1 in. when member size is over 2 ft. The maximum reduction in
166 cover is limited to 1/3 of the specified cover. In slabs and walls, the spacing tolerance is 3 in. for
167 reinforcement other than stirrups and ties. As an example, consider the simple 14 x 14 in. concrete
168 column shown in Fig. 3.2.4.2a.
169
170 Fig. 3.2.4.2a—Column the designer defined
171
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172 The column is reinforced with 4 #8bars enclosed within #4 ties. The normal concrete cover to the
173 ties of this column would be 1-1/2 in. The cover tolerance is ±1/2 in. If the reinforcement was placed to
174 the minimum tolerance in two directions, the column could appear as in Fig. 3.2.4.2b.
175
176 Fig. 3.2.4.2b—Column that could be placed within the specified tolerances
177 However, the reinforcement could be placed to minimum tolerance in any of the four directions.
178 Thus, the placement tolerance clouds would appear as in Fig. 3.2.4.2c. This could be quite a different
179 image than the precise image one might have had in mind at the outset.
180
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181 Fig. 3.2.4.2c—Column with “placement tolerance clouds”
182 For a second example, consider the case of a simple 14-in.-thick wall reinforced with #8 vertical
183 bars at 12 in. on center each face and #4 horizontal bars at 12 in. on center each face (Fig. 3.2.4.2d).
184
185 Fig. 3.2.4.2d—Wall the designer defined
186
187 The outside face cover is 1-1/2 in. and inside face cover is 3/4 in. The cover tolerance for the
188 bars on the outside face is ±1/2 in. For the inside face cover, the maximum cover reduction is limited to
189 1/3 of the specified cover, resulting in a cover tolerance of +1/2 or –1/4 in. Thus the outside face cover
190 could be as little as 1 in. and the inside face cover as little as 1/2 in. (Fig. 3.2.4.2e).
10
191
192 Fig. 3.2.4.2e—Wall that could be placed within the specified tolerances
193
194 If we also consider that any one of the vertical and horizontal bars may be located as far as 3 in.
195 either way from its designated location, the tolerance cloud would appear as in Fig 3.2.4.2f.
196
197 Fig. 3.2.4.2f—Wall with “placement tolerance clouds”
198
199 3.2.4.3 Design considerations
11
200 As in the instance of the fabrication tolerance cloud of a single bar, the placement cloud of a
201 group of placed bars presents quite a different image than the one probably envisioned by the designer
202 or reinforcing bar detailer. If the placement tolerances are factored into the design, they would realize
203 that the available space they expected (to pass beam bars through a column or to place a vertical embed
204 in a wall) might not be what is actually available, especially if they consider that the beam bars and the
205 embed also have fabrication and placement tolerances of their own. Awareness of placement tolerance
206 clouds may lead to design options that make these tolerances no longer a factor.
207 3.2.5 Reinforcing bar fabrication
209 Practical limitations of equipment and production efficiency have led to the establishment of
210 certain fabrication tolerances that can be met with standard shop equipment. These standard tolerances
211 are shown in both ACI 117 and in the CRSI Manual of Standard Practice for both straight and bent bars.
212 Where more restrictive tolerances are required than those shown in the referenced figures, they shall be
213 clearly indicated in the contract documents.
214 3.2.5.2 Restrictive tolerances
215 Tolerances more restrictive than those reported by CRSI in ACI 117 should be used sparingly. If
216 more restrictive tolerances are required, this is generally characterized as special bending by the
217 reinforcing bar fabricator and requires special arrangements in the production shops. These special
218 arrangements include, but are not limited to: additional equipment, modifications to existing equipment,
219 additional staff, inspection devices, etc. Special bending is generally more time consuming than normal
220 bending, may be subject to additional costs, and may create delays in material deliveries to the jobsite.
221
222 3.2.5.3 Fabrication tolerance clouds
12
223 LDP’s need to be aware of the tolerance cloud that exists for fabricated reinforcing bar. As a
224 simple example, let’s consider the fabrication tolerances for a simple reinforcing bar with 90-degree
225 bends (Fig. 3.2.5.3a). For the purposes of our example, let’s assume that the bar is a #8 bar and that Side
226 A is anchored in the (idealized) plane ABG. For this bar size, the standard hook is 16 in. long, and the
227 linear and angular tolerances are ±1 in. and ±2.5 degrees, respectively.
228 Now, let’s examine the potential effects of these tolerances. First, note that Sides A and G can be
229 as short as 15 in. (red to black zone interface) or as long as 17 in. (end of blue zone) and still be within
230 allowable tolerances (Fig. 3.2.5.3b).
231 Because we have assumed Side A to be anchored in ABG, we will not need to consider out-of-
232 plane angular deviation for Side A. However, we will need to consider in-plane angular deviation. When
233 we add this angular deviation of ±2.5 degrees to Side A, the tolerance envelope (cloud) will appear as
234 shown in Fig. 3.2.5.3c. (Note: To simplify the illustrations, the effects of the angular tolerances are
235 shown as one-bar-diameter deviations in the position of the ends of the 16 in. hooks. Actual deviations
236 will be about 70% of a bar diameter.)
237 Next, we add the dimensional tolerance of ±1 in. for Side B (Fig. 3.2.5.3d) and the in-plane
238 angular deviation of ±2.5 degrees to Side G (Fig. 3.2.5.3e). Finally, we add the out-of-plane angular
239 deviation of ±2.5 degrees to Side G. The resulting tolerance cloud is as shown in Fig. 3.2.5.3f.
240
13
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Fig. 1: Standard (theoretkaO hooked bar with Sides A, B, and G: fig. 4: Hooked bar with :tt in. tolerance envelope on Sides A
(a} plan view, and (b) Isometric view and G, :t2.5 degrees in-plane angular tolerance envelope at
Side A, and :tt in. tolerance envelope on Side B
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
fig. s: Hooked bar with :t1 in . tolerance envelope on Sides A, B,

Fig. 2: Hooked bar with :ttln. tolerance envelope on Sides A and G and G and :t2.5 degrees in-plane angular tolerance envelope at
Sides A and G
(a)
(b)
fig. 6: Hooked bar with :u in. tolerance envelope on Sides A, B,

and G: :t2.5 degrees in-plane angular tolerance envelope at
Fig. 3: Hooked bar with .1:1 in. tolerance envelope on Sides A and G Sides A and G; and :t2.5 degrees out-of-plane angular tolerance
and ::t2.5 degrees in-plane angular tolerance envelope at Side A envelope at Side G
241
242
14
243 3.2.5.4 Design considerations
244 Clearly, the fabricated bar arriving on the construction site can be quite different from the bar the
245 LDP or reinforcing bar detailer might have envisioned. Keeping this in mind during design could
246 significantly reduce constructability problems. For instance, if our example bar were replaced with two
247 hooked bars lapped in the middle (Fig. 3.2.5.4a), the only tolerance that might introduce problems would
248 be in-plane angular deviation.
249
250 Fig. 3.2.5.4a—Reducing tolerance problems by replacing single bar with lapped bars (lap splice
251 shown offset for clarity only)
252 Because both hooks could be rotated, there would be no out-of-plane deviations. Further,
253 because the lap length could be adjusted slightly in the field, there would be little chance of problems
254 with the length of Side B.
255 Consideration of tolerances becomes even more of an issue when two or more bars are being
256 assembled together in a structure. In such cases, one must deal with an accumulation of tolerances.
15
257 ACI 318 Section 25.3 restricts the minimum inside bend diameter of standard hook geometry for
258 deformed bars in tension and the minimum inside bend diameters and standard hook geometry of
259 stirrups, ties, and hoops. The primary factors affecting the minimum bend diameter are feasibility of
260 bending without breakage and avoidance of crushing the concrete inside the bend. ACI 117 tolerance on
261 these minimum inside bend diameters is -0 in. Thus, bars cannot be requested, or expected, to be bent to
262 a tighter diameter to solve a fit-up or congestion problem. Furthermore, there is not a + tolerance for
263 minimum bend diameter and the bend diameter may be larger than the minimum due spring-back and
264 other factors. Design drawings sometimes illustrate hooks wrapping tightly around another bar with
265 assumed bar positions based on the sum of the required cover, the diameter of one bar and the half
266 diameter of the other bar. A comparison of that incorrect assumption to the reality with a 6db minimum
267 bend diameter is shown in Fig. 3.2.5.4b, and for larger bars the minimum bend diameter may be 8db or
268 10db.
Incorrect 1d bend diameter Correct 6db bend diameter

illustration in drawing when placed
269
270 Fig. 3.2.5.4b—Comparison of minimum bend diameter position effect for a #7 bar
271 3.2.6 Forming tolerances
16
273 The last two sections discussed tolerance clouds associated with fabrication and placement of
274 reinforcing bars. While every builder strives to cast concrete to the precise dimensions indicated by the
275 designer, the reasonable constraints of time, technology, and economy make this impractical. That’s
276 why it is important for designers to understand the forming tolerances associated with concrete
277 construction.
278 3.2.6.2 Forming tolerance clouds
279 Tolerances for forming concrete are found in ACI 117. The tolerances for cross-sectional
280 dimensions of cast-in-place members vary with the overall dimension. Using the example from the
281 previous section of a 14 x 14 in. column, the tolerance is +1/2 in. or –3/8 in. Ignoring vertical
282 alignment, this produces the forming tolerance cloud shown in Fig. 3.2.6.2a, with a column having
283 acceptable dimensions as large as 14-1/2 x 14-1/2 in. or as small as 13-5/8 x 13-5/8 in.
284 While it is highly unlikely that these small variations would create any constructability or design
285 concerns with everything else being perfect, a very different picture arises when we consider them in
286 conjunction with the other possible tolerances.
287
17
288 Fig. 3.2.6.2a—Forming . . . . Fig. 3.2.6.2b—Combining . . .
289 With 1-1/2 in. cover, the design width for the column ties is 11 in., and the tolerance is ±1/2 in.
290 Combining the maximum acceptable tie dimensions with the minimum acceptable column dimensions
291 produces the configuration shown in Fig. 3.2.6.2b. With the reinforcing cage centered, the cover is
292 reduced from the design value of 1-1/2 in. to 1-1/16 in. on all four sides. Recalling that the placement
293 tolerances allow the cover to decrease to 1 in. minimum, the cage must be placed within ±1/16 in. of the
294 center of the column in both directions if it is to meet tolerance requirements. Considering the
295 straightness of the bars and the straightness of the forms, this could be very difficult for the Contractor
296 to do.
297 For the example of a 14-in.-thick wall that we discussed in previous sections, the situation is
298 somewhat different because there are no tie tolerances to contend with. However, as we will see in the
299 following example, other issues arise that must be dealt with. The forming tolerance for the wall
300 thickness allows the wall to be between 14-1/2 in. and 13-5/8 in. thick as shown in Fig. 3.2.6.2c.
301
302 Fig. 3.2.6.2c—Forming tolerance cloud for the wall
18
303 Reinforcing placement tolerances allow the 1-1/2 in. design cover on the outside face to be
304 between 1 and 2 in. and the 3/4 in. design cover on the inside face to be between 1/2 and 1-1/4 in. The
305 minimum wall thickness combined with the maximum cover on the outside face reinforcing is shown in
306 Fig. 3.2.6.2d.
307
308 Fig. 3.2.6.2d—Minimum acceptable …
309
310 In this situation, the original effective depth of 12 in. for the vertical No. 8 bars on the outside
311 face has decreased to only 11-1/8 in. Assuming 4000-psi concrete and Grade 60 reinforcement, this
312 reduction in effective depth would result in a decrease in nominal moment capacity from the original
313 45.1 kip·ft/ft to 41.6 kip·ft/ft —a 7.7% reduction due to forming and placement tolerances alone. The
314 effect on moment strength would be even more drastic for thinner walls. To guard against this, Section
315 7.5.2.1 of ACI 318 places a tolerance on effective depth d of ±3/8 in. for d ≤ 8 in. and ±1/2 in. for d > 8
316 in. These tolerances would produce a 4.4% reduction in nominal moment strength for the example wall
19
317 considered here; however, designers should realize that effective depth is not checked in the field. Bars
318 are placed and tolerances checked relative to the formwork surfaces.
319 3.2.7 Confined reinforcing bars
320 Confined reinforcing bars add one more level of complexity to the tolerance issues described in
321 previous sections. In the context of detailing and placing reinforcing steel, a confined bar is one that is
322 restricted by face cover requirements at both ends. The best example of a confined reinforcing bar is a
323 bar with hooks at each end, as would be seen in an elevated beam as shown in Fig. 3.2.7a.
324
325 Fig. 3.2.7a—Single bar with hook at both ends
326 On the surface this does not seem to be a big deal, other than the tolerance issues previously
327 discussed. However, when considering the fact that in most cases there is adjacent reinforcing for a
328 beam, column or wall, this double-hooked bar needs to fit within, the situation becomes much more
329 complicated as shown in Fig. 3.2.7b.
330
331 Fig. 3.2.7b—Single bar with hook at both ends and intersecting reinforcement
332 The designer needs to consider that a bar with hooks at each end creates a situation where the bar
333 is extremely restricted and must be exactly right, otherwise the ironworker may not be able to place it.
20
334 The reality is even if the reinforcing bar detailer details this double hooked bars as shown in the design
335 drawings with the correct concrete cover, it will almost never fit during field installation.
336 Since there is no flexibility with this bar, if it doesn’t fit it will most likely need to be replaced,
337 causing delays on the jobsite. There are two ways to address this situation.
338 The first and most preferred way would be to allow the use of a lap splice. This allows the
339 ironworker the flexibility to place the bars in their intended position within the beam while avoiding
340 conflicts with the adjacent steel.
341
342 Fig. 3.2.7c—Substitution of two hooked bars with lap splice (lap splice shown offset for clarity only)
343 [Should hooks be on outside here? see next figure discussion]
344 The second way to address this situation if a lap splice is not permissible, is for the designer to
345 understand and accommodate the end of the bar being held inside the adjacent steel, increasing the end
346 cover measured from the edge of the concrete to the end of the bar.
347
348 Fig. 3.2.7d—Single bar with hook at both ends placed within beam cages
349 This situation needs to be addressed by the reinforcing bar detailer and shown in one of these
350 ways on the placing drawings. Notating this practice on the design drawings will provide clear direction
21
351 to the detailer and the ironworker and avoid confusion during the detailing process and during
352 installation in the field.
353
354
355 Fig. 3.2.7e—Confined hooked bars in slabs and beams
356 These scenarios are commonly seen as shown in the following examples.In Fig. 3.2.7e, the left
357 illustration shows the end of a confined bar where no adjacent steel is present and the the right
358 illustration shows the end of a confined bar with adjacent steel that must be accounted for in the design,
359 detailing and installation processes.
360
361
362
363 Fig. 3.2.7e—Confined hooked bars in columns and walls
364 Fig. 3.2.7f shows situations where the end position of a confined bar (in the last lift of a column or wall)
365 with adjacent slab steel must be accounted for in the design, detailing and installation processes.
366
22
367 3.2.8 Accumulating (combined) tolerances
368 The effects of tolerances on cover, strength, constructability, and serviceability of the structure
369 should be considered by the LDP. Casting of concrete always involves the fabrication, placement, and
370 forming tolerance clouds. While these instances are not encountered every day, they occur frequently
371 enough to create constructability problems. Any combination of tolerances, as discussed in this section,
372 working against each other has the potential to create a constructability concern that quite often is
373 difficult to reconcile, especially if it involves two different trades, each within their own acceptable
374 tolerances. The designer must always assess the risk of this kind of problem arising in critical areas of
375 the structure and consider options that mitigate or eliminate the possible constructability problem.
376 3.3—General Cautions
377 3.3.1—Revisions of drawings
378 3.3.2—Dimensioning
379 3.3.3—Field cutting of bars
380 3.3.4—Field bending of bars
381 3.3.5—Mechanical connectors
382 3.3.6—Mixing grades of steel on a project
23
1 CHAPTER 4 — STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
2 4.1—Scope
3 This chapter describes information that is typically found on structural drawings. In US
4 engineering practice each design office usually develops an “office standard” sheet order and
5 naming convention. This guide, as an example, presents the project sheet order found in the
6 United States National CAD Standard – V6, as outlined in 4.3.
7 4.2—General
8 Structural drawings are those prepared for the owner or purchaser of engineering services
9 and along with the project specifications form a part of the contract documents. Structural
10 drawings must contain an adequate set of notes, instructions and information necessary to permit
11 the reinforcing steel detailer to produce reinforcing steel placing drawings. Each sheet should
12 have a title block, production data, and a drawing area as shown in Fig. 4.2.
13 The drawing area is the largest portion of the sheet where technical information is
14 presented. Examples of technical information are the overall framing plan, sections and details
15 needed to illustrate information at specific areas, and additional notes as required.
16 The production data area is located in the left margin of the sheet and includes
17 information such as the CAD filename and path to the file, default settings, pen assignments,
18 printer/plotter commands, date and time of plot, overlay drafting control data, and reference files.
19 The title block area is located at the right side of the sheet. It usually includes the
20 designers name, address, and logo; basic information about the project including location of the
21 worksite, owner, and project name; an information block regarding issue type (addendum, design
22 development, bidding, bulletin, etc.) of this sheet; a sheet responsibility block that indicates the
1
23 project manager, engineer, draftsman and reviewer of the information on the drawing; a sheet
24 title block; and a sheet numbering block.
25
26 Fig. 4.2- United States National CAD standard overall sheet layout
27
28 4.3—Order of sheets
29 The order of drawings shown in the United States National CAD Standard – V6 is as
30 listed in Table 4.3.
31 Table 4.3—NCS drawing sheet numbering
2
Sheet Sheet title Information included
number
0 General notes Symbols legend, general notes
1 Plans Horizontal views of the project
2 Elevations Vertical views
3 Sections Sectional views, wall sections
4 Large-scale views Plans, elevations, stair sections, or
sections that are not details
5 Details
6 Schedules and diagrams
7 User defined For types that do not fall in other
categories, including typical detail sheets
8 User defined For types that do not fall in other
categories
9 3D Representations Isometrics, perspectives, photographs
32
33 If more than one sheet is required within the listed order, then decimal sheet numbers are used,
34 e.g., 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3.
35 4.4 General notes sheets
36 A general notes sheet presents project design loads, the codes and standards that are the
37 basis of design, material and product requirements, and construction directions. The notes can be
38 the entire project structural specifications, act as an extension of the project structural
39 specifications, or simply duplicate important aspects of the project structural specifications.
40 4.4.1 Codes and standards
41 The general building code, referenced standards, and/or the authority having jurisdiction
42 requires specific information to be included on the construction documents and the general notes
43 sheet(s) present this information. ACI 318 also requires that all applicable information from
44 Chapter 26 related to construction be included in the construction documents.
45 4.4.2 Design loads
3
46 Section 1603.1 of the 2012 IBC states: “The design loads and other information pertinent to
47 the structural design required by Sections 1603.1.1 through 1603.1.9 shall be indicated on the
48 construction documents." The titles of these 9 referenced sections are listed below:
49 1603.1.1 Floor live load
50 1603.1.2 Roof live load
51 1603.1.3 Roof snow load data
52 1603.1.4 Wind design data
53 1603.1.5 Earthquake design data
54 1603.1.6 Geotechnical information
55 1603.1.7 Flood design data
56 1603.1.8 Special loads
57 1603.1.9 Systems and components requiring special inspections for seismic resistance
58
59 Design loads are presented on the general notes sheet. Floor live loads, roof live loads,
60 snow loads, and other simple gravity loads are commonly shown in a table. Basic wind load
61 criteria assumptions and, when necessary, wind loading diagrams are included. Earthquake
62 design data is usually presented as a list of the different criteria used to develop the design
63 earthquake loads. It is desirable to indicate if and where live load reductions were applied.
64 Geotechnical design information shown is usually supplied to the structural designer in a
65 geotechnical report. It can be presented as a note if the soil and water table on site is relatively
66 consistent or in a table format if there is significant soil or water table variability.
67 Flood design data and criteria used to determine the flood design loads are typically
68 shown using notes.
4
69 Special loads not included in the code-required live loads are also noted in the table that
70 includes the live loads. Examples of such loads are architectural features, partition live loads,
71 ceiling and hanging loads, and super-imposed dead loads. A diagram may be needed for heavy
72 pieces of equipment, such as forklifts, with their assumed wheel spacing and axle loads.
73 Showing the self-weight of the structure is not a requirement of the code. However, the
74 concrete density should be provided on the drawings so that the self-weight of the structure can
75 be accurately determined by the formwork engineer.
76 4.4.3 Specifications
77 The first concrete general note is commonly a reference to require construction to be in
78 accordance with ACI 301. The LDP ensures that the construction documents meet code
79 provisions; therefore, requiring the contractor to conform to ACI 318 is not appropriate as it
80 provides code requirements to the LDP and not the contractor or materials supplier. By
81 incorporating ACI 301 by reference into the construction documents and using the ACI 301
82 mandatory and optional checklists, the concrete materials and construction requirements will
83 satisfy ACI 318. In addition ACI 301 also specifies that fabrication and construction tolerances
84 shall comply with ACI 117.
85 ACI 301 contains the following three checklists: mandatory, optional requirements, and
86 submittals. The LDP is often also the specifier on a project and must go through these checklists
87 and make necessary exceptions to ACI 301 in the construction documents. The general notes
88 sheet is a convenient way to communicate any necessary exceptions to ACI 301.
89 4.4.4 Concrete notes
90 ACI 301 Mandatory Requirements Checklist items related to concrete can be specified in
91 the general concrete notes and indicate that the construction documents include:
5
92  Exposure class and specified compressive strength f'c for different elements
93  Handling, placing and constructing requirements
94  Designations and requirements for architectural concrete, lightweight concrete, mass
95 concrete, post-tensioned concrete , shrinkage-compensating concrete, industrial floor
96 slabs, tilt-up construction and pre-cast concrete
97 Concrete general notes can show these with a table with each element type along with its
98 corresponding exposure class, specified compressive strength and other requirements.
99 The construction documents should also indicate any exceptions to the default requirements
100 of ACI 301. ACI 301 lists possible exceptions in the Optional Requirements Checklist.
101 Concrete general notes often contain the following optional requirements checklist exceptions to
102 ACI 301 default requirements:
103  Air entrainment in percentage (%), along with the respective tolerance
104  Slump in inches (in), along with the respective tolerance
105  When high-range-water-reducing admixtures are allowed or required
106  Additional testing and inspection services
107 When proprietary concrete products are required on a project, they can be specified in the
108 general notes.
109 4.4.5 Reinforcement notes
110 ACI 301 Mandatory Requirements Checklist items related to reinforcing steel can be
111 specified in the general reinforcement notes and indicate that the construction documents
112 include:
113  Type and grade of reinforcing bars
114  Bar development and splice lengths and locations
6
115  Types of reinforcement supports and locations used within the structure
116  Specify the cover for headed shear stud reinforcement and headed reinforcing bars
117 The construction documents must indicate any exceptions to the default requirements of ACI
118 301. ACI 301 lists possible exceptions to the default requirements in the Optional Requirements
119 Checklist. Some exceptions to ACI 301 default requirements may include the following:
120  Weldability of bars
121  Concrete cover to reinforcement
122  Specialty item type and grade
123  Coatings such as epoxy or galvanized and where applicable
124  Permitting field cutting of reinforcement and the cutting methods
125 Reinforcing bars require concrete cover to protect the steel from corrosion. ACI 301 shows
126 concrete cover requirements for specific members in Table 3.3.2.3. The concrete cover
127 requirements for a project are typically shown in a table or list showing the type of member, the
128 concrete exposure, the type of reinforcement and the concrete cover requirements for each. If
129 there are locations on a specific project that are questionable, the LDP should indicate which
130 concrete cover requirement controls at each location (i.e. fire rated elements).
131 When proprietary reinforcement products are required on a project, they can be specified in
132 the general notes.
133 4.4.5.1 ACI 318 reinforcing requirements
134 Reinforcing bars, spirals, wires and bar mats in conformance with ASTM International
135 specifications are accepted for construction in the United States and are required by ACI 318.
136 Type and grade of reinforcing are typically shown in a note. When there are more than one type
7
137 and/or grade of reinforcing used on a project, it may be easier to show this information in a table
138 indicating what type and grade is used in what parts of the structure (Table 4.4.5.1).
139 Table 4.4.5.2—Example table of reinforcing bar locations and grades
Insert table of locations and grades.
(indicate it’s an example)
(indicate the ASTM types and grades, locations)
140
141 4.4.5.2 Development and splices
142 ACI 318 requires that the development length/embedment of reinforcement and location and
143 length of lap splices be shown on the construction documents. Bar development and lap splice
144 lengths and locations can be shown using tables, but the preferred method for showing
145 development and lap splice length and location is graphically in plan, elevation, section, or detail
146 with dimensions provided. This allows the fabrication detailer to more accurately read this
147 information from the drawings. Where lap splice location and length have structural safety
148 implications, the lap splice lengths should be shown graphically. When engineering judgment
149 indicates that lap splice location and length are less critical, a table can be used (refer to Table
150 4.4.5.2). Structural calculations should not be required of the fabrication detailer to determine
151 the lap splice length or development lengths. Lap and development lengths calculated by the
152 LDP should be shown on the design drawings. The LDP should verify that all possible bar
153 development and lap splice length arrangements that are on the project can be found on the
154 drawings. (MENTION THE CONCRETE STRENTH APPLICABLE; CURTIS WILL GIVE
155 US THE BEST TABLE; AND STEEL GRADE)
156 Table 4.4.5.2a—Example reinforcing bar lap schedule
8
157
158 Photo 1: Perry Internal Standards
159
Table of lap lengths ideally customized for the project.
160
161
162 If mechanical splices are permitted or required on a project, a note is needed on the general
163 notes sheet or project specifications to permit them as well as the required type of splice. The LDP
164 should also include a typical detail or specific details on where mechanical splices are required or
165 permitted (refer to Table 4.4.5.2b).
166 Table 4.4.5.2b—Example table of mechanical splices
Table of mechanical splices and splice locations and stagger.
EXPLAIN THE PROPER WAY TO CALL OUT A MECHANICAL SPLICE. SHOW A
GOOD DESIGN DETAIL.
LOCATION AND TYPES AND STAGGER
167
9
168 If headed bars are permitted or required on a project, a note is needed on the general notes
169 sheet or project specifications to permit them as well as the required bearing area, cover and
170 embedment lengths. The LDP should also include a typical detail or specific details on where
171 headed bars are required or permitted (refer to Table 4.4.5.2c). USE AN ILLUSTRATION ON
172 HOW WE WANT TO SEE IT.
173 Table 4.4.5.2b—Example table of headed bars
174
175
Table of locations and table of headed bars.
176
177 4.4.5.3 Supports for reinforcing bars
178 Before and during concrete casting, reinforcing bars should be supported and held firmly in
179 place at the proper distance from the forms. The LDP specifies acceptable materials and corrosion
180 protection for reinforcing bar supports, side form spacers, and supports or spacers for other
181 embedded structural items or specific areas. Specifications for reinforcing bar supports and
182 spacers usually are consistent with established industry practice.
183 If the construction documents only state that reinforcing bars need to be accurately placed,
184 adequately supported, and secured against displacement within permitted tolerances, the contractor
10
185 selects the type and class of wire bar supports, precast blocks, composite (plastic), or other
186 materials to use for each area.
187 There are three common material types of bar supports: wire bar supports, precast concrete
188 block bar supports, and composite (plastic) bar supports. A common sub-type of wire bar supports
189 is plastic-tipped wire bar supports which are often used when aesthetics are a concern. CRSI RB4
190 describes the various types of wire, composite and precast bar supports. Examples of bar supports
191 are shown in Fig. 4.4.5.3a.
192 As mentioned above, certain support types can cause aesthetic issues. For example, if
193 precast blocks are used and the surface has a sand-blasted finish, the different texture and color
194 between the precast blocks and the cast-in-place concrete may be objectionable. Another example
195 of aesthetic issues is that Class 3 wire bar supports may leave rust stains on the exposed concrete
196 surfaces. The LDP and contractor should work together to help prevent these issues from
197 occurring because repair for aesthetic issues can be costly.
198 Beam bolsters support bottom beam reinforcement and are placed in the beam form,
199 usually perpendicular to the axis of the beam under the stirrups. Beams may also be supported
200 with individual chairs or blocks placed under the beam stirrups.
201
11
202
203 Typical Wire Beam Bolster
204 RECONSIDER THIS FIGURE/EXAMPLE – maybe more examples.
205 Photo 2: CRSI 2009 Table 3-1
206 Fig. 4.4.5.3a—Example bar supports

207
208 Bar supports are furnished for bottom bars in grade beams or slabs-on-ground (Fig.
209 4.4.5.3b) only if required by the LDP in the construction documents. For a structural element, it is
210 recommended that the LDP specify bar supports for the bottom bars in grade beams or slabs-on-
211 ground. Aesthetics are not a concern in the bottom of a slab-on-ground or grade beam which
212 allows the use of precast blocks for bar supports.
Label and annotate this photo.

Perhaps a better photo is in
order. (NEED CLEARER
PICTURE)
213
12
214 Fig. 4.4.5.3b—Bar supports for slab-on-ground reinforcement
215 Side form spacers (Fig. 4.4.5.3c) may be specified for use, but are usually selected by the
216 contractor.
Label and Annotate This Photo

CHECK RESOLUTION, but
GOOD PIC
217
218 Fig. 4.4.5.3c—Side form spacers to maintain reinforcement cover in a wall form
219
220 4.4.5.4 Weldability of bars
221 The weldability of steel is established by its chemical composition. AWS D1.4 sets the
222 minimum preheat and interpass temperatures and provides the applicable welding procedures.
223 Carbon steel bars conforming to ASTM A615/A615M are weldable with appropriate preheating.
224 Only reinforcing bars conforming to ASTM A706/A 706M are pre-approved for welding without
225 preheating. Welding of rail-and axle-steel bars is not recommended.
226
227 4.4.5.5 Hooks and bends
228 It is standard practice in the industry to show all bar dimensions as out-to-out and consider the
229 bar lengths as the sum of all detailed primary dimensions, including Hooks A and G. It is
230 important to note the difference between “minimum” bend diameter and “finished” bend
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231 diameter. “Finished” bend diameters includes a “spring back” effect when bars straighten out
232 slightly after being bent and are slightly larger than “minimum” bend diameters.
233 Standard bend shapes will have not more than six bend points in one plane, bent to
234 normal tolerances. Shapes with more than six bends, or bent to special tolerances or bent in
235 more than one plane involve greater difficulty and are subject to added costs.
236 Bar hooks and bends are occasionally not shown on the drawings, but a note is placed
237 stating that certain bars are required to end in a standard hook. Specifications that require a non-
238 standard hook should be used with caution because non-standard hooks may be difficult to achieve.
239 If the LDP shows a hook but does not dimension the hook, the reinforcing bar detailer will use an
240 algorithm similar to the Block Flow diagram in Fig. 4.4.5.5 to determine the proper hook to use.
Are hooks dimensioned on
plan? Yes Use plan dimensions
No
Does a standard 90 degree Use a standard 90 degree
hook fit? Yes hook
No
hook rotated 45 degrees fit? Yes hook rotated 45 degrees
No
hook fit? Yes hook
No
hook rotated 45 degrees fit? Yes hook rotated 45 degrees
No
RFI
241
242 Fig. 4.4.5.5—Block flow diagram to determine hook type and size
243 To avoid RFI’s, the design might consider … For this reason, it is prudent for the LDP to
244 check hooks throughout the project during the constructability check suggested in chapter 8,
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245 especially if rotating the hooks causes issues with design. A standard hook only defines
246 dimensions of the bend shape. This is not an indicator of development strength. See Fig.
247 XXXXXXX CJP passive. (TASK GROUP REVISE)
248 4.4.5.6 Welded wire reinforcement
249 Welded wire reinforcement consists of a series of cold-drawn steel wires arranged at right
250 angles to each other and electrically welded at all intersections. Welded wire reinforcement has
251 many uses in reinforced concrete construction. It can be used in slabs-on- ground, joist and
252 waffle slab construction, walls, pavements, box culverts and canal linings.
253 The general notes or the specifications will specify the welded wire reinforcement
254 required. Welded wire reinforcement can be in the form of flat sheets normally 8 ft. 0 in. by 20
255 ft. 0 in. or rolls which are usually 5 ft. 0 in. by 150 ft. 0 in. The wire may be plain or deformed.
256 Welded wire reinforcement in conformance with ASTM International specification A1064
257 is accepted for construction in the United States and is required by ACI 318. Table 4.4.5.6 gives
258 common styles of welded wire reinforcement in the U.S. .
259 Table 4.4.5.6—Common stock styles of welded wire reinforcement
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260
261
262 4.4.6 Construction notes
263 Construction notes are general notes that discuss many of the miscellaneous aspects of
264 construction not covered by the other types of notes. These notes may include information
265 pertinent to detailing. For example:
266  Procedure for resolution of discrepancies
267  Storage of material on site
268  (NEEDS DEVELOPMENT)
269 4.4.7 Inspection notes
270 The general notes sheet should indicate the level of inspection required for the project. If
271 the structure includes members that require special inspection, such as a special seismic force
272 resisting system they should be identified (Fig. 4.4.7).
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273
274 Photo 3: Perry Internal Standards
275 Fig. 4.4.5.5—Example special inspection notes

276
277 4.5 Plan sheets
278 Section 1603.1 in the 2012 IBC states: “Construction documents shall show the size,
279 section, and relative locations of structural members with floor levels, column centers, and
280 offsets dimensioned.” A plan drawing provides information about an identified building floor,
281 including overall geometry and dimensions, concrete member width and thicknesses (either
282 directly or by a designation keyed to a schedule), and reinforcement information for concrete
283 members (either directly or by a designation keyed to a schedule). A plan drawing can include a
284 general reference to other sheets, such as an elevation sheet or a detail sheet. A floor plan also
285 includes orientation information, such as column line numbers, a north arrow, top of concrete
286 relative to a datum, and general notes specific to the floor plan.
287 Member reinforcement such as beams can be directly shown on the plan or indirectly
288 provided through use of schedule marks, such as beam numbers. <a small figure may be
17
289 helpful> Plan drawings are usually drawn to 1/16 or 1/8 inch scale. For small floor plans larger
290 scales may be used. The primary consideration for scale to be used is the complexity of the plan.
291 Clarity should be maintained by using a larger scale if a large amount of information needs to be
292 conveyed in a small area of the plan. If the designer needs to break up the plan into several parts
293 for a floor, they should take into account portions of the structure, assumed placement sequences,
294 or some other easily readable way of breaking the plan into smaller pieces.
295 Because plans only provide information in the horizontal direction, section cuts and
296 elevations are needed to clarify geometric and reinforcement information in the vertical
297 direction. A section cut is indicated by a directional mark or cut drawn on the floor plan. <a
298 small figure may be helpful>
299 4.5.1 Plan graphics and member geometry
300 The assumed view point for a plan drawing is above the slab on each floor level of a
301 structure. Therefore, slab edges are usually shown as solid lines on the plan drawings
302 (Fig.4.5.1a). Beam and girder locations are typically shown as hidden on the plan drawings
303 because they are typically below the slab.
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304
305 Photo 4: http://www.nist.gov/el/building_materials/images/ew2_1.jpg (could find better quality)
306 Fig. 4.5.1a—Floor plan

307
308 Columns and walls that are shown solid extend above the slab on the plan. These vertical
309 members of the structure will be shown on all of the plans from their lowest elevation in the
310 structure, usually the foundation but occasionally a transfer girder or slab, to their highest
311 elevation in the structure, usually the top tier where they will be drawn as hidden.
312 Foundations are drawn as hidden when they are below the slab on grade and solid when
313 not covered by structural members or slab on grade concrete. Soil is not considered a structural
314 member for this purpose. Slabs, beams, girders, columns, walls, and foundations are sometimes
315 given schedule marks on the plan drawings (Fig. 4.5.1b) to indicate the type of member, size of
316 concrete member, and reinforcement required.
317 Fig. 4.5.1b—Floor plan with member schedule marks

318
319 4.5.2 Reinforcement on plan views
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320 Reinforcement that is not typical, such as slab reinforcement required where a varied
321 column layout or a large slab opening occurs, is often shown on the plan drawings instead of
322 using slab marks (Fig. 4.5.2).
323
324
325 Photo 5: Perry Project 15121.00 2/S1.0
326 Fig. 4.5.2—Supplementary reinforcement shown on floor plan
327 When the amount of slab reinforcement being shown on a plan drawing becomes so large
328 that the plan is difficult to read, it is acceptable to make additional plans. These additional plan
329 sheets can be used so that one shows the bottom reinforcement, one shows the top reinforcement,
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330 and another that shows additional steel such as that required around openings and should be
331 properly labeled. Additional beam and girder reinforcement is not typically shown on the plan
332 drawings because it can cause confusion. If additional reinforcement is required for beams and
333 girders, it is typically shown in a note or remark in the beam schedule and a corresponding detail
334 or section cut will be provided to show the additional reinforcement.
335 4.6 Elevation sheets
336 An elevation sheet contains drawing information about identified concrete members from
337 an elevation view (Fig. 4.6a). Elevation drawings do not require a set scale, so an appropriate
338 scale is chosen based on the height of the elevation being drawn and the level of detail needed.
339 Similar to plan drawings, the scale is often based on the complexity of the structure and the
340 elevation can be split into several drawings as required to show enough detail.
341
342 Photo 6: Perry Project 15030.00 – Pricing Drawings – 2/S1.0
343 Fig. 4.6a—Building elevation with detail call-outs

344
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345 The elevation drawing provides orientation information, such as column lines or floor
346 levels, and is connected to the plan drawings by noted concrete elevations relative to a datum,
347 section references, and orientation information.
348 An elevation drawing that provides member dimensions can also provide member
349 reinforcement. This information can be provided directly or by a designation referenced to a
350 schedule.
351 When beams, columns, walls, or all are part of a seismic lateral load resisting system,
352 elevations are often used to show all of the reinforcement in the members that are part of that
353 system (Fig. 4.6b). Ordinary moment frames, intermediate moment frames, and special moment
354 frames and shear walls all have seismic detail requirements in ACI 318. ASK PAUL [INSERT
355 FIGURE]
356 Fig. 4.6b—Building elevation with detail call-outs for lateral load resisting system
357 4.7 Section sheets
358 A section sheet is used for most projects. Sometimes, a single sheet combines sections,
359 details (3.4.6), and schedules (3.4.7). Most sections are drawn at 3/4 inch scale but larger scales
360 may be used, if more detail is needed for clarity. Sections are usually drawn from a point of view
361 perpendicular to that of the drawing that calls out for the section, and is oriented by pointers on
362 the section call out (Fig.4.7). A section cut will show the geometry and reinforcement details at
363 the cut plane, and may be drawn on a plan sheet, a sections sheet, or on a details sheet. The cut
364 identifies the section number and the sheet number where the section is drawn.
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365
366 Photo 7: Perry Project 15121.00 – Permit Drawings 2015-09-30
367 Fig. 4.7—Example plan sheet section cut call out and section sheet section cut detail
368 4.8 Large scale view sheets
369 Large scale views are used if a dramatically increased scale of a section or detail is
370 needed to show additional clarity in an area of a structure. They are used to clarify
371 reinforcement detailing in an unusual element, such as a curved stair case, complex elevator
372 core, or heavily reinforced link beam. These sheets are rarely titled "large scale views" but are
373 usually titled by what is being shown on the sheet. For example, "Stairs – Plans and Sections"
374 could be an example title for a large scale view sheet for a stair tower. See Fig. XXXXXXX
375 4.9 Detail sheets
376 Details are usually drawn from the same point of view as the drawing that calls out the
377 detail (Fig. 4.9a).
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378
379 Photo 8: Perry Project 15121.00 – Drawings Issued for Permit 2015-09-30
380 Fig. 4.9a—Example plan detail call out and detail on detail sheet
381 A separate detail sheet is usually used on a project. However, small projects may have a
382 single sheet that combines sections (4.7), details, and schedules (4.10).
383 Many details are drawn at 1/2 inch to 1 inch scales, but larger scales are used if needed for
384 clarity. In heavily congested areas, using full scale drawings is suggested to help with checking
385 constructability. <a couple of figures will be helpful to show this>
386 Details that are applicable to commonly encountered conditions are usually placed on
387 “typical details” sheets. Often the typical details are schematic only and are not drawn exactly.
388 When the typical details are schematic only, the information regarding the detail is shown in a
389 separate table or given in the notes. If not, it is typically shown just as an example of what needs
390 to be done and the contractor has some freedom to choose the best means and methods for
391 building the detailed item as shown.
392 For example, trim reinforcement around a slab or wall opening is often standard for a
393 certain range of opening sizes, and this arrangement is shown in a typical detail. This allows the
24
394 contractor to trim any opening within the stated range without asking the engineer for a specific
395 solution. Other typical details include reinforcement around an in-slab conduit, a mechanical chase
396 through a concrete slab, openings through a beam, reinforcement termination details at edges of
397 concrete, contraction joints in slab-on-ground, and construction joints.
398 Bundling bar details for splice and special development lengths that affect many different
399 types of members, such as heavily reinforced slabs, beams, columns, and walls is best shown in a
400 typical detail on the respective member schedule sheet because the information is member specific
401 and should be shown in the typical details sheets. See Fig. XXXXXXX – what’s the offset at
402 laps?
403 Shear reinforcement in a one-way slab is rarely used, but if it is, the shear reinforcement
404 area is typically shaded or hatched on the plan drawing. A detail should be included and
405 sometimes on the slab schedule sheet to indicate bar size, spacing of shear reinforcement, and
406 shape of bent bar. Headed shear studs may also be a viable option and a detail should be drawn if
407 chosen. See Fig. XXXXXXX
408 4.10 Schedule and Diagram Sheets
409 Schedule sheets provide reinforcement information for various members, such as slabs,
410 beams, columns walls and foundations. A diagram to explain the information in the schedule is
411 usually provided (Fig. 4.10).
25
412
413 Photo 9: Perry Project 14146.00 – Drawings Issued for Permit Corrections 2014-10-29 – 3/S1.0
414 Fig. 4.10—Diagram provided to explain schedule information
415 Member schedules usually contain the following:
416  Member mark which should have a standard naming convention and be identified on plans
417 an elevations
418  Member dimensions
419  Member reinforcement
420  Remarks or notes describing atypical reinforcement patterns, elevation, concrete
421 strength etc.
422 4.10.1 Slab Schedules
423 Slab schedules usually contain the slab mark, thickness of slab, bottom reinforcement and
424 top reinforcement, and any notes or remarks necessary for that slab. See Fig. XXXXXXX
425 For one-way slabs, the LDP can use the termination rules to use material more efficiently.
426 Please see Figure X.XX for example details.
26
427 Two-way slabs supported by edge walls or by edge-beams require reinforcement in the top
428 and the bottom of the slab at the intersection of the two-way slab and edge members. This
429 reinforcement is shown using typical details if it occurs throughout the structure or the information
430 is shown right on the plan drawings if it is not a prevalent detail. Please see Figure X.XX for
431 example details.
432 Two-way slab structural integrity reinforcement requirements can be shown in different
433 ways. The splicing requirements for structural integrity reinforcement can be shown on the slab
434 schedule diagram. The requirement of two column strip bottom bars or wires that are required to
435 go through the columns can also be shown on the plan or in a typical detail. The typical detail
436 option is probably used most often because other information can be shown on the same detail if
437 the designer wishes. When using shearheads, the two column strip bottom bars or wires should be
438 shown in a typical detail. Please see Figure X.XX for example details.
439 Two-way shear reinforcement in slabs could be headed shear studs, typical stirrups, or
440 structural steel members. Headed shear studs are used most often and a detail should be drawn to
441 show the layout of the headed shear studs especially at a column. When several different layouts
442 of headed shear studs are needed in a structure, it may be clearer to use a series of headed shear
443 stud diagrams, possibly in a table, to show their layouts as they vary throughout the structure. The
444 plan drawings should be marked at each column to indicate which particular headed shear stud
445 diagram should be used at that location. While stirrups are not used as regularly as headed shear
446 studs for two-way shear reinforcement, they are permitted by the ACI 318 Code. When stirrups
447 are used for two-way shear reinforcement, they should be shown using the methods described
448 above for showing headed shear studs. Structural steel members are rarely used and if used their
449 locations should be identified and special details provided. See Fig. XXXXXXX
27
450 4.10.2 Beam and girder schedules
451 Beams and girders are often shown in the same schedule and the information presented is
452 similar. For simplicity of wording, the term beam and beam schedule will be used here to include
453 both. Beam schedules contain the beam mark, beam width and depth, top and bottom
454 reinforcement and extent, post-tensioning reinforcement when applicable, and stirrup size and
455 spacing (Fig. 4.10.2).
456
457 Photo 10: https://sites.google.com/site/ae390final/gradebeamchedule.JPG
458 Fig. 4.10.2—Example grade be schedule

459 Along with the beam schedule, there should be a diagram to show the basic layout of the
460 reinforcing steel in a beam. For clarity, this often requires two diagrams with one showing the
461 longitudinal reinforcing steel and the other showing the shear reinforcing steel. The diagrams are
462 often split into the following different types of beams: single span, multiple spans, and cantilever.
463 When applicable, the post-tensioning is typically specified using the assumed effective
464 force that is expected to be applied to the beam or using the number of tendons from the design. .
465 Typical shear reinforcing stirrup sizes and spacing are shown in the schedule by specifying
28
466 each group of stirrups. For example, a beam may need 6-#4 stirrups at 2"o.c. and then 6-#4
467 stirrups at 6"o.c. at each beam end and the remainder along the length of the beam at 12" o.c.
468 Often, this type of shear reinforcement spacing at the ends of the beams or at other special shear
469 reinforcing locations is shown in a typical diagram on the beam schedule sheet. The LDP should
470 provide a detail of stirrups showing the shape of the stirrup.
471 4.10.3 Column schedules
472 Column schedules usually contain the column mark, a vertical reinforcement, and the size
473 and spacing of shear reinforcement. See Fig. XXXXXXX Along with the column schedule,
474 typical layout information for the column reinforcement from the bottom of one level to the bottom
475 of the next or the top of the column is often shown in section cuts or diagrams. These diagrams
476 should show splice locations, including locations of staggered splices and reinforcement
477 termination requirements. Often, the spacing of the shear reinforcement at the tops and bottoms of
478 columns varies and is shown in a typical diagram on the column schedule sheet. If applicable, the
479 following diagrams also should be included with the column schedule: basic transition from floor
480 to floor, offset transitions, sloped transitions, and top of column terminations..
481 4.10.4 Wall schedules
482 Wall schedules usually contain the wall mark and the amount of vertical and horizontal
483 reinforcement for each curtain of reinforcement required.
484 Along with the wall schedule, typically there will be a diagram of the wall from the bottom of the
485 wall to the top of the wall sometimes with section cuts showing the layout information for the wall
486 reinforcement. These diagrams should show splice locations, including locations of staggered
487 splices if necessary. Placing location of the reinforcement should be clearly shown, such as VEF,
488 HIF, HOF, caps, etc. See Fig. XXXXXXX See Chapter 3 for other abbreviations. [Johnston
29
489 comment: ACI style is to define acronyms where they first appear in the text. If there is a need to
490 provide acronyms or abbreviations commonly used in concrete reinforcing steel drawings, we
491 should consider adding a table of abbreviations in Chapter 3, perhaps in a Section “3.3
492 Abbreviations”.]
493 4.11 Foundation sheets and schedules
494 Foundations are sometimes treated separately from the remainder of the structural systems
495 because of their unique characteristics and in general, the fact that foundation systems are used for
496 many various superstructure types. Foundation drawings may be issued separately from the
497 superstructure drawings or may be the only reinforced concrete drawings on a project. Foundation
498 sheets are commonly used for shallow foundations (Fig. 4.11a) such as strip footings, isolated
499 footings, combined footings, mat foundations and grade beams or for deep foundation systems that
500 may include pile caps, piles, drilled piers and caissons.
501
502 Photo 11: Perry Project 15121.00 – Permit Drawings 2015-09-30
30
503 Fig. 4.11a—Foundation plan drawing
504
505 Foundation drawings can be individualized or used with schedules and foundation marks used to
506 represent the foundation type are usually identified by the first letter of the foundation member
507 represented. For example, P1 is usually related to a pile cap over piles, while F1 is often used to
508 describe a shallow footing and GB1 is often used to mark grade beams. In any case, it is
509 recommended that an Abbreviation and Notation Legend be included in the drawing sheet for
510 clarity and ease of identification. Grade beam schedules are similar to elevated beam schedules
511 and guidelines regarding beam schedules are shown in 3.4.7.2. Pile cap schedules should include
512 the dimensions of the pile cap and the required reinforcement in each one. Footing schedules are
513 usually similar, with the schedule containing footing dimensions and the required reinforcement in
514 each direction. Drilled piers are often not scheduled by mark, but by shaft and bell diameters. The
515 schedule should include a listing of vertical reinforcement, tie reinforcement, and minimum
516 distance that the reinforcement must extend into the top of the pier. See Fig. XXXXXXX
517 Each different type of foundation element on the project should have a corresponding
518 typical diagram that is referenced from the schedule. This typical diagram will show a typical
519 layout of the member with typical locations of the reinforcement inside of it. See Fig. XXXXXXX
520 Shear reinforcement in a foundation is not frequently used, but when it is, it is typically
521 detailed in a manner similar to a beam. When stirrups are used for shear reinforcement, they should
522 be shown on the foundation schedule and a separate detail or section should be considered.
523 4.12 User defined sheets
524 User defined sheets are used to show information that is not presented on other sheets,
525 List of examples needed.
526 4.13 3D Representations
31
527 3D representations or isometric sketches are not commonly used but can be very helpful
528 to show an especially complicated connection or joint or to coordinate among different
529 disciplines to prevent clashes between different systems. (Sample needed.)
32
1 CHAPTER 5—DESIGNING FOR CONSTRUCTIBILITY
2 5.1—Defining requirements for cover, development, splices and clearance
3 5.1.1—Clear Cover
4 5.1.2—Bar development
5 5.1.3—Bar Splices
6 5.1.4—Clearance between bars
7 5.2— Defining Bar Placing Configuration
8 5.2.1—Staggered laps
9 General Notes should never just state, “Stagger all laps”. Staggering laps can add extra costs to a project in
10 terms of detailing, greater number of different bar lengths, and placing. The LDP should note possible exceptions
11 such as for temperature steel and wall horizontals.
12 The LDP should clearly indicate the nature of the stagger. Is the stagger one lap length, a double lap length,
13 or a specified dimension between the laps? A detail such as shown in Fig. 5.2.1 is the best way to show the intent.
14 Figure 5.2.1
15 Lap locations should be clearly indicated, as well areas where laps are not allowed. Staggering of couplers
16 should be equally defined and indicated.
17 5.2.2—Embedment into support
18 Tables of embedment requirements are usually sufficient (see Table 5.2.2). Care should be taken to clearly
19 indicate special embedment locations and appropriate instructions given to ensure they are correctly placed.
20 Figure 5.2.2
21 5.2.3—Bar dimensioning
22 The most common bar dimensioning issue involves hooks. When the LDP dimensions hooked bars, he
23 should be sure to indicate at least in the General Notes whether the dimension does or does not include the hook.
24 (Insert Fig.)
1
25 Rebar detailers will assume that all hooks are standard hooks unless indicated otherwise. Often drawing
26 sections of raft footings show the bottom and top bars hooked and lapping. If standard hooks are detailed there
27 will be no lap. The LDP should clearly indicate if a lap is intended and if so, dimension the lap. (Insert Fig.)
28 Where standard hooks are too long to fit with the concrete member, the hook should be clearly dimensioned
29 on the drawing.
30 5.2.4— Skewed bars
31 In trapezoidal shaped slabs, the LDP should clearly indicate if the main bars are perpendicular to the parallel
32 sides or parallel to the sloped sides. He should also indicate if the spacing of the bars is measured at right angles
33 to the main bars or along the skew. These points should also be made clear for triangular or other irregular
34 shaped slabs. (Figures may be beneficial).
35 Top steel over beams in skewed slabs may conflict with top bars from adjacent regular shaped slabs and may
36 cause layering and clearance problems. These should be considered and addresses by the LDP.
37 5.2.5—Termination of vertical bars
38 The LDP should always indicate how vertical bars are to be terminated. If the bars are to be hooked there are
39 several things to be considered. If the hook is not a standard hook the length should be indicated. Is the hook
40 located in either of the top layers or beneath both layers? Is the member into which the hook is to be embedded
41 sufficiently deep to accommodate the curvature of the bend? If the direction of the hook is critical this should be
42 clearly indicated. Member intersections may require additional consideration of bar interferences.
43 5.2.6—Beam Stirrups
44 On a beam schedule it should be clear whether a stirrup callout, for example, for 3 @ 6”; 5 @ 9”; rem @ 12”,
45 is referring to the number of stirrups or the number of spaces. If spacing of the first stirrup from a support is
46 critical it should be indicated, otherwise it will be located one-half space from the support.
47 In multiple tie sets, indicate if these are to be a series of nested stirrups or a series of interlocking stirrups. If
48 open stirrups are indicated try if possible to provide a continuous top bar in each stirrup hook. Consider a greater
49 quantity of smaller bars rather than fewer larger bars.
2
50 In very narrow beams consider if the stirrup hooks will allow the top bars to fit within the tie. If critical,
51 indicate if longitudinal bars are to be lapped in a vertical or horizontal plane. At intersecting beams indicate if the
52 stirrups run through one beam or the other, or through both beams.
53 5.3—Foundations
54 This section applies to non-prestressed steel reinforcement of structural foundations as defined by ACI
55 318 Chapter 13 and includes piles, drilled piers, and caissons in accordance with ACI 543R, ACI 336.3R. See
56 Chapter 5 Section 6 for supplemental requirements for deep foundations in structures assigned to Seismic Design
57 Categories D, E, and F as prescribed by ACI 318 Chapter 18 Section 13.4.
58 5.3.1—Types
59 Generally, foundations system can be categorized as either shallow foundations or deep foundations.
60 Shallow foundations include types such as strip footings; isolated, spread, or pad footings; mat foundations, and
61 grade beams. Deep foundations include types such as piles, drilled piers, and caissons.
62 5.3.2—Bar Arrangements
63 Bar arrangements vary widely based on both the foundation type, as described in Section 5.1.1, and also
64 the loading requirements on the foundations such as lateral, gravity, and torsion. The bar arrangements described
65 in this section are general and common arrangements. The LDP should specify needed bar arrangements for the
66 appropriate conditions.
67 Shallow foundations such as strip, isolated, and mat foundations often have a bar arrangement similar to
68 that of a slab having a top and/or bottom mat of reinforcement with bars in each direction. In some instances, the
69 bars may be required to be hooked at ends as prescribed by the LDP. Grade beams have two primary
70 arrangements, the first is similar to a beam with a tie or stirrups around the perimeter of the beam, top and bottom
71 longitudinal steel, and in some cases side longitudinal steel. The second arrangement is still similar to a beam,
72 however may only have top and bottom reinforcement. Ties in the second arrangement may only be required for
73 constructability as a method to hang the top reinforcement. See the below images for examples.
74 Deep foundations are often circular and due to that have a bar arrangement similar to that of a circular
75 column with a tie around the perimeter and longitudinal steel spaced inside the tie around the perimeter. Smaller
3
76 drilled piers may only have longitudinal steel that is centered in the drilled pier, in these cases reinforcement may
77 be added for constructability to keep the reinforcement centered in the shaft. Though piers are reinforced similar
78 to columns, they are not fully prescribed by ACI 318 and therefor are often excluded from ACI 318 Section
79 25.7.2.4.1 requiring standard hooks at the end of the ties with the exception of seismic design categories D, E, and
80 F. See the below images for examples.
81 5.3.3—Layering
82 Layering in foundations primarily only applies to non-grade beam shallow foundations as grade beams
83 are typically reinforced similar to beams and deep foundations are typically reinforced similar to columns as noted
84 in Section 5.5.1. For strip footings the layering is most commonly found with longitudinal reinforcement running
85 flush to the top and bottom covers and any transvers reinforcement inset from the longitudinal reinforcement.
86 Isolated pad footing layering most often depends on the geometry of the pad footing. For square pad footings,
87 layering can go either way, and for rectangular pad footings reinforcement along the larger dimension should be
88 pushed to the bottom and top cover and the reinforcement along the shorter dimension should be inset. For mat
89 foundations not supported by deep foundations, the layering will be similar to that of a rectangular pad footing
90 with the reinforcement running along the larger dimension placed at cover and the transvers reinforcement inset.
91 Each case discussed above are typical layering conditions for foundations, however each is also depending on the
92 design of the foundation. One should always refer to the contract documents for specific requirements. Contract
93 documents should specifically note layering when it is critical to the design. See below images for examples.
94 All reinforcement layering should be properly supported to keep the reinforcement at the correct location
95 in the element. For bottom reinforcement cast against the earth concrete or masonry blocks also known as
96 “dobies” are most commonly used. Bar supports with feet can dig into the soil causing a loss of cover and should
97 be avoided when on earth. For bottom layers on void wire bolsters and chairs can also be used. The support of
98 top mats of reinforcement can be supported by bolsters, chairs, or standees depending on the supporting height.
99 Cover for drilled piers can be obtained with alignment bars, alignment wheels, or in the case of centered
100 reinforcement without ties by using crossing reinforcement.
101 5.3.4—Construction and Expansion Joints
4
102 When construction and expansion joints are not specifically shown on the contract documents, the LDP
103 should give guidance for construction and expansion joint locations and spacing and should review joint locations
104 provided by contractor for compliance.
105 5.4—Walls
106 5.4.1—Introduction
107 In ACI 318, Chapter 2, Section 2.3, a wall is defined as “a vertical element designed to resist axial
108 load, lateral load, or both, with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio greater than 3, used to enclose or
109 separate spaces”.
110 Concrete walls are structural elements that are generally used as vertical and lateral force-resisting
111 members. Walls may be used in underground or above grade tanks to contain liquids, as retaining walls or for
112 providing one-sided lateral confinement for soil or other materials and for providing continuous support for floor
113 or roof systems, in which case they must absorb and resist all reactions from the these systems.
114 5.4.2—Scope
115 This section shall apply to steel reinforcement of nonprestressed ordinary structural walls, including:
116 cast-in-place, precast in-plant and precast on-site, including tilt-up construction, as defined in ACI 318 Chapter
117 11. This section shall also apply to retaining walls and walls that are part of underground or above ground
118 tanks designed for the purpose of containing liquids or granular materials. For steel reinforcement in special
119 structural walls see Section 5.6 of this Manual.
120 5.4.3—General
121 Steel reinforcement shall be provided in walls to resist all in-plane and out-of-plane forces acting on
122 ordinary structural walls, as shown in Figure 5.2.1. Walls subjected to these forces will require longitudinal and
123 transverse reinforcement, as well as additional reinforcement around openings. Design requirements are contained
124 in ACI 318-14, Sections 11.3, 11.4 and 11.5.
125 Design of cantilever retaining walls shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318-14, Sections 22.2
126 through 22.4, with minimum horizontal reinforcement in accordance with ACI 318-14, Section 11.6.
127
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128
129 Figure 5.2.1: In-plane and out-of-plane forces.
130 (Source: ACI 318-14. Chapter 11)
131 5.4.4—Considerations
132 Reinforcement limits for vertical and horizontal bars are indicated in Section 11.6 (Sub-Sections 11.6.1
133 and 11.6.2) of ACI 318, for relative values of Vu (factored shear force). General bar detailing should conform to
134 ACI 318 Section 11.7. Concrete cover for reinforcement shall conform to Table 20.6.1.3.1 of ACI 318, Chapter
135 20. Development lengths and splice lengths of reinforcement shall be in accordance with ACI 318, Sections 25.4
136 and 25.5, respectively. Distribution and spacing of transverse and longitudinal reinforcement shall conform to
137 ACI 318, Sub-Sections 11.7.2 and 11.7.3. In ordinary structural walls, if longitudinal reinforcement is required
138 for axial strength or if Ast exceeds 0.01Ag, longitudinal reinforcement shall be laterally supported by transverse
139 ties. In all walls, reinforcement is required around wall openings and shall comply with ACI 314 Section 11.7.5.
140 5.2.5—Best Practices
141 It is generally recommended, for constructability purposes, that steel reinforcement on both faces of a
142 wall be placed with equal spacing or that spacing of reinforcing bars of one face be a multiple of the other or that
143 spacing of bars at each face be multiple of a common value, for example: 2”, 3” or 4”, etc. Transverse or
144 horizontal reinforcing bars should be placed closest to wall face and conform to cover limits mentioned in Table
145 20.6.1.3.1 of ACI 318, Chapter 20. Reinforcement is required in both directions and also diagonally at the
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146 corners, around wall openings. This reinforcement shall consist of at least 2 No. 5 bars, anchored to develop fy in
147 tension, and as a rule of thumb, should be at least equal in area to the bars interrupted by the openings.
148 5.4.5.1—Footing to wall connections
149 In cantilever retaining walls, vertical reinforcement should extend through the height of the wall
150 foundation and be anchored on top of the foundation slab bottom reinforcement. The slab height dimension
151 should be such as to permit the vertical reinforcement bar standard hooks to be correctly anchored a distance ldh.
152 5.4.5.2—Corners and intersections
153 Horizontal wall reinforcement must be anchored in vertical wall corners and intersections, preferably with
154 standard 90 degree hooks. To achieve proper anchorage, the bar must be extended across the intersection so that
155 the end hook will be placed at the opposite (outer) face of the intersecting wall, at corners and mid intersections.
156 When additional diagonally placed horizontal reinforcement is needed, to resist shear forces and to help
157 avoid cracking and opening at the corner or intersection, it should also be extended to the opposite face of each
158 intersecting wall and terminate with a bar bend at least equal to the bar Development Length (ld).
159 A typical detail of the correct bar arrangement at wall corners and mid length intersections will clarify the
160 information for the detailer, for correct bar dimensioning and placing of reinforcing bars and will help avoid
161 errors that may compromise the structural integrity of the walls.
162 5.4.5.3—Steps and sectional transitions
163 Steps and sectional transitions at base of walls should be correctly detailed, showing the transitional
164 reinforcement bars. Steel reinforcement across wall steps or sectional transitions shall comply with ACI 318-14
165 Chapter 25. Special attention should be given to bar anchorage, development lengths, and to providing
166 continuous and correctly anchored reinforcement across any section change.
167 5.4.5.4—Multiple curtains and layers
168
169
170
171 5.4.5.5—Construction Joints, Contraction Joints, Expansion Joints and Waterstops
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172 Construction Joints: Can be vertical or horizontal joints that are left in place between two successive
173 pours of concrete. Shear Keys can be used to increase the shear resistance at the joint. If keys are not used, the
174 surface of the first pour must be cleaned and roughened previous to the next concrete pour. Keys are more usually
175 formed in the wall base to give the stem more sliding resistance. Wall reinforcement is placed continuously across
176 the joint.
177 Contraction Joints: Vertical joints formed or cut into the wall that allow the concrete to shrink without
178 noticeable cracking. Contraction joints can usually be about 5-6 mm. (1/4”) wide and about 12 to 20 mm. (1/2” to
179 3/4”) deep, and are provided at various intervals, depending on wall height, thickness and amount of
180 reinforcement, but usually not exceeding 9 to 10 m. (around 30 ft.). Wall reinforcement is placed continuously
181 across the joint.
182 Expansion Joints: Vertical expansion joints are placed into the wall to permit expansion due to temperature
183 changes. These joints should be filled with flexible joint fillers to impede passage of water or other liquids.
184 Horizontal greased steel dowels are usually placed across the joint to tie adjacent sections together. Expansion
185 joints are located at various intervals, depending on wall dimensions, but should not be separated more than 25 to
186 30 m. (75 to 90 ft.) apart. Wall reinforcement is discontinuous across the joint (not placed across the joint but
187 rather terminated at each joint face).
188 Waterstops: These are continuous molded sections, traditionally made of rubber, neoprene or PVC, that are
189 placed along the joint, embedded equally in each adjacent section, with the purpose of making the joint
190 watertight. There are various sections that can be used for the different types of joints named above. Steel
191 reinforcement should be detailed with consideration to the required waterstop to be used in the joint.
192 References
193 1. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI 318-14.American Concrete Institute. USA. 2014
194 2. Concrete Network.com
195 (http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/poured_concrete_retaining_walls/provisions.htm)
196 3. http://www.chemstop.com/SubPacks/General_Waterstop_Brochure.pdf
197 5.5—Columns
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198 This section applies to non-prestressed and steel reinforcement of structural columns as defined by ACI
199 318 Chapter 10 and portions of deep foundations described by ACI 318 Section 13.4.3.1 as portions of deep
200 foundation members in air, water, or soils not capable of providing adequate restraint throughout the member
201 length to prevent lateral buckling.
202
203 5.5.1—Vertical Bar Arrangement
204 Vertical bar arrangement is prescribed by ACI 318 Section 10.7.3 requiring a minimum of (3) vertical
205 bars with a triangular tie, (4) vertical bars with in rectangular and circular ties, and (6) vertical bars enclosed by
206 spiral ties or for columns in special moment frames enclosed by circular ties. Vertical reinforcement is most
207 commonly arranged equally spaced around the perimeter of the column and enclosed by tie reinforcement, and
208 includes at least a vertical bar in each corner of non-circular columns.
209
210 5.5.2—Ties
211 Tie reinforcement is prescribed by ACI 318 Section 10.7.6 and Section 25.7.2. As noted in in ACI 318
212 Section 25.7.2 ties should have a minimum clear spacing of four-thirds the nominal maximum coarse aggregate
213 size and a maximum of the lesser of sixteen longitudinal bar diameters, forty-eight tie bar diameters, and the
214 smallest dimension of the column. Spirals should be spaced continuously with the clear spacing being at least the
215 greater of one inch and four-thirds the nominal maximum coarse aggregate size and a maximum of three inches.
216 The smallest tie size should be #3 for longitudinal bars #10 and smaller and #4 for ties enclosing #11 bars and
217 larger. Alternatively, typical tie reinforcement can be replaced by welded wire reinforcement of an equivalent
218 area except for spiral ties and special seismic systems. For rectangular ties, the tie arrangement must provide
219 lateral support for every corner and alternate longitudinal bar with a hook of a tie no more than 135 degrees. Tie
220 reinforcement must provide lateral support for every longitudinal bar enclosed by a rectangular tie when the clear
221 spacing between laterally supported longitudinal bars exceed six inches on each side. Circular tie reinforcement
222 must lap by a minimum of six inches, terminate with standard hooks at each end that enclose a longitudinal bar,
223 and laps must be staggered around the perimeter.
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224
225 Per ACI 318 Section 10.7.6, at member ends or transitions the bottom tie must be located at most one-half
226 the tie spacing above the top of footing or slab. The top tie should also not be located more than one-half the tie
227 or spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the slab, drop panel, or shear cap above. In the case of
228 beams or brackets framing into all sides of a column the top tie must be located within three inches below the
229 lowest horizontal reinforcement in the shallowest beam or bracket. For spiral reinforcement, the bottom of the
230 spiral should be located at the top of the footing or slab and the top should conform to ACI 318 Table 10.7.6.3.2
231 shown below.
232
233 Anchor bolt confinement must also be provided by tie reinforcement per ACI 318 Section 10.7.6.1.6
234 requiring that anchor bolts must be enclosed by transvers reinforcement that also surrounds at least four
235 longitudinal bars with in the column. The transvers should be distributed within the top five inches of the top of
236 the column and consist of at least two #4 bars or three #3 bars.
237 5.5.3—Detail at Steps and Transitions
238 At steps and transitions, the longitudinal reinforcement often is detailed with an offset bend, covered in
239 ACI 318 Section 10.7.4. The slope of this transition should not exceed one to six. If there is a column offset
240 greater than three inches this transition is not allowed and must be made with separate dowels adjacent to the
241 offset column faces. Where longitudinal bars are offset, horizontal support should be provided throughout by
242 either ties, spirals, or parts of the floor construction. If transverse reinforcement is provided, they should be
243 placed no more than six inches from the points of the bend per ACI 318 Section 10.7.6.4. See below for detail
244 examples at column steps and transitions.
245
246 Offset bend locations should be specifically noted by the LDP?
247 5.5.4—Laps
248 Column lap lengths should be specifically noted by the LDP. Guidance should be given through
249 schedules, notes, or other methods to accurately prescribed lap requirements per column. Generally, compression
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250 laps can be allowed in gravity columns. These splices lengths can be factored by .83 when the effective area of
251 tie reinforcement through the lap zone meets the requirements of ACI 318 10.7.5.2.1(a) or can be factored by .75
252 when spiral reinforcement is provided in accordance to ACI 318 Section 25.7.3. Special attention should be given
253 to areas of laps due to congestion.
254
255 ACI 318 Table 25.7.3.6 dictates spiral reinforcement laps where the most common lap length is forty-
256 eight bar diameters. See below for ACI 318 Table 25.7.3.6. Spiral reinforcement shall be anchored by 1 1/2 extra
257 turns of the spiral bar per ACI 318 Section 25.7.3.4.
258
259 5.5.5—Termination of Vertical Bars
260 Termination of vertical column reinforcement into beams and slabs is prescribed by ACI Chapter 15.
261 Termination of vertical column reinforcement into foundations is prescribed by ACI Section 16.3.
262
263 5.6—Beams
264 [DWJ Comments: Some statements in Chapter 6 sections may be overlapping statements in other chapters –
265 needs to be sorted out when drafts are more complete. The detailer and contractor should not be referenced to
266 ACI 318. The use of the words “details” and “detailing” sometimes leads to uncertainty about whether the
267 reference is to design drawings vs. placing drawings. Also, can’t use “shall” and “must” in an ACI report
268 document.]
269
270 This section applies to steel reinforcement of non-prestressed beams, as defined in ACI 318 Section 9.1.1.
271 General reinforcement bar detailing should conform to ACI 318 Sections 9.6 and 9.7. Bundled bars should be in
272 accordance with ACI 318 Section 25.6. Development lengths and splices of deformed reinforcement should be in
273 accordance with ACI 318 Sections 25.4 and 25.4, respectively. Reinforcement detailing for beams that are part of
274 a seismic force resisting system is covered in Chapter XX of this Manual.
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275 Code requirements often refer to minimum or maximum values. Being equal to or greater than a minimum
276 value is acceptable; being equal to or less than a maximum value is acceptable. A good design should avoid issues
277 that may arise due to the indiscriminate use of minimum code values without considering other factors. For
278 example, it is important to avoid or reduce constructability issues due to interference between or overcrowding of
279 steel reinforcement and loss of concrete cover or spacing problems between reinforcing bars due to incremental
280 tolerance buildup. The LDP should also present clear information in design drawing details and schedules, which
281 will aid the detailer in correctly understanding the essence and intent of the design, thus saving time in additional
282 consultations and revisions. These considerations will help the process of producing good detailing drawings for
283 construction.
284
285 5.6.1—Layering of beam bars at intersections
286 ACI 318 Sections 15.2 and 15.4 provide requirements for steel reinforcement at beam-column joints.
287 Longitudinal beam reinforcement in beam to beam and beam to girder connections should be detailed in such a
288 way that the beam’s top and bottom steel bar layers will be contained between the girder’s top and bottom
289 longitudinal reinforcing bars. Consideration should be given to intersecting beam depth dimensions and concrete
290 cover for each of intersecting members. Special attention should be given to ACI 318 Sections 9.7 and 25.4.
291 5.6.2—Layering of slab bars at beam intersections
292 ACI 318 Section 7.7 provides reinforcement detailing requirements for slabs. Slab longitudinal top layer
293 reinforcement is placed on top of beam top layer reinforcement and properly secured directly to beam bars. Slab
294 longitudinal bottom layer reinforcement runs continuously through the beam web in intermediate connections and
295 at end supports is anchored in the beam web width. In one-way joist systems, consideration for structural integrity
296 should be given in compliance with ACI 318 Section 9.8.
297 Figures
298 5.6.3—Depth of beams at intersections
299 Generally, principal beams or girders will be dimensioned for greater loads than secondary intersecting
300 beams, thus will normally be larger in both width and depth. In any case, dimensioning different depths for
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301 members in beam to beam and beam to girder connections will facilitate passage of longitudinal reinforcing rebar
302 layers through the intersection without affecting specified concrete cover. As discussed in Section 6.6.1, special
303 attention should be given to ACI 318 Sections 9.7 and 25.4.
304 Figures
305 5.6.4—Tie arrangements
306 ACI 318 Sections 25.7.1 and 25.7.2, respectively, provide requirements for stirrups and ties. Both should
307 extend as close to the compression and tension surfaces of the member as cover requirements and proximity of
308 other reinforcement permit and are to be anchored at both ends. Stirrups can be used to resist shear and torsion
309 forces in a beam member and can consist typically of deformed bars, deformed wires, or welded wire
310 reinforcement either single leg or bent into L, U, or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to, or at an angle
311 to, longitudinal reinforcement. Ties should consist of a closed loop of deformed bar with spacing in accordance
312 with 25.7.2.1. Tie bar diameter should be at least No. 3 for enclosing bars No. 10 or smaller and No. 4 for
313 enclosing bars No. 11 or larger and bundled longitudinal bars. Rectilinear ties should be arranged to satisfy
314 25.7.2.3. Stirrups used for torsion or integrity reinforcement can be either closed stirrups placed perpendicular to
315 the beam axis, as specified in 25.7.1.6 or can be made up of two pieces of reinforcement when conditions in
316 25.7.1.6.1 are met.
317 For large beams with long spans and heavy reinforcement, closed stirrups may reduce constructability. The
318 long bars should be threaded into the beams through column verticals and other obstructions. With open stirrups
319 the long bars are simply lifted and dropped into place without any threading being required. This significantly
320 reduces the labor cost of installation. Once the bars are installed the stirrups may be capped as necessary.
321 If closed stirrups are the only option shown on the design documents, the detailer should issue an RFI
322 requesting a change of stirrup configuration to open/capped style. This process may delay the detailer days or
323 even weeks depending on the turn-around time for RFI’s. This is usually an unnecessary interruption since in
324 most cases the open/capped tie option is approved. Design documents that clearly show both options whenever
325 open ties are acceptable speeds up the detailing process and reduces the document flow required by the designer,
326 contractor, and detailer and constructability is enhanced.
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327 Figures
328 5.6.5—Arrangement of longitudinal bars
329 ACI 318 Chapters 9 and 25 provide requirements for longitudinal reinforcement bars in beams. Clear spacing
330 in a horizontal layer should be at least the greatest of 1 in., db, and (4/3) dagg. For parallel nonprestressed
331 reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the upper layers should be placed directly
332 above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of at least 1 in. Standard hooks for
333 the development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1. Reinforcement limits
334 should be in accordance with ACI 318 9.6. Attention should be given to ACI 318 9.7.2.3, for detailing skin
335 reinforcement in beams with depth h exceeding 36 in. Design of longitudinal reinforcement should comply with
336 ACI 318 9.7.3. Requirements for structural integrity are contained in ACI 318 9.7.7.
337 In general, especially with multi-leg tie arrangements, a number of continuous longitudinal top and bottom
338 bars should be placed so as to occupy the necessary positions required for every corner or leg of the tie set and the
339 rest of the bars will be spaced across the remaining space, in one or more layers. This will permit the secure
340 fastening in position of the ties that will guarantee their correct shear resisting function and also to provide lateral
341 confinement for the longitudinal bars.
342 Figures
343 5.6.5—Beam steps
344 ACI 318-14 Chapters 9 and 25 provides requirements for steel reinforcement across beam steps or along
345 beam section changes. Special attention should be given to bar anchorage, development lengths, and providing
346 continuous and correctly anchored reinforcement across any section change.
347 Figures
348 5.6.6—Special details
349 Requirements of special details for steel reinforcement in beams are subject to the LDP’s judgement where
350 non-typical conditions, either geometrical or for other reasons, cannot be fully and correctly represented by only
351 typical details such as Elevations and Sections. The governing criteria should be to present clear and precise
352 information for the detailer to help avoid misinterpretation of design drawings and delays in the detailing process.
14
353 Figures
354 5.6.7—Beam schedules
355 Beams with similar geometry and steel reinforcement distribution can be represented with typical details and
356 a beam schedule containing the specific information for bar diameters and dimensions, development and cut-off
357 lengths, etc. Clarity in identifying the different beams and their corresponding reinforcement is important for the
358 detailer to be able to correctly specify and detail the steel reinforcement in the placing drawings.
359 Figures
360 Section 5.7—Slabs
361 This section applies to steel reinforcement of non-prestressed slabs, as defined in ACI 318 Chapters 7 and 8
362 and ACI 421.1R.
363 5.7.1 Bottom Bars
364 The construction documents should include the minimum cover from the bottom, sides and or top of concrete
365 in sections or details along with the suggested bar support types to be used.
366 ACI 318 Section 25.5 provides reinforcement design requirements for splices. The drawings should include
367 the minimum splice lengths and embedment lengths into beams, columns, pilasters or other supporting elements.
368 These lap lengths should be shown in details, sections, plan or schedules.
369 Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1 If
370 hooks are required at discontinuous end, the LDP should verify the hook dimension can be placed within the
371 specified slab thickness.
372 Figures
373 5.7.2 Top bars
374 The construction documents should include the minimum cover from the top and sides of concrete in sections
375 or details along with the suggested bar support types to be used. Support bar details with bar size and spacing
376 should be included on the drawings.
15
377 ACI 318 Section 25.5 provides reinforcement design requirements for splices. The drawings should include
378 the minimum splice lengths and embedment lengths into beams, columns, pilasters or other supporting elements.
379 These lap lengths should be shown in details, sections, plan or schedules.
380 Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1 If
381 hooks are required at discontinuous ends, the LDP should verify the hook dimension can be placed within the
382 specified slab thickness.
383 Figures
384 5.7.3 One-Way slabs
385 ACI 318 Section 7 provides reinforcement design requirements for one-way slabs.
386 Transverse bottom layer reinforcement runs continuously across the span and is anchored in the beam web a
387 minimum of 6 inches. If using the 50% method, every other bar in the intermediate connection will be held back
388 from the beam face 0.125 of the clear span distance.
389 Transverse top layer reinforcement is placed on top of beam top layer reinforcement and properly secured
390 directly to beam bars and shall end with a standard hook at discontinuous ends. Support bar details with bar size
391 and spacing or use of temperature bars should be included on the drawings.
392 Longitudinal temperature bars run continuously with the specified lap and shall run through the beam web in
393 intermediate connections and at end supports is anchored in the beam web a minimum of 6 inches.
394 Specific details for projections of top bars and bars at openings and varying span widths should be included in
395 the contract documents. The support lines should be clearly marked to insure that the intent of the design
396 drawings are met. The calculations used for the top bar projections should be based on the clear distance between
397 supports. Construction, contraction, isolation and expansion joints should be located and dimensioned on the
398 contract documents to insure accurate placing of the reinforcement and required dowels. Standard hooks for the
399 development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1. If hooks are required at
400 discontinuous end, the LDP should verify the hook dimension can be placed within the specified slab thickness.
16
401
402 5.7.4 Two-Way Slab
403 ACI 318 Section 7 provides reinforcement design requirements for two-way slabs.
404 Slab bottom layer reinforcement is placed in both directions and runs continuously across the span and is
405 anchored in the beam web a minimum of 6 inches.
406 Slab top layer reinforcement is placed in both directions on top of beam top layer reinforcement and properly
407 secured directly to beam bars and shall end with a standard hook at discontinuous ends. Support bar details with
408 bar size and spacing should be included on the drawings.
409 Specific details for bar layering and bars at openings and varying span widths should be included in the
410 contract documents. Construction, contraction, isolation and expansion joints should be located and dimensioned
411 on the contract documents to insure accurate placing of the reinforcement and required dowels. Standard hooks
412 for the development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1. If hooks are required at
413 discontinuous end, the LDP should verify the hook dimension can be placed within the specified slab thickness.
17
414
415
416 5.7.5 Edges and Openings
417 Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension should conform to ACI 318 Table 25.3.1. If
418 hooks are required at discontinuous end, the LDP should verify the hook dimension can be placed within the
419 specified slab thickness. Details of bar conditions at slab edges and openings should be included in the contract
420 documents. Trim bars should be shown in specific details on the drawings.
421 Figures
422 5.7.6 Steps and Depressions
423 Details for slab steps and depressions should include separate details for different step dimensions. This
424 should include directions for draping the main reinforcing, hooking and lapping or furnishing a bent bar. Special
425 attention should be given to bar anchorage, development lengths, and providing continuous and correctly
18
426 anchored reinforcement across any section change. Dimensions to steps and depressions should be clearly shown
427 on the structural drawings and be located from column lines or from edge of concrete.
428 Figures
429 5.7.7 Stud Rails, etc.
430 Stud rails should conform to ACI 421.1. They are an effective way of increasing punching shear capacity and
431 minimizing congestion around the slab-column connections. The LDP should furnish specific details, dimensions
432 and information on the number of rails required at each column with the diameter of studs, number of studs per
433 rail, overall height, distance to the first stud and between studs and the clear cover from top and bottom of slab.
434 NOTE: We will discuss whether or not to include Stud Rails in this document at the meeting in Philadelphia.
435
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1 CHAPTER 6—REVIEW OF PLACING DRAWINGS
2 6.1—Scope
3 The information found in this section is intended to provide a general overview of the definition, purpose,
4 review process and use of reinforcing steel placing drawings. For more specific information and guidelines, refer
5 to the Detailing section of the “CRSI Manual of Standard Practice”. Additionally, for a better understanding of
6 the fundamentals and best practices in the preparation of reinforced concrete placing drawings, refer to the “CRSI
7 Reinforcing Bar Detailing Handbook”.
9 6.2—Definition
10 Placing drawings are working documents that show the quantity, bar size, dimensions and location of
11 reinforcing steel as required for fabrication and placement. Placing drawings may comprise plans, details,
12 elevations, schedules, material lists, and bending details. They can be prepared manually or by computer.
13
14 6.3—Overview
15 Placing drawings are the fabricator’s interpretation of the LDP’s design intent as covered in the contract
16 documents. The purpose is to assure proper fabrication and placement of reinforcing steel. The contract
17 documents plus changes issued by the LDP (per terms agreed upon in the contract if issued after the contract is
18 made), constitute the sole authority for information in placing drawings. Because no new design intent is added
19 during the creation of placing drawings, they do not require and engineer’s seal. The LDP must furnish a clear
20 statement of the design requirements in the project specifications and structural drawings and may not refer to an
21 applicable building code or other codes for information necessary to prepare the placing drawings. Such
22 information must be provided by the LDP in the form of specific design details or notes.
23 Necessary additional information such as field conditions, field measurements, location of construction joints,
24 and sequence of placing concrete must be supplied by the contractor. Commonly this information is only
25 becomes available just prior to construction, making it impractical to complete placing drawings within submittal
26 date deadlines required of shop drawings for reinforcement fabrication. It is more important that placing
1
27 drawings be prepared based on construction ready data and that all parties work together in order to complete
28 submittal, review and approval processes in a timely manner as to not impact construction schedules. After
29 approval by the LDP, including necessary revisions, the drawings may be used for fabrication and placing of
30 reinforcing steel.
31
32 6.4—Procedure
33 Placing drawings are most commonly prepared by a detailer, typically employed or contracted by the
34 reinforcing steel fabricator. General steps for producing and utilizing placing drawings are as follows:
35 1. Detailer prepares placing drawings based on information found in the project specifications and structural
36 drawings as well as information related to construction requirements obtained from the contractor.
37 2. Placing drawings are submitted to the contractor or their designee for review and approval. On many
38 projects the contractor will also forward the placing drawings to the LDP for their review and approval.
39 Refer to sections 5.4 and 5.5 for detailed explanations of placing drawing review and approval processes.
40 3. Once placing drawings have been approved, bar fabrication releases are prepared from the bar lists on the
41 placing drawings, based upon a delivery sequence agreed upon between the fabricator and the contractor.
42 4. Releases are submitted for fabrication in accordance with the current delivery schedule.
43 5. Reinforcing steel is cut, bent, tagged, bundled and delivered to the job site along with other material, such
44 as bar supports, as specified in the contract.
45 6. Reinforcing steel is installed based on details found on the placing drawings and in accordance with
46 requirements of the contract documents.
47
48 6.5—Review placing drawings
49 In some areas of North America, review of placing drawings by the contractor and LDP is not required and is
50 rarely done. LDP’s in these areas take the view that since their inspection of installed reinforcing steel is made
51 using their contract design drawings, placing drawings serve no purpose in the inspection process and therefore
2
52 require no review. Errors are picked up and corrected at inspection time. The downside to this approach is that
53 correcting errors in the field can cause delays and increase costs.
54 For this reason, most areas of North America encourage review of placing drawings by the contractor and LDP.
55 6.5.1—Benefits of review
56 Review is deemed to have a number of worthwhile benefits such as:
57  tends to include the LDP as part of the team effort
58  verifies conformance with general design intent
59  verifies that the most recent revised contract drawings have been used
60  catches and corrects small errors or omissions that would otherwise delay the project if left to be
61 discovered during inspection in the field
62  provides an opportunity for the LDP to make small changes or corrections to the design “on the fly”
63  provides assurance that the detailer understands the design concepts and is proceeding correctly
64  allows reviewed placing drawings to form a large part of the “As Built” documents package
65 Most project specifications allow a given period of time for the LDP review of placing drawings, in most
66 cases two weeks. The detailer and construction team factor this review time into their schedules. It is therefore
67 important for the LDP to work within this constraint to help keep the project on schedule.
68
69 6.5.2—Review process
70 Ideally the process for submission and review of placing drawings should be outlined in the contract
71 documents. The process varies from project to project but generally will include the following steps:
72  Detailer submits the placing drawings to the contractor or their designee
73  The contractor or their designee reviews the drawings and forwards them to the LDP
74  The LDP completes their review and returns the drawings to the contractor in a timely manner
75  The reviewed drawings are returned to the detailer
3
76  The detailer makes all necessary amendments and either resubmits if required, or authorizes the detailed
77 reinforcing steel for fabrication
78 6.5.3—Minimum checklist for review of placing drawings
79 Each LDP will have their own check list but generally will include at least the following items:
80  Verify latest issue of contract drawings
81  Verify latest issue of addenda and supplementary documents such as requests for information (RFI’s),
82 design change notices (DCN’s), and field change notices (FCN’s)
83  Verify grades, coatings, and sizes of reinforcing steel
84  Verify that all reinforcing steel has been included and properly located
85
86 6.6—Levels of Approval
87 There are many variations of approval levels. Each LDP usually develops one that suits their requirements.
88 Although the terms may vary, most will include as a minimum the following levels:
89  Approved – these drawings meet all design requirements and are approved for fabrication and installation.
90  Approved as Noted – these drawings require small corrections that do not impact the design intent. Once
91 corrections are completed they are approved for fabrication and installation. Resubmittal is not required.
92  Revise and Resubmit – these drawings have significant errors that impact the design intent. The LDP
93 must review them again before he can approve them. Resubmittal is required.
94  Not Approved – These drawings do not meet the design intent. Alternately, perhaps, the LDP is aware
95 that new or revised design documents are about to be issued that will supersede previous contract
96 drawings. In either case completely new detailing is required and submitted.
97 It must be noted that by approving reinforcing steel placing drawings for fabrication and installation, the LDP
98 does not incur any responsibility for delays and costs associated with errors or omissions on those drawings.
99 These delays and costs remain the responsibility of the contractor, fabricator, and the placer.
100
4

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ACI/CRSI COMMITTEE CORRESPONDENCE

Address writer at:

October 17, 2016

To: Members ACI/CRSI Committee 315 - Details of Concrete Reinforcement

Mark Agee Dennis L. Hunter Javed B. Malik

Paul J. Brienen David P. Gustafson Thomas G. Schmaltz

From: Anthony L. Felder

Subject: Meeting Notice and Agenda

A proposed agenda is attached.

Copy to: Harry A. Gleich, TAC Contact

Philadelphia Marriott Downtown, Philadelphia, PA

1. 2:00 p.m. - Call Meeting to Order

4. Review Committee Membership. See First Exhibit, Current Roster.

5. Review Purpose of “Designer’s Guide to Reinforcing Bar Detailing”

7. Review Table of Contents

8. Documents for Review (Exhibits Attached)

9. Review of Task Group

10. Discuss Steps Going Forward

11. New Business

12. Motion to Adjourn

Richard H. Birley, Chairman Paul J. Brienen*

Anthony L. Felder, Secretary Larry Campbell*

Harry A. Gleich, TAC Contact David H. DeValve*

Mark D. Agee Grant Doherty*

Gregory P. Birley Pedro Estrada*

* - Associate Member ** - Consulting Member *** - Subcommittee Member

Dennis J. Fontenot* Robert W. Hall

Peter Fosnough* Todd R. Hawkinson

Garrick N. Goldenberg* Dennis L. Hunter

David A. Grundler David W. Johnston

David P. Gustafson Mahmoud E. Kamara

* - Associate Member ** - Consulting Member *** - Subcommittee Member

William M. Klorman Javed B. Malik

James S. Lai* Christopher J. Perry

Douglas D. Lee Harold E. Reed***

Amadeus L. Magpile** Dale Rinehart**

Mustafa A. Mahamid Thomas G. Schmaltz**

* - Associate Member ** - Consulting Member *** - Subcommittee Member

William G. Sebastian** Farshad Zahedi*

Avanti C. Shroff** Peter Zdgiebloski

* - Associate Member ** - Consulting Member *** - Subcommittee Member

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE (Mandated by TCM)

CHAPTER 2 – NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS (Mandated by TCM)

CHAPTER 3 – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 4 – STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

CHAPTER 5 – DESIGNING FOR CONSTRUCTIBILITY

CHAPTER 6 – REVIEW OF PLACING DRAWINGS

APPENDIX A – REPRESENTATIVE DRAWINGS

10  ACI 318 – Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

11  ACI 301 – Specifications for Structural Concrete

12  ACI 117 – Tolerances

13  ACI 131 – Building Information Modeling for Concrete Structures

14  ACI 132 – Responsibilities in Concrete Construction

16 fabricators, and placers by encouraging standard presentation of details and information.

7 “CT-13: ACI Concrete Terminology - An ACI Standard”

8 It can be downloaded without charge from the ACI website at :

2 3.1 —Building Information Modeling (BIM)

4 3.1.1 Introduction to Building Information Modeling

11 to construction through operation.

* - Associate Member - Consulting Member * - Subcommittee Member

* - Associate Member - Consulting Member * - Subcommittee Member

Amadeus L. Magpile Dale Rinehart

* - Associate Member - Consulting Member * - Subcommittee Member

* - Associate Member - Consulting Member * - Subcommittee Member