PROTECTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is the protection of the three phase Induction motors.
The circuit will take the full control of the motor and it will protect the motor from
several faults such as over voltage and under voltage and the circuit will switch on the
motor under safety conditions. This also protects induction motor from single phasing
which is also a major fault. In addition to these protections, we are also implementing
current protection.

1.2 MOTOR STUDY

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric

current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore
does not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all
or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and
large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound
type or squirrel-cage type.

1.2.1 WORKING

In induction motor, the AC power supplied to the motor's stator creates a magnetic
field that rotates in time with the AC oscillations. The rotor rotates at a slower speed
than the stator field. The stator's magnetic field is therefore changing or rotating
relative to the rotor. This induces an opposing current in the rotor, in effect the
motor's secondary winding, when the latter is short-circuited or closed through an
external impedance. The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of
the rotor; in a manner similar to currents induced in a transformer's secondary
winding(s). The currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic fields in the
rotor that react against the stator field. Due to Lenz's Law, the direction of the

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magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the
rotor windings.

The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic
field, so to oppose the change in rotor-winding currents the rotor will start to rotate in
the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the
magnitude of induced rotor current and torque balances the applied load. Since
rotation at synchronous speed would result in no induced rotor current, an induction
motor always operates slower than synchronous speed.

The induction machine's essential character is that it is created solely by induction

instead of being separately excited as in synchronous or DC machines or being self-
magnetized as in permanent magnet motors.

For rotor currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than
that of the stator's rotating magnetic field ( ); otherwise the magnetic field would
not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As
the speed of the rotor drops below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the
magnetic field in the rotor increases, inducing more current in the windings and
creating more torque. The ratio between the rotation rate of the magnetic field induced
in the rotor and the rotation rate of the stator's rotating field is called slip. Under load,
the speed drops and the slip increases enough to create sufficient torque to turn the
load. For this reason, induction motors are sometimes referred to as asynchronous
motors. An induction motor can be used as an induction generator, or it can be
unrolled to form a linear induction motor which can directly generate linear motion.

1.2.2 APPLICATIONS

Squirrel cage induction motors are simple and rugged in construction, are relatively
cheap and require little maintenance. Hence, squirrel cage induction motors are
preferred in most of the industrial applications such as in lathes, Drilling machines,
Agricultural and industrial pumps, Industrial drives.

Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are increasingly

being used with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs
offer especially important energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective
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induction motors in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load
applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed
and VFD applications.

Slip ring induction motors when compared to squirrel cage motors have high starting
torque, smooth acceleration under heavy loads, adjustable speed and good running
characteristics. They are used in Lifts, Cranes, Conveyors, etc.

1.3 PROBLEMS

The abnormalities in motor or motor faults may appear due to mainly two reasons -

1. Conditions imposed by the external power supply network.

2. Internal faults, either in the motor or in the driven plant.

Unbalanced supply voltages, under-voltage, reversed phase sequence come under former
category. The later category includes bearing failures, stator winding faults, motor earth
faults and overload etc.

The degree of motor protection system depends on the costs and applications of the
electrical motor.

1.3.1 SINGLE PHASING

Most common cause of motor burn outs on LV fuse protected system is due to single
phasing. This single phasing may remain undetected even if the motors are protected by
conventional bimetallic relay. It cannot be detected by a set of voltage relays connected
across the lines. Since, even when one phase is dead, the motor maintains substantial back
emf on its faulty phase terminal and hence voltage across the voltage relay is prevented
from dropping off.

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1.3.2 THERMAL OVERLOADING

Whenever we think about the overheating of a motor, the first thing strikes in our mind is
over loading. Due to mechanical over loading of the motor, it draws higher current from
the supply which leads to excessive over heating of the motor. The motor can also be
excessively over heated if the rotor is mechanically locked i.e. becomes stationary by any
external mechanical force. In this situation the motor will draw excessively
high current from the supply which also leads to thermal over loading of electrical
motor or excessive over heating problem.

Another cause of overheating is low supply voltage. As the power drawn by the motor
from the supply depends upon the loading condition of the motor, for lower supply
voltage, motor will draw higher current from mains to maintain required torque.

Single phasing also causes thermal over loading of motor. When one phase of the
supply is out of service, the remaining two phases draw higher current to maintain
required load torque and this leads to overheating of the motor.

Unbalance condition between three phases of supply also causes over heating of the
motor winding, as because unbalance system results to negative sequence current in the
stator winding. As the thermal over loading or over heating of the motor may lead to
insulation failure and damage of winding, hence for proper motor thermal overload
protection, the motor should be protected against the following conditions:

1. Mechanical over loading,

2. Stalling of motor shaft,
3. Low supply voltage,
4. Single phasing of supply mains,
5. Unbalancing of supply mains,
6. Sudden Loss and rebuilding of supply voltage.

The most basic protection scheme of the motor is thermal over load protection which
primarily covers the protection of all the above mentioned condition.

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1.3.3 OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE

An overvoltage in an induction motor will cause the reactive component of the current to
increase causing eddy current heating of the rotor and stress on the insulation.

In the case of an under-voltage, the low voltage causes the torque developed to reduce.
This results in an increase of slip and a reduction in speed. The motor tries to reduce the
slip by drawing more current. This overloads the motor and can cause overheating.

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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1.4.1 POWER SUPPLY

The system requires a regulated +5v supply for the LCD display and PIC controller
and a +12V unregulated supply for the relay. These can be delivered from the 415V 3-
phase supply. Before applying this to the system, we must step down this high
voltage to an appropriate value. After that, it should be rectified. This will provide a
unidirectional current. To achieve a +5V DC we should regulate this.

1.4.2 THREE PHASE DETECTOR

It comprises of current transformer and potential transformer. It converts the voltage

and current to appropriate low voltage and current that can be applied to the PIC .

1.4.3 PIC
It performs all the necessary computations. The controller recieves the input from all
the three phases and processes simultaneously to make the required decisions . It
computes the fault current and voltage and give the required turn OFF commands.
1.4.4 LCD DISPLAY
It displays voltage, current and speed in each phase.

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CHAPTER 2

DESIGN

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2.1 DESIGN OF POWER SUPPLY
Transformer

415V/12V, 500mA , 50Hz

Turns ratio - 20:1

Filter capacitor

I=Q/t

=> Q= I *t

C= Q/V = ( I*t)/V

I= 0.5A

After rectification by bridge rectifier

f=50Hz

t= 1/f = 1/50 = 20ms

Considering voltage drops of four diodes ,

Vc = 12-(0.7*4) =9.2 V

C = (0.5*20)/9.2 =1086 μF

For reducing ripples, we double the capacitor value,

C = 2*1086 = 2173 μF ≈ 2200 μF

2.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Turns Ratio = 1:500

Depending the rating of motor, Current value I1=10A

K=I1/I2=500

I2=I1/k= 10/500= 0.02A

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R1=V/I2= /0.02= Ω

R2=R4=2.5V/0.1mA=25kΩ

2.3 POTENTIAL TRANFORMER

Turns Ratio = 230:6

Voltage Divider

R3=5/0.1mA= 50kΩ

Relay

Vrelay=12V

Rrelay=400Ω

Ic=12/400=0.03A

IB=Ic/β =0.03/100 = 0.3mA

For accuracy,

IB=5*0.3mA= 1.5mA

R5=(Vin-0.7)/IB = 7.5kΩ

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CHAPTER 3

PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER (PIC)

PIC microcontrollers are electronic circuits that can be programmed to carry out a
vast range of tasks. PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made
by Microchip Technology. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller

PIC Microcontrollers are relatively cheap and can be bought as pre-built circuits or as
kits that can be assembled by the user. PICs are popular due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost
or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory)
capability.

ADVANTAGES

 Small instruction set to learn

 Built in oscillator with selectable speed
 Wide range of interfaces including I²C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable
comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet

 dsPIC devices include digital signal processing capabilities in addition.

dsPIC30F4011 CONTROLLER

dsPIC30F4011 Controller is the ideal solution for use with motor control applications
where high speed calculations are required together with the necessary motor control
support. The small compact size together with a light weight makes it ideal for mounting
on autonomous remote control vehicles.

Utilising the powerful, high-performance Microchip dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller, this

microcontroller features a high speed core optimized to perform complex calculations
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quickly. The microcontroller includes a large 48kB internal flash memory and a wide
range of timers together with a number of PWM modules for adjustable motor speed
control.

The dsPIC30F4011 Microcontroller also includes a 9-channel 10-bit A/D convertor

with fast response time together with support for SPI and I²C communication. The
microcontroller also includes RS232 support, for direct connection and data transfer with a
laptop or computer.

The dsPIC30F4011 Controller board also includes a large number of general I/O points
with standard header connections for easy connection to external devices. All the
necessary support components are included on the board, together with a Power and
Programming LED's for easy status indication. A reset switch and prog/run switch is
provided, with a LCD connection provided for standard character LCD's, together with
contrast adjustment for easy set-up

PIN DIAGRAM

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FEATURES OF dsPIC
 Includes High-Performance Microchip dsPIC30F4011 Microcontroller with 48kb
Internal Flash Program Memory
 Operating Speed at 29.4912MHz
 Direct In-Circuit Programming and Debugging with Microchip® ICD2
 Up to 28 I/O points with easy to connect standard headers
 RS232 Connection with MAX232
 Internal EEPROM
 SPI and I²C Communications
 9 Channel 10-bit A/D Convertor
 Five 16-bit Timers
 Power, Programming and Test LED's
 Reset Button
 Ideal for Motor Control Applications

Although still similar to earlier PIC architectures, there are significant enhancements: dsPICs
can be programmed in C using Microchip's XC16 compiler (formerly called C30) which is a
variant of GCC.

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CHAPTER 4

COMPONENT STUDY

4.1 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters ,animations.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

4.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents. When
current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,

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which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current
transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective
relays in the electrical power industry.

4.3 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for
stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and
relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage. The theory of potential transformer is as follows. Primary of the
potential transformer is connected across the phase and ground. Just like the transformer used
for stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower turns winding at its
secondary. The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that
transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals
of the PT.

4.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. The 78xx
is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits.

Features

1. Output current up to 1.5 A

2. Output voltages of 5; 5.2; 6; 8; 8.5; 9;12; 15; 18; 24V
3. Thermal overload protection
4. Short circuit protection
5. Output transition safe operating area protection

The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power
supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. The 78xx line is positive voltage regulators:

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they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. The xx in 78xx indicates
the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides a regulated supply of 5V and
1A current.

Pin No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground

3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power.
They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in
most applications

4.5 THREE PHASE RELAY

The relay is an electromagnetic device, which consists of solenoid, moving contacts,

fixed contact and a restoring spring. The relay takes advantage of the fact that when
electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil
attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is
controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.

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A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different
parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high
voltage circuit (e.g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it can not
operate at high speed.

The resistance voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the
point of contact in the switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and
melt, sometimes fusing together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.

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CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 FLOW CHART

Start

Clear all RMS values

Input reference value from

keyboard

Measure current in CT and convert to

RMS current

Square the RMS values and integrate to

get I2t

If reference no
value<integrated
value

yes
Turn OFF the motor

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

Induction motor is widely used in many industrial applications such as Lathes, Drilling
machines, Agricultural and industrial pumps, Industrial drives, Lifts, Conveyers, Cranes
etc. Also due to its high cost protection of induction motor is of utmost importance.

We studied the various faults occurring in the induction motor such as over voltage, under
voltage, over current, under current, thermal over loading, single phasing. A motor was
simulated using matlab-simulink to study the effect of normal and abnormal working of
the induction motor.

After analysing the performance of the motor under various abnormal conditions, the
proposed system was designed and the program logic was developed.

Further we will develop the programming for the dsPIC4011. Finally hardware for the
motor protection will be implemented.

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