Assignment - 01: Fluid Mechanics-Ii

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR.NAEEM BASHIR.
ASSIGNMENT
-01
FLUID MECHANICS-II
Hammas Ahmad Mir/16-CE-088

Dimensionless Numbers
Dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics are a set of dimensionless
quantities that have an important role in the behaviour of fluids. Some of them
are explained below:
 Reynold’s Number
 Froude’s Number
 Weber’s Number
 Euler’s Number
1-REYNOLD’S NUMBER:
The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid
mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow
situations. We can determine whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent based
on the Reynolds number. If the Reynolds number is less than 2300, the flow is
laminar. Any Reynolds number over 4000 indicates turbulent flow.
To explain the variables:
R is the Reynolds number, which is unitless

ρ is the fluid density in kilograms-per-cubic-meter (kg/m3)
v is the velocity in meters-per-second (m/s)
D is the diameter of the pipe in meters (m)
μ is the viscosity of the fluid in pascal-seconds (Pa⋅s)
APPLICATIONS:
1) Reynolds number plays an important part in the calculation of the friction
factor in a few of the equations of fluid mechanics, including the Darcy-
Weisbach equation.
2) It is used when modeling the movement of organisms swimming through
water.
3) Atmospheric air is considered to be a fluid. Hence, the Reynolds number can

be calculated for it. This makes it possible to apply it in wind tunnel testing to
study the aerodynamic properties of various surfaces.
4) It plays an important part in the testing of wind lift on aircraft, especially in

cases of supersonic flights where the high speed causes a localized increase in
the density of air surrounding the aircraft
2-FROUDE’S NUMBER:
In continuum mechanics, the Froude number is a dimensionless
number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external field.
Froude number (Fr), in fluid mechanics, dimensionless quantity used to
indicate the influence of gravity on fluid motion. It is generally expressed as Fr
= v/(g.d)1/2, in which d is depth of flow, g is the gravitational acceleration
(equal to the specific weight of the water divided by its density, in fluid
mechanics), v is the celerity of a small surface (or gravity) wave, and Fr is the
Froude number. When Fr is less than 1, small surface waves can move
upstream; when Fr is greater than 1, they will be carried downstream; and
when Fr = 1 (said to be the critical Froude number), the velocity of flow is just
equal to the velocity of surface waves. The Froude number enters into
formulations of the hydraulic jump (rise in water surface elevation) that occurs
under certain conditions, and, together with the Reynolds number, it serves to
delineate the boundary between laminar and turbulent flow conditions in
open channels.
APPLICATIONS:
Engineers are aware of the instability associated with critical flow
conditions and are generally advised to avoid them during sewer design.
However, such conditions are often encountered in existing sewers and can
impact the accuracy and reliability of flow monitoring data. The Froude
number (Fr) is a dimensionless number used to describe flow conditions within
a sewer. These conditions can be illustrated on a scattergraph using iso-Froude
lines. Certain flow conditions such as hydraulic jumps, sewer bores, and
undular jumps are readily identified by evaluating flow monitoring data with
respect to iso-Froude lines. The concept of the iso-Froude is presented and
developed in this paper. Practical examples from flow monitoring locations
throughout the United States are also provided, demonstrating the
scattergraph signatures of various transcritical and near-critical flow
phenomena. Flow monitors can operate well in sewers under subcritical or
supercritical conditions, but accuracy may deteriorate near the transition. Such
conditions should be avoided when possible in flow monitoring applications.
3-WEBER’S NUMBER:
The Weber number is a characteristic number used in fluid mechanics.
As a dimensionless quantity, it describes the ratio between deforming inertial
forces and stabilizing cohesive forces for liquids flowing through a fluid
medium. For example, the Weber number characterizes the atomizing quality
of a spray and the resulting droplet size when producing emulsions.
Where,
We = Weber number (dimensionless)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3, lb/ft3)
v = velocity of fluid (m/s, ft/s)
l = characteristic length (m, ft)
σ = surface tension (N/m)
Since the Weber Number represents an index of the inertial force to

the surface tension force acting on a fluid element, it can be useful analyzing
thin films flows and the formation of droplets and bubbles.
APPLICATIONS:
One application of the Weber number is the study of heat pipes.
4-EULER’S NUMBER:
The Euler Number is a dimensionless value used for analyzing fluid
flow dynamics problems where the pressure difference between two points is
important. The Euler Number can be interpreted as a measure of the ratio of
the pressure forces to the inertial forces.
The Euler Number can be expressed as
Eu = p / (ρ v2) (1)
where
Eu = Euler number
p = pressure (Pa)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
v = fluid flow velocity (m/s)
The pressure difference is often used
Eu = dp / (ρ v2) (2)
where
dp = differential pressure (Pa)
 Note! - a perfect frictionless flow corresponds to that the Euler number

equals 1
The combination below is called the pressure coefficient
pressure coefficient = dp / (1/2 ρ v2) (3)
A special version of the Euler Number is in general referred to as the Cavitation

Number.
APPLICATIONS:
Used for analyzing fluid flow dynamics problems where pressure
difference between two points is important.

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SUBMITTED TO: ENGR.NAEEM BASHIR.

Hammas Ahmad Mir/16-CE-088

To explain the variables:

R is the Reynolds number, which is unitless

3) Atmospheric air is considered to be a fluid. Hence, the Reynolds number can

4) It plays an important part in the testing of wind lift on aircraft, especially in

ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3, lb/ft3)

v = velocity of fluid (m/s, ft/s)

l = characteristic length (m, ft)

σ = surface tension (N/m)

Since the Weber Number represents an index of the inertial force to

The Euler Number can be expressed as

v = fluid flow velocity (m/s)

The pressure difference is often used

dp = differential pressure (Pa)

 Note! - a perfect frictionless flow corresponds to that the Euler number

pressure coefficient = dp / (1/2 ρ v2) (3)

A special version of the Euler Number is in general referred to as the Cavitation

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