Biology: Biology Deals With The Study of and

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including
their physical structure, chemical

composition, function, development and evolution.[1] Despite the complexity of the
science, there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single, coherent
field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit
of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels
the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by
transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy[2] to maintain a stable and vital
condition defined as homeostasis.[3]
Biology deals with the study

of life and organisms.
 top: E. coli bacteria and gazelle
 bottom: Goliath beetle and tree fern
Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the research methods employed and the kind
of system studied: theoretical biology uses mathematical methods to formulate
quantitative models while experimental biology performs empirical experiments to test
the validity of proposed theories and understand the mechanisms underlying life and
how it appeared and evolved from non-living matter about 4 billion years ago through a
gradual increase in the complexity of the system.[4][5][6] See branches of biology.
These are the main branches of biology:[82][83]For a more detailed list, see outline of
biology.
 Anatomy – the study of organisms structures
 Comparative anatomy – the study of evolution of species through similarities and differences in
their anatomy.
 Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
 Astrobiology (also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) – the study of
evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe
 Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a
focus on the cellular level
 Biological engineering – the attempt to create products inspired by biological systems or to modify
and interact with the biological systems
 Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
 Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic
and other biological data
 Biolinguistics – the study of the biology and evolution of language.
 Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings
 Biomedical research – the study of health and disease
 Biophysics – the study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods traditionally
employed in physics
 Biotechnology – the study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
and synthetic biology
 Synthetic biology – research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological
functions not found in nature
 Botany – the study of plants
 Phycology – scientific study of algae.
 Plant physiology – concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.
 Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions
that occur within a living cell
 Chronobiology - the study of periodicevents in living systems
 Cognitive biology – the study of cognition
 Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural
environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
 Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living
beings
 Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote
to full structure
 Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth)
 Gerontology – study of ageing processes.
 Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living
elements of their environment
 Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially
as affected by human activity
 Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
 Genetics – the study of genes and heredity.
 Genomics - the study of genomes
 Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by
mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
 Immunology - the study of the immune system
 Marine biology (or biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and
other living beings
 Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with
other living things
 Bacteriology – the study of bacteria
 Mycology – the study of fungi
 Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism
 Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
 Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross
over with biochemistry
 Nanobiology – the study of how nanotechnology can be used in biology, and the study of living
organisms and parts on the nanoscale level of organization
 Neuroscience – the study of the nervous system
 Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
 Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and
development of disease
 Pharmacology – the study of the interactions between drugs and organisms
 Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms
 Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
 Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology
 Quantum biology – the study of quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems.
 Systems biology – the study complex interactions within biological systems through a holistic
approach
 Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with
the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
 Theoretical biology – the branch of biology that employs abstractions and mathematical models to
explain biological phenomena
 Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, evolution and
behaviour, including:
 Ethology – the study of animal behaviour
 Entomology – the study of insects
 Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
 Ichthyology – the study of fish
 Mammalogy – the study of mammals
 Ornithology – the study of birds

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Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including

their physical structure, chemical

Biology deals with the study

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