Full Som
Full Som
Full Som
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213.
Proof resilience
Modulus of resilience = -------------------
Volume of the body
5. State the two methods for analyzing the statically indeterminate structures.
a. Displacement method (equilibrium method (or) stiffness coefficient
method
b. Force method (compatibility method (or) flexibility coefficient method)
6. Define Castigliano’s first theorem. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012) (AUC May/June 2012)
It states that the deflection caused by any external force is equal to the partial derivative of
the strain energy with respect to that force.
7. State Castigliano’s second Theorem. (AUC May/June 2012)
It states that “If U is the total strain energy stored up in a frame work in equilibrium under an
external force; its magnitude is always a minimum.
8. State the Principle of Virtual work. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
It states that the workdone on a structure by external loads is equal to the internal energy
stored in a structure (Ue = Ui)
Work of external loads = work of internal loads
9. What down the expression for the strain energy stored in a rod of length l and cross
sectional area A subjected in to tensile load ? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
Strain energy stored
U = W 2 L / 2AE
10. State the various methods for computing the joint deflection of a perfect frame.
1. The Unit Load method
2. Deflection by Castiglione’s First Theorem
3. Graphical method: Willot – Mohr Diagram
11. State the deflection of the joint due to linear deformation.
n
δv = Σ U x ∆
1
n
δH = Σ U’ x ∆
1
PL
∆ = ---------
Ae
U= vertical deflection
U’= horizontal deflection
12. State the deflection of joint due to temperature variation.
n
δ=ΣUXA
1
= U1∆1 + U2 ∆2 + …………+ Un ∆n
If the change in length (∆) of certain member is zero, the product U.∆ for those members
will be substituted as zero in the above equation.
n PUL
δ= Σ -------
1 AE
n PL
δ= Σ ------- x U
1 AE
n
=Σ ∆xU ----- (i)
1
The deflection by castigliano’s theorem is given by
n
PL P
1 AE W --------- (ii)
P
U
W
18. State Maxwell’s Reciprocal Theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Apr/May 2010)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)(AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
The Maxwell’s Reciprocal theorem states as “ The work done by the first system of loads due to
displacements caused by a second system of loads equals the work done by the second system of
loads due to displacements caused by the first system of loads.
19. Define degree of redundancy.
A frame is said to be statically indeterminate when the no of unknown reactions or stress
components exceed the total number of condition equations of equilibrium.
20. Define Perfect Frame.
If the number of unknowns is equal to the number of conditions equations available, the
frame is said to be a perfect frame.
21. State the two types of strain energies.
a. strain energy of distortion (shear strain energy)
b. strain energy of uniform compression (or) tension (volumetric strain energy)
22. State in which cases, Castiglione’s theorem can be used.
1. To determine the displacements of complicated structures.
2. To find the deflection of beams due to shearing (or) bending forces (or)
bending moments are unknown.
3. To find the deflections of curved beams springs etc.
23. Define Proof stress.
The stress induced in an elastic body when it possesses maximum strain energy is termed as
its proof stress.
24. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to bending.
U = ∫ (M ² / 2EI) dx limit 0 to L
Where,
M = Bending moment due to applied loads.
E = Young’s modulus
I = Moment of inertia
25. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to torsion
U = ∫ (T ²/2GJ) dx limit 0 to L
Where,
T = Applied Torsion
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J = Polar moment of inertia
26. Write the formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear
U =K ∫ (V ² 2GA)dx limit 0 to L
Where,
V= Shear load
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
A = Area of cross section.
K = Constant depends upon shape of cross section
27. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stressgiven.
U = τ 2 V/ 2G
Where,
τ2 = Shear Stress
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
V = Volume of the material.
28. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy , if the moment value is given
U = (M ² L / 2EI)
29. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy , if the torsion moment value is given.
U = T ²L/2GJ
Where, T = Applied Torsion
L = Length of the beam
G = Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity
J = Polar moment of inertia
30. Write down the formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load is given.
U = P²L / 2AE
31. Find the strain energy per unit volume, the shear stress for a material is given as 50 N/mm².
Take G= 80000 N/mm ².
U= τ 2 per unit volume
2G
= 50 ² / (2 x 80000)
= 0.015625 N/mm ². per unit volume.
32. Find the strain energy per unit volume, the tensile stress for a material is given as 15N/mm².
Part B (16marks)
1. Derive the expression for strain energy in Linear Elastic Systems for the following cases.
(i) Axial loading (ii) Flexural Loading (moment (or) couple)
(i)Axial Loading
Let us consider a straight bar of Length L, having uniform cross- sectional area A. If an
axial load P is applied gradually, and if the bar undergoes a deformation ∆, the work done,
stored as strain energy (U) in the body, will be equal to average force (1/2 P) multiplied by
the deformation ∆.
Thus U = ½ P. ∆ But ∆ = PL / AE
U = ½ P. PL/AE = P2 L / 2AE ---------- (i)
If, however the bar has variable area of cross section, consider a small of length dx and
area of cross section Ax. The strain energy dU stored in this small element of length dx will
be, from equation (i)
P2 dx
dU = ---------
2Ax E
The total strain energy U can be obtained by integrating the above expression over the
length of the bar.
L
P 2 dx
U=
0
2 Ax E
(ii) Flexural Loading (Moment or couple )
Let us now consider a member of length L subjected to uniform bending moment M.
Consider an element of length dx and let d i be the change in the slope of the element due to
applied moment M. If M is applied gradually, the strain energy stored in the small element will
be
dU = ½ Mdi
But
di d
------ = ----- (dy/dx) = d2y/d2x = M/EI
dx dx
M
di = ------- dx
EI
Hence dU = ½ M (M/EI) dx
= (M2/2EI) dx
L
M 2 dx
Intgrating U =
0
2 EI
Expressed mathematically,
U
1 ------------- (i)
W1
U
1 ------------- (ii)
M1
Proof:
Consider an elastic body as show in fig subjected to loads W 1, W 2, W 3 ………etc. each
applied independently. Let the body be supported at A, B etc. The reactions RA ,RB etc do not
work while the body deforms because the hinge reaction is fixed and cannot move (and
therefore the work done is zero) and the roller reaction is perpendicular to the displacements of
the roller. Assuming that the material follows the Hooke’s law, the displacements of the points of
loading will be linear functions of the loads and the principles of superposition will hold.
Let δ1, δ2, δ3……… etc be the deflections of points 1, 2, 3, etc in the direction of the
loads at these points. The total strain energy U is then given by
U
Which proves the proportion? Similarly it can be proved that Φ1= .
M1
Deflection of beams by castigliano’s first theorem:
If a member carries an axial force the energies stored is given by
L
P 2 dx
U=
0
2 Ax E
In the above expression, P is the axial force in the member and is the function of external
load W 1, W 2,W 3 etc. To compute the deflection δ 1 in the direction of W 1
L
U P p
δ1= = dx
W1 0 AE W1
If the strain energy is due to bending and not due to axial load
L
M 2 dx
U=
0
2 EI
L
U M dx
δ1= = M
W1 0 W1 EI
If no load is acting at the point where deflection is desired, fictitious load W is applied at the
point in the direction where the deflection is required. Then after differentiating but before
integrating the fictitious load is set to zero. This method is sometimes known as the fictitious
load method. If the rotation Φ 1 is required in the direction of M1.
L
U M dx
Φ1= = M
M1 0 M 1 EI
It states that the strain energy of a linearly elastic system that is initially
unstrained will have less strain energy stored in it when subjected to a total load system than
it would have if it were self-strained.
u
=0
t
For example, if is small strain (or) displacement, within the elastic limit in the direction of the
redundant force T,
u
=
t
=0 when the redundant supports do not yield (or) when there is no initial lack of fit in the
redundant members.
Proof:
T (l ) TL
F2 F1 = Deformation = (approx)
AE AE
Where T is the force (tensile) induced in the member.
Hence FF1=FF2-F1 F2
TL
= ------------------------------------ ( i )
AE
Let the member Fc be removed and consider a tensile force T applied at the corners F and C as
shown in fig.
According to castigliano’s first theorem where U1 is the strain energy of the whole frame except
that of the member Fc.
TL T 2L
UFC = ½ T. =
AE 2 AE
U FC TL
T AE
TL
Substitute the value of in (iii) we get
AE
u' U FC U
(or)
T T T
U
When U= U1 + U Fc.If there is no initial lack of fit, =0 and hence 0
T
Note:
i) Castigliano’s theorem of minimum strain energy is used for the for analysis of statically
indeterminate beam ands portal tranes,if the degree of redundancy is not more than two.
ii) If the degree of redundancy is more than two, the slope deflection method or the
moment distribution method is more convenient.
4. A beam AB of span 3mis fixed at both the ends and carries a point load of 9 KN at C
distant 1m from A. The M.O.I. of the portion AC of the beam is 2I and that of portion
CB is I. calculate the fixed end moments and reactions.
Solution:
There are four unknowns Ma, Ra, Mb and Rb.Only two equations of static are available
(ie) v 0 and M 0
This problem is of second degree indeterminacy.
First choose MA and MB as redundant.
Mx M x
U AB dx
δA= 0 EI R A -----------(1)
RA
B
U AB Mx Mx
θA= 0 dx -------------(2)
MA A
EI M A
C 1
Mx Mx - MA RA x 1
dx dx
And A EI R A 0
2 EI
2
1 RA 1 1 RA
MA 1 MA
2 EI 2 2 EI 2
Mx = M A RA X 9( X 1)
Mx Mx
x; 1
RA MA
M.O.I = I Limits of x : 1 to 3 m
Hence
B 3
Mx Mx - MA R A x - 9(x - 1) x
dx dx
C
EI R A 1
EI
1 26
= 4M A RA 42
EI 3
And
B 3
Mx Mx - MA R A x - 9(x - 1) - 1
dx dx
C
EI M A 1
EI
1
= 2M A 4 R A 18
EI
U AB
0
MA
1 MA RA 1
2M A 4 R A 18 0
2 EI 1 2 EI
RB = 9 – RA = 9-7.05 = 1.95 KN
5. Using Castigliano’s First Theorem, determine the deflection and rotation of the
overhanging end A of the beam loaded as shown in Fig.
Sol:
Rotation of A:
RB x L = -M
RB = -M/L
RB = M/L ( )
& RC = M/L ( )
B B
U 1 Mx 1 Mx
A M x. dx M x. .dx ____________ (1)
M EI A
M EI C M
For any point distant x from A, between A and B (i.e.) x = 0 to x = L/3
Mx
Mx = M ; and 1 ________ (2)
M
For any point distant x from C, between C and B (i.e.) x = 0 to x = L
Mx x
Mx = (M/L) x ; and ________ (3
M L
Subs (2) & (3) in (1)
L/3 L
U 1 1 M x
A M (1).dx x dx
M EI 0
EI 0
L L
ML ML
3EI 3EI
2ML
(clockwise)
3EI
b) Deflection of A:
To find the deflection at A, apply a fictitious load W at A, in upward direction as
shown in fig.
4
RB xL (M WL )
3
4 1 4 1
RB (M WL ) RB (M WL )
3 L 3 L
1 1
RC (M WL )
3 L
B B
U 1 Mx 1 Mx
A Mx Mx .dx
W EI A W EI C
W
For the portion AB, x = 0 at A and x = L/3 at B
Mx = M + W x
Mx
x
W
For the portion CB, x = 0 at C and x = L at B
1 1
Mx M WL .x
8 L
Mx x
W 3
L/3 L
1 1 1 x x
A M Wx x M WL . dx
EI 0
EI 0
3 L 3
Putting W = 0
L/3 L
1 1 Mx 2
A Mx dx dx
EI 0
EI 0
3L
M x2 L/3 M x3 L
A ( )0 ( )0
EI 2 3EI 3
ML2 ML2
A
18EI 9 EI
ML2
A
6 EI
6. Using the principle of least work, analyze the portal frame shown in Fig. Also plot the
B.M.D.
Sol:
The support is hinged. Since there are two equations at each supports. They are H A, VA, HD,
and VD. The available equilibrium equation is three. (i.e.) M 0, H 0, V 0 .
The structure is statically indeterminate to first degree. Let us treat the horizontal H ( ) at
A as redundant. The horizontal reaction at D will evidently be = (3-H) ( ). By taking moments
at D, we get
(VA x 3) + H (3-2) + (3 x 1) (2 – 1.5) – (6 x 2) = 0
VA = 3.5 – H/3
VD = 6 – VA = 2.5 + H/3
3
1 x2
Hx x dx
EI 0
2
3
1 Hx 3 x4
EI 3 8 0
1
9 H 10.12
EI
1
1 Hx x
3H 4.5 3.5 x 3 dx
EI 0
3 3
1
1 2 Hx 2
9 H 13.5 10.5 x Hx Hx 1.5 x 1.67 x dx
EI 0
9
1
1 2 Hx 2
9 H 13.5 12 x 2 Hx 1.67 x dx
EI 0
9
1
1 Hx 3 1 H
9 Hx 13.5 x 6 x 2 Hx 2
0.389 x 3
9 H 13.5 6 2 H 0.389
EI 27 0
EI 27
1
9H 7.9
EI
2
1 Hx 2
12 4 H 3 x 13.34 Hx 2 x 0.833 x 2 dx
EI 0
9
1
= (10.96H - 15.78)
EI
(4) For the member DC:
Taking D as the origin
M 3 H x 3x Hx
M
x
x
2
U DC 1 M
M dx
H EI 0
H
2 2
1 1
3x Hx x dx 3x 2 Hx 2 dx
EI 0
EI 0
2 2
1 3x 3 Hx 3 1 3 Hx 3
dx x dx
EI 3 3 0
EI 3 0
1
= (2.67H -8)
EI
Subs the values
U
0
H
1/EI (9-10.2) + (8.04H-7.9) + (10.96H-15.78) + (-8+2.67H) = 0
30.67H = 41.80
H = 1.36 KN
Hence
VA = 3.5 - H/3 = 3.5 - 1.36/3 = 3.05 KN
VD = 2.5 + H/3 = 2.5 + 1.36/3 = 2.95 KN
MA= MD =0
Solution:
Taking moments about B.
VA x 6 – 45 x 4=0
VA x 6 -180 = 0
VA = 30 KN
VB = Total Load – VA = 15 KN
RA x 6-1 x 4 =0
RA = 2/3 KN
RB = Total load –RA = 1/3 KN
Virtual Moment:
M1 = 2/3 X1 [limit 0 to 2]
Section between CB
Real Moment:
M1= 30 x X1
M2 = 30 x X2 -45 (X2 -2)
2 6
m1 M 1 dx1 m2 M 2 dx 2
c V
0
EI 2
EI
2 x1 2
2 30 x1 6 x2 x2 2 30 x2 45 x 2
3 3
dx1 dx2
0
EI 2
EI
2 6
1 2
20 x12 x2 x2 2 30 x2 45 x2 90 dx2
EI 0 2
3
2 6
1 x2
20 x12 2 15 x 2 90 dx 2
EI 0 2
3
2 6
1
20 x12 5 x 22 30 x 2 30 x 2 180dx 2
EI 0 2
3 6
1 20 x1 5 x 23 60 x 23
180 x 2
EI 3 0 3 2 2
20 8 1 5 3
= 6 23 30 6 2 22 180 6 21
EI 3 EI 3
1
53.33 346.67 960 720
EI
160 160
0.0571 m (or ) 57.1 mm
EI 200 x10 6 x14 x10 6
The Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem stated as “ The work done by the first system loads
due to displacements caused by a second system of loads equals the work done by the second
system of loads due to displacements caused by the first system of loads”
Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal deflections has the following three versions:
1. The deflection at A due to unit force at B is equal to deflection at B due to unit force
at A.
δAB = δBA
2. The slope at A due to unit couple at B is equal to the slope at B due to unit couple A
ΦAB = ΦBA
3. The slope at A due to unit load at B is equal to deflection at B due to unit couple.
'
' AB AB
Proof:
By unit load method,
Mmdx
EI
Where,
M= bending moment at any point x due to external load.
m= bending moment at any point x due to unit load applied at the point where deflection
is required.
Let mXA=bending moment at any point x due to unit load at A
Let mXB = bending moment at any point x due to unit load at B.
When unit load (external load) is applied at A,
M=mXA
To find deflection at B due to unit load at A, apply unit load at B.Then m= m XB
Hence,
Mmdx m XA .m XB
BA dx ____________ (i)
EI EI
Similarly,
When unit load (external load) is applied at B, M=m XB
To find the deflection at A due to unit load at B, apply unit load at A.then m= m XA
Mmdx mB.m XA
AB dx ____________ (ii
EI EI
Comparing (i) & (ii) we get
δAB = δBA
9. Fig shows a cantilever, 8m long, carrying a point loads 5 KN at the center and an udl
of 2 KN/m for a length 4m from the end B. If EI is the flexural rigidity of the cantilever
find the reaction at the prop. (NOV/DEC – 2004)
Solution:
To find Reaction at the prop, R (in KN)
Portion AC: ( origin at A )
4 2 4
Rx dx R2 x3 64 R 2 32 R 2
U1
0
2 EI 6EI 0
6 EI 3EI
Portion CB: ( origin at C )
Bending moment Mx = R (x+4) – 5x – 2x2/2
= R (x+4) – 5x –x2
4 2
M x dx
U2
0
2 EI
Total strain energy = U1 +U2
U
0
At the propped end R
4
U 64 R M x dM x
x dx
R 3EI 0
EI dR
4
64 R 1
= Rx 4 5x 2 x 2 ( x 4)dx
3EI EI 0
4
64 R 1 2
Rx 4 5x x 4 x 2 ( x 4) dx
3EI EI 0
4
64 R 1
R x2 8 x 16 5( x 2 4 x) ( x 3 4 x 2 ) dx
3EI EI 0
4
64 R 1 x3 2 x3 2 x4 4x 3
R 4x 16 x 5( 2x ) ( )
3EI EI 3 3 4 3 0
64 R 64 64 256 256
R 64 64 5( 32) ( )
3 3 3 4 3
= 21.33 R + (149.33R – 266.67 – 149.33)
= 21.33 R + (149.33 R – 416)
10. A simply supported beam of span L is carrying a concentrated load W at the centre
and a uniformly distributed load of intensity of w per unit length. Show that Maxwell’s
reciprocal theorem holds good at the centre of the beam.
Solution:
Let the load W is applied first and then the uniformly distributed load w.
Deflection due to load W at the centre of the beam is given by
5Wl 4
W
384 EI
Hence work done by W due to w is given by:
5wl 4
U A, B Wx
384 EI
W
W x 3l 2 x 4 x 2
48EI
Work done by w per unit length due to W,
l/2
W
U B, A 2 wx (3l 2 x 4 x 2 )dx
0
48 EI
4
Ww 3l 2 l 2 l
U B, A
24 EI 2 2 2
Ww 3l 4 l4
U B, A
24 EI 8 16
5 Wwl 4
U A, B
384 EI
Hence proved.
Moment at section X-X ,
MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213.
For a general loading, the total reaction components (R) are equal to (3+2) =5,
While the total number of condition equations (r) are equal to 3. The beam is statically
indeterminate, externally to second degree. For vertical loading, the beam is statically determinate
to single degree.
E=R–r
=5–3=2
3. State the degree of indeterminacy in a fixed beam.
For a general system of loading, a fixed beam is statically indeterminate to third degree. For
vertical loading, a fixed beam is statically indeterminate to second degree.
E=R–r
For general system of loading:
R = 3 + 3 and r = 3
E = 6-3 = 3
For vertical loading:
R = 2+2 and r = 2
E=4–2= 2
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 1
4. State the degree of indeterminacy in the given beam.
The beam is statically indeterminate to third degree of general system of loading.
R = 3+1+1+1 = 6
E = R-r
= 6-3 = 3
5. State the degree of indeterminacy in the given beam.
The beam is statically determinate. The total numbers of condition equations are equal to 3+2 = 5.
Since, there is a link at B. The two additional condition equations are at link.
E = R-r
= 2+1+2-5
= 5-5
E=0
6. State the methods available for analyzing statically indeterminate structures.
i. Compatibility method
ii. Equilibrium method
7. Write the expression fixed end moments and deflection for a fixed beam carrying point
load at centre.
WL
MA MB
8
WL3
y max
192 EI
8. Write the expression fixed end moments and deflection for a fixed beam carrying
eccentric point load.
Wab 2
MA
L2
Wa 2 b
MB
L2
Wa 3b 3
y max (under the load )
3EIL3
9. Write the expression fixed end moments for a fixed due to sinking of support.
6 EI
MA MB
L2
10. State the Theorem of three moments. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC Apr/May 2011)
Theorem of three moments:
It states that “If BC and CD are only two consecutive span of a continuous beam subjected to an
external loading, then the moments MB, MC and MD at the supports B, C and D are given by
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 2
_ _
6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
M B L1 2M C ( L1 L2 ) M D .L2
L1 L2
Where
MB = Bending Moment at B due to external loading
MC = Bending Moment at C due to external loading
MD = Bending Moment at D due to external loading
L1 = length of span AB
L2 = length of span BC
a1 = area of B.M.D due to vertical loads on span BC
a2 = area of B.M.D due to vertical loads on span CD
_
x 1 = Distance of C.G of the B.M.D due to vertical loads on BC from B
_
x 2 = Distance of C.G of the B.M.D due to vertical loads on CD from D.
11. What are the fixed end moments for a fixed beam of length ‘L’ subjected to a
concentrated load ‘w’ at a distance ‘a’ from left end?
(AUC Nov/Dec – 2004)
(AUC Apr/May 2010)
Fixed End Moment:
Wab 2
MA
L2
Wab 2
MB
L2
12. Explain the effect of settlement of supports in a continuous beam. (Nov/Dec 2003)
Due to the settlement of supports in a continuous beam, the bending stresses will alters
appreciably. The maximum bending moment in case of continuous beam is less when compare to the
simply supported beam.
13. What are the advantages of Continuous beams over Simply Supported beams?
(i)The maximum bending moment in case of a continuous beam is much less than in case of a
simply supported beam of same span carrying same loads.
(ii) In case of a continuous beam, the average B.M is lesser and hence lighter materials of
construction can be used it resist the bending moment.
14. A fixed beam of length 5m carries a uniformly distributed load of 9 kN/m run over the
entire span. If I = 4.5x10-4 m4 and E = 1x107 kN/m2, find the fixing moments at the ends
and deflection at the centre.
Solution:
Given:
L = 5m
W = 9 kN/m2 , I = 4.5x10-4 m4 and E = 1x107 kN/m2
(i) The fixed end moment for the beam carrying udl:
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 3
WL2
MA = MB =
12
9 x(5) 2
= 18.75 KNm
12
(ii) The deflection at the centre due to udl:
WL4
yc
384 EI
9 x(5) 4
yc 3.254 mm
384 x1x10 7 x 4.5 x10 4
15. A fixed beam AB, 6m long is carrying a point load of 40 kN at its center. The M.O.I of the
beam is 78 x 106 mm4 and value of E for beam material is 2.1x10 5 N/mm2. Determine (i)
Fixed end moments at A and B.
Solution:
17. A fixed beam AB, 3m long is carrying a point load of 45 kN at a distance of 2m from A. If
the flexural rigidity (i.e) EI of the beam is 1x10 4kNm2. Determine (i) Deflection under the
Load.
Solution:
L = 3m
W = 45 Kn EI = 1x104 kNm2
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 4
Deflection under the load:
In fixed beam, deflection under the load due to eccentric load
Wa 3b 3
yC
3EIL3
45 x(2) 3 x(1) 3
yC
3 x1x10 4 x(3) 2
yC 0.000444 m
yC 0.444 mm
The deflection is in downward direction.
18. A fixed beam of 5m span carries a gradually varying load from zero at end A to 10 kN/m
at end B. Find the fixing moment and reaction at the fixed ends.
Solution:
Given:
L = 5m
W = 10 kN/m
WL2 WL2
MA and M B
30 20
10(5) 2 250
MA = 8.33 kNm
30 30
10(5) 2 250
MB 12.5 kNm
20 20
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19. A cantilever beam AB of span 6m is fixed at A and propped at B. The beam carries a udl
of 2kN/m over its whole length. Find the reaction at propped end. (May /.June2012)
Solution:
Given:
L=6m, w =2 kN/m
Downward deflection at B due to the udl neglecting prop reaction P,
wl 4
yB
8EI
Upward deflection at B due to the prop reaction P at B neglecting the udl,
Pl 3
yB
3EI
Upward deflection = Downward deflection
Pl 3 wl 4
3EI 8EI
P = 3WL/8 = 3*2*6/8 =4.5 Kn
19. Give the procedure for analyzing the continuous beams with fixed ends using three moment
equations?
The three moment equations, for the fixed end of the beam, can be modified by
imagining a span of length l 0 and moment of inertia, beyond the support the and applying the
theorem of three moments as usual.
20. Define Flexural Rigidity of Beams.
The product of young’s modulus (E) and moment of inertia (I) is called Flexural
Rigidity (EI) of Beams. The unit is N mm2.
21. What is a fixed beam? (AUC Apr/May 2011)
A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam. Fixed beam is also called as
built-in or encaster beam. Incase of fixed beam both its ends are rigidly fixed and the slope and
deflection at the fixed ends are zero.
23. What are the advantages of fixed beams?
(i) For the same loading, the maximum deflection of a fixed beam is less than that of a
simply supported beam.
(ii) For the same loading, the fixed beam is subjected to lesser maximum bending
moment.
(iii) The slope at both ends of a fixed beam is zero.
(iv) The beam is more stable and stronger.
24. What are the disadvantages of a fixed beam?
(i) Large stresses are set up by temperature changes.
(ii) Special care has to be taken in aligning supports accurately at the same lavel.
(iii) Large stresses are set if a little sinking of one support takes place.
(iv) Frequent fluctuations in loadingrender the degree of fixity at the ends very uncertain.
25. Define: Continuous beam.
A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports. For usual
loading on the beam hogging ( - ive ) moments causing convexity upwards at the supports and
sagging ( + ve ) moments causing concavity upwards occur at mid span.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 6
26. What is mean by prop? . (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
When a beam or cantilever carries some load , maximum deflection occurs at the free
end . the deflection can be reduced by providing vertical support at these points or at any suitable
points.
(PART B 16 Marks)
1. A fixed beam AB of length 6m carries point load of 160 kN and 120 kN at a distance of 2m and 4m
from the left end A. Find the fixed end moments and the reactions at the supports. Draw B.M and
S.F diagrams. (AUC Apr/May 2008)(AUC Nov/Dec2006)
Solution:
Given:
L = 6m
Load at C, W C = 160 kN
Load at D, W C = 120 kN
Distance AC = 2m
Distance AD =4m
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 7
First calculate the fixed end moments due to loads at C and D separately and then
add up the moments.
Fixed End Moments:
For the load at C, a=2m and b=4m
WC ab 2
M A1
L2
160 x 2 x(4) 2
M A1 142.22 kNm
(6) 2
WC a 2 b
M B1
L2
160 x 2 2 x(4)
M B1 71.11 kNm
(6) 2
For the load at D, a = 4m and b = 2m
WD a b 2
M A2
L2
120 x 2 2 x(4)
M A2 53.33 kNm
(6) 2
WD a 2 b
M B2
L2
160 x 2 x(4) 2
M B2 106.66 kNm
(6) 2
Total fixing moment at A,
MA = MA1 + MA2
= 142.22 + 53.33
MA = 195.55 kNm
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 8
B.M at D = 133.33 x 2 = 266.66 kN m
B.M at B= 0
S.F Diagram:
Let RA = Resultant reaction at A due to fixed end moments and vertical loads
RB = Resultant reaction at B
Equating the clockwise moments and anti-clockwise moments about A,
RB x 6 + MA = 160 x 2 + 120 x 4 + MB
RB= 130.37 kN
RA = total load – RB = 149.63 kN
S.F at A = RA = 149.63 kN
S.F at C = 149.63- 160 = -10.37 kN
S.F at D = -10.37 – 120 = -130.37 kN
S.F at B= 130.37 KN
Sloution:
Given:
Length L = 6m
Point load at C = W 1 = 30 kN
Point load at D = W 2= 30 Kn
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 9
B.M Diagram:
To draw the B.M diagram due to vertical loads, consider the beam AB as simply supported. The
reactions at A and B is equal to 30kN.
B.M at A and B = 0
B.M at C =30 x 2 = 60 kNm
B.M at D = 30 x 2 = 60 kNm
3. Find the fixing moments and support reactions of a fixed beam AB of length 6m, carrying a
uniformly distributed load of 4kN/m over the left half of the span.(May/June 2006 & 2007)
Solution:
Macaulay’s method can be used and directly the fixing moments and end reactions can be
calculated. This method is used where the areas of B.M diagrams cannot be determined conveniently.
For this method it is necessary that UDL should be extended up to B and then compensated for upward
UDL for length BC as shown in fig.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 10
Integrating, we get
dy x2 x3 2( x 3) 3
EI =RA -MAx - 2 +C1 + ------- (1)
dx 2 3 3
dy
When x=0, =0.
dx
Substituting this value in the above equation up to dotted line,
C1 = 0
Therefore equation (1) becomes
dy x2 x 3 2( x 3) 3
EI =RA -MAx - 2 +
dx 2 3 3
Integrating we get
x3 M A x2 2x 4 2( x 3) 4
EI y RA C2
6 2 12 12
When x = 0 , y = 0
By substituting these boundary conditions upto the dotted line,
C2 = 0
4
RA x 3 M Ax2 x 1( x 3) 4
EI y ________(ii)
6 2 6 6
By subs x =6 & y = 0 in equation (ii)
4
RA 63 M A 62 6 1(6 3) 4
0
6 2 6 6
36RA 18M A 216 13.5
18RA – 9 MA = 101.25 ------------- (iii)
dy
At x =6, 0 in equation (i)
dx
62 2 3 2 3
0 RA x M A x6 x6 6 3
2 3 3
18 R A M A x6 144 18 0
18 R A 6 M A 126
By solving (iii) & (iv)
MA = 8.25 kNm
By substituting MA in (iv)
126 = 18 RA – 6 (8.25)
RA = 9.75 kN
RB = Total load – RA
RB = 2.25 kN
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 11
By equating the clockwise moments and anticlockwise moments about B
MB + RA x 6 = MA + 4x3 (4.5)
MB = 3.75 kNm
Result:
MA = 8.25 kNm
MB = 3.75 kNm
RA = 9.75 kN
RB = 2.25 KN
3. A cantilever AB of span 6m is fixed at the end and proposal at the end B . it carries a point load
of 50KnN at mid span . level of the prop is the same as that of the fixed end .
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4. Analysis the propped cantilever beam of the length 10m is subjected to point load of 10KN
acting at a 6m from fixed and draw SFD and BMD. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010 )
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5. A propped cantilever of span 6m having the prop at the is subjected to two concentrated loads
of 24 KN and 48KN at one third points respective from left end (fixed support ) draw SFD and
BMD . (AUC Nov/Dec 2010 )
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6. A propped cantilever of span 6m is subjected to a UDL of 2KN/m over a length of fixed the end.
Determine the prop reaction and draw the SFD and BMD. (AUC May/June 2012)
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7. A fixed beam of a 6m span supports two point loads 300KN each at a two meters from each end
. find the fixing moments at the ends and draw the BMD and SFD . Find also the deflection. Take
I = 9 x 108 mm2 and E = 200KN /m2. (AUC Apr / M AY 2010)
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8. For The fixed beam shown in fig. Draw the BMD and SFD.
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9. A cantilever beam ABC of span 6m fixed at a and propped at c is loaded with an UDL of 10KN/m
for the length of 4m from the fixed end . the prop reaction .the find the maximum sagging and
point of concentrations .
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 25
10. A continuous beam consists of three successive span of 6m and 12m and 4m and carries load
of 2KN/m , 1KN/m and 3KN/M respectively on the spans . Draw BMD and SFD for the beam .
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 26
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11. Find the support moments and reactions for the continuous beam shown in fig . Draw the BMD
and SFD. ( AUC APR/May 2010)
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12. A continuous beam ABC, is loaded as shown in fig . Find the support moments three moment
equation. Draw SFD and BMD.
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13. A continuous beam ABC covers two consecutive span AB and BC of lengths 4m and 6m,
carrying uniformly distributed loads of 6kN/m and 10kN/m respectively. If the ends A and C are
simply supported, find the support moments at A,B and C. draw also B.M.D and S.F.D.
(AUC Apr/May 2012)
Solution:
Given Data:
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 32
2 6(4 2 )
= *4*
3 8
=32
L1
x1=
2
= 4/2
= 2 m.
a2= Area of B.M.D due to UDL on BC,
2 10(6 2 )
= *6*
3 8
= 180m.
x2=L2 / 2
=6/2
=3m
Substitute these values in equation(i).
We get,
3 * 32 * 2
20MB = (180 * 3)
2
= 96+540
MB =31.8 kNm.
(ii) B.M.D
The B.M.D due to vertical loads (UDL) on span AB and span BC.
Span AB:
2
wL
= 1 1
8
6 * 42
=
8
=12kNm
2
w2 L2
Span BC: =
8
10 * 6 2
=
8
=45kNm
(iii) S.F.D:
To calculate Reactions,
For span AB, taking moments about B, we get
(RA*4)-(6*4*2) – MB=0
4RA – 48 = 31.8 (MB=31.8, -ve sign is due to hogging moment.
RA=4.05kN
Similarly,
For span BC, taking moment about B,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 33
(Rc*6)-(6*10*3) – MB=0
6RC – 180=-31.8
RC=24.7kN.
RB=Total load on ABC –(RA+RB)
=(6*4*(10*6))-(4.05+24.7)
=55.25kN.
RESULT:
MA=MC=0
MB=31.8kNm
RA=4.05kN
RB=55.25kN
RC=24.7kN
14. A continuous beam ABCD of length 15m rests on four supports covering 3 equal spans and
carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m length .Calculate the moments and reactions at the
supports. Draw The S.F.D and B.M.D.
Solution:
Given:
Length AB = L1 = 5m
Length BC = L2 = 5m
Length CD = L3 = 5m
u.d.l w1 = w2 = w3 = 1.5 kN/m
Since the ends A and D are simply supported, the support moments at A and D will be Zero.
MA=0 and MD=0
For symmetry MB=0
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 34
To find the support moments at B and C, by using claperon’s equations of three moments for ABC
and BCD.
For ABC,
6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
MAL1+[2MB(L1+L2)]+MCL2=
L1 L2
6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
0+[2MB(5+5)]+[MC(5)]=
5 5
6
20MB+5MC= (a1 x1 a2 x2 ) --------------------------------------(i)
5
a1=Area of BMD due to UDL on AB when AB is considered as simply supported beam.
2 w1 L1
= * AB * Altitude of parabola (Altitude of parabola= )
3 8
2 1.5 * (5) 2
= *5*
3 8
=15.625
x1=L1/2
=5/2=2.5m
Due to symmetry
.a2=a1=15.625
x2=x1=2.5
subs these values in eqn(i)
6
20MB+5MC = [(15.625 * 2.5) (15.625 * 2.5)]
5
=93.75
Due to symmetry MB=MC
20MB+5MB=93.75
MB=3.75kNm.
MB=MC=3.75kNm.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 35
MB=(RA*5)-(1.5*5*2.5)
-3.75=(RA*5)-18.75
RA=3.0kN.
Due to symmetry
RA=RD=3.0kN
RB=RC
RA+RB+RC+RD=Total load on ABCD
3+RB+RB+3=1.5*15
RB=8.25kN
RC=8.25kN.
Result:
MA = MD = 0
MB=MC=3.75kNm.
RA=RD=3.0kN
RB=8.25kN
RC=8.25kN.
15. A continuous beam ABCD, simply supported at A,B, C and D is loaded as shown in fig.
Find the moments over the beam and draw B.M.D and S.F.D. (Nov/ Dec 2003)
Solution:
Given:
Length AB = L1 = 6m
Length BC = L2 = 5m
Length CD = L3 = 4m
Point load W 1 = 9kN
Point load W 2 = 8kN
u.d.l on CD, w = 3 kN/m
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 36
(i) B.M.D due to vertical loads taking each span as simply supported:
W1ab 9*2*4
Consider beam AB, B.M at point load at E = 12kNm
L1 6
W 2ab 8*2*3
Similarly B.M at F = 9.6kNm
L2 6
B.M at the centre of a simply supported beam CD, carrying U.D.L
2
wL3 3 * 42
6kNm
8 8
6a 2 x 2 6a 3 x3
MBL2 + 2MC(L2+L3) + MDL3 =
L2 L3
6a 2 x 2 6a 3 x 3
MB*5 + 2MC(5+4) +0 =
5 4
6ax 2 6a 3 x 3
5M B 18M C ----------- (iii)
5 4
a2x2 = ½ * 5 * 9.6 *(L+a)/3 =1/2 * 5 * 9.6 *(5+2)/3 = 56
a3x3 = 2/3 * 4*6*4/2 =32
Substitute these values in equation (iii)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 37
6 * 56 6 * 32
5M B 18M C
5 4
5M B 18M C 115.2
Result:
MA = MD = 0
MB = 6.84 kNm and MC = 4.48 kNm
RA = 4.86kN
RB = 9.41kN
RC = 9.85 kN
RD = 4.88KN
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 38
16. Using the theorem of three moments draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams for the following continuous beam. (April / May 2003)
Solution:
Given:
wL2 4 * 42
Consider beam AB, B.M=
8 8
=8kNm.
Similarly for beam BC,
W1 ab 6 * 2 *1
B.M=
L2 3
=4kNm
Similarly for beam CD,
W2 ab 8 *1 * 3
B.M=
L3 4
=6kNm
Let MA,MB,MC And MD be the support moments at A,B,C and D. Since the ends is simply
supported, MA =MD=0.
By using Clayperon’s equation of three moments for span AB and BC,
6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
MAL1+[2MB(L1+L2) ]+ MCL2 =
L1 L2
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6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
0+[2MB(4+3)] MC(3) =
4 3
14MB+ 3MC = 1.5a1x1 + 2a2x2 ----------------------------(i)
6a 2 x 2 6a 3 x3
MB(3)+[2MC(3+3) ]+ MDL3 =
3 3
3MB+12MC = 2a2x2 + 2a3x3 ------------------------ (iii)
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Using eqn (ii) and (iii),
MB = 5.269 kN m
MC = 0.129 kN m
(iii) Support Reaction:
For span AB, taking moment about B
MB RA * 4 4 * 4 * 2
-5.269 = RA *4 – 32
RA *4=26.731
RA = 6.68 kN
17. A beam AB of 4m span is simply supported at the ends and is loaded as shown in fig.
Determine (i) Deflection at C (ii) Maximum deflection (iii) Slope at the end A.
E= 200 x 106 kN/m2 and I = 20 x 10-6 m4
Solution:
Given:
L = 4m
E= 200 x 106 kN/m2 and I = 20 x 10-6 m4
To calculate Reaction:
Taking moment about A
2
RB * 4 20 *1 10 * 2( 1 1)
2
RB *4 = 20 + 20(3)
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RB = 80/4 = 20 kN
RA = Total load - RB
= (10*2+20) -20
RA = 20 kN
Slope Equation:
dy 5( x 2) 3
EI 10 x 2 29.16 10( x 1) 2
dx 3
Deflection Equation:
10 x 3 10( x 1) 3 5( x 2) 4
EIy 29.16 x
3 3 12
(i) Deflection at C, yC :
10(2) 3 10(2 1) 3
EIy 29.16(2)
3 3
= 26.67 -58.32 -3.33
= -34.98
yc = 8.74 (downward)
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(ii) Maximum Deflection , ymax :
dy
EI 10 x 2 29.16 10( x 1) 2
dx
10x2 -29.16 -10(x-1)2 = 0
10x2 -29.16 -10 (x2 -2x+1) = 0
x = 39.16/20 =1.958 m
10(1.958) 3 10(1.958 1) 3
EIy 29.16(1.958)
3 3
ymax = -35/EI
ymax = 8.75 mm (downward)
18. A continuous beam is shown in fig. Draw the BMD indicating salient points.
(Nov/Dec 2004)
Solution:
Given:
Length L1 = 4m
Length L2 = 8m
Length L3 = 6m
Udl on BC w = 10 kN/m
Point load W 1 = 40 kN
Point load W 2 = 40 kN
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(i) B.M due to vertical loads:
W1 ab 40 * 3 *1
Consider beam AB, B.M = 30 kNm
L1 4
For beam BC,
wL2 10(8) 2
B.M = 80 kNm
8 8
For beam CD,
W2 L3 40 * 6
B.M = 60 kNm
4 4
(ii) B.M due to support moments:
Let MA, MB, MC, MD be the support moments at A, B, C, D. Since the end
A and D are simply supported MA = MD = 0
6a1 x1 6a 2 x 2
0 2M B (4 8 ) M C (8)
4 8
2MB (12) +8 MC = -1.5a1x1 – 0.75 a2 x2
24 MB +8 MC = -1.5a1x1 – 0.75 a2 x2 ----------- (i)
a1x1 = Moment of area of B.M.D due to point load
= ½*4*30*2/3*3 = 120
a2x2 = Moment of area of B.M.D due to udl
= 2/3 (Base x Altitude) x Base/2
= 2/3 (8*80)*8/2 = 1706.67
Using these values in equation (i)
24 MB +8 MC = -1.5(120) – 0.75 (1706.67)
24 MB +8 MC = -1460.0025 ---------------- (ii)
6a 2 x 2 6a 3 x3
M B (8) 2 M C (8 6) 0
8 6
8 MB + 28 MC = - 0.75 a2x2 - a3x3 -------------- (iii)
a2x2 = Moment of area of B.M.D due to udl
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 44
= 2/3 (Base x Altitude) x Base/2
= 2/3 (8*80)*8/2 = 1706.67
a3 x3 = Moment of area of B.M.D due to point load
= ½ * b*h*L/3
= ½ * 6*60*6/3
= 360
Using these values in equation (iii)
8 MB + 28 MC = - 0.75 (1706.67) – 360
8 MB + 28 MC = - 1640.0025 ------------------ (iv)
From (ii) & (iv)
MC = 45.526 kNm
MB = 45.657 kNm
Result:
MA = MD = 0
MC = 45.526 kNm
MB = 45.657 kNm
19. For the fixed beam shown in fig. draw BMD and SFD. (AUC Nov / Dec 2004)
Solution:
(i) B.M.D due to vertical loads taking each span as simply supported:
As beam is fixed at A and B, therefore introduce an imaginary zero span AA 1 and BB1 to the left of
A and to the right of B. The support moments at A1 and B1 are zero.
Let M0 = Support moment at A1 and B1 and it is zero.
MA = Fixing moment at A
MB = Fixing moment at B
MC = Support moment at C
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6 MA + 3MC = - 2a1x1 ------------- (i)
a1x1 = moment of area of B.M.D due to udl on AB when it is considered as simply supported
beam about B
= 2/3 * Base * Altitude * L1/2
= 2/3 * 3 * 2.25 * 3/2
a1x1 = 6.75
subs this values in equation (i) we get
6 MA + 3 MC = -13.50 ------------ (ii)
6a1 x1 6a2 x2
M A L1 2M C ( L1 L2 ) M B L2
L1 L2
6a1 x1 6a2 x2
M A (3) 2M C (3 3) M B (3)
3 3
3 MA + 12 MC + 3 MB = 2a1x1 + 2a2x2
a2x2 = 0
6a2 x2 6a0 x0
M C L2 2M B ( L2 L0 ) M 0 * 0
L2 L0
6a2 x2
3M C 2M B (3)
3
3MC + 6MB = 2a2x2
a2x2 = 0
3MC + 6MB = 0
MC = 1.125 kNm
MA = 0.5625 kNm
MB = -0.5625 kNm
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(iii) Support Reactions:
RB x 3 + MC = MB
RB x 3 + 1.125 = 0.5625
RB = 0.1875 kN
RC = Total load – (RA + RB )
= 2*3*1.5 – (3.1875 + 0.1875)
RC = 5.625 kN
Result:
MC = 1.125 kNm
MA = 0.5625 kNm
MB = -0.5625 kNm
RA = 3.1875 kN
RB = 0.1875 kN
RC = 5.625 kN
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 47
MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213.
UNIT– 3 COULMNS
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Define columns
If the member of the structure is vertical and both of its ends are fixed rigidly while subjected
to axial compressive load, the member is known as column.
Example: A vertical pillar between the roof and floor.
2. Define struts.
If the member of the structure is not vertical and one (or) both of its ends is Linged (or) pin
jointed, the bar is known as strut.
Example: Connecting rods, piston rods etc,
3. Mention the stresses which are responsible for column failure.
i. Direct compressive stresses
ii. Buckling stresses
iii. Combined of direct compressive and buckling stresses
4. State the assumptions made in the Euler’s column theory. . (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
1. The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axially.
2. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys Hooke’s
law.
4. The self weight of column is negligible.
5. What are the important end conditions of columns?
1. Both the ends of the column are hinged (or pinned)
2. One end is fixed and the other end is free.
3. Both the ends of the column are fixed.
4. One end is fixed and the other is pinned.
6. Write the expression for crippling load when the both ends of the column are hinged.
2 EI
P
l2
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
l = Length of column
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 1
7. Write the expression for buckling load (or) Crippling load when both ends of the
column are fixed?
4 2 EI
P
L2
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
l = Length of column
8. Write the expression for crippling load when column with one end fixed and other end
linged.
2 2 EI
P
l2
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
l = Length of column
9. Write the expression for buckling load for the column with one fixed and other end
free.
2 EI
P
4l 2
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
l = Length of column
10. Explain equivalent length (or) Effective length.
If l is actual length of a column, then its equivalent length (or) effective length L may be
obtained by multiplying it with some constant factor C, which depends on the end fixation of the
column (ie) L = C x l.
11. Write the Equivalent length (L) of the column in which both ends hinged and write the
crippling load.
2 EI
Crippling Load P 2
L
Equivalent length (L) = Actual length (l)
P = Crippling load
E = Young’s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
L= Length of column
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12. Write the relation between Equivalent length and actual length for all end conditions
of column.
13. Define core (or) Kernel of a section. . (ACU Nov/Dec 2011) (ACU May/June 2012)
When a load acts in such a way on a region around the CG of the section So that in that region
stress everywhere is compressive and no tension is developed anywhere, then that area is called
the core (or) Kernal of a section. The kernel of the section is the area within which the line of action
of the eccentric load P must cut the cross-section if the stress is not to become tensile.
14. Derive the expression for core of a rectangular section. (ACU Nov/Dec 2003)
The limit of eccentricity of a rectangular section b x d on either side of XX axis (or) YY axis is
d/6 to avoid tension at the base core of the rectangular section.
1 b d
2
2 3 6
bd
18
15. Derive the expression for core of a solid circular section of diameter D.
(ACU April /May 2010) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The limit of eccentricity on either side of both XX (or) YY axis = D/8 to avoid tension of the
base.
Core of the circular section = Area of the shaded portion
D / 82
D 2
64
16. A steel column is of length 8m and diameter 600 mm with both ends hinged.
Determine the crippling load by Euler’s formula. Take E 2.1105 N/mm2.
I d 4 6004 6.36 10 9 mm 4
64 64
Since the column is hinged at the both ends,
Equivalent length L = l
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 3
2 EI
Pcr
L2
2 2.1 10 5 6.36 10 9
8000 2
2.06 10 8 N
17. Define Slenderness ratio. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
It is defined as the ratio of the effective length of the column (L) to the least radius of
L
gyration of its cross –section (K) (i.e) the ratio of is known as slenderness ratio.
K
L
Slenderness ratio =
K
18. State the Limitations of Euler’s formula. (AUC April /May 2005)
a. Euler’s formula is applicable when the slenderness ratio is greater than or equal to 80
b. Euler’s formula is applicable only for long column
c. Euler’s formula is thus unsuitable when the slenderness ratio is less than a certain value.
19. Write the Rankine’s formula for columns. (AUC April /May 2010)
fc A
P 2
L
1
K
I
K = Least radius of gyration
A
P = Crippling load
A = Area of the column
fc = Constant value depends upon the material.
fc
= Rankine’s constant
2E
20. Write the Rankine’s formula for eccentric column.
fc A
P
ey L
2
1 2c 1
k k
I
K = Least radius of gyration
A
P = Crippling load
A = Area of the column
fc = Constant value depends upon the material.
fc
= Rankine’s constant
2E
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21. Define thick cylinder. . (ACU April /May 2011)
If the ratio of thickness of the internal diameter of a cylindrical or spherical shell exceeds
1/20, it is termed as a thick shell.
The hoop stress developed in a thick shell varies from a maximum value at the inner
circumference to a minimum value at the outer circumference.
Thickness > 1/20
22. State the assumptions involved in Lame’s Theory (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
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PART -B (16 marks)
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11. A hollow cylindrical cast iron column whose external diameter in 200mm and has a
thickness of 20mm is 4.5m long and is fixed at both ends . Calculate the safe load by Rankin’s
formula using a factor safety of 2.5. Take crushing strength of material as 580N/mm2 and
Rankin’s constant as 1/1600 . Find also the ratio of Rulers to Rankin’s load E= 150Gpa .
(AUC May/June 2012)
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12. A pipe of 200mm internal diameter and 50mm thickness carries a fluid at a pressure of a
10Mpa. Calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of circumferential stress distribution
and circumferential stress distribution across the section. (AUC Apr2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 21
13. Explain the failure of long column.
Solution:
A long column of uniform cross-sectional area A and of length l, subjected to an axial
compressive load P, as shown in fig. A column is known as long column if the length of the column
in comparison to its lateral dimensions is very large. Such columns do not fail y crushing alone, but
also by bending (also known buckling)
The load, at which the column just buckles, is known as buckling load and it is less than the
crushing load is less than the crushing load for a long column.
Buckling load is also known as critical just (or) crippling load. The value of buckling load for
long columns are long columns is low whereas for short columns the value of buckling load is high.
Let
P
0 = Stress due to direct load
A
Maximum stress = 0 + b
Minimum stress = 0 - b
The column will fail when maximum stress (i.e) 0 + b is more the crushing stress fc. In
case of long column, the direct compressive stresses are negligible as compared to buckling stresses.
Hence very long columns are subjected to buckling stresses.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 22
14. State the assumptions made in the Euler’s column Theory. And explain the sign
conventions considered in columns. (AUC April/May2003) (AUC May/June2012)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
The following are the assumptions made in the Euler’s column theory:
1. The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axially
2. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and
obeys Hooke’s law.
4. The length of the column is very large as compared to its lateral dimensions
5. The direct stress is very small as compared to the bending stress
6. The column will fail by buckling alone.
7. The self-weight of column is negligible.
1. A moment which will tend to bend the column with its convexity towards its initial
centre line is taken as positive.
2. A moment which will tend to bend the column with its concavity towards its initial
center line is taken as negative.
15. Derive the expression for crippling load when the both ends of the column are hinged.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length L hinged at both its ends A and B carries an axial crippling
load at A.
d 2 y Py
2
k 2 y
dx EI
p
Where k 2
EI
d2y
` 2 k y 0
2
dx
Solution of this differential equation is
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 23
y A cos kx B sin kx
p p
y A cos x B sin x
EI EI
At B, x = 0, y = 0 A=0
At A, x = l, y = 0
p
0 B sin l
EI
p
Sinl 0
EI
p
l 0, ,2 ,3 ......
EI
Now taking the lest significant value (i.e)
p 2 p
; l
2
l
EI EI
2 EI
p 2
l
`The Euler’s crippling load for long column with both ends hinged.
2 EI
p
l2
16. Derive the expression for buckling load (or) crippling load when both ends of the column
are fixed. (AUC April/May2010)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length l fixed at both the ends A and B and caries an axial
crippling load P at A due to which buckling occurs. Under the action of the load P the column will
deflect as shown in fig.
Consider any section X-X at a distance x from B.Let the deflection at X-X is y.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 24
Total moment at XX = M – P.y
Differential equation of the elastic curve is
d2y
EI M Py
dx 2
d 2 y py M
dx 2 EI IE
d 2 y py M p
dx 2 EI IE p
d 2 y py P M
dx 2 EI EI P
At, N. x = 0 and y = 0
From (i)
M
0 A 1 B 0
p
M
A
p
Differentiating the equation (i) with respect to x,
dy
dx
A
P
EI
Sin x. P / EI B
P
EI
Cos x.
P
EI
0
dy
At the fixed end B, x = 0 and 0
dx
P
B 0
EI
P
Either B = 0 (or) 0
EI
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 25
P
Since 0 as p 0
EI
B=0
M
Subs A and B = 0 in equation (i)
p
M P M
y cos x.
P
P EI
M P
y 1 cos x..
P EI
Again at the fixed end A, x = l, y = 0
0
M
P
1 Cos l. P / EI
l. P / EI 0,2 ,4 ,6 ........
Now take the least significant value 2
P
l. 2
EI
P
l. 2 4 2
EI
4 2 EI
P
l2
The crippling load for long column when both the ends of the column are fixed
4 2 EI
P
L2
17. Derive the expression for crippling load when column with one end fixed and other end
hinged. (ACU April/May 2003) (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
Solution:
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 26
Consider any section X-X at a distance x from the fixed end B. Let the deflection at xx is y.
d2y
EI H l x Py
dx 2
d2y P 14l x
2
y
dx EI EI
d2y P H l x p
2
y
dx EI EI P
d2y P H l x p
2
y
dx EI EI EI
The general solution of the above different equation is
p p H l x
y A cos x. B sin x.
EI EI P
Where A and B are the constants of integration. (i)
At B, x = 0, y = 0
Hl
From (i) A
P
P H
B
EI P
H EI
B
P p
Again at the end A, x = l, y=0. substitute these values of x, y, A and B in equation (i)
0
Hl
P
Cos l. P / EI
H
P
EI
P
Sin l. P / EI
H
P
EI
p
Sin. l. P / EI Hl
P
Cos l. P / EI
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 27
tan l. P / EI .l P / EI .l
The value of tan P / EI .l in radians has to be such that its tangent is equal to itself. The only
angle whose tangent is equal to itself, is about 4.49 radians.
P / EI .l 4.49
l 4.49
P 2 2
EI
P 2
l 2 2 (approx)
EI
2 2 EI
P
l2
The crippling load (or) buckling load for the column with one end fixed and one end hinged.
2 2 EI
P
l2
18. Derive the expression for buckling load for the column with one end fixed and other
end free. (AUC April/May 2003) (AUC May/June2012)
Solution:
Consider a column AB of length l, fixed at B and free at A, carrying an axial rippling load P
at D de to which it just buckles. The deflected form of the column AB is shown in fig. Let the new
position of A is A1.
Let a be the deflection at the free end. Consider any section X-X at a distance x from B.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 28
d 2 y py pq
dx2 EI EI
The solution of the above differential equation is,
P P
y A cos x. B sin x.
a Where A and B are constants of integration.
EI EI
At B, x = 0, y = 0
From (i), A = 0
dy P P P P
A Sin x. B
Cos x.
dx EI EI EI EI
dy
At the fixed end B, x = 0 and 0
dx
P
0B
EI
P
As 0 p 0
EI
P
y a cos x. a
EI
P
y a 1 cos x..
(ii)
EI
P
cos1.. 0
EI
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P 3 5
1 , ,
EI 2 2 2
Now taking the least significant value,
P
1
EI 2
P 2
1 2
EI 4
2 EI
P
4l 2
The crippling load for the columns with one end fixed and other end free.
2 EI
P
4l 2
19. A steel column is of length 8 m and diameter 600 mm with both ends hinged. Determine the
crippling load by Euler’s formula. Take E =2.1 x 105 N/mm2
Solution:
Given,
Actual length of the column, l = 8m = 8000 mm
Equivalent length L =l
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2 EI
Pcr
L2
2 2 2.1 105 6.36 109
80002
= 2.06 x 108 N
20. A mild steel tube 4m long, 3cm internal diameter and 4mm thick is used as a strut with
both ends hinged. Find the collapsing load, what will be the crippling load if
Solution:
Given:
Actual length of the mild steel tube, l = 4m = 400 cm
Internal diameter of the tube, d = 3 cm
Thickness of the tube, t = 4mm = 0.4cm.
I
64
D 4
d4
64
3.8 4
3
2
I = 6.26 cm 4
i. Since the both ends of the tube are hinged, the effective length of the column when both
ends are hinged.
L = l = 400 cm
2 EI
Euler’s crippling load Pcr
L2
2 2 10 6 6.26
4002
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Pcr 772.30 Kg.
2 EI
Pcr
L2
2 2 10 6 6.26
2002
Pcr = 3089.19 Kg.
iii. When one end of the column is built in and the other end is free,
effective length of the column, L = 2l
= 2 x 400
= 800 cm
2 EI
Pcr
L2
2 2 10 6 6.26
8002
Pcr = 193.07 Kg.
21. A column having a T section with a flange 120 mm x 16 mm and web 150 mm x 16 mm
is 3m long. Assuming the column to be hinged at both ends, find the crippling load by
using Euler’s formula. E = 2 x 106 Kg/cm2.
Solution:
Given:
Flange width = 120 mm = 12 cm
Flange thickness = 16 mm = 1.6 cm
Length of the web = 150 mm = 15cm
Width of the web = 16mm = 1.6cm
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E = 2 106 Kg/cm2
Since the column is hinged at both ends, effective length of the column.
L = l = 300 cm.
From the fig. Y-Y is the axis of symmetry. The C.G of the whole section lies on Y-Y
axis.
Let the distance of the C.G from the 16 mm topmost fiber of the section = Y
1.6 15
12 1.6 15 1.61.6
2 2
Y
12 1.6 15 1.6
Y 5.41 cm
I XX 1188 .92cm4
I min 235.52cm 4
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22. A steel bar of solid circular cross-section is 50 mm in diameter. The bar is pinned at
both ends and subjected to axial compression. If the limit of proportionality of the material is
210 MPa and E = 200 GPa, determine the m minimum length to which Euler’s
formula is valid. Also determine the value of Euler’s buckling load if the column has this
minimum length.
Solution:
Given,
Dia of solid circular cross-section, d = 50 mm
Area of cross –section, A 50 2 1963 .49 mm 2
4
Least moment of inertia of the column section,
I 50 4 3.6.79 10 3 mm 4
64
Least radius of gyration,
306 .79 10 3
50 4 156 .25 mm 2
I
k2
A 1963 .49
The bar is pinned at both ends,
2 EI
Pcr
L2
Pcr 2E
A L / K 2
For Euler’s formula to be valid, value of its minimum effective length L may be found out by
equating the buckling stress to f
2E
2
210
L
K
2E k 2 2 2 10 5 156 .25
L2 L2
210 210
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L = 1211.89 mm = 1212 mm = 1.212 m
2 EI
Euler’s buckling load
L2
2 2 10 5 306.75 10 3
1212 2
= 412254 N = 412.254 KN
Result:
23. Explain Rankine’s Formula and Derive the Rankine’s formula for both short and long
column.
Solution:
Rankine’s Formula:
Euler’s formula gives correct results only for long columns, which fail mainly due to
buckling. Whereas Rankine’s devised an empirical formula base don practical experiments for
determining the crippling or critical load which is applicable to all columns irrespective of whether
they a short or long.
1 1 1
P Pe PE
For a short column, if the effective length is small, the value of P E will be very high and the
1 1
value of will be very small as compared to and is negligible.
PE PC
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 35
1 1
For the short column, (i.e) P = PC
P Pc
Thus for the short column, value of crippling load by Rankine is more or less equal to the
value of crushing load:
1
For long column having higher effective length, the value of PE is small and will be
PE
1 1
large enough in comparison to . So is ignored.
PC PC
1 1
For the long column, (i.e) p PE
PC PE
Thus for the long column the value of crippling load by Rankine is more or less equal to the
value of crippling load by Euler.
1 1 1
P Pc PE
1 P Pc
E
P Pc PE
Pc PE Pc
p p
PE Pc ; P
1 c
PE
2 EI
Substitute the value of P c = fc A and PE in the above equation,
L2
fc A
p
f A
1 2 c
EI / L2
Where,
fc = Ultimate crushing stress of the column material.
I = Ak2
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 36
fc A fc A
p
f A f c A L2
1 2 c 1
EI / L2 2 EAk 2
fc A
p 2
L
1
K
fc
where = Rankine’s constant
2E
Crushing Load
P=
1 L / k
2
fc
2E
The following table shows the value of fc and for different materials.
fc
Material fc N/mm2
2E
1
Wrought iron 250
9000
1
Cast iron 550
1600
1
Mild steel 320
7500
1
Timber 50
750
24. A rolled steel joist ISMB 300 is to be used a column of 3 meters length with both ends
fixed. Find the safe axial load on the column. Take factor of safety 3, f c = 320 N/mm2
1
and . Properties of the column section.
7500
Area = 5626 mm2, IXX = 8.603 x 107 mm4
Iyy =4.539 x 107 mm4
Solution:
Given:
Length of the column, l = 3m = 3000 mm
Factor of safety = 3
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 37
1
fc = 320 N/mm2,
7500
l 3000
Effective length, L 1500mm
2 2
I I min I yy 4.539 10 7 mm 4
I 4.539 10 7
K 89.82mm
A 5626
Crippling load as given by Rakine’s formula,
fc A 320 5626
pcr 2
2
L 1 1500
1 1
K 7500 89.82
Pcr = 1343522.38 N
Crippling Load
Safe load =
Factor of safety
1343522.38
447840.79 N
3
Result:
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25. A built up column consisting of rolled steel beam ISWB 300 with two plates 200 mm x
10 mm connected at the top and bottom flanges. Calculate the safe load the column
carry, if the length is 3m and both ends are fixed. Take factor of safety 3 fc = 320
1
N/mm2 and
7500
Take properties of joist: A = 6133 mm2
Solution:
Given:
fc =320 N/mm2
1
7500
Sectional area of the built up column,
200 10 3 2
I XX 9821.6 10 2
4
200 10 155
12
= 1.94 x 108 mm4
Moment of inertia of the built up column section abut YY axis,
10 200 3
IYY 990 .1 10 2
4
12
= 0.23 x 108 mm4
Since Iyy is less than Ixx , The column will tend to buckle about Y-Y axis.
I I min I YY 0.23 10 8 mm 4
The column is fixed at both ends.
Effective length,
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l 3000
L 1500mm
2 2
Least radius of gyration o the column section,
J 0.23 10 8
K 47.64mm
A 10133
fc A 320 10133
pcr 2
2
L 1 1500
1 1
K 7500 47.64
= 2864023.3 N
2864023.3
Safe load = Crippling load 954674.43N
3
Factor of safety
Result:
26. Derive Rankine’s and Euler formula for long columns under long columns under
Eccentric Loading? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
i. Rankine’s formula:
Consider a short column subjected to an eccentric load P with an eccentricity e form the axis.
P M I
fc Z
A Z y
P p.e. y c
I Ak 2
A Ak 2
I
k
A
where
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A = Sectional are of the column
Z = Sectional modulus of the column
yc = Distance of extreme fibre from N.A
k = Least radius of gyration.
P ey
fc 1 2c
A k
fc A
P
Eccentric load, ey
1 2c
k
ey
Where 1 2c is the reduction factor for eccentricity of loading.
k
For long column, loaded with axial loading, the crippling load,
fc A
P 2
L
1
K
L
2
Where 1 is the reduction factor for buckling of long column.
K
Hence for a long column loaded with eccentric loading, the safe load,
fc A
P
eyc L
2
1 2 1
K K
l
P e sec P / EI
P 2
A Z
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Hence, the maximum stress induced in the column having both ends hinged and an
P Pe l
eccentricity of e is sec P / EI
A Z 2
The maximum stress induced in the column with other end conditions are determined by
changing the length in terms of effective length.
27. A column of circular section has 150 mm dia and 3m length. Both ends of the column
are fixed. The column carries a load of 100 KN at an eccentricity of 15 mm from the
geometrical axis of the column. Find the maximum compressive stress in the column
section. Find also the maximum permissible eccentricity to avoid tension in the column
section. E = 1 x 105 N/mm2
Solution:
Given,
D2
Area of the column section A
4
1502
4
= 17671 mm2
I D4 150
4
64 64
= 24.85 x 106 mm4
Section modulus,
I I
Z
y D/2
24.85 10 6
= 331339mm 3
150
2
Both the ends of the column 2 are fixed.
l 3000
Effective length of the column, L 1500mm
2 2
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Now, the angle
L 100 10 3 1500
P / EI
2 1 10 24.85 10
5 6
2
o
= 0.1504 rad = 8.61
P Pe L
sec P / EI
A Z 2
= 10.22 N/mm2
P M
A Z
P p e sec .8.61o
A Z
e = 18.50 mm
Result:
i. Maximum compressive stress = 10.22 N/mm2
ii. Maximum eccentricity = 18.50 mm
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2 Derivation of Lame’s Theory
Lame’s Equation:
f x px 2a
b
Px 2
a
x
b
fx 2
a 2a
x
b
fx 2
a
x
where
fx = hoop stress induced in the ring.
px = Internal radial pressure in the fig.
Px + dPx = External radial pressure in the ring.
The values of the two constants a and to b are found out using the following boundary
conditions:
29. A thick steel cylinder having an internal diameter of 100 mm an external diameter of
200 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 55 M pa and an external pressure of 7
Mpa. Find the maximum hoop stress.
Solution:
Given,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 44
100
Inner radius of the cylinder, ri 50mm
2
200
Outer radius of the cylinder, ro 100mm
2
Internal pressure, Pi = 55 Mpa
In the hoop stress and radial stress in the cylinder at a distance of x from the centre is f x and
px respectively, using Lame’s equations,
b
fx a (i)
x2
b
Px a (ii)
x2
where a and b are constants,
b
55 a
50 2 (iii)
b
7 a (iv)
100 2
Solving (iii) & (iv)
b / 100 2 a 7
b / 50 2 a 55
(- ) (+)
3b
= - 48
10000
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 45
b = 160000
a=9
160000
fx 9
x2
The value of fx is maximum when x is minimum
Thus fx is maximum for x = ri = 50 mm
160000
Maximum hoop stress 9
502
= 73 Mpa (tensile)
Result:
30. A cast iron pipe has 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm metal thickness. It carries
water under a pressure of 5 N/mm2. Find the maximum and minimum intensities of
circumferential stress. Also sketch the distribution of circumferential stress and
radial stress across the section.
Solution:
Given:
di 200
Internal radius ri 100mm
2 2
External radius r0 ri t 100 50 150mm
Let fx and Px be the circumferential stress and radial stress at a distance of x from the centre of the
pipe respectively.
b
fx a (i)
x2
b
px 2 a (ii)
x
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 46
where, a & b are arbitrary constants.
b
5 a (ii)
1002
b
0 a (iv)
1502
By solving (iii) & (iv) a = 4 ; b = 90000
90000 90000
fx 4, Px 4,
x 2
x2
4 13N / mm 2 tensile
90000
fx
100 2
4 8 N / mm 2 tensile
90000
fx
150 2
Solution:
Consider a compound thick cylinder as shown in fig.
Let,
r1 = Inner radius of the compound cylinder
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 47
b1
Px a1
x2
b1
fx a1
x2
At x = r3, Px = 0 and at x = r2, px = p
b2
Px a2
x2
b
f x 22 a2
x
At x = r2, Px = p and at x = r3, px = 0
To find the stress in the compound cylinder due to internal fluid pressure alone, the inner and
outer cylinders will be considered together as one thick shell. Now applying Lame’s Equation,
B
Px A
x2
B
fx A
x2
At x = r1, Px = pf ( Pf being the internal fluid pressure)
At x = r3, px = 0
The resultant hoop stress is the algebraic sum of the hoop stress due to shrinking and due
internal fluid pressure.
32. A compound cylinder is composed of a tube of 250 mm internal diameter at 25 mm wall
thickness. It is shrunk on to a tube of 200 mm internal diameter. The radial pressure
at the junction is 8 N/mm2. Find the variation of hoop stress across the wall of the
compound cylinder, if it is under an internal fluid pressure of 60 N/mm2
Solution:
Given:
Internal diameter of the outer tube, d1 = 250 mm
Wall thickness of the outer tuber , t = 25 mm
Internal diameter of the inner tube , d2 = 200 mm
Radial pressure at the junction P = 8 N/mm2
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 48
Internal fluid pressure within the cylinder Pf = 60 N/mm2
d1 2t
r2
2
1
250 2 25 150 mm
2
Internal radius of the compound cylinder,
d 2 200
r1 100 mm
2 2
d1 250
Radius at the junction, r1 125 mm
2 2
Let the radial stress and hoop stress at a distance of x from the centre of the cylinder be p x
and fx respectively.
i. Hoop stresses due to shrinking of the outer and inner cylinders before fluid pressure is
admitted.
b1
Px a1 (i)
x2
b1
fx
a1 (ii)
x2
Where a1 and b1 are arbitrary constants for the outer cylinder.
b1
o a1
150 2
(iii)
b1
8 a1
1252
(iv)
409091
fx 18 (v)
x2
Putting x = 150 mm in the above equation stress at the outer surface,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 49
409091
fx 18 36 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
150 2
409091
fx 18 44 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
1252
b2
Px a2 (iv)
x2
b2
fx a2 (v)
x2
Now at x = 125 mm, Px = 8 N/mm2
x =100 mm, Px = 0
b2
8 a2
1252
(vi)
b2
o a2
1002
(vii)
222222
fx 22 44.2 N / mm 2 (Comp)
100 2
222222
fx 22 36.2 N / mm 2 (Comp)
125 2
iii. Hoop stresses due to internal fluid pressure alone for the compound cylinder:
In this case, the two tubes will be taken as a single thick cylinder. Applying Lame’s
equations with usual notations.
B
Px A (viii)
x2
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 50
B
fx A (ix)
x2
At x = 150 mm, Px = 0
x = 100 mm, Px = pf = 60 N/mm2
B
O A (x)
150 2
B
60 A (xi)
100 2
By solving (x) & (xi)
A = 133, B = 3 x 106
3 10 6
fx 133
x2
Putting x = 150 mm, hoop stress at the outer surface
3 10 6
fx 133 266 N / mm 2 (Tensile)
150 2
3 10 6
fx 133 325 N / mm 2 Tensile
125 2
3 10 6
fx 133 433 N / mm 2 Tensile
100 2
a. Outer cylinder
Resultant hoop stress at the outer surface = 36 + 266
= 302 N/ mm2 (Tensile)
b. Inner cylinder;
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 51
Resultant hoop stress at the inner face = - 44.2 + 433
= 388.8 N/mm2 (Tensile)
33. A column with alone end hinged and the other end fixed has a length of 5m and a
hollow circular cross section of outer diameter 100 mm and wall thickness 10 mm. If E =
1.60 x 10 5
N/mm and crushing strength 0 350 N / mm 2 , Find the load that the column
2
may carry with a factor of safety of 2.5 according to Euler theory and Rankine – Gordon
theory. If the column is hinged on both ends, find the safe load according to the two theories.
(ACU April/May 2003)
Solution:
Given:
L = 5 m = 5000 mm
Outer diameter D = 100 mm
Inner diameter d = D-2t = 100 – 2 (10) = 80 mm
Thickness = 10 mm
I = 1.60 x 105 N/mm2
0 350 N / mm 2
f = 2.5
2 2 EI
P L
l
5000
3536.0 6 mm
L2 2 2
2 3.14 1.60 10 5 I
2
P
3536.062
I
64
D 4
d4
64
100 4
80 4
100000000 40960000
64
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 52
2 3.14 1.60 10 5 28.96 10 5
2
P
12503716.14
p = 73.074 x 103 N
fc A
p
2
L
1 a
K
K = lest radius of Gyration
I 28.96 10 5
32.01
A 2826
A
4
100 2
80 2
10000 6400 fc = c
4
= 2826 mm2
350 28.26
P 2
1 3536.06
1
7500 32.01
989100
P
1.33 10 4 12203.036
P 60.94 10 4 N
2 EI
P L=l
L2
3.14 1.60 10 5 28.96 10 5
2
50002
18.274 10 4
P = 18.274 x 104 N ; Safe Load =
2.5
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 53
= 73096 N
Rankine’s Theory
fc A
p 2
L
1 a
K
350 2826
2
1 5000
1
7500 32.01
989100 30.480 10 4
Safe load = 121920 N
1.33 10 4 24398.81 2.5
P = 30.480 x 104
Result:
i. Euler’s Theory
One end fixed & one end hinged P = 73.074 x 103 N
Both ends hinged P = 18.274 x 104 N
34. A column is made up of two channel ISJC 200 mm and two 25 cm x 1 cm flange plate as
shown in fig. Determine by Rankine’s formula the safe load, the column of 6m length,
with both ends fixed, can carry with a factor of safety 4. The properties of one channel
are A = 17.77 cm2, Ixx = 1,161.2 cm4 and Iyy = 84.2 cm4. Distance of centroid from back
1
of web = 1.97 cm. Take fc = 0.32 KN/mm2 and Rankine’s Constant
7500
(ACU April /May 2003)
Solution:
Given:
Length of the column l = 6 m = 600 mm
Factor of safety = 4
Yield stress, fc = 0.32 KN/mm2
1
Rankine’s constant, a
7500
Area of column,
A = 2 (17.77+25 x 1)
A = 85.54 cm2
A = 8554 mm2
Moment of inertia of the column about X-X axis
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 54
25 13
I XX 2 1,161.2 25 1 10.5 2 = 7839.0 cm4
12
1 25 3 2
I YY 2 8.42 17.77 5 1.97 = 4,499.0 cm4
12
Iyy < IXX The column will tend to buckle in yy-direction
l 6000
L 3000mm
2 2
I 4499 10 4
K 72.5mm
A 855 4
f c .A 0.32 8554 . A
P 2
2 = 2228 KN
K 1 3000
1 a 1
L 75000 72 .5
P
Safe load of column
F .O.S
2228
=557 KN
4
Result:
Safe load = 557 KN
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 55
MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213.
PART - A (2 marks)
1. Define stress
When a certain system of external forces acts on a body then the body offers resistance to
these forces. This internal resistance offered by the body per unit area is called the stress induced
in the body.
2. Define principal planes and principal stress.(AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC Apr/May 2010)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010) (AUC Apr/May 2011)
The plane in which the shear stress is zero is called principal planes. The plane which is
independent of shear stress is known as principal plane.
The normal stress acting on prinicipal planes is called principal stress
3. Define spherical tensor.
m 0 0
ii
ij 0 m 0
0 0 m
1
m x y z
3
is the mean stress.
m
4. Define Deviator stress tensor
x m
l xy xz
1
ij xy y m yz
xz l yz z m
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 1
5. Define volumetric strain. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
It is defined as the ratio between change in volume and original volume of the body and is
denoted by e v
Change in volume v
ev =
Original volume v
1. On a mild steel specimen when spiel tension test is carried out sliding occurs
approximately 45o to the axis of the specimen; this shows that the failure in this case is
due to maximum shear stress rather than the direct tensile stress.
2. It has been found that a material which is even though weak in simple compression yet
can sustain hydrostatic pressure for in excess of the elastic limit in simple compression.
1 3 et
l max (or) 1 3 et
2 2
10. State the limitations of maximum shear stress theory.
i. The theory does not give accurate results for the state of stress of pure shear in which
the maximum amount of shear is developed (i.e) Torsion test.
ii. The theory does not give us close results as found by experiments on ductile materials.
However, it gives safe results.
This theory is also called “ Distortion energy Theory” or “Von Mises - Henky Theory.”
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 2
According to this theory the elastic failure occurs where the shear strain energy per unit
volume in the stressed material reaches a value equal to the shear strain energy per unit volume at
the elastic limit point in the simple tension test.
1. The theory does to agree the experiment results for the material for which at is quite
different etc.
2. This theory is regarded as one to which conform most of the ductile material under the
action of various types of loading.
x . xz
xy
'
ij xy y yz
xz yz z
16. Explain the three stress invariants. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC May/June 2012)
3 2
I1 I2 I3 0
where
I1 x y z
2
I2 y y z x z xy y2z 2
xz
2 2 2
I3 x y Z x xy y xz z xy 2 xy yz xz
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 3
18. Explain Mohr’s Theory
Let f
The enveloping curve f must represent in this abscissa and ordinates e, the
normal and shearing stresses in the plane of slip.
2 2
1 3 2 1 3
2 2
1
Let P 1 3
2
1
m 1 3
2
2 2
p lm 2
1 2 2 2
U 1 2 3 2v 1 2 2 3 3 1
2E
2
0
U
2E
20. State the shear strain energy per unit volume
1 2 2 2
s 1 2 2 3 3 1
12C
E
where C
1
21
m
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 4
21 Explain the concept of stress?
When certain system of external forces act on a body then the body offers resistance to
these forces. This internal resistance offered by the body per unit area is called the stress induced
in the body.
The stress may be resolved into two components. The first one is the normal stress n,
which is the perpendicular to the section under examination and the second one is the shear stress
, which is operating in the plane of the section.
22. State the Theories of failure.
1. For the state of stress shown in fig. find the principal plane and principal stress.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 5
2. For the state stress shown in fig. Find the principal plane and principal stress and
maximum shear stress. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 6
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 7
3. The rectangular stress components of a point in three dimensional stress system are
defined as a σx=20Mpa , σy=- 40Mpa , σz = 80Mpa , xy =40Mpa , , yz= -60Mpa ,
, xz=20Mpa . Determine the principal stresses and principal planes.
(AUC Apr/ May 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 8
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 9
4. A shaft is subjected to a maximum torque of 10KN-m and a maximum bending moment
of 8KN-m at perpendicular section. if the allowable equivalent stress in simple is
160MN/m2 , find the diameter of the shaft accoding to the maximum shear stress theory
(AUC Nov/ Dec 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 10
5. In a steel member , at a point the major principal stress is 200MN/m 2 and the minor
principle stress is compressive . if the tensile yield point of the steel is 235MN/m 2. Find
the value of the minor principal stress at which yielding will commence , according to
each of the following certeria of failure .
1. Maximum shear stress
2. Maximum total strain energy
3. Maximum shear strain energy . take passion ratio 0.26 (AUC Nov/ Dec 2010)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 11
6. A circular shaft has to take a bending moment of 9000N/m and torque 6750 Nm . the
stress at elastic limit of the material is 207 x 106N /m2 both in tension and compression .
E = 207 x 106 KPa and µ = 0.25 . Determine the diameter of the shaft using octahedral
shear stress theory an the maximum shear stress theory. Factor of safety = 2.
(AUC Apr/ May 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 12
7. In a material , the principal stresses are 50 KN/m2, 40 KN/m2, and -30 KN/m2, .
calculate the total energy , volumetric strain energy , shear strain energy and factor
safety on the total strain energy criterion if the material yields at 100 N/mm 2.
(AUC Nov/ Dec 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 13
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 14
8. A steel shaft is subjected to an end thrust producing a stress of 90Mpa and the
maximum shearing stress on the surface arising from the torsion is 60Mpa . the yield
point of the material in simple in simple tension was found to be 300Mpa . calculate the
factor of safety of the shaft according to
1. Maximum shear stress theory
2. Maximum distortion energy theory ( AUC Apr / May 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 15
9. At a point, the major principal stresses is 120N/mm2(tensile), and the minor the
principal stress is compressive . if the yield stress of steel is 250N/mm2. Find the value of
minor principal stress at which yielding take place according to each of the following
theorizes of failure.
1. Maximum shear stress theory
2. Maximum principal stress theory ( AUC Apr / May 2011)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 16
10. The stress components at a point are given by the following array.
10 5 6
5 8 10 Mpa
6 10 6
Calculate the principal stress and principal planes.
Solution:
3 2
I1 I2 I3 0 (1)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 17
where,
I1 x y z
2 2 2
I2 x y y z z x xy yz xz
2 2 2
I3 x y z x yz y xz z xy 2 xy yz xz
x. xy xz
ij yx y yz
zx zy z
2 2 2
I2 x y y z z x xy yz xz
= (10 x 8) + (8 x 6) + (6 x 10) - (5)2 – (10)2 – (6)2
=80 + 48 + 60 - 25 – 100 -36
=27
2 2 2
I3 x y z x yz y xz z xy 2 xy yz xz
= 10 x 8 x 6 -10 (10)2 -8 (6 )2 - 6 (5)2 + 2(5) (10) (6)
=480 -1000-288-150+600
=-358
We know that
From this
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 18
1 3
Cos3 Cos3 Cos 0 (3)
4 4
put,
I1
rCos
3
24
rCos
3
rCos 8
Divided by r3
165 450
Cos 3 2
0 Cos (4)
r r3
Comparing equation (3) and (4) ,w e get,
165 3
r2 4
r = 14.8324
and
450 Cos3
r3 4
450 4
Cos3 3
14.8324
Cos 3 = 0.551618
1 = 18.84o
2 = 1+ 120
2 = 138.84o
3 = 2 +120
3 = 258.84o
1 = r Cos 1 +8
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 19
= 14.8324 Cos (18.84o) + 8
1 = 22.04 MPa
= 14.8324 Cos 138. 84o + 8
= - 3.17 MPa
3 = r cos 3 + 8
= 14.8324 Cos 258. 84o + 8
= 5.13 MPa
Result:
11. Obtain the principal stresses and the related direction cosines for the following state of
stress. (April / May 2003)
3. 4 6
4 2 5 MPa
6 5 1
Solution:
3 2
I1 I2 I3 0 (1)
I1 x y z
=3+2+1 =6
I2 x y y z x x2 y 2
yz
2
xz
= 6 - 75 - 72 - 16 + 240
I3 = 83
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 20
3 2
6 66 83 0 (2)
We know that
1 3
Cos3 Cos3 Cos
4 4
1 3
Cos3 Cos3 Cos (3)
4 4
I1
Put rCos
3
rCos 2
3
r 3 Cos 3 8 3 r 2 Cos 2 2 3 rCos 4 6r 2 Cos 2
39 179
Cos 3 Cos 0 (4)
r2 r3
39 1
r2 4
r2 = 156
r = 12.48
179 Cos3
and
r3 4
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 21
716 = Cos 3 x (12.48 )3
716
Cos3
1943.765
Cos 3 = 0.3683573
3 = 68.38565
1 = 22.79o
2 = 1 + 120
2 = 142.79
3 = 2 +120
3 = 262.79
1 r cos 1 2
= 12.48 Cos (22.790) + 2
1 13.506MPa
2 rCos 2 2
2 7.939MPa
3 rCos 3 2
= 0.433680 MPa
Result:
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 22
12. The state of stress at a point is given by
20 . 6 10
6 10 8 MPa
10 8 7
Determine the principal stresses and principal direction.
Solution:
The cubic equation
3 2
I1 I2 I3 0 (1)
I1 x y z
= 20 + 10 + 7 = 37
2 2 2
I2 x y y z z x xy yz zx
=(20 x 10) + (10 x 7) + (7) x 20 + (36) + (64) + (100)
=200 + 70 + 140 + 26 + 64 + 100
I2=610
2 2 2
I3 x y z x yz y xz z xy 2 xy yz zx
3 2
37 610 1308 0 (2)
We know that
1 3
Cos 3 Cos3 Cos
4 4
1 3
Cos 3 Cos3 Cos (3)
4 4
I1
Put rCos
3
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 23
rCos 12.33
3 2
37 610 1308 0
3 2
rCos 12.33 37 rCos 12.33 610 rCos 12.33 1308 0
295 4960.2693
Cos 3 Cos 0 (4)
r2 r3
By comparing (3) & (4)
1 295
4 r2
r2 = 1180
r = 34.35
and
Cos3 4960.2693
4 r3
Cos3 4960.2693
4 40534.331
3 = 60.6930
1 = 20.231o
2 = 1+ 120
o
2 = 140 .23
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 24
3 = 26.231 o
1 rCos 1 12.33
1 44.530 MPa
2 rCos 2 12.33
= 34.35 Cos (140.231o) + 12.33
2 14.217MPa
3 rCos 3 12.33
= 34.35 Cos (260.231o) + 12.33
3 6.5016
Result:
1= 20.231o 3= 260.231o 2 = - 14.217 MPa
13. Explain the Energy of Distortion (shear strain energy) and Dilatation. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The strain energy can be split up on the following two strain energies.
i. Strain energy of distortion (shear strain energy)
ii. Strain energy of Dilatation (Strain energy of uniform compression (or)) tension (or)
volumetric strain energy )
Then
1
e1 1 2 3
E
1
e2 2 3 1
E
1
e3
3 1 2
E
Adding the above equation we get,
1
e1 e2 e3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3
E
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 25
1 2 3
1 2
E
1 2
ev 1 2 3
E
1. When the sum of three principal stresses is zero, there is no volumetric change but
only the distortion occurs.
2. When the three principal stresses are equal to one another there is no distortion but
only volumetric change occurs.
Note:
1, 2, 3 =
Principal stresses in any complex system
(such that e1 > e2 > e3 )
It may be assumed that the loading is gradual (or) static (and there is no cyclic (or) impact
load.)
According to this theory failure will occur when the maximum principle tensile stress
( 1) in the complex system reaches the value of the maximum stress at the elastic limit
( et) in the simple tension (or) the minimum principal stress (that is, the maximum
principal compressive stress), reaches the elastic limit stress ( ) in simple compression.
(ie.) 1 = et (in simple tension)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 26
1
This theory disregards the effect of other principal stresses and of the shearing stresses on
other plane through the element. For brittle materials which do not fail by yielding but fail
by brittle fracture, the maximum principal stress theory is considered to be reasonably
satisfactory.
This theory appears to be approximately correct for ordinary cast – irons and brittle metals.
1. On a mild steel specimen when simple tension test is carried out sliding occurs
approximately 45o to the axis of the specimen; this shows that the failure in the case is
due to maximum shear stress rather than the direct tensile stress.
2. It has been found that a material which is even though weak in simple compression
yet can sustain hydrostatic pressure for in excess of the elastic limit in simple
compression.
15. Explain the Maximum shear stress (or) Stress Difference theory. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
This theory is also called Guesti’s (or) Tresca’s theory.
This theory implies that failure will occur when the maximum shear stress
maximum in the complex system reaches the value of the maximum shear stress
in simple tension at the elastic limit i.e.
1 3 et
max in simple tension.
2 2
(or) 1 3 et
In actual design et in the above equation is replaced by the safe stress.
This theory gives good correlation with results of experiments on ductile materials. In
the case of two dimensional tensile stress and then the maximum stress difference
calculated to equate it to et.
Limitations of this theory:
i. The theory does not give accurate results for the state of stress of pure shear in which
the maximum amount of shear is developed (ie) Torsion test.
ii. The theory is not applicable in the case where the state of stress consists of triaxial
tensile stresses of nearly equal magnitude reducing, the shearing stress to a small
magnitude, so that failure would be by brittle facture rather than by yielding.
iii. The theory does not give as close results as found by experiments on ductile
materials. However, it gives safe results.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 27
16. Explain the Shear strain Energy Theory (April / May 2003)
This theory is also called “Distortion Energy Theory”: (or) “Von Mises – Henky Theory”
According to this theory the elastic failure occurs where the shear strain energy per unit
volume in the stressed material reaches a value equal to the shear strain energy per
unit volume at the elastic limit point in the simple tension test.
Shear strain energy due to the principal stresses 1, 2, and 3 per unit volume of the
stress material.
1 2 2 2
US 1 2 2 3 3 1
12C
But for the simple tension test at the elastic limit point where there is only one principal
stress (ie) et we have the shear strain energy per unit volume which is given by
1 2 2 2
U s1 et 0 0 0 0 at
12C
1 et
The above theory has been found to give best results for ductile material for which et ec
approximately.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 28
17. Explain the Maximum principal strain Theory?
1 1
e1 1 2 3
E m
Principal strain in the direction of the principal stress 3,
1 1
e3 3 1 2
E m
The conditions to cause failure according to eh maximum principal strain theory are:
et
e1 (e1 must be +Ve)
E
and
ec
e3 (e3 must be -Ve)
E
1 1 et
1 2 3
E m E
1 1 et
3 1 2
E m E
1
1 1 3 et
m
1
3 1 3 ec
m
To prevent failure:
1
1 2 3 et
m
1
3 1 2 ec
m
Limitations:
1 2 2 2
U 1 2 3 2v 1 2 2 3 3 1
2E
and the strain energy under simple tension is
2
e
U
2E
Hence for the material to yield,
2 2 2
1 2 3 2v 1 2 2 3 3 1
The total elastic energy stored in a material before it reaches the plastic state can have no
significance as a limiting condition, since under high hydrostatic pressure, large amount of strain
energy ma be stored without causing either fracture (or) permanent deformation.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 30
1
m 1 3
2
then
p2 2
m2
This equation represents the family of major principal stress circles in parameter form. The
equation of this envelope is obtained by partially differentiating with respect to P
2 2
P m2 2
2p P2 2
m2
d m
p m.
dp
2
d m
m . 1 This is to equation of Mohr’s envelope of the major principal
dp
stress in parameter form.
20. In a steel member, at a point the major principal stress is 180 MN/m 2 and the minor
principal stresses is compressive. If the tensile yield point of the steel is 225 MN/m2,
find the value of the minor principal stress at which yielding will commence, according
to each of the following criteria of failure.
1
0.26
m
To calculate minor principal stress ( 2)
1 2 e
2 1 e
= 180 - 225
2 = - 45 MN/m2
2 = 45 MN/m2 (comp)
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 31
ii. Maximum total strain energy criterion:
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 e
m
3 =0
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 e
m
(180)2 + 2
2
- 2 x 0.26 x 180 2 = (225)2
2
32400 + 2 -93.6 2 = 50625
2
2 - 93.6 2 - 18225 = 0
2
9.36 93.6 4 18225
2
2
9.36 285.76
96.08MN / m2
2
(Only –Ve sign is taken as 2 is compressive)
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 2 e
putting 3 =0
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 e
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 e
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 32
2
180 180 4 18225
2
2
180 324.5
2 72.25MN / m 2
2
21. In a material the principal stresses are 60 MN/m2, 48 MN/m2 and - 36 MN/m2.
Calculate
i. Total strain energy
ii. Volumetric strain energy
iii. Shear strain energy
iv. Factor of safety on the total strain energy criteria if the material
yields at 120 MN/m2.
Solution:
Given Data:
Principal stresses:
1 = + 60 MN/m2
2 = + 48 MN/m2
3 = - 36 MN/m2
1 2 2 2 2
U 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2E m
1012 2 2 2
U 60 48 36 2 0.3 60 48 48 36 60
2 200 10 9
U = 19.51 KNm/m3
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 33
ii. Volumetric strain energy per unit volume:
1 2 1 2/m
ev 1 2 3
3 2E
1 2 1 2 0.3
ev 60 48 36 1012 10 3
3 2 200 10 9
e v = 1.728 KN/m3
1 2 2 2
es 1 2 2 3 3 1
12c
E 200
Where, C 76.923GN / m 2
1 2 1 0.3
21
m
1 1012 2 2 2
es 60 48 48 36 36 60
12 76.923 10 9
3
es 1.083 144 7056 9216 10
es 17.78KNm / m3
2
e2 120 10 6 3
10 36 KNm / m 3
2E 2 200 10 9
36
F.O.S 1.845
19.51
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 34
22. In a material the principal stresses are 50 N/mm2, 40 N/mm2 and - 30 N/mm2, calculate:
i.
Total strain energy
ii.
Volumetric strain energy
iii.
Shear strain energy and
iv.
Factor of safety on the total strain energy criterion if the material yield at
100 N/mm2.
Take E = 200 x 103 N/mm2 and poission ratio = 0 .28
Solution:
Given,
Principal stresses:
1 50 N / mm 2
2 40 N / mm 2
3 30 N / mm 2
Yield stress, e 100 N / mm 2
1 2 2 2 2
U 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2E m
1 2 2 2
50 40 30 2 0.3 50 40 40 30 30 50
2 200 10 3
1
2500 1600 900 0.6 2000 1200 1500
400 10 3
1
5000 0.6 700
400 10 3
1
5420
400 10 3
U = 13.55 KNm/m3
1 2 1 2/ m
ev 1 2 2
3 2E
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 35
1 2 1 2 0.3
ev 50 40 30
3 2 200 10 3
1 2 0.4
60
3 400 10 3
1 0.001
ev 3600
3 10 3
ev = 1.2 K N m / m3
1 2 2 2
es 1 2 2 3 3 1
12C
E 200 10 3
where C 76.923 10 3 N / mm 2
2 1 1/ m 2 1 0.3
1 2 2 2
es 50 40 40 30 30 50
12 76.923 10 3
1
es 100 4900 6400
923.076 10 3
es 12.35KNn / m 3
2 2
100 25
e
3
254 KNm / m 3 F .O.S 1.845
2E 2 200 10 13.55
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 36
MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213.
PART - A (2 marks)
2. State the two reasons for unsymmetrical bending. (AUC May/June 2012)
(AUC Ap[r /May 2011)
(i) The section is symmetrical (viz. Rectangular, circular, I section) but the load line is
inclined to both the principal axes.
(ii) The section is unsymmetrical (viz. Angle section (or) channel section vertical web)
and the load line is along any centroidal axes.
5. A channel Section has flanges 12 cm x 2 cm and web 16 cm x 1 cm. Determine the shear
centre of the channel.
Solution:
b= 12-0.5 = 11.5 cm
t1 = 2cm, t2 = 1cm, h= 18 cm
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 1
Af = bt1 = 11.5 x 2 = 23 cm2
Aw = ht2 = 18 x 1= 18 cm2
3b
e
Aw
6
Af
3(11 .5)
e 5.086 cm
18
6
23
e = Distance of the shear centre (SC) from the web along the symmetric axis XX
t1 = thickness of the flange
h = height of the web
b1 = width of the flange in right portion.
b2 = width of the flange in left portion.
Ixx = M.O.I of the section about XX axis.
7. State the assumptions made in Winkler’s Bach Theory.(AUC Nov / Dec 2012)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC May/June 2012)
(1) Plane sections (transverse) remain plane during bending.
(2) The material obeys Hooke’s law (limit state of proportionality is not exceeded)
(3) Radial strain is negligible.
(4) The fibres are free to expand (or) contract without any constraining effect from
the adjacent fibres.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 2
11. Define fatigue stress concentration factor.
The fatigue stress – concentration factor (Kf ) is defined as the ratio of flange limit of
unnotched specimen to the fatigue limit of notched specimen under axial (or) bending loads.
Kf 1 q( K t 1)
Value of q ranges from zero to one.
t1 h 2 (b2 b1 ) 2
e
4 I xx
14 x 4 3 2 x 22 3
Ixx = 2 14 x 4(13) 3 20852 cm 4
12 12
4 x 26 2 (8 6) 2
e 0.9077 cm
4(20852
16. State the stresses due to unsymmetrical bending.
v cos u sin
b M
I UU I VV
σb = bending stress in the curved bar
M = moment due to the load applied
IUU = Principal moment of inertia in the principal axes UU
IVV = Principal moment of inertia in the principal axes VV
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 3
17. Define the term Fatigue.
Fatigue is defined as the failure of a material under varying loads, well below the
ultimate static load, after a finite number of cycles of loading and unloading.
18. State the types of fatigue stress.
(i) Direct stress
(ii) Plane bending
(iii) Rotating bending
(iv) Torsion
(v) Combined stresses
(a) Fluctuating or alternating stress
(b) Reversed stress.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 4
VCos uSin
b M
I UU I vv
At any point the nature of σb will depend upon the quadrant in which it lies. The equation of
the neutral axis (N.A) can be found by finding the locus of the points on which the resultant
stress is zero. Thus the points lying on neutral axis satisfy the condition that σ b = 0
VCos uSin
M 0
I UU I vv
VCos uSin
0
I UU I vv
I UU Sin I UU
v u (or) v tan u
I vv Cos I vv
This is an equation of a straight line passing through the centroid G of the section and
inclined at an angle with UU where
I UU
tan tan
I vv
Following points are worth noting:
i. The maximum stress will occur at a point which is at the greatest distance form the
neutral
ii. All the points of the section on one side of neutral axis will carry stresses of the same
nature and on the other side of its axis, of opposite nature.
iii. In the case where there is direct stress in addition to the bending stress, the neutral
axis will still be a straight line but will not pass through G (centroid of section.)
2. Derive the equation of Shear centre for channel section. (AUC April/May 2005)
Fig shows a channel section (flanges: b x t 1 ; Web h x t2) with XX as the horizontal symmetric axis.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 5
Shear force is elementary area
dA t1.dx .d A t1dz
Total shear force in top flange
b
.t1.dx (where b = breadth of the flange)
0
b b
S h sht1
S1 ; t1.dx xdx
2 I xx 2 I xx
0 0
Sht1 b 2
(or) S1 .
I xx 4
Let e = Distance of the shear centre (sc) from taking moments of shear forces about the
centre O of the web,We get
S.e S1.h
Sht1 b 2 S .t1 h 2 b 2
. .h
I xx 4 4 I xx
b 2 h 2t1
e (1)
4 I xx
2
b t13 h t2 h3 bt13 b.t1h 2 t2 h3
Now, Ixx 2 b.t1
12 2 12 6 2 12
bt1 h 2 t 2 h3 bt13
(neglecting the term , being negligible in comparison to other
2 12 3
h2
terms)(or) I xx
t 2 h bbt1
12
Substitute the value of Ixx in equation (1) we get,
b 2 h 2t1 12 3b 2 t1
e
4 h 2 t 2 h 6bt1 t 2 h 6ht1
Let bt1 = Af (area of the flange)
ht2 = A (area of the web)
Then
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 6
3bA f 3b
e
Aw 6Af Aw
6
Af
i.e
3b
e
Aw
6
Af
SA y
It
t1 3 h3
where I = IXX = 2 b1 b2 b1 b2 t1 x
12 12
Shear force S1 :
h
dA t1 dx. A y t1 .x.
2
b1
S .x.t1 h
S1 = dA xt1 dx
I XX t1 2
0
b1 b1
S.x. h Sht1 x 2 Sht1b12
= t1 dx =
I XX 2 2 I XX 2
0
4 I XX
0
Similarly the shear force (S2) in the other part of the flange,
Sht1b22
S2 =
4 I XX
Taking moments of the shear forces about the centre of the web O, we get
S2. h = S1. h + S .e (S3 = S for equilibrium)
(where, e = distance of shear centre from the centre of the web)
or, (S2 – S1) h = S.e
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 7
4. Derive the stresses in curved bars using Winkler – Bach Theory.
The simple bending formula, however, is not applicable for deeply curved beams where the
neutral and centroidal axes do not coincide. To deal with such cases Winkler – Bach Theory is
used.
Fig shows a bar ABCD initially; in its unstrained state. Let AB’CD’ be the strained position of
the bar.
Let R = Radius of curvature of the centroidal axis HG.
Y = Distance of the fiber EF from the centroidal layer HG.
R’ = Radius of curvature of HG’
M = Uniform bending moment applied to the beam (assumed
positive when tending to increase the curvature)
= Original angle subtended by the centroidal axis HG at its
centre of curvature O and
’ = Angle subtended by HG’ (after bending) a t the center of curvature ’
For finding the strain and stress normal to the section, consider the fibre EF at a distance y
from the centroidal axis.
Let σ be the stress in the strained layer EF’ under the bending moment M and e is strain in the
same layer.
EF ' EF ( R' y ' ) ' ( R y) R' y ' '
Strain, e or e . 1
EF ( R y) R y
e0 = strain in the centroidal layer i.e. when y = 0
R' ' R' y ' '
. 1 or 1 e . --------- (1)
R R y
R' '
and 1+e = . --------- (2)
R
Dividing equation (1) and (2) , we get
y' y' y
e0 . e0
1 e R' y ' R R' R' R
. or e
1 e0 R y R' y
1
R
According to assumption (3) , radial strain is zero i.e. y = y’
y y y
e0 . e0
Strain, e R' R' R
y
1
R
Adding and subtracting the term e 0. y/R, we get
y y y y y
e0 . e0 e0 e0 .
e R' R' R R R
y
1
R
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 8
1 1
(1 e0 )( )y
e e0 R' R ------------- (3)
y
1
R
From the fig. the layers above the centroidal layer is in tension and the layers below the centroidal
layer is in compression.
1 1
(1 e 0 )( )y
Stress , σ = Ee = E (e0 R' R ) ___________ (4)
y
1
R
Total force on the section, F = .dA
Considering a small strip of elementary area dA, at a distance of y from the centroidal layer HG, we
have
1 1
(1 e 0 )(
)y
R ' R dA 1 1 y
F E e0 .dA E F E e0 .dA E 1 e0 ( ) dA
y R, R y
1 1
R R
1 1 y
F E e0 . A E 1 e0 ( ) dA ____________ (5)
R, R y
1
R
where A = cross section of the bar
1 1
M = E (1+e0) Ah 2 ----------- (6)
R' R
y Ry y2 y2
Now, .dA .dA y dA = ydA .dA
y R y R y R y
1
R
y 1 y2 1
dA 0 .dA = Ah 2 ---------- (7)
y R y R
1 1
R R
Hence equation (5) becomes
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 9
1 1 Ah 2
F = Ee0 .A – E (1+e0 )
R' R R
Since transverse plane sections remain plane during bending
F=0
1 1 Ah 2
0 = Ee0 .A – E (1+e0 )
R' R R
1 1 Ah 2
E e0 .A = E (1+e0 )
R' R R
1 1 Ah 2 e0 R 1 1
e0 = (1+e0 ) (or) 2
(1+e0 )
R' R R h R' R
e0 R 1 1
Substituting the value of 2
(1+e0 ) in the equation (6)
h R' R
e0 R
M=E 2
Ah 2 = e0 EAR
h
M
Or e0 substituting the value of e0 in equation (4)
EAR
M y e0 R M y R M
E* * 2
(or) E* * 2
*
AR y h AR y h EAR
1 1
R R
M M Ry 1
* *
AR AR y h2
1
R
M R2 y
1 2
(Tensile)
AR h R y
M R2 y
1 2
(Compressive)
AR h R y
5. The curved member shown in fig. has a solid circular cross –section 0.01 m in
diameter. If the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the member are not to
exceed 150 MPa and 200 MPa. Determine the value of load P that can safely be
carried by the member.
Solution:
Given,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 10
Load P:
M R2 y
b2 1 (comp)
AR h 2 R y
Total stress at point 2,
2 d b2
P M R2 y
200 1
A AR h 2 R y
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 11
200
P MN
4335.38
200 10 3
P 46.13KN (ii)
4335.38
By comparing (i) & (ii) the safe load P will be lesser of two values
6. Fig. shows a frame subjected to a load of 2.4 kN. Find (i) The resultant stresses at a
point 1 and 2;(ii) Position of neutral axis. (April/May 2003)
Solution:
Area of section 1-2,
A = 48 * 18*10-6 = 8.64 * 10-4m2
Bending moment,
M = -2.4*103*(120+48) * = -403.2 Nm
M is taken as –ve because it tends to decrease the curvature.
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 12
(ii) Bending stress due to M at point 2:
M R2 y
b2 1 ;
AR h2 R y
M R2 y
b1 1 2
AR h R y
Rh 2
y
R2 h2
4
0.048 * 2.27 *10
y
0.048 2 2.27 *10 4
= -0.00435 m = - 4.35 mm
Hence, neutral axis is at a radius of 4.35 mm
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 13
7. Fig. shows a ring carrying a load of 30 kN. Calculate the stresses at 1 and 2.
Solution:
Area of cross-section = x12 2 cm 2 113 .1 cm 2 0.01131 m 2
4
Bending moment M = 30*103 * (13.5*10-2)Nm = 4050 Nm
d2 1 d4
h2 = * ......
16 128 R 2
Here d = 12 cm, R = 7.5 +6 = 13.5 cm
12 2 1 12 4
h2 = * = 9.89 cm2 = 9.89*10-4 m2
16 128 13.5 2
P 30 *10 3
Direct Stress σd = *10 6
2.65 MN / m 2
A 0.01131
Bending stress at point 1 due to M,
M R2 y
b1 1 2
AR h R y
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 14
8. A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7.5 mm thickness. The
centre line of this is a circular arc of radius 225 mm. The bending moment of 3 kNm tending
to increase curvature of the bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses set up in the bar.
Solution:
M R2 y
A 1 2 R y
(where, y = 60 mm = 0.06 m)
AR h
3 *10 3 0.06 6
A 1 30.49 *10 MN / m 2
0.00265 * 0.225 0.225 0.06
σA = 37.32 MN/m2 (tensile)
Maximum stress at B,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 15
M R2 y
B 1 2
AR h R y
3 *10 3 0.06 6
B 1 30.49 *10 MN / m 2
0.00265 * 0.225 0.225 0.06
σB = 50.75 MN/m2 (comp)
8. A curved beam has a T-section (shown in fig.). The inner radius is 300 mm. what is
the eccentricity of the section?
Solution:
Area of T-section, = b1t1 + b2t2
= 60*20 + 80*20 = 2800 mm2
To find c.g of T- section, taking moments about the edge LL, we get
A1 x1 A2 x 2
x
A1 A2
60
(60 * 20)( 20) (80 * 20)(80 * 20 *10)
x 2
=27.14 mm
(60 * 20) (80 * 20)
Now R1 = 300 mm; R2 = 320 mm; R= 327.14 mm; R3 = 380 mm
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 16
= 12503.8(5.16+3.44) – 107020.6 = 512.08
Rh 2 327 .14 * 512 .08
y= 2 2
1.56 mm ( )
R h (327 .14) 2 512 .08
where y = e (eccentricity) = distance of the neutral axis from the centroidal axis.
Negative sign indicates that neutral axis is locates below the centroidal axis.
10. Fig. shows a C- frame subjected to a load of 120 kN. Determine the stresses at A and B.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
Load (P) = 120 kN
Area of cross – section = b1t1 +b2t2+ b3t3
= 120*30 + 150*30 +180*30 = 0.0135 mm2
To find c.g of the section about the edge LL,
A1 x1 A2 x 2
x
A1 A2
(120 * 20 * 225 ) (150 * 30 * 15) (180 * 30 * 120 )
y1 =113 mm=0.113 m
(120 * 30 ) (150 * 30 ) (180 * 30 )
y2 = 240 – 113 = 127 mm = 0.127 m
R1 = 225 mm = 0.225 m
R2 = 225 + 30 = 255 mm = 0.255 m
R = 225 + 113 = 338 mm = 0.338 m
R3 = 225 +210 = 435 mm = 0.435 m
R4= 225 + 240 = 465 mm = 0.465 m
R3 R R3 R4
h2 b2 log e 2 t 3 log e b1 log e R2
A R1 R2 R3
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 17
M R2 y1
( b)A 1 2
AR h R y1
11. Derive the formula for the deflection of beams due to unsymmetrical bending.
Solution:
Fig. shows the transverse section of the beam with centroid G. XX and YY are two
rectangular co-ordinate axes and UU and VV are the principal axes inclined at an angle θ to the XY
set of co-ordinates axes. W is the load acting along the line YY on the section of the beam. The
load W can be resolved into the following two components:
(i) W sin θ …… along UG
(ii) W cos θ …… along VG
Let, δu = Deflection caused by the component W sin θ along the line GU for its bending about VV
axis, and
Δv = Deflection caused by the component W cos θ along the line GV due to bending abodt
UU axis.
Then depending upon the end conditions of the beam, the values of δ u and δv are given by
K W sin l 3
u
EI VV
K W cos l 3
v
EI UU
where, K = A constant depending on the end conditions of the beam
and position of the load along the beam, and
l = length of the beam
The total or resultant deflection δ can then be found as follows:
2 2
u v
2 2
Kl 3 W sin W cos
E I VV I UU
Kl 3 sin 2 cos 2
E I 2 VV I 2 UU
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 18
The inclination β of the deflection δ, with the line GV is given by:
u I UU
tan
v I VV tan
Let (X,Y) be the co-ordinate of centroid G, with respect to the rectangular axes BX 1 and BY1.
80 *10 * 40 70 *10 * 5 32000 3500
Now X = Y = 23 .66 mm
80 *10 70 *10 800 700
Moment of inertia about XX axis:
80 *10 3 10 * 70 3
I XX 80 *10 * (23.66 5) 2 70 *10 * (45 23.66) 2
12 12
= (6666.66 + 278556) + (285833.33 + 318777) = 889833 mm 4
= 8.898 * 105 mm4 = IYY (since it is an equal angle section)
Co-ordinates of G1 = + (40-23.66), - (23.66-5) = (16.34,- 18.66)
Co-ordinates of G2 = -(23.66-5). + (45 – 23.66) = (-18.66, + 21.34)
(Product of inertia about the centroid axes is zero because portions 1 and 2 are rectangular strips)
If θ is the inclination of principal axes with GX, passing through G then,
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 19
2 I XY
tan 2 tan 90 (since Ixx =Iyy)
I XY I XX
2θ = 90º
i.e. θ1 = 45º and θ2 = 90º + 45º = 135º are the inclinations of the principal axes GU and GV
respectively.
Principal moment of inertia:
1 I YY I XX
IUU = ( I XX I YY ) ( )2 ( I XY ) 2
2 2
x = -23.66, y = -23.66
u = x cos θ + y sin θ
= -23.66 x cos 45º + (-23.66 x sin 45º ) = - 33.45 mm
v = y cosθ + x sin θ
= -23.66 cos 45º - (-23.66 x sin 45º) = 0
Point C ; x = 80 – 23.66 = 56.34, y = -23.66
u = x cos θ + y sin θ
= 56.34 cos 45º -23.66 x sin 45º = 23.1 mm
v = y cosθ + x sin θ
= -23.66 cos 45º - 56.34 sin 45º) =- 56.56 mm
M 'u M"v
A
I VV I UU
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 20
1.697 *10 5 (23.1) 1.697 *10 5 (56.56)
A 5 5
17.47 N / mm 2
3.67 x10 14.1246 x10
MUTHUKUMAR.P/Asst.Prof./CIVIL-III Page 21
11. A cured bar of rectangular section , initially unstressed is subjected to bending moment
of 2000N –m tends to straighten the bar . the section is 5cm wide and 6cm deep in the plane
of bending and mean radius of curvature is 10cm . Find the position of neutral axis and the
stress at the inner and outer face. (AUC Apr /May 2010 )
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12. A central horizontal section of book is a symmetrical trapezoid 60mm deep , the inner
width being 60mm the outer being 30mm . estimate the extreme intensities of stress when
the honk carries a load of 30kn . the load line passing 40mm from the inside edge of the
section and the centre of curvature being in the load line . also plot the stress distribution
across the section . (AUC Apr/May 2011)
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