Designation: E165 – 09

Standard Practice for

Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examina- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface 2. Referenced Documents
such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations,
through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
final, and maintenance testing. It can be effectively used in the D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and eral Bomb Method)
nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as non- E516 Practice for Testing Thermal Conductivity Detectors
porous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain Used in Gas Chromatography
nonporous plastics, and glass. D808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum
1.2 This practice also provides a reference: Products (Bomb Method)
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
recommended or required by individual organizations can be D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness. (High-Temperature Method)
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Chemically
procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts Suppressed Ion Chromatography
and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
inspection is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice tion
may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the tive Testing
cognizant engineering organization. E1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
concerned with liquid penetrant testing. cess
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for E1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It amination Using the Water-Washable Process
should be pointed out, however, that after indications have E1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then amination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-
evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, cess
standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, E1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
and those considered unacceptable. E1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Us-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded ing Solvent-Removable Process
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E1418 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Us-
ing the Water-Washable Process
2.2 ASNT Document: 4
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
3
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E165 - 02. DOI: 10.1520/E0165- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
09. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Recom- Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
mended Test Method SE-165 in the Code. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E165 – 09
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification the design and service requirements of the parts or materials
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi- being tested.
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 Military Standard: 6. Classification of Penetrant Materials and Methods
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica- 6.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods and types are
tion and Certification5 classified in accordance with MIL-I-25135 and AMS 2644 as
2.4 APHA Standard: listed in Table 1.
429 Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater6 6.2 Fluorescent Penetrant Testing (Type 1)—Fluorescent
2.5 AIA Standard: penetrant testing utilizes penetrants that fluoresce brilliantly
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive when excited by black light (UVA). The sensitivity of fluores-
Test Personnel7 cent penetrants depends on their ability to be retained in the
2.6 SAE Standards:8 various size discontinuities during processing, and then to
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant bleed out into the developer coating and produce indications
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products of Inspection Materi- that will fluoresce. Fluorescent indications are many times
als, Penetrant brighter than their surroundings when viewed under appropri-
ate black light illumination.
3. Terminology 6.3 Visible Penetrant Testing (Type 2)—Visible penetrant
3.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examination, testing uses a penetrant that can be seen in visible light. The
which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the terms penetrant is usually red, so that resultant indications produce a
used in this practice. definite contrast with the white background of the developer.
Visible penetrant indications must be viewed under adequate
4. Summary of Practice white light.
4.1 Liquid penetrant may consist of visible or fluorescent
material. The liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the 7. Materials
surface being examined and allowed to enter open discontinui- 7.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Materials consist of fluores-
ties. After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is cent or visible penetrants, emulsifiers (oil-base and water-
removed. A developer is applied to draw the entrapped pen- base), removers (water and solvent), and developers (dry
etrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. The test powder, aqueous and nonaqueous). A family of liquid penetrant
surface is then examined to determine the presence or absence examination materials consists of the applicable penetrant and
of indications. emulsifier, as recommended by the manufacturer. Any liquid
penetrant, remover and developer listed in QPL-25135/QPL-
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between the
AMS2644 can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Inter-
contracting parties.
NOTE 2—Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visible mixing of penetrants and emulsifiers from different manufac-
penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in accor- turers is prohibited.
dance with 10.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
NOTE 3—Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen and
quenching of fluorescent dyes.
alkali metal content.
4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface precleaning, NOTE 4—While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affect
penetrant dwell time and excess penetrant removal methods, common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen or
are dependent on the specific materials used, the nature of the stained by certain penetrants.
part under examination, (that is, size, shape, surface condition, 7.2 Penetrants:
alloy) and type of discontinuities expected. 7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are insoluble in water
and cannot be removed with water rinsing alone. They are
5. Significance and Use formulated to be selectively removed from the surface using a
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, separate emulsifier. Properly applied and given a proper
location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of emulsification time, the emulsifier combines with the excess
the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture, which can
methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical
service items, volume of parts, portability or localized areas of TABLE 1 Classification of Penetrant Examination Types and
Methods
Type I—Fluorescent Penetrant Examination
5
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Method A—Water-washable (see Test Method E1209)
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E1208)
www.dodssp.daps.mil. Method C—Solvent removable (see Test Method E1219)
6
Available from American Public Health Association, Publication Office, 1015 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method E1210)
Fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
7
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Type II—Visible Penetrant Examination
Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org. Method A—Water-washable (see Test Method E1418)
8
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Method C—Solvent removable (see Test Method E1220)
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.

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 E165 – 09
be rinsed from the surface, leaving the surface free of excessive 7.5.2 Aqueous Developers—Aqueous developers are nor-
fluorescent background. Proper emulsification time must be mally supplied as dry powder particles to be either suspended
experimentally established and maintained to ensure that (water suspendable) or dissolved (water soluble) in water. The
over-emulsification does not result in loss of indications. concentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance with
7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are formulated to be di- manufacturer’s recommendations. Water soluble developers
rectly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after a shall not be used with Type 2 penetrants or Type 1, Method A
suitable penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built- penetrants.
in,” water-washable penetrants can be washed out of disconti- NOTE 5—Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indications if not
nuities if the rinsing step is too long or too vigorous. It is properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be qualified in
therefore extremely important to exercise proper control in the accordance with 10.2.
removal of excess surface penetrant to ensure against over-
7.5.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers—Nonaqueous wet de-
washing. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashing
velopers are supplied as suspensions of developer particles in
than others, so caution should be exercised.
a nonaqueous solvent carrier ready for use as supplied.
7.2.3 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are formulated so that Nonaqueous, wet developers are sprayed on to form a thin
excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping until most coating on the surface of the part when dried. This thin coating
of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces serves as the developing medium.
should be removed with the solvent remover (see 8.6.4). To
prevent removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should NOTE 6—This type of developer is intended for application by spray
be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the only.
surface with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohib- 7.5.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
ited as the penetrant indications could easily be washed away. suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
7.3 Emulsifiers: developers will form a transparent or translucent coating on the
7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-miscible liquids used to surface of the part. Certain types of film developer may be
emulsify the post-emulsified penetrant on the surface of the stripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see
part, rendering it water-washable. The individual characteris- 8.8.4).
tics of the emulsifier and penetrant, and the geometry/surface
roughness of the part material contribute to determining the 8. Procedure
emulsification time. 8.1 The following processing parameters apply to both
7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible liquids fluorescent and visible penetrant testing methods.
used to emulsify the excess post-emulsified penetrant on the 8.2 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant
surface of the part, rendering it water-washable. These water- materials and the surface of the part to be processed shall be
base emulsifiers (detergent-type removers) are supplied as between 40° and 125°F (4° and 52°C) or the procedure must be
concentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray. qualified at the temperature used as described in 10.2.
The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance 8.3 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination
with manufacturer’s recommendations. shall be performed after the completion of all operations that
7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by displacing the could cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations
excess penetrant film from the surface of the part through that could expose discontinuities not previously open to the
detergent action. The force of the water spray or air/mechanical surface. Such operations include, but are not limited to,
agitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing action grinding, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating.
while the detergent displaces the film of penetrant from the part Satisfactory inspection results can usually be obtained on
surface. The individual characteristics of the emulsifier and surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, as-forged, or
penetrant, and the geometry and surface roughness of the part ceramics in the densified condition.
material contribute to determining the emulsification time. 8.3.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may
Emulsification concentration shall be monitored weekly using be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but
a suitable refractometer. not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat-
7.4 Solvent Removers—Solvent removers function by dis- ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring,
solving the penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surface sanding, buffing, sandblasting, or lapping. Performance of final
clean and free of excess penetrant. penetrant examination after such surface treatments necessi-
7.5 Developers—Developers form a translucent or white tates that the part(s) be etched to remove smeared metal from
absorptive coating that aids in bringing the penetrant out of the surface prior to testing unless otherwise agreed by the
surface discontinuities through blotting action, thus increasing contracting parties. Note that final penetrant examination shall
the visibility of the indications. always precede surface peening.
7.5.1 Dry Powder Developers—Dry powder developers are
NOTE 7—Sand or shot blasting can close discontinuities so extreme
used as supplied, that is, free-flowing, non-caking powder (see care should be taken to avoid masking discontinuities. Under certain
8.8.1). Care should be taken not to contaminate the developer circumstances, however, grit blasting with certain air pressures and/or
with fluorescent penetrant, as the contaminated developer mediums may be acceptable without subsequent etching when agreed by
specks can appear as penetrant indications. the contracting parties.

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 E165 – 09
NOTE 8—Surface preparation of structural or electronic ceramics for penetrant reservoirs, causing severe bleedout problems during
penetrant testing by grinding, sand blasting and etching is not recom- examination. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and
mended because of the potential for damage. suitable for local application.
8.4 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant examination
NOTE 10—With spray applications, it is important that there be proper
procedure is greatly dependent upon the surrounding surface ventilation. This is generally accomplished through the use of a properly
and discontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or designed spray booth and exhaust system.
liquid) that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts
or areas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before 8.5.1 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex-
the penetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a cess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to
weld, including the heat affected zone is to be examined, all prevent pools of penetrant from forming on the part), while
contaminants shall be removed from the area being examined allowing for proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 2). The
as defined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to length of time the penetrant must remain on the part to allow
mean that the surface must be free of rust, scale, welding flux, proper penetration should be as recommended by the penetrant
weld spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, and so forth, that manufacturer. Table 2, however, provides a guide for selection
might interfere with the penetrant process. All of these con- of penetrant dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, and
taminants can prevent the penetrant from entering discontinui- types of discontinuities. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell
ties (see Annex on Cleaning of Parts and Materials). time shall not exceed the maximum recommended by the
8.4.1 Drying after Cleaning—It is essential that the surface manufacturer.
of parts be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid 8.6 Penetrant Removal
residue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may 8.6.1 Water Washable (Method A):
be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, with 8.6.1.1 Removal of Water Washable Penetrant—After the
infrared lamps, forced hot air, or exposure to ambient tempera- required penetrant dwell time, the excess penetrant on the
ture. surface being examined must be removed with water. It can be
removed manually with a coarse spray or wiping the part
NOTE 9—Residues from cleaning processes such as strong alkalies,
pickling solutions and chromates, in particular, may adversely react with
surface with a dampened rag, automatic or semi-automatic
the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and performance. water-spray equipment, or by water immersion. For immersion
rinsing, parts are completely immersed in the water bath with
8.5 Penetrant Application—After the part has been cleaned, air or mechanical agitation.
dried, and is within the specified temperature range, the
(a) The temperature of the water shall be maintained within
penetrant is applied to the surface to be examined so that the
the range of 50° to 100°F (10° to 38°C).
entire part or area under examination is completely covered
(b) Spray-rinse water pressure shall not exceed 40 psi (275
with penetrant. Application methods include dipping, brushing,
kPa). When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, the air
flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in
pressure should not exceed 25 psi (172 kPa).
suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger
parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be NOTE 11—Overwashing should be avoided. Excessive washing can
applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional cause penetrant to be washed out of discontinuities. With fluorescent
and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying penetrant methods perform the rinsing operation under black light so that
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Not all penetrant mate- it can be determined when the surface penetrant has been adequately
removed.
rials are suitable for electrostatic spray applications, so tests
should be conducted prior to use. Electrostatic spray applica- 8.6.1.2 Removal by Wiping (Method C)—After the required
tion can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant on the penetrant dwell time, the excess penetrant is removed by
part, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of pen- wiping with a dry, clean, lint-free cloth/towel. Then use a clean
etrant entering hollow-cored passages which might serve as lint-free cloth/towel lightly moistened with water or solvent to

TABLE 2 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times

Type of Dwell TimesA (minutes)
Material Form
Discontinuity PenetrantB DeveloperC
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, castings and welds cold shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, 5 10
brass cracks (all forms)
and bronze, titanium and
high-temperature alloys
wrought materials—extrusions, laps, cracks (all forms) 10 10
forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools lack of fusion, porosity, cracks 5 10
Plastic all forms cracks 5 10
Glass all forms cracks 5 10
Ceramic all forms cracks, porosity 5 10
A
For temperature range from 50° to 125°F (10° to 52°C). For temperatures between 40° and 50°F (4.4° and 10°C), recommend a minimum dwell time of 20 minutes.
B
Maximum penetrant dwell time in accordance with 8.5.1.
C
Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts (recommended minimum). Maximum development time in accordance with
8.8.5.

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 E165 – 09
remove the remaining traces of surface penetrant as determined 8.6.3.2 Prerinsing Controls—Effective prerinsing is accom-
by examination under black light for fluorescent methods and plished by manual, semi-automated, or automated water spray
visible light for visible methods. rinsing of the part(s). The water spray pressure shall not exceed
8.6.2 Lipophilic Emulsification (Method B): 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual or hydro air spray guns are used.
8.6.2.1 Application of Lipophilic Emulsifier—After the re- When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, the air pressure
quired penetrant dwell time, the excess penetrant on the part shall not exceed 25 psi (172 kPa). Water free of contaminants
must be emulsified by immersing or flooding the parts with the that could clog spray nozzles or leave a residue on the part(s)
required emulsifier (the emulsifier combines with the excess is recommended.
surface penetrant and makes the mixture removable by water 8.6.3.3 Application of Emulsifier—The residual surface
rinsing). Lipophilic emulsifier shall not be applied by spray or penetrant on part(s) must be emulsified by immersing the
brush and the part or emulsifier shall not be agitated while part(s) in an agitated hydrophilic emulsifier bath or by spraying
being immersed. After application of the emulsifier, the parts the part(s) with water/emulsifier solutions thereby rendering
shall be drained and positioned in a manner that prevents the the remaining residual surface penetrant water-washable for
emulsifier from pooling on the part(s). the final rinse station. The emulsification time begins as soon as
8.6.2.2 Emulsification Time—The emulsification time be- the emulsifier is applied. The length of time that the emulsifier
gins as soon as the emulsifier is applied. The length of time that is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with the penetrant
the emulsifier is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed and the
the penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed surface roughness. The emulsification time should be deter-
and the surface roughness. Nominal emulsification time should mined experimentally for each specific application. The sur-
be as recommended by the manufacturer. The actual emulsifi- face finish (roughness of the part is a significant factor in
cation time must be determined experimentally for each determining the emulsification time necessary for an emulsi-
specific application. The surface finish (roughness) of the part fier. Contact emulsification time should be kept to the least
is a significant factor in the selection of and in the emulsifica- possible time consistent with an acceptable background and
tion time of an emulsifier. Contact time shall be kept to the shall not exceed two minutes.
minimum time to obtain an acceptable background and shall 8.6.3.4 Immersion—For immersion application, parts shall
not exceed three minutes. be completely immersed in the emulsifier bath. The hydro-
8.6.2.3 Post Rinsing—Effective post rinsing of the emulsi- philic emulsifier concentration shall be as recommended by the
fied penetrant from the surface can be accomplished using manufacturer and the bath or part shall be gently agitated by air
either manual, semi-automated, or automated water immersion or mechanically throughout the cycle. The minimum time to
or spray equipment or combinations thereof. obtain an acceptable background shall be used, but the dwell
8.6.2.4 Immersion—For immersion post rinsing, parts are time shall not be more than two minutes unless approved by the
completely immersed in the water bath with air or mechanical contracting parties.
agitation. The amount of time the part is in the bath should be 8.6.3.5 Spray Application—For spray applications, all part
the minimum required to remove the emulsified penetrant. In surfaces should be evenly and uniformly sprayed with a
addition, the temperature range of the water should be 50 to water/emulsifier solution to effectively emulsify the residual
100°F (10 to 38°C). Any necessary touch-up rinse after an penetrant on part surfaces to render it water-washable. The
immersion rinse shall meet the requirements of 8.6.2.5. concentration of the emulsifier for spray application should be
8.6.2.5 Spray Post Rinsing—Effective post rinsing follow- in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, but it
ing emulsification can also be accomplished by either manual shall not exceed 5 %. The water spray pressure should be less
or automatic water spray rinsing. The water temperature shall than 40 psi (275 kpa). Contact with the emulsifier shall be kept
be between 50 and 100°F (10 and 38°C). The water spray to the minimum time to obtain an acceptable background and
pressure shall not exceed 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual spray shall not exceed two minutes. The water temperature shall be
guns are used. When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, maintained between 50 and 100°F (10 and 38°C).
the air pressure should not exceed 25 psi (172 kPa). 8.6.3.6 Post-Rinsing of Hydrophilic Emulsified
8.6.2.6 Rinse Effectiveness—If the emulsification and final Penetrants—Effective post-rinsing of emulsified penetrant
rinse step is not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual from the surface can be accomplished using either manual or
surface penetrant after emulsification and rinsing; thoroughly automated water spray, water immersion, or combinations
reclean and completely reprocess the part. thereof. The total rinse time shall not exceed two minutes
8.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsification (Method D): regardless of the number of rinse methods used.
8.6.3.1 Application of Hydrophilic Remover—Following 8.6.3.7 Immersion Post-Rinsing—If an agitated immersion
the required penetrant dwell time, the parts may be prerinsed rinse is used, the amount of time the part(s) is (are) in the bath
with water prior to the application of hydrophilic emulsifier. shall be the minimum required to remove the emulsified
This prerinse allows for the removal of excess surface pen- penetrant and shall not exceed two minutes. In addition, the
etrant from the parts prior to emulsification so as to minimize temperature range of the water shall be within 50 and 100°F
penetrant contamination in the hydrophilic emulsifier bath, (10 and 38°C). Be aware that a touch-up rinse may be
thereby extending its life. It is not necessary to prerinse a part necessary after immersion rinse, but the total wash time still
if a spray application of emulsifier is used. shall not exceed two minutes.

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 E165 – 09
8.6.3.8 Spray Post-Rinsing—Effective post-rinsing follow- 8.8.2 Aqueous Developers (Forms B and C)—Water soluble
ing emulsification can also be accomplished by manual, developers (Form B) are prohibited for use with Type 2
semi-automatic, or automatic water spray. The water spray penetrants or Type 1, Method A penetrants. Water suspendable
pressure shall not exceed 40 psi (275 kPa) when manual or developers (Form C) can be used with both Type 1 and Type 2
hydro air spray guns are used. When hydro-air pressure spray penetrants. Aqueous developers shall be applied to the part
guns are used, the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi (172 immediately after the excess penetrant has been removed and
kPa). The water temperature shall be between 50 and 100°F prior to drying. Aqueous developers shall be prepared and
(10 and 38°C). The spray rinse time shall be less than two maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
minutes, unless otherwise specified. and applied in such a manner as to ensure complete, even, part
8.6.3.9 Rinse Effectiveness—If the emulsification and final coverage. Aqueous developers may be applied by spraying,
rinse steps are not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual flowing, or immersing the part in a prepared developer bath.
surface penetrant after emulsification and rinsing, thoroughly Immerse the parts only long enough to coat all of the part
reclean, and completely reprocess the part. surfaces with the developer since indications may leach out if
8.6.4 Removal of Solvent-Removable Penetrant (Method the parts are left in the bath too long. After the parts are
C)—After the required penetrant dwell time, the excess pen- removed from the developer bath, allow the parts to drain.
etrant is removed by wiping with a dry, clean, lint-free Drain all excess developer from recesses and trapped sections
cloth/towel. Then use a clean, lint-free cloth/towel lightly to eliminate pooling of developer, which can obscure discon-
moistened with solvent remover to remove the remaining tinuities. Dry the parts in accordance with 8.7. The dried
traces of surface penetrant. Gentle wiping must be used to developer coating appears as a translucent or white coating on
avoid removing penetrant from any discontinuity. On smooth the part.
surfaces, an alternate method of removal can be done by 8.8.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers (Forms D and E)—After
wiping with a clean, dry cloth. Flushing the surface with the excess penetrant has been removed and the surface has
solvent following the application of the penetrant and prior to been dried, apply nonaqueous wet developer by spraying in
developing is prohibited. such a manner as to ensure complete part coverage with a thin,
8.7 Drying—Regardless of the type and method of pen- even film of developer. The developer shall be applied in a
etrant used, drying the surface of the part(s) is necessary prior manner appropriate to the type of penetrant being used. For
to applying dry or nonaqueous developers or following the visible dye, the developer must be applied thickly enough to
application of the aqueous developer. Drying time will vary provide a contrasting background. For fluorescent dye, the
with the type of drying used and the size, nature, geometry, and developer must be applied thinly to produce a translucent
number of parts being processed. covering. Dipping or flooding parts with nonaqueous develop-
8.7.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at ers is prohibited, because the solvent action of these types of
room temperature or in a drying oven. Room temperature developers can flush or dissolve the penetrant from within the
drying can be aided by the use of fans. Oven temperatures shall discontinuities.
not exceed 160°F (71°C). Drying time shall only be that
NOTE 12—The vapors from the volatile solvent carrier in the developer
necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be may be hazardous. Proper ventilation should be provided at all times, but
removed from the oven after drying. Components should not especially when the developer is applied inside a closed area.
be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled aqueous
solutions/suspensions. 8.8.4 Liquid Film Developers—Apply by spraying as rec-
8.8 Developer Application—There are various modes of ommended by the manufacturer. Spray parts in such a manner
effective application of the various types of developers such as as to ensure complete part coverage of the area being examined
dusting, immersing, flooding or spraying. The developer form, with a thin, even film of developer.
the part size, configuration, and surface roughness will influ- 8.8.5 Developing Time—The length of time the developer is
ence the choice of developer application. to remain on the part prior to inspection shall be not less than
8.8.1 Dry Powder Developer (Form A)—Dry powder de- ten minutes. Developing time begins immediately after the
velopers shall be applied after the part is dry in such a manner application of dry powder developer or as soon as the wet
as to ensure complete coverage of the area of interest. Parts can (aqueous or nonaqueous) developer coating is dry (that is, the
be immersed in a container of dry developer or in a fluid bed water or solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness). The
of dry developer. They can also be dusted with the powder maximum permitted developing times shall be four hours for
developer through a hand powder bulb or a conventional or dry powder developer (Form A), two hours for aqueous
electrostatic powder gun. It is common and effective to apply developer (Forms B and C), and one hour for nonaqueous
dry powder in an enclosed dust chamber, which creates an developer (Forms D and E).
effective and controlled dust cloud. Other means suited to the 8.9 Inspection—After the applicable development time, per-
size and geometry of the specimen may be used, provided the form inspection of the parts under visible or ultraviolet light as
powder is applied evenly over the entire surface being exam- appropriate. It may be helpful to observe the bleed out during
ined. Excess developer powder may be removed by shaking or the development time as an aid in interpreting indications.
tapping the part, or by blowing with low-pressure dry, clean, 8.9.1 Ultraviolet Light Examination—Examine parts tested
compressed air not exceeding 5 psi (34 kPa). Dry developers with Type 1 fluorescent penetrant under black light in a
shall not be used with Type II penetrant. darkened area. Ambient light shall not exceed 2 fc (21.5 lx).

6
 E165 – 09
The measurement shall be made with a suitable visible light wash, solvent soak, or ultrasonic cleaning may be employed
sensor at the inspection surface. (see Annex A1 for further information on post cleaning). It is
NOTE 13—Because the fluorescent constituents in the penetrant will
recommended that if developer removal is necessary, it should
eventually fade with direct exposure to ultraviolet lights, direct exposure be carried out as promptly as possible after examination so that
of the part under test to ultraviolet light should be minimized when not the developer does not adhere to the part.
removing excess penetrant or evaluating indications.
9. Special Requirements
8.9.1.1 Black Light Level Control—Black lights shall pro- 9.1 Impurities:
vide a minimum light intensity of 1000 µW/cm2, at a distance 9.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless
of 15 in. (38.1 cm). The intensity shall be checked daily to steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-temperature alloys,
ensure the required output. Reflectors and filters shall also be the need to restrict certain impurities such as sulfur, halogens
checked daily for cleanliness and integrity. Cracked or broken and alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may
ultraviolet filters shall be replaced immediately. Since a drop in cause embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated
line voltage can cause decreased black light output with temperatures. Any such evaluation shall also include consider-
consequent inconsistent performance, a constant-voltage trans- ation of the form in which the impurities are present. Some
former should be used when there is evidence of voltage penetrant materials contain significant amounts of these impu-
fluctuation. rities in the form of volatile organic solvents that normally
NOTE 14—Certain high-intensity black lights may emit unacceptable evaporate quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other
amounts of visible light, which can cause fluorescent indications to materials may contain impurities, which are not volatile and
disappear. Care should be taken to only use bulbs suitable for fluorescent may react with the part, particularly in the presence of moisture
penetrant testing purposes. or elevated temperatures.
8.9.1.2 Black Light Warm-Up—Unless otherwise specified 9.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the surface quickly
by the manufacturer, allow the black light to warm up for a without reaction under normal examination procedures, pen-
minimum of five minutes prior to use or measurement of its etrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation
intensity. procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are
8.9.1.3 Visual Adaptation—Personnel examining parts after analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is
penetrant processing shall be in the darkened area for at least then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D1552 or Test
one minute before examining parts. Longer times may be Method D129 decomposition followed by Test Method E516,
necessary under some circumstances. Photochromic or tinted Method B (Turbidimetric Method) for sulfur. The residue may
lenses shall not be worn during the processing and examination also be analyzed by Test Method D808 or Annex A2 on
of parts. Methods for Measuring Total Chlorine Content in Combustible
8.9.2 Visible Light Examination—Inspect parts tested with Liquid Penetrant Materials (for halogens other than fluorine)
Type 2 visible penetrant under either natural or artificial visible and Annex A3 on Method for Measuring Total Fluorine
light. Proper illumination is required to ensure adequate Content in Combustible Liquid Penetration Materials (for
sensitivity of the examination. A minimum light intensity at the fluorine). An alternative procedure, Annex A4 on Determina-
examination surface of 100 fc (1076 lx) is required. tion of Anions by Ion Chromatography, provides a single
8.9.3 Housekeeping—Keep the examination area free of instrumental technique for rapid sequential measurement of
interfering debris, including fluorescent residues and objects. common anions such as chloride, fluoride, and sulfate. Alkali
8.9.4 Indication Verification—For Type 1 inspections only, metals in the residue are determined by flame photometry,
it is common practice to verify indications by wiping the atomic absorption spectrophotometry, or ion chromatography
indication with a solvent-dampened swab or brush, allowing (see ASTM D4327).
the area to dry, and redeveloping the area. Redevelopment time NOTE 15—Some current standards require impurity levels of sulfur and
shall be a minimum of ten minutes, except nonaqueous halogens to not exceed 1 % of any one suspect element. This level,
redevelopment time should be a minimum of three minutes. If however, may be unacceptable for some applications, so the actual
the indication does not reappear, the original indication may be maximum acceptable impurity level must be decided between supplier and
considered false. This procedure may be performed up to two user on a case by case basis.
times for any given original indication. 9.2 Elevated-Temperature Testing—Where penetrant testing
8.9.5 Evaluation—All indications found during inspection is performed on parts that must be maintained at elevated
shall be evaluated in accordance with acceptance criteria as temperature during examination, special penetrant materials
specified. Reference Photographs of indications are noted in and processing techniques may be required. Such examination
E433). requires qualification in accordance with 10.2 and the manu-
8.10 Post Cleaning—Post cleaning is necessary when re- facturer’s recommendations shall be observed.
sidual penetrant or developer could interfere with subsequent
processing or with service requirements. It is particularly 10. Qualification and Requalification
important where residual penetrant testing materials might 10.1 Personnel Qualification—When required by the cus-
combine with other factors in service to produce corrosion and tomer, all penetrant testing personnel shall be qualified/
prior to vapor degreasing or heat treating the part as these certified in accordance with a written procedure conforming to
processes can bake the developer onto the part. A suitable the applicable edition of recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A,
technique, such as a simple water rinse, water spray, machine ANSI/ASNT CP-189, NAS-410, or MIL-STD-410.

7
 E165 – 09
10.2 Procedure Qualification—Qualification of procedures used to perform the examination, the agency should meet the
using times, conditions, or materials differing from those requirements of Practice E543.
specified in this general practice or for new materials may be 10.4 Requalification may be required when a change or
performed by any of several methods and should be agreed substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials or in the
upon by the contracting parties. A test piece containing one or procedure (see 10.2).
more discontinuities of the smallest relevant size is generally
used. When agreed upon by the contracting parties, the test 11. Keywords
piece may contain real or simulated discontinuities, providing
it displays the characteristics of the discontinuities encountered 11.1 fluorescent liquid penetrant testing; hydrophilic emul-
in product examination. sification; lipophilic emulsification; liquid penetrant testing;
10.2.1 Requalification of the procedure to be used may be nondestructive testing; solvent removable; visible liquid pen-
required when a change is made to the procedure or when etrant testing; water-washable; post-emulsified; black light;
material substitution is made. ultraviolet light; visible light
10.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification—If a
nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E543 is

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CLEANING OF PARTS AND MATERIALS

A1.1 Choice of Cleaning Method may not remove resinous soils (plastic coatings, varnish, paint,
A1.1.1 The choice of a suitable cleaning method is based on etc.). Because of the short contact time, degreasing may not
such factors as: (1) type of contaminant to be removed since no completely clean out deep discontinuities and a subsequent
one method removes all contaminants equally well; (2) effect solvent soak is recommended.
of the cleaning method on the parts; (3) practicality of the A1.1.1.4 Alkaline Cleaning:
cleaning method for the part (for example, a large part cannot (a) Alkaline cleaners are nonflammable water solutions
be put into a small degreaser or ultrasonic cleaner); and (4) containing specially selected detergents for wetting, penetrat-
specific cleaning requirements of the purchaser. The following ing, emulsifying, and saponifying various types of soils. Hot
cleaning methods are recommended: alkaline solutions are also used for rust removal and descaling
A1.1.1.1 Detergent Cleaning—Detergent cleaners are non- to remove oxide scale which can mask surface discontinuities.
flammable water-soluble compounds containing specially se- Alkaline cleaner compounds must be used in accordance with
lected surfactants for wetting, penetrating, emulsifying, and the manufacturers’ recommendations. Parts cleaned by the
saponifying various types of soils, such as grease and oily alkaline cleaning process must be rinsed completely free of
films, cutting and machining fluids, and unpigmented drawing cleaner and thoroughly dried prior to the penetrant testing
compounds, etc. Detergent cleaners may be alkaline, neutral, or process (part temperature at the time of penetrant application
acidic in nature, but must be noncorrosive to the item being shall not exceed 125°F (52°C).
inspected. The cleaning properties of detergent solutions facili- (b) Steam cleaning is a modification of the hot-tank
tate complete removal of soils and contamination from the alkaline cleaning method, which can be used for preparation of
surface and void areas, thus preparing them to absorb the large, unwieldy parts. It will remove inorganic soils and many
penetrant. Cleaning time should be as recommended by the organic soils from the surface of parts, but may not reach to the
manufacturer of the cleaning compound. bottom of deep discontinuities, and a subsequent solvent soak
A1.1.1.2 Solvent Cleaning—There are a variety of solvent is recommended.
cleaners that can be effectively utilized to dissolve such soils as A1.1.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning—This method adds ultra-
grease and oily films, waxes and sealants, paints, and in sonic agitation to solvent or detergent cleaning to improve
general, organic matter. These solvents should be residue-free, cleaning efficiency and decrease cleaning time. It should be
especially when used as a hand-wipe solvent or as a dip-tank used with water and detergent if the soil to be removed is
degreasing solvent. Solvent cleaners are not recommended for inorganic (rust, dirt, salts, corrosion products, etc.), and with
the removal of rust and scale, welding flux and spatter, and in organic solvent if the soil to be removed is organic (grease and
general, inorganic soils. Some cleaning solvents are flammable oily films, etc.). After ultrasonic cleaning, parts must be rinsed
and can be toxic. Observe all manufacturers’ instructions and completely free of cleaner, thoroughly dried, and cooled to at
precautionary notes. least 125°F (52°C), before application of penetrant.
A1.1.1.3 Vapor Degreasing—Vapor degreasing is a pre- A1.1.1.6 Paint Removal—Paint films can be effectively
ferred method of removing oil or grease-type soils from the removed by bond release solvent paint remover or
surface of parts and from open discontinuities. It will not disintegrating-type hot-tank alkaline paint strippers. In most
remove inorganic-type soils (dirt, corrosion, salts, etc.), and cases, the paint film must be completely removed to expose the

8
 E165 – 09
surface of the metal. Solvent-type paint removers can be of the NOTE A1.1—Etched parts and materials should be rinsed completely
high-viscosity thickened type for spray or brush application or free of etchants, the surface neutralized and thoroughly dried by heat prior
can be of low viscosity two-layer type for dip-tank application. to application of penetrants. Acids and chromates can adversely affect the
fluorescence of fluorescent materials.
Both types of solvent paint removers are generally used at
ambient temperatures, as received. Hot-tank alkaline strippers NOTE A1.2—Whenever there is a possibility of hydrogen embrittlement
as a result of acid solution/etching, the part should be baked at a suitable
should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
temperature for an appropriate time to remove the hydrogen before further
tions. After paint removal, the parts must be thoroughly rinsed processing. After baking, the part shall be cooled to a temperature below
to remove all contamination from the void openings, thor- 125°F (52°C) before applying penetrants.
oughly dried, and cooled to at least 125°F (52°C) before
application of penetrant. A1.1.1.9 Air Firing of Ceramics—Heating of a ceramic part
A1.1.1.7 Mechanical Cleaning and Surface Conditioning— in a clean, oxidizing atmosphere is an effective way of
Metal-removing processes such as filing, buffing, scraping, removing moisture or light organic soil or both. The maximum
mechanical milling, drilling, reaming, grinding, liquid honing, temperature that will not cause degradation of the properties of
sanding, lathe cutting, tumble or vibratory deburring, and the ceramic should be used.
abrasive blasting, including abrasives such as glass beads,
sand, aluminum oxide, ligno-cellulose pellets, metallic shot, A1.2 Post Cleaning
etc., are often used to remove such soils as carbon, rust and
A1.2.1 Removal of Developer—Dry powder developer can
scale, and foundry adhering sands, as well as to deburr or
be effectively removed with an air blow-off (free of oil) or it
produce a desired cosmetic effect on the part. These processes
can be removed with water rinsing. Wet developer coatings can
may decrease the effectiveness of the penetrant testing by
smearing or peening over metal surfaces and filling disconti- be removed effectively by water rinsing or water rinsing with
nuities open to the surface, especially for soft metals such as detergent either by hand or with a mechanical assist (scrub
aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and beryllium alloy. brushing, machine washing, etc.). The soluble developer coat-
A1.1.1.8 Acid Etching—Inhibited acid solutions (pickling ings simply dissolve off of the part with a water rinse.
solutions) are routinely used for descaling part surfaces. A1.2.2 Residual penetrant may be removed through solvent
Descaling is necessary to remove oxide scale, which can mask action. Solvent soaking (15 min minimum), and ultrasonic
surface discontinuities and prevent penetrant from entering. solvent cleaning (3 min minimum) techniques are recom-
Acid solutions/etchants are also used routinely to remove mended. In some cases, it is desirable to vapor degrease, then
smeared metal that peens over surface discontinuities. Such follow with a solvent soak. The actual time required in the
etchants should be used in accordance with the manufacturers’ vapor degreaser and solvent soak will depend on the nature of
recommendations. the part and should be determined experimentally.

A2. METHODS FOR MEASURING TOTAL CHLORINE CONTENT IN COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID

PENETRANT MATERIALS

A2.1 Scope and Application A2.2.1.1 Safety—Strict adherence to all of the provisions
prescribed hereinafter ensures against explosive rupture of the
A2.1.1 These methods cover the determination of chlorine
bomb, or a blow-out, provided the bomb is of proper design
in combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid or solid. Its
and construction and in good mechanical condition. It is
range of applicability is 0.001 to 5 % using either of the
desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of
alternative titrimetric procedures. The procedures assume that steel plate at least 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent
bromine or iodine will not be present. If these elements are protection be provided against unforeseeable contingencies.
present, they will be detected and reported as chlorine. The full
amount of these elements will not be reported. Chromate A2.3 Apparatus
interferes with the procedures, causing low or nonexistent end
points. The method is applicable only to materials that are A2.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than 300 mL, so
totally combustible. constructed that it will not leak during the test, and that
quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be
readily achieved. The inner surface of the bomb may be made
A2.2 Summary of Methods
of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected
A2.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in a bomb by the combustion process or products. Materials used in the
containing oxygen under pressure (see A2.2.1.1). The chlorine bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire insula-
compounds thus liberated are absorbed in a sodium carbonate tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not
solution and the amount of chloride present is determined undergo any reaction that will affect the chlorine content of the
titrimetrically either against silver nitrate with the end point liquid in the bomb.
detected potentiometrically (Method A) or coulometrically A2.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at
with the end point detected by current flow increase (Method the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at the top, 12 mm in
B). height outside and weighing 10 to 11 g, opaque fused silica,

9
 E165 – 09
wide-form with an outside diameter of 29 mm at the top, a content is 2.5 % or above. If the sample is solid, not more than
height of 19 mm, and a 5-mL capacity (Note 1), or nickel 0.2 g should be used. Use 0.8 g of white oil with solid samples.
(Kawin capsule form), top diameter of 28 mm, 15 mm in If white oil will be used (Note A2.4), add it to the sample cup
height, and 5-mL capacity. by means of a dropper at this time (see Note A2.5 and Note
NOTE A2.1—Fused silica crucibles are much more economical and
A2.6).
longer-lasting than platinum. After each use, they should be scrubbed out NOTE A2.3—After repeated use of the bomb for chlorine determination,
with fine, wet emery cloth, heated to dull red heat over a burner, soaked a film may be noticed on the inner surface. This dullness should be
in hot water for 1 h, then dried and stored in a desiccator before reuse. removed by periodic polishing of the bomb. A satisfactory method for
A2.3.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No. 26 B & S doing this is to rotate the bomb in a lathe at about 300 rpm and polish the
inside surface with Grit No. 2/0 or equivalent paper coated with a light
gage.
machine oil to prevent cutting, and then with a paste of grit-free chromic
A2.3.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A2.2), capable of supplying oxide and water. This procedure will remove all but very deep pits and put
sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread or cotton wicking a high polish on the surface. Before using the bomb, it should be washed
without melting the wire. with soap and water to remove oil or paste left from the polishing
operation. Bombs with porous or pitted surfaces should never be used
NOTE A2.2—The switch in the ignition circuit should be of a type that because of the tendency to retain chlorine from sample to sample. It is
remains open, except when held in closed position by the operator. recommended to not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or
A2.3.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, white. other chlorine-free combustible material.
NOTE A2.4—If the sample is not readily miscible with white oil, some
A2.4 Purity of Reagents other nonvolatile, chlorine-free combustible diluent may be employed in
place of white oil. However, the combined weight of sample and
A2.4.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
nonvolatile diluent shall not exceed 1 g. Some solid additives are
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall relatively insoluble, but may be satisfactorily burned when covered with
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical a layer of white oil.
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such NOTE A2.5—The practice of running alternately samples high and low
specifications are available.9 Other grades may be used pro- in chlorine content should be avoided whenever possible. It is difficult to
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently rinse the last traces of chlorine from the walls of the bomb and the
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of tendency for residual chlorine to carry over from sample to sample has
the determination. been observed in a number of laboratories. When a sample high in
chlorine has preceded one low in chlorine content, the test on the
A2.4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall low-chlorine sample should be repeated and one or both of the low values
be understood to mean referee grade reagent water conforming thus obtained should be considered suspect if they do not agree within the
to Specification D1193. limits of repeatability of this method.

A2.5 Decomposition A2.5.2.2 Addition of Oxygen—Place the sample cup in

position and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp of cotton so that
A2.5.1 Reagents and Materials:
the end dips into the sample. Assemble the bomb and tighten
A2.5.1.1 Oxygen, free of combustible material and halogen
the cover securely. Admit oxygen (see Note A2.6) slowly (to
compounds, available at a pressure of 40 atm (4.05 MPa).
avoid blowing the sample from the cup) until a pressure is
A2.5.1.2 Sodium Carbonate Solution (50 g Na2CO3/L)—
reached as indicated in Table A2.1.
Dissolve 50 g of anhydrous Na2CO3 or 58.5 g of Na2CO3· 2O)
or 135 g of Na2CO3·10H2O in water and dilute to 1 L. NOTE A2.6—It is recommended to not add oxygen or ignite the sample
A2.5.1.3 White Oil, refined. if the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted.
A2.5.2 Procedure: A2.5.2.3 Combustion—Immerse the bomb in a cold-water
A2.5.2.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample—Cut a piece of bath. Connect the terminals to the open electrical circuit. Close
firing wire approximately 100 mm in length. Coil the middle the circuit to ignite the sample. Remove the bomb from the
section (about 20 mm) and attach the free ends to the terminals. bath after immersion for at least ten minutes. Release the
Arrange the coil so that it will be above and to one side of the pressure at a slow, uniform rate such that the operation requires
sample cup. Place 5 mL of Na2CO3 solution in the bomb (Note not less than 1 min. Open the bomb and examine the contents.
A2.3), place the cover on the bomb and vigorously shake for 15 If traces of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found, discard
s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb. Open the determination, and thoroughly clean the bomb before again
the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in the terminal putting it in use (Note A2.3).
holder, and insert a short length of thread between the firing
wire and the sample. Use of a sample weight containing over
20 mg of chlorine may cause corrosion of the bomb. The TABLE A2.1 Gauge Pressures
sample weight should not exceed 0.4 g if the expected chlorine Gauge Pressure, atm (MPa)
Capacity of Bomb,
mL minA max
9
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American 300 to 350 38 (3.85) 40 (4.05)
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not 350 to 400 35 (3.55) 37 (3.75)
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory 400 to 450 30 (3.04) 32 (3.24)
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia 450 to 500 27 (2.74) 29 (2.94)
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen for com-
MD. plete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety requirement.

10
 E165 – 09
A2.6 Analysis, Method A, Potentiometric Titration making the end point very difficult to detect. For chlorine contents over
Procedure 1 % in samples of 0.8 g or larger, 0.282 N AgNO3 solution will be required
to avoid exceeding the 10-mL water dilution limit.
A2.6.1 Apparatus:
A2.6.1.1 Silver Billet Electrode. A2.6.5 Blank—Make blank determinations with the amount
A2.6.1.2 Glass Electrode, pH measurement type. of white oil used but omitting the sample. (Liquid samples
A2.6.1.3 Buret, 25-mL capacity, 0.05-mL graduations. normally require only 0.15 to 0.25 g of white oil while solids
A2.6.1.4 Millivolt Meter, or expanded scale pH meter ca- require 0.7 to 0.8 g.) Follow normal procedure, making two or
pable of measuring 0 to 220 mV. three test runs to be sure the results are within the limits of
repeatability for the test. Repeat this blank procedure whenever
NOTE A2.7—An automatic titrator is highly recommended in place of new batches of reagents or white oil are used. The purpose of
items A2.6.1.3 and A2.6.1.4. Repeatability and sensitivity of the method the blank run is to measure the chlorine in the white oil, the
are much enhanced by the automatic equipment while much tedious effort
reagents, and that introduced by contamination.
is avoided.
A2.6.6 Standardization—Silver nitrate solutions are not
A2.6.2 Reagents and Materials: permanently stable, so the true activity should be checked
A2.6.2.1 Acetone, chlorine-free. when the solution is first made up and then periodically during
A2.6.2.2 Methanol, chlorine-free. the life of the solution. This is done by titration of a known
A2.6.2.3 Silver Nitrate Solution (0.0282 N)—Dissolve NaCl solution as follows: Prepare a mixture of the amounts of
4.7910 6 0.0005 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in water and the chemicals (Na2CO3 solution, H2SO4 solution, acetone, and
dilute to 1 L. methanol) specified for the test. Pipet in 5.0 mL of 0.0282-N
A2.6.2.4 Sodium Chloride Solution (0.0282 N)—Dry a few NaCl solution and titrate to the end point. Prepare and titrate a
grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) for 2 h at 130 to 150°C, similar mixture of all the chemicals except the NaCl solution,
weigh out 1.6480 6 0.0005 g of the dried NaCl, dissolve in thus obtaining a reagent blank reading. Calculate the normality
water, and dilute to 1 L. of the AgNO3 solution as follows:
A2.6.2.5 Sulfuric Acid (1 + 2)—Mix 1 volume of concen- 5.0 3 NNaCl
trated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp. gr 1.84) with 2 volumes of NAgNO3 5 V 2 V (A2.1)
A B
water.
A2.6.3 Collection of Chlorine Solution—Remove the where:
sample cup with clean forceps and place in a 400-mL beaker. NAgNO3 = normality of the AgNO3 solution,
Wash down the walls of the bomb shell with a fine stream of NNaCl = normality of the NaCl solution,
methanol from a wash bottle, and pour the washings into the VA = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the
beaker. Rinse any residue into the beaker. Next, rinse the bomb titration including the NaCl solution, and
cover and terminals into the beaker. Finally, rinse both inside VB = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the
and outside of the sample crucible into the beaker. Washings titration of the reagents only.
should equal but not exceed 100 mL. Add methanol to make A2.6.7 Calculation—Calculate the chlorine content of the
100 mL. sample as follows:
A2.6.4 Determination of Chlorine—Add 5 mL of H2SO4 ~VS 2 VB! 3 N 3 3.545
Chlorine, weight % 5 W (A2.2)
(1:2) to acidify the solution (solution should be acid to litmus
and clear of white Na2CO3 precipitate). Add 100 mL of
where:
acetone. Place the electrodes in the solution, start the stirrer (if VS = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the sample,
mechanical stirrer is to be used), and begin titration. If titration VB = millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the blank,
is manual, set the pH meter on the expanded millivolt scale and N = normality of the AgNO3 solution, and
note the reading. Add exactly 0.1 mL of AgNO3 solution from W = grams of sample used.
the buret. Allow a few seconds stirring; then record the new A2.6.8 Precision and Accuracy:
millivolt reading. Subtract the second reading from the first. A2.6.8.1 The following criteria should be used for judging
Continue the titration, noting each amount of AgNO3 solution the acceptability of results:
and the amount of difference between the present reading and A2.6.8.1.1 Repeatability—Results by the same analyst
the last reading. Continue adding 0.1-mL increments, making should not be considered suspect unless they differ by more
readings and determining differences between readings until a than 0.006 % or 10.5 % of the value determined, whichever is
maximum difference between readings is obtained. The total higher.
amount of AgNO3 solution required to produce this maximum A2.6.8.1.2 Reproducibility—Results by different laborato-
differential is the end point. Automatic titrators continuously ries should not be considered suspect unless they differ by
stir the sample, add titrant, measure the potential difference, more than 0.013 % or 21.3 % of the value detected, whichever
calculate the differential, and plot the differential on a chart. is higher.
The maximum differential is taken as the end point. A2.6.8.1.3 Accuracy—The average recovery of the method
NOTE A2.8—For maximum sensitivity, 0.00282 N AgNO3 solution may is 86 % to 89 % of the actual amount present.
be used with the automatic titrator. This dilute reagent should not be used
A2.7 Analysis, Method B, Coulometric Titration
with large samples or where chlorine content may be over 0.1 % since
these tests will cause end points of 10 mL or higher. The large amount of A2.7.1 Apparatus:
water used in such titrations reduces the differential between readings, A2.7.1.1 Coulometric Chloride Titrator.

11
 E165 – 09
A2.7.1.2 Beakers, two, 100-mL, or glazed crucibles (pref- A2.7.4.2 Remove the sample crucible from the cover as-
erably with 11⁄2 in.-outside diameter bottom). sembly support ring using a clean forceps, and, using a wash
A2.7.1.3 Refrigerator. bottle, rinse both the inside and the outside with water into the
A2.7.2 Reagents: 100-mL beaker.
A2.7.2.1 Acetic Acid, Glacial. A2.7.4.3 Empty the bomb shell into the 100-mL beaker.
A2.7.2.2 Dry Gelatin Mixture. 10 Wash down the sides of the bomb shell with water, using a
A2.7.2.3 Nitric Acid. wash bottle.
A2.7.2.4 Sodium Chloride Solution—100 meq C/1. Dry a A2.7.4.4 Remove the cover assembly from the cover assem-
quantity of NaCl for 2 h at 130 to 150°C. Weigh out 5.8440 6 bly support, and, using the wash bottle, rinse the under side, the
0.0005 g of dried NaCl in a closed container, dissolve in water, platinum wire, and the terminals into the same 100-mL beaker.
and dilute to 1 L. The total amount of washings should be 50 6 1 g.
A2.7.3 Reagent Preparation: A2.7.4.5 Add specified amounts of gelatin mixture and
NOTE A2.9—The normal reagent preparation process has been slightly acetic acid-nitric acid mixture, or gelatin mix-acetic acid-nitric
changed, due to the interference from the 50 mL of water required to wash acid mixture, if this was premixed, into the 100-mL beaker that
the bomb. This modified process eliminates the interference and does not contains the 50 g of washings including the decomposed
alter the quality of the titration. sample.
A2.7.3.1 Gelatin Solution—A typical preparation is: Add A2.7.4.6 Titrate using a coulometric titrimeter, according to
approximately 1 L of hot distilled or deionized water to the 6.2 operating manual procedure.
g of dry gelatin mixture contained in one vial supplied by the A2.7.5 Calculations—Calculate the chloride ion concentra-
equipment manufacturer. Gently heat with continuous mixing tion in the sample as follows:
until the gelatin is completely dissolved. ~P 2 B! 3 M
A2.7.3.2 Divide into aliquots each sufficient for one day’s Chlorine, weight % 5 W (A2.3)
analyses. (Thirty millilitres is enough for approximately eleven
titrations.) Keep the remainder in a refrigerator, but do not where:
freeze. The solution will keep for about six months in the P = counter reading obtained with the sample,
refrigerator. When ready to use, immerse the day’s aliquot in B = average counter reading obtained with average of the
hot water to liquefy the gelatin. three blank readings,
M = standardization constant. This is dependent on the
A2.7.3.3 Glacial Acetic Acid-Nitric Acid Solution—A typi-
instrument range setting in use and the reading ob-
cal ratio is 12.5 to 1 (12.5 parts CH3COOH to 1 part HNO3).
tained with a known amount of the 100 meq of Cl per
A2.7.3.4 Mix enough gelatin solution and of acetic acid-
litre of solution, and
nitric acid mixture for one titration. (A typical mixture is 2.5
W = weight of sample used, g.
mL of gelatin solution and 5.4 mL of acetic-nitric acid
A2.7.6 Precision and Accuracy:
mixture.)
A2.7.6.1 Duplicate results by the same operator can be
NOTE A2.10—The solution may be premixed in a larger quantity for expected to exhibit the following relative standard deviations:
convenience, but may not be useable after 24 h.
Approximate % Chlorine RSD, %
A2.7.3.5 Run at least three blank values and take an average
1.0 and above 0.10
according to the operating manual of the titrator. Determine 0.1 2.5
separate blanks for both five drops of mineral oil and 20 drops 0.003 5.9
of mineral oil.
A2.7.6.2 The method can be expected to report values that
A2.7.4 Titration:
vary from the true value by the following amounts:
A2.7.4.1 Weigh to the nearest 0.1 g and record the weight of
0.1 % chlorine and above 62%
the 100-mL beaker. 0.001 to 0.01 % chlorine 69%.

10 A2.7.6.3 If bromine is present, 36.5 % of the true amount

May be purchased from the equipment supplier. A typical mixture consists of
6 g of gelatin powder, 0.1 g of thymol blue, water-soluble, and 0.1 g of thymol, will be reported. If iodine is present, 20.7 % of the true amount
reagent grade, crystal. will be reported. Fluorine will not be detected.

12
 E165 – 09

A3. METHOD FOR MEASURING TOTAL FLUORINE CONTENT IN COMBUSTIBLE

LIQUID PENETRANT MATERIALS

A3.1 Scope and Application A3.4.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, white.
A3.1.1 This method covers the determination of fluorine in A3.4.6 Funnel, polypropylene (Note A3.2).
combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid or solid, that do A3.4.7 Volumetric Flask, polypropylene, 100-mL (Note
not contain appreciable amounts of interfering elements, or A3.2).
have any insoluble residue after combustion. Its range of A3.4.8 Beaker, polypropylene, 150-mL (Note A3.2).
applicability is 1 to 200 000 ppm. A3.4.9 Pipet, 100-µL, Eppendorf-type (Note A3.2).
A3.1.2 The measure of the fluorine content employs the A3.4.10 Magnetic Stirrer and TFE-coated magnetic stirring
fluoride selective ion electrode. bar.
A3.4.11 Fluoride Specific Ion Electrode and suitable refer-
A3.2 Summary of Method ence electrode.
A3.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in a bomb A3.4.12 Millivolt Meter capable of measuring to 0.1 mV.
containing oxygen under pressure (see A3.2.1.1). The fluorine NOTE A3.2—Glassware should never be used to handle a fluoride
compounds thus liberated are absorbed in a sodium citrate solution as it will remove fluoride ions from solution or on subsequent use
solution and the amount of fluorine present is determined carry fluoride ion from a concentrated solution to one more dilute.
potentiometrically through the use of a fluoride selective ion
electrode. A3.5 Reagents
A3.2.1.1 Safety—Strict adherence to all of the provisions A3.5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall
prescribed hereinafter ensures against explosive rupture of the be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended
bomb, or a blow-out, provided the bomb is of proper design that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
and construction and in good mechanical condition. It is Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of Society, where such specifications are available.9 Other grades
steel plate at least 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is
protection be provided against unforeseeable contingencies. of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening
the accuracy of the determination.
A3.3 Interferences
A3.5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, all
A3.3.1 Silicon, calcium, aluminum, magnesium, and other references to water shall be understood to mean Type I reagent
metals forming precipitates with fluoride ion will interfere if water conforming to Specification D1193.
they are present in sufficient concentration to exceed the A3.5.3 Fluoride Solution, Stock (2000 ppm)—Dissolve
solubility of their respective fluorides. Insoluble residue after 4.4200 6 0.0005 g of predried (at 130 to 150°C for 1 h, then
combustion will entrain fluorine even if otherwise soluble. cooled in a desiccator) sodium fluoride in distilled water and
A3.4 Apparatus dilute to 1 L.
A3.5.4 Oxygen, free of combustible material and halogen
A3.4.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than 300 mL, so compounds, available at a pressure of 40 atm (4.05 MPa).
constructed that it will not leak during the test, and that A3.5.5 Sodium Citrate Solution—Dissolve 27 g of sodium
quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be citrate dihydrate in water and dilute to 1 L.
readily achieved. The inner surface of the bomb may be made A3.5.6 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (5 N)—Dissolve 200 g
of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets in water and dilute to 1 L;
by the combustion process or products. Materials used in the store in a polyethylene container.
bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire insula- A3.5.7 Wash Solution (Modified TISAB, Total Ionic Strength
tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not Adjustment Buffer)—To 300 mL of distilled water, add 32 mL
undergo any reaction that will affect the fluorine content of the of glacial acetic acid, 6.6 g of sodium citrate dihydrate, and
liquid in the bomb. 32.15 g of sodium chloride. Stir to dissolve and then adjust the
A3.4.2 Sample Cup, nickel, 20 mm in outside diameter at pH to 5.3 using 5 N NaOH solution. Cool and dilute to 1 L.
the bottom, 28 mm in outside diameter at the top, and 16 mm A3.5.8 White Oil, refined.
in height; or platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at the
bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at the top, 12 mm in height, A3.6 Decomposition Procedure
and weighing 10 to 11 g. A3.6.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample—Cut a piece of
A3.4.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No. 26 B & S firing wire approximately 100 mm in length. Coil the middle
gage. section (about 20 mm) and attach the free ends to the terminals.
A3.4.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A3.1), capable of supplying Arrange the coil so that it will be above and to one side of the
sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread or cotton wicking sample cup. Place 10 mL of sodium citrate solution in the
without melting the wire. bomb, place the cover on the bomb, and vigorously shake for
NOTE A3.1—Caution: The switch in the ignition circuit should be of a 15 s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb. Open
type that remains open, except when held in closed position by the the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in the terminal
operator. holder, and insert a short length of thread between the firing

13
 E165 – 09
wire and the sample. The sample weight used should not and add the washings to the flask. Next, rinse the bomb cover
exceed 1 g. If the sample is a solid, add a few drops of white and terminals into the volumetric flask. Finally, add wash
oil at this time to ensure ignition of the sample. solution to bring the contents of the flask to the line.
NOTE A3.3—Use of sample weights containing over 20 mg of chlorine A3.7 Procedure
may cause corrosion of the bomb. To avoid this it is recommended that for
samples containing over 2 % chlorine, the sample weight be based on the A3.7.1 Ascertain the slope (millivolts per ten-fold change in
following table: concentration) of the electrode as described by the manufac-
Chlorine Sample White Oil turer.
Content, % weight, g weight, g A3.7.2 Obtain a blank solution by performing the procedure
without a sample.
2 to 5 0.4 0.4
5 to 10 0.2 0.6 A3.7.3 Immerse the fluoride and reference electrodes in
10 to 20 0.1 0.7 solutions and obtain the equilibrium reading to 0.1 mV. (The
20 to 50 0.05 0.7 condition of the electrode determines the length of time
Do not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or necessary to reach equilibrium. This may be as little as 5 min
other fluorine-free combustible material. or as much as 20 min.)
A3.6.2 Addition of Oxygen—Place the sample cup in posi- A3.7.4 Add 100 µL of stock fluoride solution and obtain the
tion and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp of cotton so that the reading after the same length of time necessary for A3.7.3.
end dips into the sample. Assemble the bomb and tighten the
A3.8 Calculation
cover securely. Admit oxygen (see Note A3.4) slowly (to avoid
blowing the sample from the cup) until a pressure is reached as A3.8.1 Calculate the fluorine content of the sample as
indicated in Table A3.1. follows:
NOTE A3.4—Caution: It is recommended to not add oxygen or ignite
the sample if the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted. Fluorine, ppm 5
F 2 3 1024
10DE1/S 2 1 2
2 3 1024
10DE2/S 2 1 G 3 106
W
A3.6.3 Combustion—Immerse the bomb in a cold-water (A3.1)
bath. Connect the terminals to the open electrical circuit. Close
the circuit to ignite the sample. Remove the bomb from the where:
bath after immersion for at least 10 min. Release the pressure D E1 = millivolt change in sample solution on addition of
at a slow, uniform rate such that the operation requires not less 100 µL of stock fluoride solution,
than 1 min. Open the bomb and examine the contents. If traces D E2 = millivolt change in blank solution on addition of
of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found, discard the 100 µL of the stock fluoride solution,
determination, and thoroughly clean the bomb before again S = slope of fluoride electrode as determined in A3.7.1,
putting it in use. and
A3.6.4 Collection of Fluorine Solution—Remove the W = grams of sample.
sample cup with clean forceps and rinse with wash solution A3.9 Precision and Bias
into a 100-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the walls of the bomb
A3.9.1 Repeatability—The results of two determinations by
shell with a fine stream of wash solution from a wash bottle,
the same analyst should not be considered suspect unless they
differ by more than 1.1 ppm (0.00011 %) or 8.0 % of the
TABLE A3.1 Gauge Pressures
amount detected, whichever is greater.
Gauge Pressure atm (MPa)
Capacity of Bomb, mL A3.9.2 Reproducibility—The results of two determinations
minA max by different laboratories should not be considered suspect
300 to 350 38 40 unless they differ by 6.7 ppm or 129.0 % of the amount
350 to 400 35 37
400 to 450 30 32
detected, whichever is greater.
450 to 500 27 29 A3.9.3 Bias—The average recovery of the method is 62 to
A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen for com- 64 % of the amount actually present although 83 to 85 %
plete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety requirement. recoveries can be expected with proper technique.

A4. DETERMINATION OF ANIONS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

A4.1 Scope and Application ment of common anions such as bromide, chloride, fluoride,
A4.1.1 This method is condensed from ASTM procedures nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate.
and APHA Method 429 and optimized for the analysis of
detrimental substances in organic based materials. It provides a
single instrumental technique for rapid, sequential measure-

14
 E165 – 09
A4.2 Summary of Method height of 19 mm, and a 5-mL capacity (Note A4.1), or nickel
A4.2.1 The material must be put in the form of an aqueous (Kawin capsule form), top diameter of 28 mm, 15 mm in
solution before analysis can be attempted. The sample is height, and 5-mL capacity.
oxidized by combustion in a bomb containing oxygen under NOTE A4.1—Fused silica crucibles are much more economical and
pressure. The products liberated are absorbed in the eluant longer lasting than platinum. After each use, they should be scrubbed out
present in the bomb at the time of ignition. This solution is with fine, wet emery cloth, heated to dull red heat over a burner, soaked
washed from the bomb, filtered, and diluted to a known in hot water for 1 h then dried and stored in a desiccator before reuse.
volume. A4.3.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No. 26 B and
A4.2.1.1 A filtered aliquot of sample is injected into a S gage.
stream of carbonate-bicarbonate eluant and passed through a A4.3.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A4.2), capable of supplying
series of ion exchangers. The anions of interest are separated sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread or cotton wicking
on the basis of their relative affinities for a low capacity, without melting the wire.
strongly basic anion exchanger (guard and separator column).
NOTE A4.2—The switch in the ignition circuit should be of a type that
The separated anions are directed onto a strongly acidic cation remains open, except when held in closed position by the operator.
exchanger (suppressor column) where they are converted to
their highly conductive acid form and the carbonate- A4.3.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, white.
bicarbonate eluant is converted to weakly conductive carbonic A4.3.6 Ion Chromatograph, including an injection valve, a
acid. The separated anions in their acid form are measured by sample loop, guard, separator, and suppressor columns, a
conductivity. They are identified on the basis of retention time temperature-compensated small-volume conductivity cell (6
as compared to standards. Quantitation is by measurement of µL or less), and a strip chart recorder capable of full-scale
peak area or peak height. Blanks are prepared and analyzed in response of 2 s or less. An electronic peak integrator is
a similar fashion. optional. The ion chromatograph shall be capable of delivering
A4.2.2 Interferences—Any substance that has a retention 2 to 5 mL eluant/min at a pressure of 1400 to 6900 kPa.
time coinciding with that of any anion to be determined will A4.3.7 Anion Separator Column, with styrene
interfere. For example, relatively high concentrations of low- divinylbenzene-based low-capacity pellicular anion-exchange
molecular-weight organic acids interfere with the determina- resin capable of resolving Br−, Cl−, F−, NO3−, NO2−, PO43−,
tion of chloride and fluoride. A high concentration of any one and SO42−; 4 3 250 mm.
ion also interferes with the resolution of others. Sample A4.3.8 Guard Column, identical to separator column except
dilution overcomes many interferences. To resolve uncertain- 4 3 50 mm, to protect separator column from fouling by
ties of identification or quantitation use the method of known particulates or organics.
additions. Spurious peaks may result from contaminants in A4.3.9 Suppressor Column, high-capacity cation-exchange
reagent water, glassware, or sample processing apparatus. resin capable of converting eluant and separated anions to their
Because small sample volumes are used, scrupulously avoid acid forms.
contamination. A4.3.10 Syringe, minimum capacity of 2 mL and equipped
with a male pressure fitting.
A4.2.3 Minimum Detectable Concentration—The mini-
mum detectable concentration of an anion is a function of A4.4 Reagents
sample size and conductivity scale used. Generally, minimum A4.4.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall
detectable concentrations are in the range of 0.05 mg/L for F− be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended
and 0.1 mg/L for Br−, Cl−, NO3−, NO2−, PO43−, and SO42− with that all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
a 100-µL sample loop and a 10-µmho full-scale setting on the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical
conductivity detector. Similar values may be achieved by using Society, where such specifications are available.9 Other grades
a higher scale setting and an electronic integrator. may be used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent has
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
A4.3 Apparatus accuracy of the determination.
A4.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than 300 mL, so A4.4.2 Deionized or Distilled Water, free from interferences
constructed that it will not leak during the test, and that at the minimum detection limit of each constituent and filtered
quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be through a 0.2-µm membrane filter to avoid plugging columns.
readily achieved. The inner surface of the bomb may be made A4.4.3 Eluant Solution, sodium bicarbonate-sodium car-
of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected bonate, 0.003M NaHCO3− 0.0024M Na2CO3: dissolve 1.008 g
by the combustion process or products. Materials used in the NaHCO3 and 1.0176 g Na2CO3 in water and dilute to 4 L.
bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire insula- A4.4.4 Regenerant Solution 1, H2SO4, 1 N, use this regen-
tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not erant when suppressor is not a continuously regenerated one.
undergo any reaction that will affect the chlorine content of the A4.4.5 Regenerant Solution 2, H2SO4, 0.025 N, dilute 2.8
liquid in the bomb. mL conc H2SO4 to 4 L or 100 mL regenerant solution 1 to 4 L.
A4.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at Use this regenerant with continuous regeneration fiber suppres-
the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at the top, 12 mm in sor system.
height outside, and weighing 10 to 11 g; opaque fused silica, A4.4.6 Standard Anion Solutions, 1000 mg/L, prepare a
wide-form with an outside diameter of 29 mm at the top, a series of standard anion solutions by weighing the indicated

15
 E165 – 09
amount of salt, dried to a constant weight at 105°C, to 1000 blowing the sample from the cup) until a pressure is reached as
mL. Store in plastic bottles in a refrigerator; these solutions are indicated in Table A4.1.
stable for at least one month. NOTE A4.4—It is recommended to not add oxygen or ignite the sample
Anion Salt Amount, if the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted.
g/L
A4.5.3 Combustion—Immerse the bomb in a cold-water
Cl− NaCl 1.6485 bath. Connect the terminals to the open electrical circuit. Close
F− NaF 2.2100
Br− NaBr 1.2876 the circuit to ignite the sample. Remove the bomb from the
NO3− NaNO3 1.3707 bath after immersion for at least 10 min. Release the pressure
NO2− NaNO2 1.4998
at a slow, uniform rate such that the operation requires not less
PO43− KH2PO4 1.4330
SO42− K2SO4 1.8141 than 1 min. Open the bomb and examine the contents. If traces
of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found, discard the
A4.4.7 Combined Working Standard Solution, High determination, and thoroughly clean the bomb before again
Range—Combine 10 mL of the Cl−, F−, NO3−, NO2−, and putting it in use.
PO43− standard anion solutions, 1 mL of the Br−, and 100 mL A4.5.4 Collection of Solution—Remove the sample cup
of the SO42− standard solutions, dilute to 1000 mL, and store in with clean forceps and rinse with deionized water and filter the
a plastic bottle protected from light; contains 10 mg/L each of washings into a 100-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the walls of
Cl−, F−, NO3−, NO2−, and PO43−, 1 mg Br−/L, and 100 mg the bomb shell with a fine stream of deionized water from a
SO42−/L. Prepare fresh daily. wash bottle, and add the washings through the filter paper to
A4.4.8 Combined Working Standard Solution, Low the flask. Next, rinse the bomb cover and terminals and add the
Range—Dilute 100 mL combined working standard solution, washings through the filter into the volumetric flask. Finally,
high range, to 1000 mL and store in a plastic bottle protected add deionized water to bring the contents of the flask to the
from light; contains 1.0 mg/L each Cl−, F−, NO3−, NO2−, and line. Use aliquots of this solution for the ion chromatography
PO43−, 0.1 mg Br−/L, and 10 mg SO42−/L. Prepare fresh daily. (IC) analysis.
A4.4.9 Alternative Combined Working Standard
Solutions—Prepare appropriate combinations according to an- A4.6 Procedure
ion concentration to be determined. If NO2− and PO43− are not
A4.6.1 System Equilibration—Turn on ion chromatograph
included, the combined working standard is stable for one
and adjust eluant flow rate to approximate the separation
month.
achieved in Fig. A4.1 (2 to 3 mL/min). Adjust detector to
desired setting (usually 10 µmho) and let system come to
A4.5 Decomposition Procedure equilibrium (15 to 20 min). A stable base line indicates
A4.5.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample—Cut a piece of equilibrium conditions. Adjust detector offset to zero-out
firing wire approximately 100 mm in length. Coil the middle eluant conductivity; with the fiber suppressor adjust the regen-
section (about 20 mm) and attach the free ends to the terminals. eration flow rate to maintain stability, usually 2.5 to 3 mL/min.
Arrange the coil so that it will be above and to one side of the A4.6.1.1 Set up the ion chromatograph in accordance with
sample cup. Place 5 mL of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solution in the the manufacturer’s instructions.
bomb, place the cover on the bomb, and vigorously shake for A4.6.2 Calibration—Inject standards containing a single
15 s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb. Open anion or a mixture and determine approximate retention times.
the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in the terminal Observed times vary with conditions but if standard eluant and
holder, and insert a short length of thread between the firing anion separator column are used, retention always is in the
wire and the sample. The sample weight used should not order F−, Cl−, NO2−, PO43−, Br−, NO3−, and SO42−. Inject at
exceed 1 g. If the sample is a solid, add a few drops of white least three different concentrations for each anion to be
oil at this time to ensure ignition of the sample. measured and construct a calibration curve by plotting peak
NOTE A4.3—Use of sample weights containing over 20 mg of chlorine
height or area against concentration on linear graph paper.
may cause corrosion of the bomb. To avoid this it is recommended that for Recalibrate whenever the detector setting is changed. With a
samples containing over 2 % chlorine, the sample weight be based on the system requiring suppressor regeneration, NO2− interaction
following: with the suppressor may lead to erroneous NO2− results; make
Chlorine Sample White Oil this determination only when the suppressor is at the same
content, % weight, g weight, g stage of exhaustion as during standardization or recalibrate
2 to 5 0.4 0.4
5 to 10 0.2 0.6
10 to 20 0.1 0.7 TABLE A4.1 Gage Pressures
20 to 50 0.05 0.7 Gage Pressures, atm
Capacity of Bomb, mL
CAUTION: Do not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or other mmA max
fluorine-free combustible material. 300 to 350 38 40
350 to 400 35 37
A4.5.2 Addition of Oxygen—Place the sample cup in posi- 400 to 450 30 32
tion and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp of cotton so that the 450 to 500 27 29
end dips into the sample. Assemble the bomb and tighten the A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen for com-
cover securely. Admit oxygen (see Note A4.4) slowly (to avoid plete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety requirement.

16
 E165 – 09
A4.6.4 Regeneration—For systems without fiber suppressor
regenerate with 1 N H2SO4 in accordance with the manufac-
turer’s instructions when the conductivity base line exceeds
300 µmho when the suppressor column is on line.
A4.7 Calculation
A4.7.1 Calculate concentration of each anion, in mg/L, by
referring to the appropriate calibration curve. Alternatively,
when the response is shown to be linear, use the following
equation:
C5H3F3D (A4.1)

where:
FIG. A4.1 Typical Anion Profile C = mg anion/L,
H = peak height or area,
F = response factor − concentration of standard/height (or
frequently. In this type of system the water dip (see NoteNote
area) of standard, and
A4.4) may shift slightly during suppressor exhaustion and with D = dilution factor for those samples requiring dilution.
a fast run column this may lead to slight interference for F− or
Cl−. To eliminate this interference, analyze standards that A4.8 Precision and Bias
bracket the expected result or eliminate the water dip by A4.8.1 Samples of reagent water to which were added the
diluting the sample with eluant or by adding concentrated common anions were analyzed in 15 laboratories with the
eluant to the sample to give the same HCO3−/CO32− concen- results shown in Table A4.2.
tration as in the eluant. If sample adjustments are made, adjust
standards and blanks identically. TABLE A4.2 Precision and Accuracy Observed for Anions at
NOTE A4.5—Water dip occurs because water conductivity in sample is Various Concentration Levels in Reagent Water
less than eluant conductivity (eluant is diluted by water). Overall
Single-
Significant
Amount Amount Operator
A4.6.2.1 If linearity is established for a given detector Anion Precision, Bias 95 %
Added, mg/L Found, mg/L Precision,
mg/L Level
setting, it is acceptable to calibrate with a single standard. mg/L
Record the peak height or area and retention time to permit F− 0.48 0.49 0.05 0.03 No
calculation of the calibration factor, F. F− 4.84 4.64 0.52 0.46 No
Cl 0.76 0.86 0.38 0.11 No
A4.6.3 Sample Analysis—Remove sample particulates, if Cl− 17 17.2 0.82 0.43 No
necessary, by filtering through a prewashed 0.2-µm-pore-diam Cl 455 471 46 13 No
membrane filter. Using a prewashed syringe of 1 to 10 mL NO2 0.45 0.09 0.09 0.04 Yes, neg
NO2 21.8 19.4 1.9 1.3 Yes, neg
capacity equipped with a male luer fitting inject sample or Br− 0.25 0.25 0.04 0.02 No
standard. Inject enough sample to flush sample loop several Br− 13.7 12.9 1.0 0.6 No
times: for 0.1 mL sample loop inject at least 1 mL. Switch ion PO43− 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.03 Yes, neg
PO43− 0.49 0.34 0.15 0.17 Yes, neg
chromatograph from load to inject mode and record peak NO3− 0.50 0.33 0.16 0.03 No
heights and retention times on strip chart recorder. After the NO3− 15.1 14.8 1.15 0.9 No
last peak (SO42−) has appeared and the conductivity signal has SO42− 0.51 0.52 0.07 0.03 No
SO42− 43.7 43.5 2.5 2.2 No
returned to base line, another sample can be injected.

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