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    Liliopsida: Yusnaeni Yusuf Biologi Unm

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    Muh Kahfi
    This document discusses several families within the order Alismatales, including the Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae families. It provides details on the morphology and reproduction of plants within these families. Specifically, it notes that plants in these families are often aquatic or submerged, with leaves, flowers, and fruits adapted for water environments. The document also summarizes pollination strategies used by some orchid species, such as mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators through sexual deception.

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    Liliopsida: Yusnaeni Yusuf Biologi Unm

    Uploaded by

    Muh Kahfi
    42 views104 pages
    This document discusses several families within the order Alismatales, including the Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae families. It provides details on the morphology and reproduction of plants within these families. Specifically, it notes that plants in these families are often aquatic or submerged, with leaves, flowers, and fruits adapted for water environments. The document also summarizes pollination strategies used by some orchid species, such as mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators through sexual deception.

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    liliopsida

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    This document discusses several families within the order Alismatales, including the Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae families. It provides details on the morphology and reproduction of plants within these families. Specifically, it notes that plants in these families are often aquatic or submerged, with leaves, flowers, and fruits adapted for water environments. The document also summarizes pollination strategies used by some orchid species, such as mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators through sexual deception.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views104 pages

    Liliopsida: Yusnaeni Yusuf Biologi Unm

    Uploaded by

    Muh Kahfi
    This document discusses several families within the order Alismatales, including the Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae families. It provides details on the morphology and reproduction of plants within these families. Specifically, it notes that plants in these families are often aquatic or submerged, with leaves, flowers, and fruits adapted for water environments. The document also summarizes pollination strategies used by some orchid species, such as mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators through sexual deception.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 104

    LILIOPSIDA

    YUSNAENI YUSUF
    BIOLOGI UNM
    Alismatidae
     LIMNOCHARITACEAE
    1. Herba aquatik
    2. Mengandung laticifer
    3. Ada rhizoma
    4. Daun di ujung rhizoma
    5. Bunga:cymosa,
    biseksual, aktinomorf
    Sepal :3
    Petal :3
    Stamen : 9-bxk
    Karpel : 6-bxk

    6. Buah : folikel
    Families
    Alismataceae
    - water
    plantains
    Alismataceae
    Saggitaria (arrowhead lilies, left) and
    Alisma (water plantains, below) are
    common aquatic plants

    http://biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium/Plants
    Families
    Alismataceae
    - water
    plantains
    Hydrocharitaceae
     Monocot
     Family: Hydrocharitaceae
     Rooted submerged perennial
     Leaves 5-15 mm long and 2-
    4 mm wide
     Leaves arranged in pairs on
    lower nodes.
     Leaves in whorls of 3-10 on
    the upper nodes.
    Hydrocharitaceae
     Hydrilla is one of the most
    serious biological threats to
    aquatic ecosystems in
    temperate climate zones.
     Dense stands of hydrilla
    provide decrease habitat for
    fish and other wildlife
    altering water quality by
    raising
     pH, decreasing oxygen, and
    increasing temperature.
    Dense weed mats create
    stagnant water providing
     breeding grounds for
    mosquitoes
    Symplocarpus foetidus flowers are bisexual.
    Note Spathe and Spadix
    World's Smallest Flowering Plant
    The floral cavity on the dorsal side reveals
    a circular concave stigma (nearest the
    basal end) and a single, pollen-bearing
    anther. The flowers are protogynous, with
    the stigma becoming receptive before
    the anther matures and sheds pollen. The
    far right plant shows only the stigma, while
    the far left plant shows only the anther
    Commelinaceae -
    spiderworts
    Pontederiaceae - Order Commelinales
    pickerelweeds
    COROLLA
    The “bee orchid” (Ophrys
    speculum, Orchidaceae)
    flower looks so much like
    a female bee that male
    bees try to mate with it; in
    doing so they get hit on
    the head or back with a
    pollen-sac, or pollinium,
    which they carry to the
    next flower
    Ophrys orchids
    Ophrys orchid.
    The lower lip is shaped
    like, smells like and
    feels like a female
    wasp.
    Pollination is by
    pseudocopulation

    Male wasp on Ophrys.


    Ophrys insectifera

    www.primiero.it/orchidee/album_fotografico.html

    http://androsace.c
    Orchid seed, note it is tiny, and lacks both endosperm and cotyledon. Each
    seed is simply a membranous seed coat containing a few undifferentiated
    cells.
    Developing orchid plantlet or protocorm with mycorrhizal fungus.
    Young orchid plant
    Cattleya sp. Orchidaceae
    Vanilla planifolia flower. This is the species of Vanilla cultivated for
    vanilla production. It is one of the few orchids that is a vine.
    Vanilla planifolia capsules. Immature capsules are collected, sweated and
    fermented, then dried and cured in the sun (a process that can take months).
    The vanilla “beans” (which are actually capsules) are used as flavorings. In
    ancient Mexico they were also used as a perfume and aromatic.
    Madagascar and other islands in the
    Indian Ocean are the main Vanilla
    producers. Hand pollination
    substitutes for the absence of native
    pollinators. Vanilla is native to
    Mexico and Central America.
     Wingless Worker
    Ants
     Bees
     Butterflies
     Moths
     Flies
     Birds
    Sexual deception
    Different fragrances
    Bright colors
    The Orchids can attract
    the male wasps by
    releasing a chemical, 2-
    ethy-5-
    propylcyclohhexa-1,3-
    dione, which is similar
    to that of a female
    Found in the Australian
    Orchid, Chiloglottis
    The male euglossine bees
    are attracted to the
    orchid smell for a
    different reason
    When they visit they
    scratch and brush
    themselves against the
    flower to get the scent
    The bees collect the
    fragrance and store it in
    their hind tibiae
    They could use it for
    metabolic reasons
    The Males attract
    females with the scent
    and then use their
    territorial displays to
    lure them in
    Males use the scent to
    attract other males to a
    mating site
     Diagram of male bee
    In the future I think it
    would be interesting to
    test which of the
    different types of
    pollinators are best for
    orchid fertilization.
     Ackerman, J. D. “Specificity and Mutual Dependency of the
    Orchid- Euglossine Bee Interaction”. Biological Journal of the
    Linnean Society.1983. Vol. 20. pp. 301-314.
     Beattie, A. J., Peakall, R. “ Pollination of the Orchid Microtis
    Parviflora R. Br. By Flightless Worker Ants”. British Ecological
    Society. Vol. 3. No. 5. 1989. pp. 515- 522.
     Calvo, Richard N. “ Evolutionary Demography of Orchids:
    Intensity and Frequency of Pollination and the Cost of
    Fruiting”. Ecology. Vol. 74. No. 4. June 1993. pp. 1033-1042
     Dobson, Calaway H., Dressler, Robert L., Hills, Harold G.,
    Adams, Ralph M., Williams, Norris H. “ Biologically Active
    Compounds in Orchid Fragrances.” Science. Vol. 164. No.
    3885. 13 June 1969. pp. 1243- 1249
     Nilsson, L. A. “ Orchid pollination Biology”. Trends in Ecology
    and Evolution. Vol. 7. No.8. 1992. pp. 255-259
     O’ Connell, Lisa M., Johnston, Mark O. “Male and Female
    Pollination Success in a Deceptive Orchid, A Selection Study”.
    Ecology. Vol. 79. No.4. June 1998. pp. 1246-1260
     Schiestl, Florian P., Peakall, Rod, Mant, Jim G., Ibarra,
    Fernando, Schulz, Claudia, Franke, Stephan, Francke, Wittko.
    “The Chemistry of Sexual Deception in an Orchid- Wasp
    Pollination System”. Science. Vol. 302. 17 October 2003. pp.
    437-438

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