1

Generator Turn-to-Turn Fault

Protection Using a Stator-Rotor-Bound
Differential Element
Bogdan Kasztenny, Fellow, IEEE, Normann Fischer, Senior Member, IEEE,
Héctor J. Altuve, Fellow, IEEE, and Douglas Taylor, Member, IEEE

Abstract--Differential protection does not detect stator turn-to- Based on this principle, the paper proposes a new
turn faults in generators. Split-phase protection detects these protection element: the stator-rotor current unbalance (60SF)
faults but it is only applicable to generators with multiple stator element, which balances the negative-sequence stator current
circuits per phase. This paper proposes a new principle for
magnitude with the properly ratio-matched magnitude of the
generator turn-to-turn fault protection based on the ampere-turn
balance between the stator negative-sequence current and the double-frequency component in the field current.
double-frequency component of the field current. The paper The paper also describes a stator-rotor current differential
describes two protection elements using this principle: a stator- (87SF) element using the machine stator and rotor current
rotor current unbalance element that uses the current magnitudes phasors. It shows how to perform the differential comparison
and a stator-rotor current differential element that uses the of two currents despite them having different frequencies. The
current phasors. The paper derives the new methods, discusses
their dependability, sensitivity, and security, and illustrates their
paper also explains how the differential element adapts for the
operation with computer simulations and test results from a change in rotor positions with respect to the stator as the
physical made-to-scale generator. output power of the machine changes.
The paper discusses the dependability, sensitivity, and
Index Terms—Generator protection, negative-sequence security of the new elements and provides results from
differential protection, generator stator faults, generator rotor computer simulations and test results from a physical made-to-
faults, generator turn-to-turn faults.
scale generator.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. STATOR-ROTOR-BOUND PROTECTION

F OR many years, the negative-sequence differential (87Q)

principle has been applied to transmission line protection
to detect high-resistance faults [1]. Recently, it has been
With reference to Fig.1, we can think of a generator as a
rotating transformer with an equivalent positive-sequence
applied to transformer protection, primarily for its sensitivity winding and current (I1), a negative-sequence winding and
to turn-to-turn faults [2], [3], [4]. The 87Q principle follows current, a field winding and current, and a damper winding, if
Kirchhoff’s current law in applications to transmission lines present. The negative-sequence current in the stator creates a
and the ampere-turn (AT) balance in applications to power rotating magnetic field in the opposite direction of the rotor
transformers. rotation (both the rotor and the magnetic field rotate at a speed
Stator differential protection—either per-phase or negative- corresponding to the power system frequency ω). As a result,
sequence—does not detect turn-to-turn faults in generator the negative-sequence current induces a double-frequency (2ω)
stators because these faults do not upset Kirchhoff’s current current in the field winding and other parts of the rotor,
balance between the terminal- and neutral-side stator currents. including the damper windings (if any) and the rotor core
Split-phase protection is the traditional solution for detecting surface.
turn-to-turn faults in large hydroelectric generators with split
windings [5]. In other types of machines, the stator is often left Rotating Field ω
unprotected against turn-to-turn faults. ω
This paper shows that applying the AT balance principle I1 I2
between the negative-sequence current (I2) in the stator and the
double frequency component in the field current (IF) of the
machine provides turn-to-turn fault protection for both the
stator and rotor. IF ω

B. Kasztenny, N. Fischer, H. Altuve, and D. Taylor are with Schweitzer

Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Pullman, WA 99163 USA (e-mail: Fig. 1. The negative-sequence stator current induces double-frequency
[email protected]). currents on the field and damper windings.
 2

In our analysis, we combine the double-frequency currents However, as long as the damper impedance (ZD) and the total
flowing in other parts of the rotor into one current, called the field circuit impedance (ZFT) are constant, we can calculate the
damper current, which flows in an equivalent damper winding. total rotor current (IR) from the measured field current (IF):
When looking at the machine from the stator side and
 Z 
considering the negative-sequence current, we can view the I R I F • 1 + FT 
= (1)
generator as a three-winding rotating transformer, having the  ZD 
stator winding fed with the negative-sequence current, the The phasors and impedances in (1) are double-frequency
damper winding fed with a double-frequency current, and the (120 Hz) quantities.
field winding also fed with a double-frequency current, as Assuming the turn ratio of the equivalent two-winding
depicted in Fig. 2a. transformer is N0, the AT balance condition for any external
unbalance in a healthy generator is:
Damper
I2 Winding
 Z 
=I 2 N=
0 • IR N 0 • I F • 1 + FT  (2)
IF
 ZD 
(a) Field In other words, for any external unbalance, including faults,
Winding
the ratio NSF of the magnitudes of the negative-sequence stator
current and the double-frequency field current for a healthy
machine is:
Stator Rotor
(60 Hz Phasors (120 Hz Phasors I2 Z
and Impedances) and Impedances) N=
SF = N 0 • 1 + FT (3)
IF ZD
A turn-to-turn fault in the rotor or stator will upset the AT
I2 IR IF
(b) balance conditions (2) and (3), which allows the detection of
ZD ZFT
such faults.
In order to test this hypothesis, we simulated external faults
1:N0 and internal turn-to-turn faults in a sample 200 MW, 13.8 kV
Fig. 2. An equivalent three-winding transformer relating the negative- machine using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS®) [6],
sequence stator current and the double-frequency components of the field and [7].
damper currents (a); two-winding representation with the field and damper Fig. 3 shows the terminal voltages and currents for an
windings brought to the same voltage base (b).
external phase-to-phase fault at the system side of the
We can provide turn-to-turn fault protection for the stator generator step-up transformer.
and rotor of a machine by applying the AT balance to the 10
Voltages (kV)

equivalent three-winding transformer in Fig. 2a. We can

Terminal

measure the stator negative-sequence current and the double- 0

frequency current component of the field. However, we are not
–10
able to measure the damper winding current. We can 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
overcome this obstacle by examining Fig. 2b, in which we 60
Currents (kA)

convert the damper and field impedances to the same voltage 40

Terminal

20
base and connect the two circuits in parallel to form a single
0
equivalent winding. This way, we reduce the three-winding –20
transformer to an equivalent two-winding transformer. –40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
We assume the exciter does not generate any double-
Field Current (kA)

6
frequency voltage, and therefore, the field winding can be
4
considered shorted with the total impedance of the field
winding and the exciter circuit, ZFT. ZD is the damper winding 2
leakage impedance. The ZD and ZFT impedances are double- 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
frequency (120 Hz) impedances and are brought to the same Time (s)
voltage base. Fig. 3. External fault: terminal voltages and currents and field current.
Fig. 2b shows that we can provide turn-to-turn fault
protection by applying the AT balance between the negative- Fig. 4 shows voltages and currents for a 5 percent turn-to-
sequence current (I2) in the stator and the total rotor current turn fault while the machine was loaded at 200 MW. A 5
(IR). Again, we cannot measure the total rotor current. percent turn-to-turn fault is the lowest percentage turn-to-turn
fault that can be presently modeled in the RTDS [7].
 3

machine exhibits an IF magnitude of about 500 A. Such a

Voltages (kV)
Terminal 10
significant difference allows us to detect this turn-to-turn fault
0
very reliably.
–10
1.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

1.4
Currents (kA)

10
Terminal

20%
15%
0 Stator l
1.2 na
–10
Turn-to-Turn 10%
x ter lts
Faults 8% E au
F
1

IF (120 Hz) (kA)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 7%
200 MW
Field Current (kA)

6%
3 0.8
5%
2 0.6
50 MW
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.4
Time (s)

Fig. 4. Turn-to-turn fault: terminal voltages and currents and field current. 0.2

Fig. 5 shows the magnitudes of currents I2 and IF and their 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ratio for the external fault case of Fig. 3. The I2/IF magnitude I2 (60 Hz) (kA)
ratio settles at a value of approximately 13.4 for this external
Fig. 6. Negative-sequence stator current magnitude versus double-frequency
unbalance. field current magnitude for external faults and turn-to-turn faults.
20
4
15 I2(60 Hz)
3
I2(60 Hz)
10
kA

2
kA

5
IF(120 Hz) 1 IF(120 Hz)
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

15
15
Healthy External
10
I2/IF Ratio

Machine Fault Healthy

10
I2/IF Ratio

Machine

5
5
Internal
Fault
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0
Time (s) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time (s)
Fig. 5. External fault of Fig. 3: negative-sequence current magnitude
(60 Hz), field current magnitude (120 Hz), and magnitude ratio. Fig. 7. Turn-to-turn fault of Fig. 4: negative-sequence current magnitude
(60 Hz), field current magnitude (120 Hz), and magnitude ratio.
The 13.4 ratio for this particular machine should apply for
Fig. 6 shows the plot of a number of turn-to-turn faults on
any external unbalance condition. We tested this premise by
the I2 versus IF current magnitude plane for generator loads of
simulating a number of external phase-to-phase and single-
50 MW and 200 MW. As we can see, these faults are located
phase-to-ground faults with the I2 magnitude varying between
away from the straight line for external faults. The measured
175 A and about 17 kA. Fig. 6 shows these external faults as
magnitude of IF depends on the machine loading and is higher
dots on the I2 versus IF current magnitude plane. As we can
for a lightly loaded machine. Even for a fully loaded machine,
see, all the external fault cases plot as a straight line with a
the I2/IF magnitude ratio for turn-to-turn faults involving less
slope of 13.4.
than 10 percent of the turns differs by about 100 percent
Having concluded that the I2/IF magnitude ratio holds
compared with the healthy machine. For faults involving
constant for external faults, we now direct our attention to
20 percent or more of the turns, the ratio is a less effective
turn-to-turn faults. Fig. 7 shows the key signals for the
decision factor, especially for a heavily loaded machine, but
simulated 5 percent turn-to-turn fault of Fig. 4. Note that for
these faults are very unlikely.
this fault, the I2/IF magnitude ratio is about 6 (compared with
Note that the 5 percent turn-to-turn faults plot a
13.4 for a healthy machine). In other words, instead of having
considerable distance from the line of external faults. We
an IF magnitude of about 3 kA/13.4 = 220 A for I2 = 3 kA, the
 4

know that for turn-to-turn faults approaching 0 percent of double the system frequency. For accuracy, the two filters
shorted turns, there is no negative-sequence current in the process frequency-tracked samples or use an equivalent
stator or double-frequency current in the field winding. method to ensure measurement accuracy should the frequency
Therefore, we can extrapolate the dashed lines in Fig. 6 toward change.
the origin of the plot. By doing so, we can see that the outlined In order to illustrate the operation of the 60SF element
principle will work well for turn-to-turn faults involving much using (4) and (5), we simulated an external phase-to-phase
less than 5 percent of the turns (the RTDS model we used is fault, which evolved into a 5 percent turn-to-turn fault in our
limited to 5 percent of the turns as the minimum turn-to-turn sample 200 MW, 13.8 kV machine loaded at 100 MW. Fig. 9
fault [7]). The physical model testing results described in shows the terminal voltages and currents and the field current.
Section V confirm this hypothesis. Fig. 10 shows the I2 and IF magnitudes and their ratio. The
ratio remains at 13.4 during the external fault as expected and
III. STATOR-ROTOR CURRENT UNBALANCE ELEMENT changes dramatically to about 6 when the turn-to-turn fault is
Based on the principle derived above, we propose a new simultaneously introduced 5 cycles into the external fault.
protection element: the stator-rotor current unbalance (60SF) Fig. 11 shows this case on the operating-restraining current
element. As shown in Fig. 8, the relay measures the stator plane per (4) and (5) with a slope setting of 20 percent. The
currents to calculate the negative-sequence stator current trajectory first settles in the restraining region in response to
magnitude. It measures the field current (using a shunt, for the external fault and moves into the operating region once the
example) to calculate the double-frequency field current turn-to-turn fault is introduced.
magnitude.

Voltages (kV)
10

Terminal
The relay applies the effective transformation ratio (NSF) to
0
match the magnitudes and checks if the two current
–10
magnitudes balance.
Stator 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Currents (kA)

Rotor 20
Terminal

–20
Shunt
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Field Current (kA)

2
ABC
Second Magnitude
Harmonic Matching 60SF 0
Q 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time (s)
Fig. 8. The 60SF turn-to-turn fault protection element for synchronous Fig. 9. Evolving external-to-internal fault: terminal voltages and currents
generators. and field current.
A simple implementation of the 60SF element uses the
15
following operating signal:

=IOP I 2(60 Hz) − NSF • I F(120 Hz) (4) 10

I2(60 Hz)
kA

and the following restraining signal: 5

IF(120 Hz)
I RST
= I 2(60 Hz) + NSF • I F(120 Hz) (5) 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
where the setting NSF is the effective ratio between the two
currents for a healthy machine. 15
Comparing the operating signal (4) with a percentage (a
Healthy External
slope value) of the restraining signal (5) results in the 10
I2/IF Ratio

Machine Fault
operating characteristic shown by the green lines in Fig. 6 for a
slope setting value of 20 percent. The restraining region is the 5
Internal
area between the green lines, and the operating region is the Fault
area outside the green lines. 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
The currents involved in (4) and (5) are in primary amperes Time (s)
or properly matched secondary amperes. We calculate the
Fig. 10. Evolving external-to-internal fault: negative-sequence current
I2(60 Hz) phasor using a filter tuned at the fundamental system magnitude (60 Hz), field current magnitude (120 Hz), and their magnitude
frequency and extract the IF(120 Hz) phasor using a filter tuned at ratio.
 5

15 where I1PRE is the predisturbance positive-sequence current

and Xd is the generator direct axis reactance.
In other words, when using V1 for demodulation in (6), we
10 Internal need to rotate the current by the angle between V1 and Ed. This
Fault angle equals the angle between V1 and Eq plus 90 degrees per
IOP (kA)

(7) and (8). We can further combine (7) and (8) and use:
5
External  j • V1PRE − X d • I1PRE 
ΘC =∠   (9)
Prefault Fault V1PRE
 
0
0 5 10 15 20 In order to be able to use (6) and (9), we need to use
IRT (kA) voltage signals in the 87SF element in addition to the current
signals and we must capture the prefault values of the stator
Fig. 11. Evolving external-to-internal fault: fault trajectory on the operating-
restraining current plane per (4) and (5). voltages and currents. We also need to know the generator
direct axis reactance. These requirements make the 87SF
IV. STATOR-ROTOR CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT element more advanced than the simpler 60SF element.
So far, we have only used the magnitudes of the two Fig. 12 shows the properly aligned currents for the evolving
currents involved in the AT balance between the rotor and fault case of Fig. 9. As expected, the two currents are equal in
stator of the machine. Can we develop a current differential magnitude and out of phase for the external fault. Once the
element using the machine stator and rotor current phasors and internal turn-to-turn fault occurs 5 cycles into the external
gain more sensitivity as compared with using just the fault, the magnitudes no longer match and the phases shift,
magnitudes? How much sensitivity can we gain? allowing for a more sensitive fault detection.
We have to solve the following two challenges to establish A simple implementation of the 87SF element uses the
a phasor-based current differential (87SF) element: following differential signal:
• First, the two compared currents are of different = I DIF I 2(60 Hz) + NSF • I F(60 Hz) •1∠ − ΘC (10)
frequencies and their phasors rotate at different
angular velocities (i.e., at the system frequency and and the following restraining signal:
double the system frequency).
=
• Second, the rotor changes positions with respect to the I RST I 2(60 Hz) – NSF • I F(60 Hz) •1∠ − ΘC (11)
stator depending on the output power of the
Comparing the operating and restraining signals (10) and
generators. Therefore, the phase shift between the two
(11) in a slope equation results in a typical percentage
currents depends on the output power.
differential characteristic.
The first challenge can be solved by slowing down the field
current double-frequency phasor by dividing it by a unity 20
vector that rotates at the system frequency (demodulating with Negative-Sequence
the system frequency). One simple implementation of this Stator Current
principle is to use the positive-sequence voltage phasor as
10
follows:
V
I F(120 Hz) • 1
I F(60 Hz) = (6)
I2, N•IF (kA)

V1
0
The advantages of using (6) are that we do not need to use
the frequency explicitly and the calculation is correct even as
the frequency changes slightly during faults.
With regard to the second challenge, our simulations show –10
that to ensure proper phase relationships between the two Frequency- and
compared currents for external unbalances, we need to shift Angle-Corrected
Field Current
the field current given by (6) by the following angle:
–20
 E qPRE  π 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
ΘC =∠  + (7) Time (s)
 V1PRE  2
Fig. 12. Evolving external-to-internal fault: filtered negative-sequence stator
where V1PRE is the predisturbance positive-sequence voltage current, and frequency-matched and angle-corrected field current.
(captured using simple disturbance detection) and:
Fig. 13 shows the block diagram of the 87SF element.
E=
qPRE V1PRE + jX d • I1PRE (8)
 6

Stator

Rotor

Shunt

ABC
Second Magnitude Angle
Harmonic Matching Correction Fig. 15. Physical generator model.
Q
Fig. 16 shows terminal voltages and currents, as well as the
field current, for an external phase-to-phase fault at the
87SF laboratory generator terminals. Fig. 17 shows the magnitudes
of currents I2 and IF and their ratio for the external fault case of
Fig. 13. The 87SF turn-to-turn fault protection element for synchronous Fig. 16. The I2/IF magnitude ratio settles at about 40. We
generators. obtained similar results for external single-phase-to-ground
Fig. 14 shows a trajectory of the evolving fault of Fig. 9 on faults.
the differential-restraining plane per (10) and (11) with a 20 500

percent slope setting. When the external fault occurs, the

0

V
restraining signal increases to about 20 kA while the
differential signal is very low. When the turn-to-turn fault –500
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
occurs after 5 cycles, the differential signal increases to about
500
8 kA, yielding a reliable operation for this 5 percent turn-to-
turn fault, despite the simultaneous external fault.
0
A

Comparing Fig. 11 (60SF) and Fig. 14 (87SF), we conclude

that the two elements behave in a similar fashion, with the –500
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
87SF element having a slightly higher operating signal. This is
15
because the phase angle between the two currents does not
Field (A)

10
change much for this turn-to-turn fault (Fig. 12). If the phase
angle changed more, the operating signal of the 87SF element 5

would be even higher than that of the 60SF element. 0

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
According to our simulations, differences in favor of the 87SF Time (s)
element are more visible for turn-to-turn faults on a heavily Fig. 16. External fault for the laboratory generator: terminal voltages and
loaded machine. currents and field current.
15 150

100
Internal I2(60 Hz)
A

10 Fault
50
IDIF (kA)

IF(120 Hz)
5 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

Prefault 50
External Fault 40
I2/IF Ratio

0 Healthy External
0 5 10 15 20 30
IRST (kA) Machine Fault
20
Fig. 14. Evolving external-to-internal fault: fault trajectory on the
differential-restraining current plane per (10) and (11). 10

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
V. PHYSICAL MODEL TESTING RESULTS Time (s)
Fig. 17. External fault of Fig. 16: negative-sequence current magnitude
We tested the described protection elements using a three- (60 Hz), field current magnitude (120 Hz), and magnitude ratio.
phase 20 kVA, 220 V, three-pole laboratory generator driven
by an induction motor (Fig. 15). The generator stator has 54 We applied 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 percent turn-to-turn faults at
slots and two 100-turn windings per phase, with a 14/18 pitch. the laboratory generator stator. Fig. 18 shows a 3 percent turn-
The windings have taps that allow applying 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10% to-turn fault. Fig. 19 shows the signals for the 3 percent turn-
turn-to-turn faults. to-turn fault of Fig. 18. For this fault, the I2/IF magnitude ratio
 7

is about 50 (compared with 40 for a healthy machine). This VI. DISCUSSION OF 60SF AND 87SF ELEMENTS
difference allows us to detect this turn-to-turn fault very In the previous sections, we introduced two novel elements
reliably. We obtained similar results for the other turn-to-turn for turn-to-turn fault protection of synchronous generators. We
faults, including the 1 percent fault, which is a single-turn fault validated these elements with digital RTDS simulations and a
at the 100-turn stator winding. physical generator model. Work is still needed to gain full
For internal turn-to-turn fault testing, we synchronized the confidence in the two protection elements.
laboratory generator to the laboratory system grid to provide At this time, we offer the following comments:
an external power source that injects negative-sequence • Both the 60SF and 87SF elements are extensions of
current to the generator stator windings. As mentioned earlier, the 87Q element, because they balance the negative-
an induction motor drives the synchronous generator. The sequence current in the stator against the resulting
problem with this setup is that as the output of the generator second-harmonic current in the field winding.
increases, the slip of the induction motor increases, which • The 60SF and 87SF elements are very sensitive and
results in the synchronous speed of the generator decreasing detect both stator and rotor turn-to-turn faults.
(the generator frequency decreases from nominal). Hence, Detection of rotor turn-to-turn faults requires an
when the laboratory generator is synchronized to the local external current unbalance, such as an open phase or a
power system, it operates at the system frequency, which fault, to create the negative-sequence signal, which in
results in the synchronous generator functioning as a turn allows us to detect the fault.
synchronous condenser and not delivering any active power to
• The 60SF and 87SF elements are based on the
the power system. The generator stator current is extremely
assumption that the ratio between the damper current
small and heavily distorted for this operating condition, as
and the field current is constant. This is true if the
shown in Fig. 18.
500
impedances of the damper and field circuits at double
system frequency are constant. More research is
0 needed to validate this assumption and develop
V

methods to deal with any variability.

–500
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 • The 60SF and 87SF elements are based on the
20
assumption that the exciter does not produce any
double-frequency voltage during normal operation.
0 This is a justified assumption, because the double-
A

frequency current in the field would induce a stator

–20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 negative-sequence current and a damper current.
4 However, more research is needed to validate this
assumption for practical exciter designs.
Field (A)

3.95
• The 60SF element is simpler than the 87SF element
3.9
because it does not require frequency and angle
3.85 correction. The two elements behave in a similar
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Time (s) fashion for turn-to-turn faults. However, the 87SF
Fig. 18. Turn-to-turn fault at the laboratory generator stator: terminal element is slightly more sensitive, especially for
voltages and currents and field current.
heavily loaded machines.
1.5 • The 60SF and 87SF elements need a slight time delay
(1 to 2 cycles) to deal with transient differences
1
I2(60 Hz) between the measurements of the two compared
currents. These transient differences are expected
A

0.5
because the two measurements use different filters
IF(120 Hz) (60 Hz and 120 Hz).
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 • The 60SF and 87SF elements are susceptible to CT
50 saturation errors for external faults and need proper
40 external fault detection logic [3], [8], [9].
I2/IF Ratio

Healthy Internal
30
Machine Fault
VII. CONCLUSION
20
10
Negative-sequence differential elements detect turn-to-turn
faults in transformers because they monitor the AT balance
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 and respond to any event (including turn-to-turn faults) that
Time (s)
upsets this balance. However, 87Q elements applied to
Fig. 19. Turn-to-turn fault of Fig. 18: negative-sequence current magnitude generator stators do not monitor the AT balance and are
(60 Hz), field current magnitude (120 Hz), and magnitude ratio. therefore blind to turn-to-turn faults.
 8

This paper derives and explains two novel protection IX. BIOGRAPHIES
elements for generator turn-to-turn fault protection: 60SF and
87SF. These elements are based on the AT balance between Bogdan Kasztenny (M’1995, S’M’1998, F’2008) is
the fields created by the stator negative-sequence current and the R&D director of technology at Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories, Inc. He has over 25 years
the rotor double-frequency current. The elements do not
of expertise in power system protection and control,
require the damper currents to be measured and therefore can including 10 years of academic career and 15 years
be practically applied as long as the impedances of the field of industrial experience, developing, promoting, and
and damper windings are constant. supporting many protection and control products.
Dr. Kasztenny is a Senior Fulbright Fellow,
The RTDS simulations prove that the two elements are very Canadian representative of the CIGRE Study
sensitive and detect 5 percent turn-to-turn faults. The elements Committee B5, registered professional engineer in
are secure for all types of external faults. the province of Ontario, and an adjunct professor at the University of Western
Ontario. Since 2011, Dr. Kasztenny has served on the Western Protective
The test results from a physical generator model confirm Relay Conference Program Committee. Dr. Kasztenny has authored about
the simulation results and show that the two elements can 200 technical papers and holds 30 patents.
detect 1 percent turn-to-turn faults.
Normann Fischer (M’2009, S’M’2012) received a
Higher Diploma in Technology, with honors, from
VIII. REFERENCES Technikon Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South
[1] J. Roberts, D. Tziouvaras, G. Benmouyal, and H. J. Altuve, “The Effect Africa, in 1988; a BSEE, with honors, from the
of Multiprinciple Line Protection on Dependability and Security,” University of Cape Town in 1993; a MSEE from the
proceedings of the 55th Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying University of Idaho in 2005; and a Ph.D. from the
Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 2001. University of Idaho in 2014. He joined Eskom as a
protection technician in 1984 and was a senior
[2] M. J. Thompson, H. Miller, and J. Burger, “AEP Experience With design engineer in the Eskom protection design
Protection of Three Delta/Hex Phase Angle Regulating Transformers,” department for three years. He then joined IST
proceedings of the 60th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Energy as a senior design engineer in 1996. In 1999, Normann joined
Engineers, College Station, TX, March 2007. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., where he is currently a fellow
engineer in the research and development division. He was a registered
[3] A. Guzmán, N. Fischer, and C. Labuschagne, “Improvements in
professional engineer in South Africa and a member of the South African
Transformer Protection and Control,” proceedings of the 62nd Annual
Institute of Electrical Engineers. He is also a member of the ASEE.
Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX,
March 2009.
Héctor J. Altuve (S’M’1995, F’2015) received his
[4] Z. Gajić, I. Brnčić, B. Hillström, F. Mekić, and I. Ivanković, “Sensitive BSEE degree in 1969 from the Central University of
Turn-to-Turn Fault Protection for Power Transformers,” proceedings of Las Villas in Santa Clara, Cuba, and his Ph.D. in
the 32nd Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, 1981 from Kiev Polytechnic Institute in Kiev,
October 2005. Ukraine. From 1969 until 1993, Dr. Altuve served
on the faculty of the Electrical Engineering School
[5] IEEE Standard C37.102, IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection.
at the Central University of Las Villas. From 1993 to
[6] B. Kasztenny, N. Fischer, and H. J. Altuve, “Negative-Sequence 2000, he served as professor of the Graduate
Differential Protection—Principles, Sensitivity, and Security,” Doctoral Program in the Mechanical and Electrical
proceedings of the 41st Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Engineering School at the Autonomous University
Spokane, WA, October 2014. of Nuevo León in Monterrey, Mexico. In 1999 through 2000, he was the
Schweitzer Visiting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at
[7] A. B. Dehkordi, A. M. Gole, and T. L. Maguire, “Real Time Simulation
Washington State University. Dr. Altuve joined Schweitzer Engineering
of Internal Faults in Synchronous Machines,” proceedings of the 7th Laboratories, Inc. (SEL) in January 2001, where he is currently a
International Conference on Power System Transients, Lyon, France, distinguished engineer and dean of SEL University. He has authored and
June 2007. coauthored more than 100 technical papers and several books and holds four
[8] B. Kasztenny, G. Benmouyal, H. J. Altuve, and N. Fischer, “Tutorial on patents. His main research interests are in power system protection, control,
Operating Characteristics of Microprocessor-Based Multiterminal Line and monitoring.
Current Differential Relays,” proceedings of the 38th Annual Western
Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 2011. Douglas Taylor (M’2010) received his BSEE and
MSEE degrees from the University of Idaho in 2007
[9] H. J. Altuve, N. Fischer, G. Benmouyal, and D. Finney, “Sizing Current
and 2009, respectively. Since 2009, he has worked
Transformers for Line Protection Applications,” proceedings of the 66th at Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. and
Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, College Station, TX, currently is a lead research engineer in research and
April 2013. development. Mr. Taylor is a registered professional
engineer in Washington. His main interests are
power system protection and power systems
analysis. He has authored several technical papers
and holds one patent.

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20160421 • TP6702-01