SIL Electronic Book Reviews 2013-006

Understanding syntax (3rd edition)

Understanding Language Series. Abington and New York: Routledge, 2011. Pp. xvi, 312.
Paperback $40.00, £23.00. ISBN 978-1-4441-1205-4 (paperback).

Reviewed by MaryAnne Augustin

Overview
The first edition of Understanding Syntax by Maggie Tallerman appeared in 1998, and the
second edition in 2005, both published by Hodder Arnold. The third edition was published in
2011 by Routledge, and is part of the “Understanding Language Series” which aims to introduce
students to major topics in linguistics without assuming any prior introduction to the field.

The front matter presents the abbreviations used and a ‘Note to the student,’ explaining some
linguistic conventions and how examples are presented in the text. Reference material at the back
includes a complete list of sources cited in examples, a list of references, an index of the 109
languages mentioned in the text, a subject index, and a glossary of 59 key terms.

The text maintains an informal style and introduces technical terms in context, usually with
an informal definition or example, e.g. ‘UNIVERSAL – common to all languages’ (p. 5) and
‘VERBS (words like liquefy, learn, enjoy and grow)’ (p. 12). Many sections include one or more
exercises within the body of the text itself, followed by a discussion of the answer. Every major
section ends with a brief summary, and every chapter concludes with a section of ‘Further
reading’ and several pages of exercises.

Summary of chapters
Chapter one gives an overview of the scope of syntax, amply illustrated with examples which show
the importance of word order, syntactic units, and the difference between non-standard utterances
and non-grammatical utterances. Most of the examples in this chapter are from English, but
interestingly several are from British dialects which allow structures that are not found in
standard English, such as a tag question ‘init?’ derived from ‘isn’t it’: ‘We still lost in the end,
init?’ (p. 9). There is also a discussion of dative shift in English and Indonesian which shows
how unrelated languages can have similar syntactic structure; this part will challenge beginning
linguists as the author acknowledges with the statement, ‘you should be able to understand it if
you read it through more than once, stopping to work out each stage as you go’ (p. 7).
The second chapter begins with examples of how verbs can be identified as a word class in
English based on their distribution. This section emphasizes the need for formal tests for word
classes, based on morphology, distribution, and function. The chapter moves on to the syntactic
tests for several word classes (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions/adpositions) in
English and other languages. This includes the grammatical categories (properties) associated
with each word class, like tense and aspect for verbs, and number and gender for nouns. The
noun phrase, adjective phrase, and preposition phrase are introduced along the way.

The major sections in chapter three cover ‘Finiteness and auxiliaries,’ ‘Introduction to
subordination,’ and ‘Major cross-linguistic variations.’ The first two of these sections are
straight-forward; they introduce the concepts of the clause, finite and non-finite verbs, and
matrix and subordinate clauses. The discussion of subordinate clauses concentrates on
complement clauses, devoting less than a page of explanation to adjunct clauses. Relative
clauses are mentioned in passing as a type of adjunct clause which is treated at length in chapter
eight. The final section, cross-linguistic variation in complex sentences, introduces co-ordinated
clauses, nominalization, and serial verbs.

Chapter four consists of three major sections: ‘Heads and their dependents,’ ‘Where does the
head occur in a phrase? Head-initial and head-final languages,’ and ‘Head-marking and
dependent-marking languages.’ The first section presents the distinction between adjuncts and
complements as well as exemplifying how verbs, prepositions, adjectives, nouns, and
complementizers function as heads. The last two sections focus on typology.

Chapter five, ‘How do we identify constituents?’, starts with an analysis of ambiguous sentences
like ‘Black cab drivers went on strike’ (p. 141), and informally defines a constituent as ‘a set of
words that forms a phrase in a sentence’ (p. 142). The reader is introduced to four syntactic tests
for constituency: sentence fragments, echo questions, clefts, and displacement. (Proforms like
‘do so’ are introduced later in the chapter as another test for constituency.) Each test is illustrated
with pairs of contrasting sentences, and tree diagrams are introduced along the way. Much of the
discussion focuses on the difference between phrasal verbs, e.g. ‘Those smugglers [shook off
[their pursuers]]’ and prepositional verbs, e.g. ‘Those smugglers [relied [on the weather
forecast]]’ (p. 157ff.). Although fully showing the necessity of syntactic tests, the author
acknowledges that not all tests work all the time; the researcher must apply different tests and
consider the results together when making judgments about structure. For example, the existence
of a VP constituent can not be supported with the cleft test (*It’s shake off their pursuers that
those smugglers did): ‘This does not mean the cleft test is unreliable; it just means that VPs can’t
be focused like this in English’ (p. 160). Ellipsis and coordination are introduced as constituency
tests for VPs.

The next chapter covers basic word order, case systems, and grammatical agreement. The
presentation of word order is very brief, just over a page, citing three criteria to follow when
trying to determine basic word order: frequency, neutrality, and native speaker intuition.
(Compare to Kroeger 2004, which gives five distinct criteria). The section on case systems will
surely challenge beginning linguists, introducing in short order nominative/accusative,
ergative/absolutive, and split systems. The discussion of grammatical agreement concentrates
on subjects in Icelandic (a nominative/accusative language with quirky case), Lezgian
(morphologically ergative with some syntactic accusativity), and Tagalog (a topic-marking
language). Data on the first two languages includes several instances in which attention is
focused on arguments with dative case, although the identification of the dative is only given in
the glosses, not discussed or supported with any proof.

Chapter seven is ‘Processes that change grammatical relations,’ describing the passive and
impersonals, antipassive, applicative, and causative. There is no mention of reflexive, reciprocal,
adversative, and other processes that change grammatical relations.

Chapter eight covers ‘ways of moving phrases around within the clause without changing their
grammatical relations’ (p. 243): Wh-questions, relative clauses, and focus movements. The
section on focus is very brief and there is no ‘Further reading’ about focus or movement.

The closing chapter outlines thirteen topics that should be considered when writing a syntactic
description of a language, followed by a brief sketch of colloquial Welsh that highlights unusual
features. The chapter also introduces three interesting questions currently being debated in
linguistics: Why is it so hard for adults to learn a new language? Are all languages equally
complex? and Do all languages manifest broadly the same syntactic properties?

Evaluative comments
Understanding Syntax is an appealing book, slim in format and clear in its prose. It was very
interesting to me as an intermediate student of linguistics, having completed an M.A. just a few
years ago. I learned a lot, especially about ergativity. I enjoyed the focus on basic unifying
principles, which accomplishes the goal stated on the back cover, to emphasize ‘understanding of
the essential notions rather than arguing for a particular theoretical position.’

From the perspective of a teacher of beginning linguistics students, I see several features of
particular value. These include the ‘Note to the student,’ the introduction of new terms in
non-technical language, and the glossary. Several sections of the text stand out as particularly
well-suited for novice linguists. Chapter one, for example, clearly introduces the presentation of
interlinear examples. The illustration at the beginning of chapter two (using distribution as a test
for identifying verbs) is contrasted with standard classroom definitions of noun, verb, and
adjective. The beginning students, therefore, will be able to see the weakness of informal
definitions and are prepared for the discussion of English adjectives which follows and then the
overview of the three basic formal tests used for identifying word classes.

Overall, however, I feel that the text covers the basics too briefly in favor of concentrating on
unusual phenomena or advanced arguments. There are few examples of basic, simple structures
and many examples of complex ones. In chapter four, the discussions about adjectives that take
complements (e.g. fond of fruit, p. 116) and complementizers which take a clausal complement
(Mel said [that she was leaving], p. 117) stand out to me as advanced topics for an introductory
text. The second and third parts of the same chapter are also advanced, focusing on the typology
of head-marking and dependent-marking. The examples in this section are longer than most, with
ample discussion, but the subject matter may be too advanced for any but the brightest and most
persevering students. Similarly, the discussions concerning ergativity in chapter six are more
extensive than most beginning students would be able to grasp.

The author acknowledges the help of extensive feedback that she received about the second
edition, and it appears that some of those comments concerned the advanced nature of the text:
this third edition has longer introductions and conclusions than the second edition, and two of the
most advanced topics in the previous edition (inflected infinitival clauses and bar notation) have
been removed.

Reference

Kroeger, Paul. 2004. Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-functional Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge