Collection of Sangaku

TRADITIONAL JAPANESE GEOMETRY
A selection of problems
Most of these problems are taken from the following books:
H.Fukagawa and D. Pedoe, Japanese Temple Geometry Problems, The Charles

Babbage Research Centre, Winnepeg 19&9.
ISBN 0-919611-21-4.
H.Fukagawa and J. F. Rigby, Trrditiona1 Japanese Mathematics Problems of the 18th

and 19th Centuries, SOT Publishing, Singapore.
To appear.
The Sangaku in Gunma (in Japanese), Gunma Wasan Study Association 1987.
During the Edo period (l603-1867), when Japan was almost completely cut off from
the western world, a distinctive style of mathematics, called wasan, was developed.
Results and theorems were originally displayed in the form of problems, sometimes
with answers but with no solutions, inscribed on wooden boards and accompanied by
beautiful coloured figures. These boards, known as sangaku, were hung under the
eaves in shrines and temples. Later, books appeared, either handwritten or printed from
hand-carved wooden blocks, containing collections of sangaku problems with
solutions.
John Rigby,
10 February 2002
A. THE GOLDEN RATIO
1. In the figure, where the angles have the

values shown, the isosceles triangles ABC
and BCD are similar, and DAB is also
isosceles. If the length CD is 1, and the
length BC is denoted by the Greek letter τ.
show that τ2 = τ + 1, and hence find the

value of τ
This number τ is called the Golden Number,

or Golden Ratio. What is the connection
between τ and the sides and diagonals of a
regular pentagon?
Find the value of cos 36°
2. The next figure shows a regular pentagon

with sides of length k, with six congruent
right-angled triangles fanning out along the
sides of the pentagon. Find the length of the
hypotenuse of the triangles.
3. * Two congruent regular pentagons with

a side in common are inscribed in a large
circle as shown A circle of radius r touches
the large circle and the sides DE and EF of
the pentagons, and the incircle of the
triangle ABH has radius t. Show that r = 2t.
(There is no need for complicated
calculations: try to inscribe the circle of
radius r in a triangle.)
4. Find the ratios of the lengths of the sides

of the equilateral triangles in this figure.
The result is surprising: the golden ratio is
usually associated not with equilateral
triangles but with regular pentagons. (This
is not a Wasan problem; it is a result due to
George Odom.)
B.
TOUCHING CIRCLES AND TANGENT
LINES
1. Two touching circles have radii r and s,

and a common tangent touches them at X
and Y, Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the
length XY in terms of r and s.
A third circle of radius t touches the other

circles and XY as shown. Show that
1 1 1
____ = ____ = ____
√t √r √s
2. In the next figure, show that the lengths

TU and PS are equal.
(Remember that the two tangents to a circle
from an external point are equal: AB =
AC.)
3. Nine circles of radius r are packed as

shown in a circle of radius R. Express r in
terms of R.
* Show that ten circles of this same radius r
can be packed inside the same circle of
radius R by an appropriate arrangement.
4. Show that if the sides of a right-angled

triangle have integer lengths then the
inradius of the triangle is also an integer.
(Using the notation in the figure, express
the inradius r in terms of the sides x, y and
z.)
C.
TRIANGLES, SQUARES AND
RECTANGLES
1. There are four squares in the figure with

sides of lengths a, b, c, d as shown. Without
using trigonometrical formulae, show that
the two triangles in the figure have equal
areas. Show also that b2 + d2 = 2(a2 + c2 )
(you may use the cosine formula to prove
this, but see Math. Gazette 83, July 1999,
p.283).
2. * Show also that, if 2a = c, the points P,

Q and R lie on a line. (Hint. By rotating the
triangle YQP clockwise about Y through
9O°, show that PQ is parallel to the bisector
of the angle <ZXY.)
3. In the right-angled triangle ABC, H is

the foot of the perpendicular from C to AB,
and squares FHDE and GHIK are inscribed
in ∆AHC and ∆HCB.
Show that CI = CE. (Hint. why are the
points C, E, H, I concyclic?)
4. A rectangle of paper is folded so that

two opposite corners coincide. If the longer
side of the rectangle is of given fixed
length, what shape of rectangle gives the
greatest value of the area ABC ?
5. * A square CDEF is inscribed in the

right-angled triangle ABC, and the incirdes
of the two smaller right-angled triangles
have radii r and s. Find the side-length t of
the square in terns of r and s. (You will need
to use the formula for r in Problem B4.)

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TRADITIONAL JAPANESE GEOMETRY

Most of these problems are taken from the following books:

H.Fukagawa and D. Pedoe, Japanese Temple Geometry Problems, The Charles

H.Fukagawa and J. F. Rigby, Trrditiona1 Japanese Mathematics Problems of the 18th

1. In the figure, where the angles have the

show that τ2 = τ + 1, and hence find the

This number τ is called the Golden Number,

Find the value of cos 36°

2. The next figure shows a regular pentagon

3. * Two congruent regular pentagons with

4. Find the ratios of the lengths of the sides

1. Two touching circles have radii r and s,

A third circle of radius t touches the other

2. In the next figure, show that the lengths

3. Nine circles of radius r are packed as

4. Show that if the sides of a right-angled

1. There are four squares in the figure with

2. * Show also that, if 2a = c, the points P,

3. In the right-angled triangle ABC, H is

4. A rectangle of paper is folded so that

5. * A square CDEF is inscribed in the

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