Acuerdo Cadena Lctea 2010
Acuerdo Cadena Lctea 2010
Acuerdo Cadena Lctea 2010
ISSN: 0122-0268
ORIGINAL
1
Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (FCA), Zip Code
79823-350, Dourados, MS, Brazil. *Correspondence: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Objective. A study was carried out to evaluate the performance and the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN)
of male pigs of medium genetic potential for lean meat deposition in carcass, which underwent
immunocastration. Materials and methods. Forty-five seventy-days old Large White x Landrace
crossbred were used. The pigs were distributed in a randomized design in three treatments: castrated
males, females and immunocastrated males. Each treatment group was replicated three times with
five pigs per replicate. The trial period was of 70 days, divided into phases of growing (70 to 110
days old) and finishing (111 to 140 days old). The pigs were weighed four times: at the beginning of
the trial, at the first immunocastration vaccine dose (80 days old), at the second immunocastration
vaccine dose (110 days old) and just before slaughter (140 days old). Blood samples were taken on
the same day that the animals were weighed. Results. Between 80 and 110 days old, there was an
increase in PUN value, only for castrated males and females. No differences were found in weight gain
between the studied groups within the periods. Immunocastrated males had lower feed intake than
females and these had a lower feed intake than castrated males. To 110 days old, immunocastrated
animals showed feed conversion ratio similar to females and better than castrated males. However,
after the second dose of the vaccine, feed conversion was similar between groups. Conclusions.
The benefits of immunocastration are prominent in animals with low to medium genetic potential.
Key words: Castration, feed conversion, feed intake, immunocastration, swine production, weight
gain (Source: USDA).
RESUMEN
de el sacrificio (140 días de edad). Las muestras de sangre se recogieron en el mismo día en que se
pesaron los animales. Resultados. Entre 80 y 110 días de edad, hubo un aumento en la cantidad de
PUN, sólo para machos castrados y hembras. No hubo diferencias en la ganancia de peso entre los
grupos en ninguno de los períodos estudiados. Machos inmunocastrados tuvieron menor consumo
de alimento que las hembras y éstas mostraron un menor consumo que los machos castrados. En
110 días de edad, los animales inmunocastrados mostraron la conversión de alimento similar a las
hembras y mejor que los machos castrados. Sin embargo, después de la segunda dosis de la vacuna, la
conversión alimenticia fue similar entre los grupos. Conclusiones. Los beneficios de inmunocastración
son prominentes en animales con bajo a médio potencial genético
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCCIÓN
concentration of the hormones responsible for estar exentas impactos adversos en el rendimiento
the boar taint (8). It also allows the animals to productivo de los animales, satisfacer las
have longer satisfactory performance and carcass exigencias de los consumidores y cumplir con
characteristics than those of non-castrated los principios del bienestar de los animales.
males; generating positive productive impact on La inmunocastración es un procedimiento que
the pig production (9). puede reemplazar a la castración quirúrgica
de los cerdos machos y que ha demostrado
Many studies support the effectiveness of the ser efectiva para reducir la concentración de
immunocastration, which is used in animals of hormonas responsables del olor sexual (8).
high genetic potential (pigs of commercial lines Además, permite que los animales tengan un
genetically improved, with potential for lean meat mayor rendimiento satisfactorio y mejores
deposition in carcass greater than 56%)(9-12), características en la canal que los machos no
with benefits that are not automatically extended castrados, lo cual genera un impacto positivo en
to pigs with lower performance. la producción porcina (9).
The research aimed to evaluate the effects of Varios estudios respaldan la efectividad de la
immunocastration on performance parameters inmunocastración, utilizada en animales con
and plasma urea levels of medium genetic un alto potencial genético (cerdos de líneas
potential pigs. comerciales mejorados genéticamente, con un
potencial de deposición de carne en la canal
mayor al 56%) (9,12), con beneficios que no se
MATERIAL AND METHODS extienden automáticamente a los cerdos con un
menor rendimiento.
Study site and animals. A study was carried out
at the Swine Experimental Sector, at the Agrarian La investigación buscó evaluar los efectos de la
Sciences College, Universidade Federal da inmunocastración en parámetros de rendimiento
Grande Dourados (Federal University of Grande y de niveles de urea en plasma en cerdos con un
Dourados), MS, Brazil, using 45 crossbreed of potencial genético medio.
Landrace and Large White genetic strains pigs.
The animals were 70 days old, with an average
weight of 25.2 ± 2.8 kg, being 15 females and MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
30 males. All pigs were submitted at the same
rearing conditions, in open sided pens with semi- Lugar de estudio y animales. Se realizó un
automated feeders and nipple drinkers, concrete estudio en el Sector Experimental Porcino, en
floor and a herd density of 0.8 m2/ animal. la Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade
Federal da Grande Dourados (Universidad
Treatments and experimental design. The Federal de Grande Dourados), MS, Brasil,
animals were distributed in a fully randomized utilizando 45 cerdos cruzados entre las
experimental design with three treatments, and cepas genéticas Landrace y Large White. Los
three replications with 15 pigs per treatment. animales tenías 70 días de edad, con un peso
The treatments were T1 (females), T2 (surgically promedio de 25.2 ± 2.8 kg, donde 15 cerdos
castrated males), and T3 (immune-castrated fueron hembras y 30 machos. Todos los cerdos
males). fueron sometidos a las mismas condiciones de
crianza, en corrales abiertos a los lados con
The pigs in the castrated group underwent the alimentadores semiautomatizados y bebederos
orchiectomy procedure on the seventh day of de pezón, piso de concreto y una densidad de
life. The group of immunocastrated animals were rebaño de 0.8 m2/ animal.
subjected to two doses of Vivax®, which is a
vaccine based on a synthetic analogue of GnRH Tratamientos y diseño experimental.
coupled to a large carrier protein. It was applied Los animales se distribuyeron en un diseño
subcutaneous in two dosages: the first at 60 days experimental totalmente aleatorizado con
before slaughter (80 days old), and the second tres tratamientos y tres réplicas usando
at 30 days before slaughter (110 days old). 15 cerdos para cada tratamiento. Los
tratamientos fueron T1 (hembras). T2 (machos
Nutritional management and experimental castrados quirúrgicamente) y T3 (machos
period. The trial period lasted 70 days, divided inmunocastrados).
into two phases: growing (from 70 to 110
days) and finishing (from 111 to 140 days). Los cerdos en el grupo castrado fueron
The experimental diets were based on corn and sometidos a un procedimiento de orquiectomía
soybean meal and were formulated using the en su séptimo dúa de vida. El grupo de
Caldara - Performance and plasma urea nitrogen of immunocastrated pigs 4575
daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed (±1.5 ml) y almacenado en un congelador (-18°C).
conversation rate at each stage. La concentración de nitrógeno ureico en plasma
(PUN por su sigla en inglés) se obtuvo usando
Blood samples were taken in heparinized tubes, el método enzimático (kit comercial).
by the vein puncture on the same day of animal
weighing. Before collection, piglets were fasted Análisis estadístico. Los resultados se
from 18:00 h to 07:00 h in the following day. analizaron utilizando el software SAS 9.2
From 07:00 h to 08:00 h, the animals were (14). Se aplicó ANOVA a los valores medios
fed ad libitum and returned to fast from 08:00 utilizando el modelo lineal general (MLG).
h until 13:00 h, when it was started the blood Las medias fueron comparadas aplicando la
sampling. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 prueba de Turkey considerando un nivel de
rpm for 15 minutes to get the plasma, which was significancia del 5%.
transferred to Eppendorf tubes (± 1.5 ml) and
stored in a freezer (-18°C). The concentration of Consideraciones éticas. Esta investigación se
plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was obtained using realizó conforme a los lineamientos del Comité
the enzymatic method (commercial kit). Ético sobre el Uso de Animales de la Universidade
Federal da Grande Dourados (Brasil), bajo el
Statistical analysis. The results were analyzed protocolo N o 031/2013, de acuerdo a los
using the SAS 9.2 software (14). ANOVA was principios éticos de experimentación, cuidado
applied to mean values using the general linear y uso de animales.
model (GLM). The means were compared by
Tukey test considering a 5% level of significance.
RESULTADOS
Ethical considerations. This investigation was
conducted according to the guidelines established No se encontraron diferencias (p>0.05)
by the Ethical Committee on the Animal Use in en el nitrógeno ureico en plasma (PUN)
Experimentation of the Universidade Federal en las primeras dos muestras (al inicio del
da Grande Dourados (Brazil), under Protocol estudio y justo antes de que los animales
N o031/2013, in accordance with the ethical inmunocastrados recibieran la primera dosis de
principles for animal experimentation, animal la vacuna) entre los tres grupos de animales.
care and use.
Sin embargo, en hembras y en machos
castrados hubo un aumento en el PUN después
RESULTS de la secunda muestra. Esto puede indicar una
reducción en la eficiencia del uso de proteínas
No differences were found (p>0.05) for Plasma en esta etapa, mientras que en los machos
Urea Nitrogen (PUN) in the first two samplings inmunocastrados se vio un aumento en el PUN
(at the beginning of the trial and just before que ocurrió únicamente después de la tercera
immunocastrated animals receive the first dose muestra, después de la segunda dosis de la
of vaccine) amongst the three animal groups. vacuna de inmunocastración. Lo anterior puede
indicar que existe una ventaja en la utilización
However, for females and castrated males de la proteína en la dieta por esta categoría de
there was an increase in PUN after the second animales y en este periodo, entre la primera y
sampling. This might indicate a reduction in the la segunda dosis de la vacuna (Tabla 2).
efficiency of protein utilization from this stage,
while, for immunocastrated males there was an
increase in PUN which occurred only after the Table 2. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration
third sampling, after immunocastration vaccine (mg/dL) of pigs: castrated males, females and
immunocastrated males in different periods of
second shot. This may indicate advantage in
blood collection.
the utilization of dietary protein by this animal
CV
category in this period, between the first and Treatment Sampling 1 Sampling 2 Sampling 3 Sampling 4
(%)
second dose of vaccine (Table 2).
Castrated 34.23ab 26.97b 41.25a AB
37.59ab 17.87
No difference (p>0.05) was found in average daily No se encontró ninguna diferencia (p>0.05)
weight gain between immunocastrated males and en el promedio diario de aumento de peso
other groups in all evaluated periods. Castrated entre los machos inmunocastrados y los otros
males and females differed only in period 2 (80 to grupos en ninguno de los periodos evaluados.
110 days old), (Table 3). Los machos castrados y las hembras sólo
mostraron diferencias en el periodo 2 (de 80
a 110 días de edad) (Tabla 3).
Table 3. Daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI)
and feed conversion rate (FC) in pigs: castrated Los machos inmunocastrados mostraron una
males, immunocastrated males and females.
menor ingesta de alimentos que las hembras y
Immuno-
Variable Period Castrated Female
castrated
CV% éstas, por otro lado, presentaron una ingesta
menor a la de los machos castrados en el
DWG (kg) 1 0.748a 0.703a 0.709a 12.71
primer y segundo periodo. En el tercer periodo,
2 0.976 0.890 0.907 6.88
los animales inmunocastrados presentaron
a b ab
Means followed by different letters in line differ statistically from each other DISCUSIÓN
by Tukey test (p>0.05). Period 1 - before the immunocastration vaccine shot
1st dose (70-80 days old); Period 2 - between the 1st and 2nd vaccine dose
application (80-110 days old); Period 3 - after the immunocastration shot vaccine La reducción en la concentración de PUN refleja
2nd dose (110-140 days old) una eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno superior y
puede ser utilizada para estimar la cantidad
Immunocastrated males showed lower feed y la calidad de proteína en la dieta (15) y su
intake than females and these, on the other aumento puede indicar un uso ineficiente de los
hand, presented lower intake than castrated aminoácidos (16).
males in the first and second periods. In the third
period, immunocastrated animals present feed Dado que las dietas se formularon para cumplir
intake similar to females, and lower than it was con los requerimientos de los verracos, los
in the castrated group. cerdos en crecimiento y las hembras en la
fase de finalización (13), se hace evidente el
In the first and second periods, the mayor potencial para la utilización dietética
immunocastrated males present feed conversion de los aminoácidos por parte de los machos
similar to females, and better than it was in the inmunocastrados después de recibir la segunda
castrated group. After the second dose of the dosis de la vacuna. Esta diferencia se traduce en
vaccine (period 3), the feed conversion was el aumento de sus requerimientos nutricionales,
similar between treatments. ya que los valores de PUN en los animales
castrados y las hembras en la primera fase
indican que dichos animales no pudieron
DISCUSSION mantener el nitrógeno en la misma medida que
los animales inmunocastrados.
The reduction of PUN concentration reflects the
La maximización en la utilización eficiente de los
superior nitrogen use efficiency and can be used to
aminoácidos es de importancia considerable para
estimate the quantity and quality of dietary protein
los productores porcinos, ya que la provisión de
(15) and its increase may indicate inefficient use
aminoácidos es uno de los puntos más relevantes
of amino acids (16).
para el costo final del alimento. La concentración
de nitrógeno ureico en plasma puede ser utilizada
Since the diets were formulated to comply with
para evaluar la calidad de la proteína consumida
the boars’ requirements for growing pigs and for
y puede ser utilizada como un indicador de
females in the finishing phase (13), the greatest
la máxima utilización de aminoácidos (16).
potential for utilization of amino acids dietary by
4578 REVISTA MVZ CÓRDOBA • Volumen 20(2) Mayo - Agosto 2015
immunocastrated males, after receiving the second De esta manera, la concentración de PUN es
dose of vaccine, becomes clear. This difference particularmente útil para comparar la utilización
translates their increased nutritional requirement, de proteínas efectiva en los distintos grupos
since increased PUN values for castrated and porcinos (hembras, machos castrados y machos
females in the first phase indicate that these inmunocastrados).
animals were not able to maintain nitrogen in the
same proportion that immunocastrated animals. Discrepando del presente estudio, otros
investigadores han demostrados efectos positivos
The maximization of amino acids efficient utilization en el aumento de peso diario, y los machos
has considerable importance for swine producer inmunocastrados mostraron un rendimiento
because the amino acids supply is one of the superior al de los machos castrados, 8.3% y 32%
most relevant items on the final cost of feed. The (8,17) respectivamente. El rendimiento superior
concentration of urea nitrogen in plasma can be de los machos inmunocastrados en comparación
used to evaluate the quality of protein consumed con los machos castrados, en la parte tardía de
and may be used as an indicator of maximum amino la fase de finalización, se puede considerar como
acids utilization (16). In this way, concentration of un indicador de los requerimientos de nutrientes
PUN is particularly useful in comparing the protein de los distintos grupos. Ambos estudios usaron
utilization effective for different swine’s groups animales con un potencial genético superior,
(females and castrated males immunocastrated mientras que en el presente estudio los animales
males). poseían un potencial genético medio. Estos
resultados sugieren que los beneficios de la
Disagreeing from the present study other inmunocastración pueden no extenderse en la
researchers have demonstrated positive effects misma proporción en los animales con potencial
on daily weight gain and immunocastrated genético bajo, tanto en el aumento de peso como
males showed superior performance about en la deposición de carne magra en la canal.
8.3% and 32% (8,17) respectively compared to
castrated males. The superior performance of Comparando los efectos sobre el rendimiento
immunocastrated males in relation to castrated de los cerdos, Santos et al (17) encontró que
males, in the delayed finishing phase, can be los porcinos inmunocastrados demostraron una
considered an indicative of nutrient requirements mejor tasa de conversión de alimentos que los
for these different groups. Both studies used machos castrados. Los animales inmunocastrados
animals with superior genetic potential while fueron más eficientes en el uso de nutrientes
in the present study the animals were from que los cerdos castrados, incluso después de
medium genetic potential. These results suggest la segunda dosis de inmunización, respuesta
that the benefits of immunocastration may not similar a la observada por otros autores (12). Los
be extended in the same proportion to the low autores atribuyen estos resultados a la existencia
genetic potential animals for both weight gain temporal de un efecto residual de hormonas
and lean meat deposition in the carcass. anabólicas endógenas presente en los cerdos
inmunocastrados.
Comparing the effects on the pigs’ performance,
Santos et al (17) found that immunocastrated Los cerdos machos castrados tienen un mayor
swine showed better feed-conversion than consumo de alimentos que todos los machos
castrated males. Immunocastrated animals were (18), cuya respuesta se ha correlacionado con
more effective in the nutrients use than barrows, una baja concentración de testosterona en
even after the second immunization dose, similar estos animales (8). Además, se ha observado
to the response observed by other authors (12). un aumento en la cantidad diaria de alimentos
The authors refer these results to the temporary ingerida por los machos inmunocastrados
existence of residual effect of endogenous en comparación con los animales castrados
anabolic hormones in immunocastrated pigs. después de la segunda dosis de la vacuna de
inmunocastración (19). Este hecho puede estar
Castrated male pigs have higher feed consumption relacionado a la vertiginosa disminución en los
than the entire males (18), whose response has niveles de testosterona observada en los cerdos
been related to low testosterone concentration inmunocastrados. Sin embargo, esta respuesta
in these animals (8). Furthermore, it has been no se observó en el presente estudio, lo cual
observed an increase in daily amount of feed coincide con los resultados que obtuvo Janos et
ingested by immunocastrated males when al (20).
compared to castrated animals after the second
dose of immunocastration vaccine (19). This En un estudio de machos sometidos a
fact may be related to the sharp decline in inmunocastración, los investigadores encontraron
testosterone levels in immunocastrated pigs. que en el momento de la segunda dosis de
Caldara - Performance and plasma urea nitrogen of immunocastrated pigs 4579
However, this response was not observed in the la vacuna de inmunocastración, 85% de los
present study, agreeing with the result obtained machos tratados tenían un nivel de testosterona
by Jaros et al (20). en suero de 2 nM. Dos semanas después de la
segunda vacuna, sólo el 6% de los animales
In a study involving males undergoing to the tuvieron concentraciones de testosterona
immunocastration, the reserachers found that superiores a 2 nM, nivel que no fue distinto al
at the time of the second dose of immunogenic de los machos castrados. Esto podría explicar los
vaccine, 85% of treated males had a serum resultados de este estudio, en el cual los animales
testosterone level above 2 nM. Two weeks after inmunocastrados mostraron un rendimiento
the second vaccination, only 6% of the animals similar al de las hembras y superior al de los
had testosterone concentrations above 2 nM, machos castrados antes de la segunda dosis de
which did not differ from castrated males. This la vacuna, tornándose fisiológicamente como
may explain the results of the present study, in animales castrados después de la segunda
which immunocastrated animals showed similar inmunización (8).
performance than females and higher than
castrated males in the period before the second Algunos investigadores (10) compararon el
dose of vaccine, becoming physiologically as a rendimiento en el crecimiento y las características
castrated animal after the second immunization (8). de la canal de machos castrados, machos
inmunocastrados y verracos. Los autores
Researchers (10) compared the growth encontraron que en los animales inmunocastrados
performance and carcass characteristics of los valores de ingesta de alimentos y los de
castrated males, immunocastrated males and conversión de alimentos son similares a los
boars. The authors found for immunocastrated encontrados en verracos, pero menores a los
animals that the feed intake and feed conversion encontrados en machos castrados. Esto podría
values are similar to the reported for boars, but indicar que hay una mayor eficiencia en la
lower than those found in castrated males. This utilización de nutrientes y un mayor aumento de
may indicate that there is better efficiency in peso diario en verracos que en machos castrados,
nutrients utilization and higher daily weight gain lo cual se observó particularmente en la fase de
in boars than in castrated males, found especially finalización.
during the late finishing phase.
Los machos inmunocastrados presentan menores
Immunocastrated males presented lower concentraciones de nitrógeno ureico en plasma en
plasma urea nitrogen concentrations in relation relación con las hembras y los machos castrados,
to females and castrated males, before to the antes de la segunda dosis de la vacuna. La mejor
second dose of the vaccine. The best utilization utilización de la proteína alimentaria presenta
of dietary protein resulted in a performance beneficios, con una reducción en la ingesta de
benefits, with a reduction in the feed intake and alimentos y la conversión de alimentos, incluso
the feed conversion, even for animals of low to en animales de potencial genético de bajo a
medium genetic potential. medio.
Acknowledgments Agradecimientos
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