Republic of the Philippines

Bicol University
College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Legazpi City
AY 2018 – 2019

CORNSTARCH AS NATURAL POLYMER IN CONCRETE PAVER BLOCK

WITH ABACA FIBER REINFORCEMENT

A CE Project Study Presented to

The Faculty of Bicol University College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

CE 514C (Civil Engineering Project)

Submitted by:

ANDALIS, Nikki Vanessa P.

BOLON, Zhannie Jane A.

CALLA, Aiza C.

CORDERO, Vhea Andreana M.

October 2018
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Name of Institution : Bicol University College of Engineering

Address : Legazpi City

Title : Cornstarch as Natural Polymer in Concrete Paver

Block with Abaca Fiber Reinforcement

Authors : Andalis, Nikki Vanessa P.

Bolon, Zhannie Jane A.

Calla, Aiza C.

Cordero, Vhea Andreana M.

Cost : P 4, 038.00

ABSTRACT

Cornstarch has wide variety of applications, ranging from paper and textile

production to a thickening agent in cooking and the manufacture of adhesives.

The renewability of cornstarch has made it a remarkable material for industrial

applications, such as production of biopolymer. This paper introduces the

application of cornstarch in the production of an innovative concrete paver block.

Four samples were produced with varying proportions of cornstarch in concrete

with abaca fiber as reinforcement. The highest compressive strength of 4478 psi

was recorded. The researchers concluded that lesser amount of cornstarch, not

exceeding 5%, gives a higher strength value. Since the availability of the raw

materials is sustainable as the sources are renewable and easily accessible,

cornstarch shows economic advantage in the material cost.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts for entirety of this study. But it would not have been

the same without the kind of help, support, and assistance to the following, and

so to them extend our heartfelt gratitude.

To our parents, for being the reason of why we get up every day and face

whatever that’s ahead of us making sure that every sweat and every extra hours

they are working are all worth it, for being our source of strength as we are theirs,

for being our inspiration through every storm that passed by. We are beyond

thankful for them for believing in our capacities and giving us the chance to grow

and stand on our own.

To our panelists during the pre-oral defense, Dr. Arnulfo P. Malinis, Engr.

Christopher O. Pacardo, and Engr. Richard B. Colasito as well as to Engr.

Mercenario B. Legaspi, for enlightening us with their suggestions for the

improvement of this study.

To Bonaobra Agricultural Fibers Trading and Development Corporation of

Tabaco City, for warmly welcoming us and introducing their business and without

second thoughts of helping us with our study by giving waste abaca fibers.

To Arbo’s Residence, for accommodating us from day one during

fabrication of the product and seeing through that we make it to the very day we

print our final paper, we extend our humble thanks.

3
 To our classmates and friends who gave and shared with us some advice

and suggestions that walked us through this study, we cannot thank you enough.

See you on The Day as we stand shoulders to shoulders with our Alampay on.

(oh yeah)

And above all, to our Almighty God, for His unfailing love and guidance

without which we could not be standing where we are right now, for being our

source of will through this study and finish what we have started.

N. V. P. A.

Z. J. A. B.

A. C. C.

V. A. M. C.

4
 Republic of the Philippines
Bicol University
College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Legazpi City

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL DEFENSE

This CE Project study entitled “Cornstarch as Natural Polymer in

Concrete Paver Block with Abaca Fiber Reinforcement” prepared and
submitted by Nikki Vanessa P. Andalis , Zhannie Jane A. Bolon , Aiza C.
Calla and Vhea Andreana M. Cordero, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the subject CE 514C (CE Project) for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Civil Engineering, is hereby submitted to the Project Study Committee for
consideration and approval.

Date:
Time:

ENGR. DANTE M. GUILLERMO

Adviser

PROJECT STUDY COMMITTEE

ENGR. __________________________________
Chairman

ENGR. ____________________ ENGR. ______________________

Member Member

5
 Republic of the Philippines
Bicol University
College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Legazpi City

APPROVAL SHEET

Upon the recommendation of the project study committee, this project

study entitled “Cornstarch as Natural Polymer in Concrete Paver Block with
Abaca Fiber Reinforcement” prepared and submitted by Nikki Vanessa P.
Andalis , Zhannie Jane A. Bolon , Aiza C. Calla and Vhea Andreana M.
Cordero is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
subject CE 514C (CE Project) for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering.

Date:
Time:

ENGR. DANTE M. GUILLERMO

Adviser

PROJECT STUDY COMMITTEE

ENGR. __________________________________
Chairman

ENGR. ____________________ ENGR. ______________________

Member Member

6
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

A. Introduction

Since the early times, mankind continues to strive for all the possibilities to

make the way of living easier. Through the years, man learned to fulfill and cope

with life’s demands. Among the very firsts dates back to the Roman Era where

getting stuck in the mud is one of the major problems of locals carrying steel-

wheeled vehicles and imperial armies marching towards an objective. Ancient

civil engineers hacked through this issue and created a masonry system of

capstones to make road surfaces more efficient as footpaths and tracks. For

centuries, capstone and cobblestone roads made transport and travel possible

across Europe. After World War II, engineers were impressed with the ability of

these roads to withstand artillery fire as well as tanks rolling over them. German

engineers in charge of urban reconstruction developed a system to manufacture

concrete paver bricks or blocks efficiently. This invention not only made history in

terms of construction but also helped to preserve the European character of

urban and residential architecture.1

During the post-war building construction boom in the fifties, there had

been a scarcity of paver bricks that led the country Holland to introduce concrete

paver blocks as replacement. Considering that Holland lies below sea level

1 https://www.updpavers.com/ancient-history-pavers/

7
because of which the ground in Holland shifts, moves and sinks. This arose the

need for the designers to create their roads much more flexible and thus, would

help prevent the cracking of roads. The design of blocks evolved from being

rectangular in shape and had more or less the same size as the bricks to partially

interlocking to fully interlocking shapes. Concrete paving using these blocks has

wide variety of applications from public gardens/parks, domestic drives, paths

and patios, embankment stopes, and sand stabilization area to rural roads to

heavily trafficked roads. Concrete block paving is versatile, aesthetically

attractive, functional, and cost effective. Concrete pavers’ main benefit is that

each individual piece can later be lifted up and replaced thus, acting like a zipper

in the pavement. When the need arises to make underground repair, interlocking

concrete pavement can be removed and replaced using the same materials.

Unlike asphalt or poured-in-place concrete, paving blocks can be opened and

closed without jack hammers and with less construction equipment. 2 In this

study, the researchers aim to develop a Concrete Paver Block consisting of

cornstarch as natural polymer and waste abaca fibers as reinforcement.

The typical concrete paver block comprises of cement, sand, and stone

chips. Generally, there are two types of cement that are widely used in

construction and readily available in the market: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). In this paper, the researchers make use

of Portland Pozzolana Cement. This cement has high resistance to various

chemical attacks on concrete compared with Ordinary Portland Cement and thus

2https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bhimaji_Kanawade2/publication/324438367_Strength_and_

Durability_of_Concrete_Paver_Block/links/5acdba3e4585154f3f40f9d4/Strength-and-Durability-
of-Concrete-Paver-Block.pdf?origin=publication_detail

8
it is widely used. It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works

and for laying concrete under water such as bridges, piers, dams and mass

concrete works etc. It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland

Cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or

calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland Cement and fine

pozzolana.3 Portland Pozzolana Cement has higher long-term strength, higher

durability to concrete because of its low water permeability, higher workability,

lower heat of hydration ideal for mass concreting, and more environmentally-

friendly as it utilizes the by-products from the coal fired thermal stations

compared to Ordinary Portland Cement.4

Cornstarch, sometimes referred to as corn flour, is a carbohydrate

extracted from the endosperm of corn. This white powdery substance is used for

many culinary, household, and industrial purposes. In the kitchen, cornstarch is

most often used as a thickening agent for sauces, gravies, glazes, soups,

casseroles, pies, and other desserts.5 It is versatile, easily modified, and finds

many uses in industry as adhesives, in paper products, as an anti-sticking agent,

and textile manufacturing.6 It has medical uses, such as to supply glucose for

people with glycogen storage disease. Like many products in dust form, it can be

hazardous in large quantities due to its flammability. 7 Cornstarch is considered to

be a biopolymer (natural polymer), a polymer based on naturally occurring raw

3 https://theconstructor.org/concrete/13-types-of-cement-uses/5974/
4 https://gharpedia.com/opc-vs-ppc/
5 https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-corn-starch-1328466
6 BeMiller, J. N., Paschall, E. F., & Whistler, R. L. (2009). Starch: chemistry and technology.

Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.

7 Gremse, D.A., Bucuvalas, J. C., & Balistreri, W. F. (1990). Efficacy of Cornstarch Therapy in

Type III Glycogen-Storage Disease: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(4), 671-674.

9
materials. Studies show the potential use of cornstarch as an admixture

incorporated in concrete especially in green construction since it is inexpensive,

widely-used and environmentally-friendly. It is also abundant in the Philippines

due to the fact that corn is named to be the most important food crop in the

country after rice. The Philippine Grain and Feed Situation and Outlook was

released by the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA FAS). The report cites

data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) that corn production in 2017

reached 7.9 million tons, up 10 percent from 7.2 million tons in 2016.8

Abacá, binomial name Musa textilis, is a species of banana native to the

Philippines, grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, and Costa

Rica. The plant, also known as Manila hemp, has great economic importance,

being harvested for its fiber, extracted from the leaf-stems. The plant grows to

13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The fiber was

originally used for making twines and ropes; now most is pulped and used in a

variety of specialized paper products including tea bags, filter paper and

banknotes. It is classified as a hard fiber, along with coir, henequin and sisal. 9 In

2016, the abaca production in the Philippines amounted to approximately 71.8

thousand metric tons as opposed to 68.6 thousand metric tons in 2011.10 Abaca

is superior fiber with its high tensile and folding strength, buoyancy, high porosity,

resistance to saltwater damage, and long fiber length up to 3 m. The best grades

of Abaca are fine, lustrous, light beige in color and very strong. Abaca is the

8 http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=16282
9 http://www.fao.org/economic/futurefibres/fibres/abaca0/en/
10 https://www.statista.com/statistics/751781/philippines-abaca-production/

10
strongest of all natural fibers.11 Even the stripping waste of abaca has many uses.

It may be used as a growing medium for mushroom culture, raw material for

handmade papers, compost, alcohol production, while the residue from alcohol

extraction may be processed into waxes or used in making organic fertilizers. 12

Given the rampant environmental problems, like Climate Change caused

by the unending human use of fossil fuel, which releases carbon dioxide and

other greenhouse gases trapped within the atmosphere; it is only essential for

future civil engineers and researchers to look for innovative construction

materials. These innovations should be durable and economical. Therefore, the

researchers aim to utilize waste abaca fibers for its high tensile strength and it

can contribute in preventing cracks as added reinforcements. Cornstarch,

abundant and highly-accessible in the local markets is used as natural polymer

for added bonding. Producing a Concrete Paver Block poses a big challenge yet

a major step in innovating construction materials towards sustainable

development. Lots of environmental issues arise the need for these new

measures. It also creates a great impact in every aspect in the society, especially

in the field of construction.

11https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/35c0/1e979a3b4eb3b5cdcbebdea70ba664f865bf.pdf
12http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/108090/abaca-industry-fights-viruses-starts-
bid-to-become-rp-s-big-income-earner/story/

11
B. Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to determine the compressive strength of Concrete

Paver Block consisting of cornstarch as natural polymer and abaca fibers as

reinforcement. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the effective ratio of cornstarch added as a natural polymer in

producing a Concrete Paver Block?

2. How is the produced Concrete Paver Block with cornstarch as natural

polymer and abaca fiber as reinforcement different from the

commercial concrete paver block, in terms of cost, availability and

sustainability?

3. How durable is the produced Concrete Paver Block with cornstarch as

natural polymer and waste abaca fibers as reinforcement compared

with commercial concrete paver block?

C. Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to be able to determine if cornstarch

can function as natural polymer in concrete paver block with abaca fiber

reinforcement. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To establish the effective ratio of cornstarch added as natural polymer

in producing Concrete Paver Blocks

2. To evaluate the cost, availability and sustainability of the Concrete

Paver Block with varying proportions of cornstarch to the commercial

concrete paver block

12
 3. To analyze the durability of the Concrete Paver Block with cornstarch

and waste abaca fibers

D. Scope and Delimitation

This research is simply a pilot study for developing durable and cost-

effective concrete paver block with the use of cornstarch and waste abaca fibers.

The researchers aim to concentrate only on experimenting concrete paver

block samples with varying cornstarch ratios but fixed concrete

(cement:sand:gravel:water) mix proportions. Also, the researchers focus only on

one specific mechanical property of concrete paver block: its compressive

strength. In evaluating the cost, availability and sustainability of the concrete

paver blocks, raw materials (cornstarch and abaca fibers) are analyzed.

E. Significance of the Study

With the completion of the study, results will benefit the following:

Construction Industry. This study can be used as a basis in the

production of an innovated concrete paver block in which one of the incorporated

added component is a waste, therefore, reducing the cost.

Community. The production of concrete paver block consisting of

cornstarch as natural polymer and abaca fibers as reinforcement will help the

13
local businesses - abaca handicrafts get rid of their wastes therefore minimizing

the work and thought where to dispose it; and corn farms managed by locals in

many rural communities will greatly benefit from the production of cornstarch,

providing a way out of poverty thru additional income and related job

opportunities.

Environment. The result of the study will help reduce the formation of

wastes that contributes in pollution because one of the components used is a

waste and also, the productions of these components used are not damaging the

environment at all.

Students/Other researchers. This study may serve as a database for

their future researches.

F. Definition of Terms

Abaca, also known as sinamay, is the vernacular name of Musa Textilis Nees, a

tree in the Musaceae family originally from the Philippines. In addition to its

vernacular name it is also called the Manilla hemp because its leaves are used to

produce hemp (German Manilahanf, Spanish cáñamo de Manila). A first harvest

can be made two years after it is planted, and then three harvests per year

depending on the region.13

13 http://www.futura-sciences.us/dico/d/botany-abaca-50003979/

14
Block Paving, also known as brick paving, is a commonly used decorative

method of creating a pavement or hardstanding. The main benefit of bricks over

other materials is that individual bricks can later be lifted up and replaced. 14

Cornstarch is a smooth, white powder with many uses, ranging from a common

cooking and baking ingredient to an alternative for talc. This versatile product is

made from the kernel of the corn plant, specifically the starchy part known as the

endosperm. 15

Compressive Strength is the maximum compressive stress that, under a

gradually applied load, a given solid material can sustain without fracture.

Compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original

cross-sectional area of a specimen in a compression test.16

Compressive Strength Test is a mechanical test measuring the maximum

amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. The test piece,

usually in the form of a cube, prism, or cylinder, is compressed between the

platens of a compression-testing machine by a gradually applied load. 17

Curing is a process during which a chemical reaction (such as polymerization) or

physical action (such as evaporation) takes place, resulting in a harder, tougher

or more stable linkage (such as an adhesive bond) or substance (such as

14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_paving
15 https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/cornstarch-2243.html
16 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/1620/compressive-strength-material-science
17 https://www.britannica.com/technology/compressive-strength-test

15
concrete). Some curing processes require maintenance of a certain temperature

and/or humidity level, others require a certain pressure.18

Fiber Reinforcement is used for a long time under various forms: short, long, or

continuous fibers of glass, carbon, textile, natural fibers.19

Flexural Strength is a measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams or

slabs. It identifies the amount of stress and force an unreinforced concrete slab,

beam or other structure can withstand such that it resists any bending failures.20

Hard Fiber is also called leaf fiber with heavily lignified walls that is hard and stiff

in texture and is used in making cordage, twine, and textiles.21

Natural Polymer, also denoted as biopolymer, consists of four groups, which are

polysaccharides, polypeptides, lipids, and polynucleotides.22

Portland Cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the

world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.23

Portland Pozzolana Cement is cement manufactured by combining pozzolanic

materials. This cement comprises of OPC clinker, gypsum and pozzolanic

materials in certain proportions. The pozzolanic materials include fly ash,

volcanic ash, calcined clay or silica fumes. These materials are added within a

range of 15% to 35% by cement weight.24

18 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/354/curing
19 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978145577898000007X
20 https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/5061/flexural-strength
21 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hard-fiber
22 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323480635000034
23 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement
24 https://www.wfm.co.in/what-is-portland-pozzolana-cement/

16
Tensile Strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such

as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile

strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take

before failure, for example breaking.25

25 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength

17
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter discusses the information gathered from related literature

and related studies that contributed a lot for the development of this study. This

chapter also includes Synthesis of the State of the Art, Gap Bridged by the

Study, Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework.

Related Literature

Applications of biopolymers in construction are widespread and diverse. In

some cases, biopolymers offer distinct advantages in performance and/or cost

over synthetic polymers, while in other areas biopolymers may be the only

product available that can provide certain properties for building materials.

Biopolymers also bear the image of being environmentally more acceptable than

synthetic polymers produced in a chemical plant, and although this point can be

argued it does influence the choice of materials used, especially for interior home

building. 26 Some of these biopolymers can be found and are extracted for

commercial purposes. The most common type of biopolymer that can be found

almost everywhere is cornstarch and it comes in powder form and can be bought

in the food market.

Starch is one of the most abundant natural polymers that are stored in

plants. Starch is widely available, cheap, degradable and renewal which makes it

26 https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf_v10/vol10_17.pdf

18
an attractive material for food and non-food applications. Starch is extracted from

agricultural raw materials and it is present in many food products. Due to its

renewability and biodegradable, it is a perfect raw material as a substitute

for fossil-fuel components in numerous chemical applications such as

plastics, detergents, adhesives (Starch Europe). It is also widely used in

papermaking and manufacturing of corrugated boards. In Europe, starch is

mainly extracted from potatoes, wheat and maize. According to Starch Europe

association, European Union (EU) starch production has increased from 8.7

million tons 2004 to10 million tons in 2013. The EU consumes 9 million tons of

starch (excluding starch bi-products totaling around 5 million tons), of which 61%

in food, 1% in feed and 38% is used in non-food applications, primarily paper

making. 48.2% starch product is based on cornstarch.

Starch pastes and gels are used to control the consistency of some

manufactured products. It is also used as starting material in the production of

sweeteners and polygons (BeMiller and Hubber 2011). Starch is equally used in

the plastics industry to produce biodegradable plastics which require starches

that have small granules (Wang et al. 1998). Furthermore, it is used in the

construction industry as concrete block binder, asbestos, clay and limestone

binder, fire-resistant wallboard, plywood/chipboard adhesive, gypsum board

binder and paint filler (Satin 1998). 27

Starch is used for different purposes such as a thickener / stabilizer and

gelling agent. It is used in the construction industry as gypsum board binder,

27
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036189_Strength_and_Durability_Properties_of_C
oncrete_with_Starch_Admixture

19
asbestos, clay and limestone binder, fire-resistant wallboard, plywood / chipboard

adhesive, cement block binder and paint filler. Starch can also be used as

admixtures in concrete. Starches such as tapioca and maize increase the setting

time and workability of concrete. The maize and tapioca are abundantly available.

The cost of starch admixtures is lower than that of chemical and mineral

admixtures.28

Cornstarch is a major use for corn grown in America. It has dozens of

applications, ranging from paper and textile production to a thickening agent in

cooking and the manufacture of adhesives. Its versatility derives from its

chemical structure because although corn starch may look simple at first glance,

that simplicity conceals some fascinating chemistry. 29

Cornstarch, also known as maizena or corn flour, is a common food

ingredient used for thickening soup and sauces. It is a natural polymer derived

from a renewable source; Maize crop. In recent years corn starch has been

widely used as a ‘green’ material in the production of bio-plastic and bio-

ethanol. Cornstarch is a remarkable material that has been fascinating everyone

with its unusual properties when mixed with water. Suspension of cornstarch in

water forms a shear thickening fluid, affectionately referred as magical fluid on

which one can run without sinking.30

Cornstarch is the most commonly available starch with wide application in

food and non-food industries. The most interesting aspect of corn starch is its

28 http://www.ijser.in/archives/v4i3/IJSER15705.pdf
29 https://sciencing.com/chemicals-cornstarch-15444.html
30 https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A0919b058-4499-493f-b024-88c948ade7ff

20
behavior when mixed with water. When corn starch is mixed with water it forms a

bizarre material that can resist rapid deformation but when left unperturbed, it

becomes a thin liquid. The suspension of cornstarch particles in water is a non-

Newtonian fluid (stress is not directly related to strain). This property allows

people to run and bike across a pool of cornstarch. In the recent study by

Waitukaitis and Jaeger (2012), the reason behind this unusual behavior was

found to be dynamic jamming.

Rheological and thermal property of cornstarch suspension in water is

interesting and relevant in order to address the objectives. Rheology is the study

of the flow of matter. The rheological property of cornstarch particles in water is

important to understand the role of water to cornstarch ratio on the

consistency of fresh concrete. Crawford et. al. (2013) studied the rheological

property of cornstarch suspension in water by measuring viscosity using a

rheometer, at varying shear rate.

The thermal property of cornstarch such as Gelatinization is important to

understand the transformation of fresh concrete into hardened concrete.

Gelatinization temperature may play a crucial role in determining the temperature

required for heating of concrete, especially in an oven. Lui et al.(2006) studied

the gelatinization temperature of cornstarch with different water content

(water/corn starch) using DSC (differential scanning calorimeter). Slow

heating of 5⁰/min was adopted to measure the endothermic heat flow. With a

decrease in water content, the gelatinization temperature increases.

21
 The application of starch extends to the building and construction industry

where it has been used as a binder in thermally insulating composites, an

admixture for viscosity modification in concrete, and a modifier in asphalt and

retarder in the cement hydration process. In the investigation on thermally

insulating composites, researchers utilized natural fibres, such as hemp, sisal

and jute, with starch acting as a binder and improving the mechanical

performance. In their investigation, Balčiūnas et al. utilized hemp hurds and

cornstarch to build composites, with a compressive strength of up to 1.9 MPa.

Whereas composites manufactured by Gacoin et al., using hemp and wheat

starch, had a maximum compressive strength of 2.1 MPa. Starch based Ether

has been utilized by Isik and Ozkul and Cappellari et al. in concrete and mortar

respectively to improve the rheological property of the mix. Vieira et al. and

Crépy et al. utilized modified starch as the dispersing agent in self-compacting

concrete. Al-Hadidy et al. improved the moisture and temperature susceptibility

of asphalt material by adding starch. Peschard et al. showed that starch

enhanced the retarding effect on hydration of cement. In all these

aforementioned investigations, the rheological and gelatinization properties have

been exploited to improve the flow and binding properties of different materials.

The use of corn starch and its derivatives are wide, and in fact, the possibility of

producing starches with different chemical properties from corn starch has made

it the most used starch for industrial applications 47.5% of starch products are

based on corn starch.31

31https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318939899_CoRncrete_A_corn_starch_based

22
 Starch is mainly composed of two homopolymers of D-glucose: amylase,

a mostly linear α-D(1,4’)-glucan and branched amylopectin, having the same

backbone structure as amylose but with many α-1, 6’-linked branch points. There

are a lot of hydroxyl groups on starch chains, two secondary hydroxyl groups at

C-2 and C-3 of each glucose residue, as well as one primary hydroxyl group at

C-6 when it is not linked. Evidently, starch is hydrophilic. The available hydroxyl

groups on the starch chains potentially exhibit reactivity specific for alcohols. In

other words, they can be oxidized and reduced, and may participate in the

formation of hydrogen bonds, ethers and esters. Starch has different proportions

of amylose and amylopectin ranging from about 10–20% amylose and 80–90%

amylopectin depending on the source. Amylose is soluble in water and forms a

helical structure. Starch occurs naturally as discrete granules since the short

branched amylopectin chains are able to form helical structures which crystallize.

Starch granules exhibit hydrophilic properties and strong inter-molecular

association via hydrogen bonding formed by the hydroxyl groups on the granule

surface. Owing to its hydrophilicity, the internal interaction and morphology of

starch will be readily changed by water molecules, and thereby its glass

transition temperature (Tg), the dimension and mechanical properties depend on

the water content. Tg of native starch can be as low as 60 to 80°C when the

weight fraction of water is in the range 0.12 to 0.14, which allows starch to be

successfully injection molded to obtain thermoplastic starch polymers in the

presence of water. On the other hand, the hydrophilicity of starch can be used to

improve the degradation rate of some degradable hydrophobic

23
polymers. Starch is totally biodegradable in a wide variety of environments. It can

be hydrolyzed into glucose by microorganism or enzymes, and then metabolized

into carbon dioxide and water. It is worth noting that carbon dioxide will recycle

into starch again by plants and sunshine. Starch itself is poor in process ability,

also poor in the dimensional stability and mechanical properties for its end

products. Therefore, native starch is not used directly.32

Abaca, commonly known as Manila hemp, is considered to be one of the

major sources of income in the province of Bicol that helps boost small-scale

industries especially in the rural areas. According to Dr. Marissa N. Estrella, dean

of Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry, abaca is one of the top

dollar earners in the country, in terms of exportation. She also stated that in

2009, the Bicol region was noted for being the highest producer of Manila hemp

followed only by Eastern Visayas and Davao. The reason behind the high

demand for abaca, here and abroad, is its flexibility as a raw material for

handbags, baskets, and container.33

One of the various fibers obtained from natural sources, abaca fibers

offer a great potential to be used as a renewable bio-resource for various

industrial or extra-industrial applications due to their high mechanical strength,

durability, flexibility, and long fiber length. Abaca fiber is chemically composed

of cellulose, pectin, lignin, and significant quantities of glycerides, ketones, fatty

acids, and other compounds. It is used as raw material for industries without

32https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7764/b09eb720cadcb7daa3a753a12f1fb9681471.pdf?_ga=2.6

1967084.1747828543.1538552435-1523526806.1538552435
33 https://saminovic.wordpress.com/tag/bicol-region/page/3/

24
incurring additional cost as it is an unwanted material obtained after abaca

farming. These strands have greater tensile property, cannot be easily

decomposed and their flexural strength values are on par with glass fibers

(Bledzki et al.,2006; Huang, 2009; Ramadevi et al., 2012). Being regarded as the

strongest natural fiber in the world, it can be put into various modern

sophisticated technologies like automobile industry and as a raw material for

other important industries like paper and pulp industry, textile industry, and

furnishing industry, besides being used as a fuel. Nowadays, abaca-reinforced

polymers are used and preferred over synthetic polymers. In the ecological

perspective, the products obtained from abaca fibers are eco-friendly and the

production of abaca-fiber composites is energy-efficient as it has been found to

save 60 % energy besides reducing CO 2 emissions.34

Fibers are usually used in concrete to control plastic shrinkage cracking

and drying shrinkage cracking. They also lower the permeability of concrete and

thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact,

abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete. Generally, fibers do not increase the

flexural strength of concrete, so it cannot replace moment resisting or structural

steel reinforcement. Some fibers reduce the strength of concrete. The amount of

fibers added to a concrete mix is measured as a percentage of the total volume

of the composite (concrete and fibers) termed volume fraction (Vf). Vf typically

ranges from 0.1 to 3%. Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l)

by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section use an equivalent

34 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-07641-6_3

25
diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the modulus of elasticity of the fiber

is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load

by increasing the tensile strength of the material. Increase in the aspect ratio of

the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the matrix.

However, fibers which are too long tend to “ball” in the mix and create workability

problems. Some recent research indicated that using fibers in concrete has

limited effect on the impact resistance of concrete materials. This finding is very

important since traditionally people think the ductility increases when concrete

reinforced with fibers. The results also pointed out that the micro fibers is better

in impact resistance compared with the longer fibers. 35 The fiber content is

generally about 1 to 2 % by weight, never by volume, as fiber densities can vary

greatly. Fiber concrete products have been produced with long fibers as well as

with short (chopped) fibers, both methods having advantages and

disadvantages. With properly aligned long fibers higher impact resistance and

bending strengths are achieved. The method of working several layers of fiber

into the concrete, such that each fiber is fully encased in the matrix, is, however,

relatively difficult, and thus rarely done. In the short fiber method, the chopped

fibers are mixed with the mortar, which is easy to handle as a homogeneous

mass. Since the fibers are randomly distributed, they impart crack resistance in

all directions. The length and quantity of the fibers is of importance, since too

long and too many fibers tend to form clumps and balls, and insufficient fibers

lead to excessive cracking. 36 Therefore, it is ideal and justifiable for the

35 https://theconstructor.org/concrete/fiber-reinforced-concrete/150/
36 http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/uk/d/Jsk01ae/3.11.html

26
researchers to use 10 mm-short fibers with a weight 2% of the total mortar

weight.

Since minimum value slump concrete is used in production of paver

blocks, the quality of blocks produced will depend upon various parameters like

the capacity of compaction and vibration of machine, grade of cement used,

water content, quality of aggregate used, their gradation and mix design adopted,

additives used, handling equipment employed, curing methods adopted, level of

supervision, workmanship and quality control achieved etc. 37 The strength of

concrete mix is determined by the proportion on which these cement, sand,

stones or aggregates are mixed. There are various grades of concrete available

in the market based on these ratios. The recommended grade of paver block

used for light-traffic areas is M-35. A ratio of 1:0.5:1 (cement:sand:aggregate) 38

with water-cement ratio of 0.43 39 is the designated proportion for the mix design.

From the study, CoRncrete: A corn starch based building material by Y.

Kulshreshtha, et. al, it was stated that the strength of hardened CoRncrete was

observed to be sensitive to the amount of water in the fresh CoRncrete. With an

increase in water content, the compressive strength increases. However, a

decrease in the compressive strength was observed above certain water content.

In all cases a brittle behaviour was seen. When CoRncrete was heated in a

convection oven, very weak specimens were formed at low (10% and 13.33%)

water contents. With an increase in water content to 15%, a compressive

strength of 1.3 MPa was recorded. The compressive strength of CoRncrete

37 http://troindia.in/journal/ijcesr/vol3iss1/114-121.pdf
38 http://www.civileblog.com/concrete-mix-ratio/
39 https://concmixdesign.blogspot.com/2013/03/concrete-mix-design-for-m35.html

27
increased until 16.66% water content, which is in fact the optimum water content

observed for fresh CoRncrete. At optimum water content, the maximum

compressive strength of 13.7 MPa was achieved. With an increase in water

content to 20%, a reduction in strength was recorded. A positive correlation

between compressive strength and the dry density was also observed.40

Concrete pavers are a versatile paving material, which due to the

availability of many shapes, sizes and colors. The use of concrete block paving

can be divided into sub heads like Roads, Commercial Projects, Industrial Areas,

Domestic paving and Specialized Applications as Cladding vertical surfaces,

Storm water channels, Embankment protection under freeways and Roof

decks. 41 Existing pavements subjected to different categories of traffic must

comply with the recommended dimensions. These dimensions for paver blocks

are measured by steel callipers and steel ruler. For a solid concrete interlocking

paving block with a dimension of 200mm x 100m, the mass is approximately

2.6kg.42 The minimum thickness of paver blocks used in light-traffic areas such

as pedestrian plazas, shopping complex ramps, car parks, office driveways,

residential roads, etc. is 60mm. 43 this gives the researchers an idea of what

dimension to be used.

40https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318939899_CoRncrete_A_corn_starch_based_buildin

g_material
41 http://troindia.in/journal/ijcesr/vol3iss1/114-121.pdf
42 https://www.bosun.co.za/products/paving/60mm-interlocking-paver/
43 http://www.paversindia.com/iscode.html

28
Related Studies

The study CoRncrete: A corn starch based building material by Y.

Kulshreshtha, et. al stated that the heating of cornstarch in the presence of water

results in the formation of a gel that hardens and binds with sand grains. The

transformation of CoRncrete from a semi-solid to a hardened material was

measured to occur at about 66 °C. The wet (unhardened) CoRncrete appeared

to be self-compacting and obtained a maximum density at the optimum water

content of approximately 16.6%, which depends on the applied compaction

energy and corresponds to the water content at which corn starch changes

phase from solid particles (with some adsorbed water) to particles in suspension

of water. A higher compressive strength was also recorded at this optimum water

content. Compressive strengths of up to 26.67 MPa was achieved when the

material was heated by a micro-wave, whereas it was limited to 13.70 MPa using

an oven. The test results indicated a positive correlation between compressive

strength and the density of CoRncrete. The strength of CoRncrete has been

shown to be highly sensitive to water content and is significantly affected by

varying the size of sand grains and the heating method and duration. 44

Akindahunsi and Uzoegbo (2012), Use of starch modified concrete as a

repair material. Corn is a rich source of carbohydrate, starch extracts and a

source staple food for majority of sub-Saharan African population. Starch and its

derivatives have been widely described as rheology-modifying admixtures; in an

44https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318939899_CoRncrete_A_corn_starch_based_buildin

g_material

29
ongoing research the effect of using corn starch modified concrete is reported. Its

effects on concrete properties such as compressive strength, sorptivity and

permeability were determined on samples with 0, 2.5 and 5% addition of starch

by weight of cement.45

In the study entitled, Effect of Using Corn Starch as Concrete Admixture

by Suhad M Abd, et al., the authors concluded that the workability of concrete is

increased by the addition of starch admixtures namely corn. The density of

concrete increases in the addition of 1% of corn starch further increase in the

addition of starch admixtures reduces the density. Compressive strength of

concrete increases in the addition of 1% of corn starch further increase in the

addition of starch admixtures reduces the compressive strength. The starch

admixtures such as cornstarch can replace the use of chemical admixtures. It

also reduces the additional cost of using chemical admixtures. Since corn is

locally available and are cheaper than chemical admixtures, it can be used in

replace of chemical admixtures by these starch admixtures. This study gives the

researchers an idea that cornstarch can be used as natural polymer in concrete

paver blocks.46

The effect of starch on some properties of concrete has been examined in

the study entitled, The Influence of Starches on some Properties of Concrete by

Akindehinde Ayotunde Akindahunsi, et. al. It is found to increase the strength of

concrete especially in early ages and this may be a good use for works where

45 Akindahunsi A A, Uzoegbo H C and Iyuke SE (2012), “Use of starch modified concrete as a

repair material. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Concrete Repair,
Rehabilitation and Retrofitting. Cape Town, South Africa.
46 https://www.ijerst.com/ijerstadmin/upload/IJEETC_57a1bbd7db349.pdf

30
early strength is required such as concrete repairs, pavement construction. It is

also found that is does not have adverse effect on concrete with regards to creep

and shrinkage retarding the heat of hydration at some certain percentage

addition. Addition of not more than 1% starch in concrete mix seem to give

optimum result in relation to better strength performance while up to 2 % addition

of starch gives good result with respect to creep and shrinkage. This research is

an on project going project and further works on long term effects are currently

being investigated.47

In “A review on abaca fiber reinforced composites”, reveals that Abaca

fiber pre-treatment helps in improving the mechanical properties of the

composite. In addition, there have been efforts in combining Abaca fibers to

existing mixture of synthetic composites to improve its mechanical properties and

environmental performance. The future of Abaca is seen as one of the potent

sources of reinforcing fiber for various material construction including aerospace

materials.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The related literature and studies focused on the definition, properties,

chemical composition, uses and strength capacity of the materials to be used in

the production of the concrete paver block. Based from the information gathered,

the researchers came up with the study of using cornstarch as natural polymer

and what effective ratio can be used.

47https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264052500_The_Influence_of_Starches_on_some_Pr

operties_of_Concrete

31
Gap Bridged by the Study

Previous study showed that the main focus of their study is to determine

the properties of the materials used and how the properties can affect the

performance of the product. The present study shows that the main focus of the

study is to determine the compressive strength of the concrete paver block if

added with cornstarch as natural polymer and reinforced with abaca fibers.

Theoretical Framework

Materials to be subject as input of this study with their considered

properties as the parameters can interact positively or negatively with each other.

How they interact with each other will determine the performance of the

subjected output. Harmonization of the designed parameters is the key for a well-

performing output. Meanwhile, the process is the sequence of interaction and

work stages that transforms inputs into outputs.

INPUT PARAMETERS OUTPUT

Natural Polymer
(Cornstarch) Ratio and Proportions
Concrete Paver Block
Fiber Reinforcement Mechanical Properties
(Abaca Fibers)

Concrete

Figure 2.1 Theoretical Framework

32
Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows the conceptual framework of the study. With the

use of Theoretical Framework that the type of material and its properties, its

ratios and proper methods are the factors to be considered.

Following the line of thought in the theoretical framework, if the materials

succeed in harmonization of the properties and proper methods is operated, it

produces an output of concrete paver block, thus providing a good quality eco-

based concrete paver.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Search and design Production

concentration mixtures Durable and Cost-
(ratio of materials) Curing Effective Concrete
Paver Block
Gathering of materials
Testing
(Cornstarch, Abaca
fiber)

Figure 2.2 Conceptual Framework

33
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method

In order to attain the best properties of concrete paver block with cornstarch

as natural polymer reinforced with abaca fibers, the researchers conducted an

experiment and testing of paver block samples for different proportions of

cornstarch to determine the best formulation of components. The four different

proportions of cornstarch were 5%, 10%, 15% of the cement weight in every

sample, and the control. The grade designation of the paver blocks conforms to

the M-35 specifications with design mix 1:0.5:1 ratio of cement, sand, and gravel,

respectively. These specimens were tested in one material testing procedure:

compressive test. The results in the compressive test will conclude if there are

significant changes occurred by mixing the cornstarch in the concrete paver

block with abaca fibers. The procedures and specifications used in this study

followed the scope and requirements covered by the ASTM C936: Standard

Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units.

34
A. Process Flow of the Study

GATHERING THE
MATERIALS

MIXING

FORMING

CURING

TESTING OF PRODUCT

ANALYSIS OF DATA

VERIFICATION AND
SELECTION
Figure 3.1 Process Flow Chart
35
1. Gathering of Raw Materials

a. Cement – In manufacturing concrete paver blocks, OPC 43, OPC 33,

or OPC 53 is usually used. Portland Pozzolana Cement had been used

in replace of the OPC, Holcim Excel Type 1P purchased at Richard

Hardware in Bonot, Legazpi City.

Initial Setting Time – 130 mins.

Final Setting Time – 5.0 hrs.

Strength of Cement – 32 MPa (for 28 days)

b. Coarse Aggregates – The aggregates used for the production of

concrete paver blocks must be sound and free of honeycombed

particles. The stone chips aggregates were purchased at Renzel

Builders & Gen. Merchandise.

c. Fine Aggregates – The sources of fine aggregates for concrete paver

blocks should be river sand, or, artificial sand by crushing rocks. The

needed quantity was purchased at Renzel Builders & Gen.

Merchandise.

d. Cornstarch – purchased from Daraga Public Market.

e. Abaca fiber – waste Abaca fibers from Bonaobra Agricultural Fibers

Trading and Development Corporation, Tabaco City

f. Water – Water quantity as well as the quality is essential in achieving

the proper workability of the mixture. The water used for mixing

concrete is potable water and free of any unwanted organic matter.

36
2. Mixing Procedures

In the mixing process, the M-35 design mix of concrete with

proportions 1:0.5:1 of cement, sand, and gravel, respectively is to be

followed. The abaca fibers cut into 10 mm will then be sprinkled into the

mixture along with the addition of cornstarch for every specimen of

different proportions of natural polymer, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Gently mix

until all the components are laid out evenly. When the mixture is

thoroughly mixed, water will be slowly poured into the mix until desirable

consistency is achieved. The water-cement ratio used for this type of work

is approximately 0.5. Further mixing should be performed if needed. When

the mixture is ready, the researchers will pour the mixture into each

greased mold conforming to the size of the paver block. Upon pouring,

sampling of concrete in accordance with ASTM C172 requires blows per

layer of laid concrete and slightly tapping outside the mold with an open

hand to ensure fewer voids and to let the excess air out of the form.

37
 Table 3.1 Design Mixtures

Abaca Fiber Cement: Sand:

% cornstarch of
MIX NO. Content Gravel
cement weight
(10 mm)

A 0% 2% 1:0.5:1

B 5% 2% 1:0.5:1

C 10% 2% 1:0.5:1

D 15% 2% 1:0.5:1

3. Forming

The dimension of the concrete cylinder test specimens is 4” in

diameter and 8 inches high. The concrete paver block will be 20 cm x 10 cm x

6 cm based on the dimension of the mold.

Figure 3.2 Design of concrete cylinder test specimens with

varying proportions of cornstarch as natural polymer 38
 Figure 3.3 Design of concrete paver block

4. Curing

After the samples have been left to set for a day, each will be taken

out of the mold and be prepared for the curing process. The researchers will

set the four specimens aside to rest and dry-air cure in an open environment

away from exposure to direct heat and moisture.

5. Testing

Compressive Test – The researchers will submit the samples for testing at the

Sunwest Construction and Development Corporation,

Diversion Road, Bogtong, Legazpi City. This test will

determine the effectiveness of cornstarch added as

natural polymer in the concrete paver block.

39
6. Analysis of Significant Differences

a. Cost- The cost of the concrete paver block with cornstarch as

natural polymer reinforced with abaca fiber will be compared to the

commercial concrete paver block.

b. Availability- The raw materials needed will be determined if

readily available in the region.

c. Sustainability- The production of concrete paver block will be

determined according to the availability of raw materials.

7. Verification and Selection of the Best Proportion

From the gathered data, testing and analysis, the researchers will

be able to identify and select the most effective proportion of cornstarch as

natural polymer in the concrete paver block reinforced with abaca fibers.

40
 CHAPTER IV

TECHNICAL STUDY

Specimens of the mixing process of concrete paver block based on the

Universal Testing Machine (UTM) were the product with composition of different

proportions of cornstarch (5%, 10%, 15% and control) reinforced with abaca

fibers. Concrete mixing were done on October 4, 2018 at Arbo’s Residence and

the compressive strength testing were done on October 15, 2018 at Sunwest

Construction and Development Corporation, Bogtong, Legazpi City.

The specimens shall be tested in such a manner that the material

experiences opposing forces pushing inward from opposite sides of the concrete

paver block. The specimen shall be aligned centrally on the base plate of the

machine. The load up to one-half of the expected maximum load may be applied

at any convenient rate, after which the control of the machine was adjusted as

required to give a uniform rate of travel of the moving head. The load shall be

gradually applied without shock until the specimen fails. The compressive

strength of the concrete paver shall be taken as the maximum load in pounds

divided by the gross sectional area of the unit in square inches. Record the

maximum load for each unit and the average for the four full units.

41
Table 4.1 Materials And Apparatuses Used in Making The Products

MATERIALS APPARATUS

Aggregates Weighing Scale

Cement Weighing Scale

Sand Weighing Scale

Water Dipper

Abaca Fiber Weighing Scale

Cornstarch Weighing Scale

Table 4.2 Criteria for Concrete Paver Blocks

Mass Volume Water-Cement Ratio

2.6 kg 1200 cm3 0.43

42
A. Steps in Making the Products

Image 4.1 Mix the cement, sand, aggregate, and abaca fibers. Add
the cornstarch for every specimen of different proportions of
natural polymer, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Gently mix until all the
components are laid out evenly.

Image 4.2 Pour water slowly until desirable consistency is

achieved.

43
 Image 4.3 Pour the concrete mixture into the mold, and stir or
vibrate the mold so that the concrete gets settled in the mold and
reaches the extreme corners.

Image 4.4 Find a dry and clean surface where the moist concrete
paver block can be set and hardened. After hours of hardening,
the blocks were removed from the mold.

44
 Image 4.5 The final product – concrete paver blocks with different proportions of
cornstarch reinforced with abaca fiber.

Image 4.6 Concrete paver blocks, age of 11 days, were subjected to compression test using
the Universal Testing Machine with the assistance of QA/QC personnel at Sunwest
Construction and Development Corporation
45
 Concrete paver blocks after undergoing compressive strength test.

Image 4.7. Concrete paver block with Image 4.8 Concrete paver block with
abaca fiber reinforcement. (Control) abaca fiber reinforcement. (5%
Cornstarch added)

Image 4.9 Concrete paver block with abaca Image 4.10 Concrete paver block with
fiber reinforcement. (10% Cornstarch abaca fiber reinforcement. (15%
added) Cornstarch added)

46
 Chapter V

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretations of the data on the

laboratory test conducted by the researchers and of the data gathered from the

results of the test of the trial mixing process for concrete paver block.

A. EFFECTIVE RATIO OF CORNSTARCH ADDED AS A NATURAL

POLYMER

Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders with Different

Proportions of Cornstarch and Curing Methods
5000
4500
Compressive Strength (psi)

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
A B C D
500
0
0% 5% 10% 15%
RESULT (in psi) 4183 4478 4251 3179
Percentage of cornstarch

Figure 5.1 Bar Graph of the Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders with Different
Proportions of Cornstarch and curing Methods

47
 Figure 5.1 shows the graphical presentation of the compressive strength

of concrete cylinders with different proportions of cornstarch and curing methods.

The samples were tested at age of 11 days. The maximum compressive

strength of the M-35 paver block at 28 days is 35 MPa (5000 psi). The results

can be compared to the 14th-day compressive strength of concrete which is

about at 90% (approx. 31.5 MPa or 4568.689 psi). Based on the results of

compressive test represented in Figure 5.1, the researchers observed that the

compressive strength with 5% cornstarch gives a higher value which is 4478 psi

compared to the sample with no amount of cornstarch which is 4183 psi. The

sample with 10% cornstarch gives a lower value of 4251 psi compared to 4183

psi value of sample with no cornstarch added. The sample with 15% cornstarch

gives a lower value of 3179 psi compared to the controlled which is 4183 psi.

This means that the compressive strength has a significant relationship

with the amount of cornstarch present in the sample. It is evident in the trend that

with increasing amount of cornstarch present gives a relative increase in its

compressive strength but only at a certain percentage. The highest strength

recorded was the sample containing 5% cornstarch. Investigating the graph, it is

apparent that at 10% content the results of the testing shows a gradual decrease

in compressive strength. The experiment has shown that higher dosage of

cornstarch present will not give greater improvement of bonding mechanism with

its components.

Water content also plays a vital role in the compressive strength of

concrete added with cornstarch as natural polymer. It is observed that the

48
compressive strength of the sample is highly sensitive to water content as

cornstarch changes its phase from solid to suspension when dissolve in water.

Solubility of cornstarch is also another factor, the amount of cornstarch is directly

proportional to water content for with its increasing amount present also

demands a relative increase in the amount of water added.

B. COST, AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

1. COST ANALYSIS

Table 5.1 Cost per Raw Material Used

Raw Materials Cost

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) P235/bag

Gravel P700/cubic meter48

Sand P700/cubic meter49

Abaca Fiber No Value (waste material)

Cornstarch P48/kilo

48http://www.affordablecebu.com/load/business/list_of_construction_supplies_prices_in_philippin

es/6-1-0-30422
49 Ibid

49
Calculation of the Actual Mixture with Effective Ratio of Cornstarch

a. Ratio of cement to aggregates (sand + gravel) = 1:1.5

b. Total Volume: Vt = Vc + Va + Vw + Vf

Where: Vc = Volume of cement

Va = Volume of aggregates

Vf = Volume of fiber

Vw = Volume of water

Neglecting Vw and Vf, to find the maximum quantity cement and aggregate.

Vt = Vc + Va ; Vt = 20 cm x 10 cm x 6 cm = 1200 cm3

Let x = Vc

1200 cm3 = x + 1.50x ; x = 480 cm3

Therefore, Vc = 480 cm3

Va = 1.50x = 1.50(480 cm3) = 720 cm3

c. Volume of Aggregates (sand + gravel)

Va = 720 cm3

Va = Vs + Vg Where: Vs = volume of sand

Vg = volume of gravel

Let x = Vs

720 cm3 = x + 2x ; x = 240 cm3

50
 Therefore, Vs = 240 cm3

Vg = 2x = 2(240 cm3) = 480 cm3

d. Total Mass of Cementitious Material

Mc = ƿVc where: ƿ = 1.44 g/cm3 (PPC)

Mc = (1.44 g/cm3)(480 cm3) Therefore, Mc = 691.20 grams

e. Total Mass of Cornstarch Added to Mixture

Mcons = 5% (Mc) = 0.05(691.20 grams) = 34.56 grams

Calculation of Material Cost

a. PPC

691.20 grams x P 235/bag x 1 bag/40000 grams = P 4.061

b. Sand

240 cm3 x P 700/m3 x 1m3/1000000cm3 = P 0.168

c. Gravel

480 cm3 x P 700/m3 x 1m3/1000000cm3 = P 0.336

d. Cornstarch

34.56 grams x P 48/kilo x 1 kilo/1000 grams = P 1.659

51
 e. Grease

1 sachet/block x P 2.00/sachet = P 2.00

Total: P 8.224

Calculation of Manual Labor/Fabrication Cost

The researchers assumed that they can produce 48 pieces of concrete

paver block per day. Supposing that a worker can make one concrete paver

block in 10 minutes and the mold to be used can be waste materials like Medium

Density Fiberboard scraps. And as per National Wages and Productivity

Commission (NWPC), the Daily Minimum Wage Rate in Bicol is P280.0050 per

worker. Dividing the daily minimum wage rate by the number of concrete paver

blocks produced.

P280/day ÷ 48 pieces/day = P 5.833

Total Cost

Material Cost - P 8.224

Labor Cost - + P 5.833

P 14.057

Therefore, the total cost for one concrete paver block with cornstarch as

natural polymer and waste abaca fiber as reinforcement is P 14.057 or P 14.

50 http://www.nwpc.dole.gov.ph/pages/rb-5/cmwr.html

52
 COST OF CPB AND CCPB
15.2 CCPB, 15
15
14.8
14.6 CPB with fiber and
14.4 5% cornstarch,
14.2 14.057
Cost in Php
14
13.8
13.6
13.4
CPB WITH FIBER AND 5% CCPB
CORNSTARCH

Figure 5.2 Cost of Commercial CPB to CPB with fiber and 5% cornstarch

Figure 5.2 shows that the material cost per concrete paver block, in which

the CPB with fiber and 5% cornstarch showed the lower material cost than the

commercial concrete paver block.

2. AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

During the period 2011 to 2015, production of abaca fibers increased at an

average annual rate of 0.7 percent, from 68.61 thousand metric tons in 2011 to

70.36 thousand metric tons in 2015 (Figure 5.3). In contrast, area planted

decreased annually by 0.9 percent. In 2015, production rose to 70.36 thousand

metric tons from 68.05 thousand metric tons in 2014 or by 3.4 percent. The

biggest increment in production was registered in Caraga by 1.15 thousand

metric tons or by 19 percent. This was attributed to good weather condition

favorable for stripping and good price in Surigao del Sur.

53
 Abaca: Production and Area Planted (2011-2015)

Figure 5.3 Production and Area Planted to Abaca in the Philippines (2011-2015)
(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

Bicol Region was the top producer of abaca fibers with 29.56 thousand

metric tons representing 42.0 percent to the national output. Eastern Visayas

ranked second at 12.75 thousand metric tons followed by Davao Region, Caraga

and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) with a combined ouput of

20.38 thousand metric tons (Figure 5.4)

Figure 5.4 2015 Regional Distribution of Abaca Production

(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

54
 Bicol Region had the largest area planted to abaca at 45.25 thousand

hectares or 33.7 percent. Eastern Visayas, Davao Region, Caraga and ARMM

followed with 63.00 thousand hectares or with a combined share of 46.9 percent

of the total area planted to abaca (Figure 5.5).

Figure 5.5 Total Land Area Planted to Abaca, 2015

(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

55
 Corn production in the country grew at an average annual rate of 2.0

percent from 2011 to 2015 (Figure 5.6). During this period, area harvested

progressed only by 0.2 percent annually.

Corn: Volume of Production and Area Harvested (2011-2015)

Figure 5.6 Production and Area Harvested to Corn, 2011-2015

(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

Distribution of Corn Production by Region,

2015
Northern Mindanao
16.20%
All Other Provinces
SOCCSKSARGEN 43.30%
16.50%
Cagayan Valley
24.00%

All Other Provinces Cagayan Valley SOCCSKSARGEN Northern Mindanao

Figure 5.7 Regional Distribution of Corn Production, 2015

(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

56
 In 2015, corn output was registered at 7.52 million mt. Bulk of these came

from Cagayan Valley, SOCCSKSARGEN and Northern Mindanao with a

combined share of 56.7 percent of the total corn production (Figure 5.7). These

regions accounted 47.6 percent of the total corn area harvested in the country

(Figure 5.8).

Distribution of Area Harvested to Corn by

Region, 2015
Northern
Mindanao
14.70%
SOCCSKSARGEN
16.30% All Other Provinces
52.40%
Cagayan Valley
16.60%

All Other Provinces Cagayan Valley SOCCSKSARGEN Northern Mindanao

Figure 5.8 Regional Distribution of Area Harvested to Corn, 2015

(https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Crops%20Statistics%20of%20the%20Philippines%20-
%20National%20and%20Regional%2C%202011-2015.pdf)

With the data gathered above shows that the annual production of abaca

and corn in 2015 is 70.36 thousand metric tons and 7.52 million metric tons

respectively. The higher generation of raw materials, cornstarch and fiber,

corresponds to a high generation of the concrete paver block with cornstarch and

waste abaca fibers. Therefore, the concrete paver block incorporated with 5%

cornstarch and waste abaca fibers can sustain a high manufacture of CPB based

on the production of the raw materials present, mainly cornstarch and abaca fiber.

57
 C. DURABILITY

In analyzing the durability of the produced Concrete Paver Block with

varying proportions of cornstarch, the researchers established criteria to be

considered: mass, volume, and water content.

Table 5.2 Criteria in Studying the Durability of the Concrete Paver Blocks

CRITERIA
Sample Mass Volume Water Content

A (control) 2.200 kg. 1200 cm3 0.43

B (5% cornstarch) 2.237 kg. 1200 cm3 0.43

C (10%
2.249 kg. 1200 cm3 0.43
cornstarch)
D (15%
2.407 kg. 1200 cm3 0.43
cornstarch)

As shown in the Table 5.2, the samples vary in mass but have equivalent

data for the volume and water content. The grade designation of the produced

Concrete Paver Block is M-35, with a minimum thickness of 60 mm and is

applicable for light-traffic areas like pedestrian plazas, car parks, residential

roads and such. Thus, the ideal water content in the concrete mix design of the

samples is 0.43.51 Moreover, the obtained mass for each Concrete Paver Block

doesn’t show major difference with a commercial concrete paver block of the

same dimensions and volume, with a mass of 2.6 kg52. As a matter of fact, the

Concrete Paver Block with 5% of cornstarch, the effective ratio, shows that it is

51 https://concmixdesign.blogspot.com/2013/03/concrete-mix-design-for-m35.html
52 https://www.bosun.co.za/products/paving/60mm-interlocking-paver/

58
much lighter with a mass of 2.237 kg. compared with the mass of 2.6 kg. The

Concrete Paver Block with 5% of cornstarch is much lighter with commercial

concrete paver block by 13.96% or 14%.

With the obtained results from the test, the Concrete Paver Block shows a

significant added strength and appears to be cheaper compared with the

commercial concrete paver block. Furthermore, the produced Concrete Paver

Block is durable and cost-effective.

59
 Chapter VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study aimed to produce a concrete paver block with cornstarch as

natural polymer reinforced with abaca fibers. A total of 4 design mixtures with

varying proportions of cornstarch – 5%, 10%, 15%, and control were

experimented. Four paver block samples of size 10 cm by 20 cm by 6cm were

produced for testing.

Accomplished results from the compressive test conducted for the

concrete cylinder samples with 5%, 10%, 15%, and control were then arranged,

analyzed, interpreted, compared and given corresponding conclusions.

In evaluating the durability, the Concrete Paver Blocks produced were

compared with the existing commercial products in terms of mass, volume and

water content.

In addition, the economic advantage and the sustainability of available raw

materials such as cornstarch and waste abaca fibers were compared, evaluated,

and given respective conclusions.

60
Conclusions

Based on the results of the compressive test conducted to determine the

effective ratio of the cornstarch, research showed that the sample with 5%

content of cornstarch had the highest compressive strength of 4478 psi. The

researchers also concluded that the content of cornstarch exceeding 5% started

to show a significant decrease in the compressive strength. From the experiment

conducted, the researchers concluded that as increasing amount of cornstarch is

added to the mixture, there is also a relative increase in the demand for

additional water as it affects with the solubility that leads to a less workable mix.

Evaluating the durability of the product, it showed that the Concrete Paver

Block satisfies the requirement for M-35 in terms of strength. Therefore, the

Concrete Paver Block is durable and cost-effective.

Since there were no labor, equipment and technologies were used, CPB-5%

cornstarch shows economic advantage in the material cost. According to the data

gathered, the availability of the raw materials is sustainable as the sources are

renewable and easily accessible.

61
Recommendations

1. Explore with the various ratios of cornstarch within the limit of 0-5%.

2. 28 days of curing before testing must be considered for the product to

reach its maximum compressive strength.

3. The researchers recommend utilizing cornstarch in gel form to determine if

it has a significant difference in terms of bonding and strength compared

to the powdered form.

4. The future researchers must consider different curing methods of the

sample.

5. Water content has a direct relationship with the content of cornstarch in

concrete. Further research on the adequate amount of water content must

be considered as with increasing cornstarch present also demands a

relative amount of water added as it affects the solubility of cornstarch.

6. Appropriate technologies must be used if concrete paver block with

cornstarch reinforced with abaca fibers were to be mass produced for

faster and better quality products.

7. Future studies should consider treating waste abaca fiber to improve its

mechanical properties.

62
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Nikki Vanessa Parica Andalis

Contact Number: 0997 461 9815

Email Address: [email protected]

Address: Sta. Maria, Iriga City

Date of Birth: December 10, 1997

Place of Birth: Sta. Maria, Iriga City

Father’s Name: Jose B. Andalis

Mother’s Name: Glorlin P. Andalis

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name and Address of School Year Graduated

Elementary: Cawayan Elementary School 2010

Sta. Maria, Iriga City

Secondary: Zeferino Arroyo High School 2014

San Agustin, Iriga City

College: Bicol University College of Engineering 2019

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

East Campus, Legazpi City

63
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Zhannie Jane Arevalo Bolon

Contact Number: 0936 713 4889

Email Address: [email protected]

Address: 31-A Nursery St., Masbate City

Date of Birth: September 30, 1997

Place of Birth: Masbate

Father’s Name: Nicolas A. Bolon

Mother’s Name: Angelita A. Bolon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name and Address of School Year Graduated

Elementary: Jose Zurbito Sr. Elementary School 2010

Masbate City

Secondary: Masbate National Comprehensive Highschool 2014

Masbate City

College: Bicol University College of Engineering 2019

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

East Campus, Legazpi City

64
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Aiza Calisin Calla

Contact Number: 0906 595 6356

Email Address: [email protected]

Address: Zone-1 Pawa, Malinao, Albay

Date of Birth: February 08, 1997

Place of Birth: Malinao, Albay

Father’s Name: Roger M. Calla

Mother’s Name: Anna C. Calla

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name and Address of School Year Graduated

Elementary: Malinao Central School 2010

Malinao, Albay

Secondary: Malinao National High School 2014

Malinao, Albay

College: Bicol University College of Engineering 2019

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

East Campus, Legazpi City

65
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Vhea Andreana Mira Cordero

Contact Number: 0929 825 1746

Email Address: [email protected]

Address: P1 Brgy. Villahermosa, Daraga, Albay

Date of Birth: October 9, 1998

Place of Birth: Daraga, Albay

Father’s Name: Vicente E. Cordero

Mother’s Name: Amelia M. Cordero

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Name and Address of School Year Graduated

Elementary: Villahermosa Elementary School 2010

Villahermosa, Daraga, Albay

Secondary: St. Agnes’ Academy 2014

Legazpi City

College: Bicol University College of Engineering 2019

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

East Campus, Legazpi City

66