SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTS

ANALYSIS OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)

No. Experiment Observation Inference
IDENTIFICATION TESTS
1. Test with dil. Hydrochloric acid (HCl): A colourless, odourless gas is Presence of carbonate (CO32-)
A little of the salt is added to dil. HCl taken evolved which turns lime water
in a test tube. milky.
[No characteristic reaction] [Absence of carbonate]
2. Test with dil. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4):
A little of the salt is rubbed with Dil. H2SO4 Smell of vinegar Presence of acetate (CH3COO-)
in a watch glass and the smell is noted.
3. Test with Conc. H2SO4: A colourless gas fuming in
A little of the salt is treated with conc. moist air is evolved. Dense
H2SO4 taken in a test tube. white fumes are formed when
a glass rod dipped in Presence of chloride (Cl-)
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
is shown at the mouth of the
test tube.
4. Paper ball test: A little of the salt is heated Reddish brown vapours are
with Conc. H2SO4 and a paper ball is added evolved. Presence of nitrate (NO3-)
to it.
5. Test with Barium chloride (BaCl2): To a A white precipitate insoluble in
Presence of sulphate (SO42-)
little of the salt solution add BaCl2 solution. excess of dil. HCl.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS
1. Carbonate (CO32-): A little of the salt A white precipitate is formed
Presence of carbonate
solution is treated with BaCl2 solution. which is soluble in dil. HCl with
confirmed.
the evolution of CO2.
2. Acetate (CH3COO-): To a little of the salt
Presence of acetate
solution a few drops of neutral ferric A reddish brown colouration
confirmed.
chloride (FeCl3) is added.
3. Chloride (Cl-): A little of the salt solution is
A white precipitate readily Presence of chloride
acidified with dil. Nitric acid (HNO3) and
soluble in NH4OH is formed confirmed.
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution is added.
4. Nitrate (NO3-)[ Brown ring test]: To a little
of the salt solution freshly prepared
A brown ring is formed at the
Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) solution is added Presence of nitrate confirmed.
junction of the two liquids.
and mixed well. A few drops of Conc. H2SO4
is added through the sides of the test tube.
5. Sulphate (SO42-): Acetic acid and lead A white precipitate soluble in Presence of sulphate
acetate are added to the salt solution. ammonium acetate is formed. confirmed.
ANALYSIS OF BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)
1. A little of the salt solution is treated with No precipitate Presence of zero group cation
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution. (NH4+).
2. To a little of the salt solution add dil. HCl Presence of Group I cation
White precipitate.
(Pb2+).
3. To a little of the salt solution add dil. HCl Presence of Group II cation
Black precipitate.
and then pass hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas. (Cu2+).
4. To a little of the salt solution add
Presence of Group III cation
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and White gelatinous precipitate
(Al3+).
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solutions.
5. To a little of the salt solution add NH4Cl and Presence of Group IV cation
White precipitate.
NH4OH solutions and then pass H2S gas. (Zn2+).
6. To a little of the salt solution add NH4Cl,
Presence of Group V cations
NH4OH and ammonium carbonate White precipitate.
(Ba2+ & Ca2+).
[(NH4)2CO3] solutions.
7. To a little of the salt solution add NH4Cl,
Presence of Group VI cation
NH4OH and disodium hydrogen phosphate White crystalline precipitate.
(Mg2+).
(Na2HPO4).
ANALYSIS OF ZERO GROUP (NH4+)
1. A little of the salt is boiled with sodium A colourless pungent smelling
hydroxide (NaOH) solution. gas is evolved. Dense white
fumes are formed when a glass Presence of ammonium (NH4+)
rod dipped in Conc. HCl is
shown into it.
2. To a little of the salt solution Nessler’s A reddish brown precipitate is Presence of ammonium
reagent is added. formed. confirmed.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP I (Pb2+)
1. To a little of the salt solution add A golden yellow precipitate is
potassium iodide (KI) solution. formed which is soluble in hot
Presence of lead (Pb2+)
water and crystallised as
golden spangles on cooling.
2. To a little of the salt solution add dil. Acetic
acid (CH3COOH) and potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is formed. Presence of lead confirmed.
(K2CrO4).
ANALYSIS OF GROUP III (Al3+)
1. A little of the salt solution is treated with A white gelatinous precipitate
Presence of Aluminium (Al3+)
NaOH solution. soluble in excess NaOH
2. Ash Test: A little of the salt is boiled with 1
mL each of Conc. HNO3 and cobalt nitrate Presence of aluminium
Blue ash
[Co(NO3)2] solution. A filter paper dipped in confirmed.
this solution is dried and burnt.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP IV (Zn2+)
1. To a little of the salt solution NaOH is A white ppt soluble in excess
Presence of Zinc (Zn2+)
added drop wise. NaOH
2. Ash Test: A little of the salt is boiled with 1
mL each of Conc. HNO3 and cobalt nitrate Presence of Zinc (Zn2+)
Green ash
[Co(NO3)2] solution. A filter paper dipped in confirmed.
this solution is dried and burnt.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP V (Ba2+ & Ca2+)
1. To the salt solution dil. Acetic acid
An yellow ppt Presence of Barium(Ba2+)
(CH3COOH) and potassium chromate
[An yellow colouration] [Presence of Calcium (Ca2+)]
(K2CrO4) solutions are added.
2. Flame Test: A little of the salt is made into Grassy Green colour Presence of Ba2+ confirmed.
a paste with Conc. HCl and shown into a
non-luminous flame. [Brick red colour] [Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.]

ANALYSIS OF GROUP VI (Mg2+)

1. To a little of the salt solution Magneson Lake blue ppt which is soluble Presence of Magnesium
reagent is added. in excess of NaOH to form deep (Mg2+)
blue solution.
2. Ash Test A little of the salt is boiled with 1
Presence of Magnesium
mL each of Conc. HNO3 and cobalt nitrate
Pink ash (Mg2+) confirmed.
[Co(NO3)2] solution. A filter paper dipped in
this solution is dried and burnt..
Downloaded From HSSLiVE.IN , Prepared By Anil Kumar K.L