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    Candles: See Also Waxes, Chap. 4.7

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    jaime
    Candles have been used since the 8th century BC and were traditionally made from beeswax and animal fats like beef tallow. Modern candle making primarily uses paraffin wax as the raw material, with additives like stearin, microcrystalline waxes, and dyes to give candles certain properties. Candles are manufactured through various processes including powder pressing, extrusion, and dipping to form the candle shape around a braided cotton wick.

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    Candles: See Also Waxes, Chap. 4.7

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    jaime
    48 views2 pages
    Candles have been used since the 8th century BC and were traditionally made from beeswax and animal fats like beef tallow. Modern candle making primarily uses paraffin wax as the raw material, with additives like stearin, microcrystalline waxes, and dyes to give candles certain properties. Candles are manufactured through various processes including powder pressing, extrusion, and dipping to form the candle shape around a braided cotton wick.

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    Candles have been used since the 8th century BC and were traditionally made from beeswax and animal fats like beef tallow. Modern candle making primarily uses paraffin wax as the raw material, with additives like stearin, microcrystalline waxes, and dyes to give candles certain properties. Candles are manufactured through various processes including powder pressing, extrusion, and dipping to form the candle shape around a braided cotton wick.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    48 views2 pages

    Candles: See Also Waxes, Chap. 4.7

    Uploaded by

    jaime
    Candles have been used since the 8th century BC and were traditionally made from beeswax and animal fats like beef tallow. Modern candle making primarily uses paraffin wax as the raw material, with additives like stearin, microcrystalline waxes, and dyes to give candles certain properties. Candles are manufactured through various processes including powder pressing, extrusion, and dipping to form the candle shape around a braided cotton wick.

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    of 2

    Candles 1

    Candles
    See also → Waxes, Chap. 4.7.

    Franz Willhöft, Rosengarten-Nenndorf, Federal Republic of Germany

    Rudolf Horn, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany page 2

    Records show that candles were first used conditions, an indication that the softening point
    around the eighth century B.C. and the melting point lie far apart on the tem-
    Until about 1850, candles were made out perature scale. Beeswax is used to produce wax
    of raw [8006-40-4] or bleached [8012-89-3] sheets which are then processed into candle dec-
    beeswax and animal fats (beef tallow). Sper- orations and altar candles.
    maceti [8002-23-1], paraffin [64742-43-4], and Stearin is used in pure form or in mixtures
    stearin [11099-07-3] have since been added to for candle making. It contains primarily palmitic
    the list of raw materials. acid [57-10-3] and stearic acid [57-11-4] (C16
    and C18 fatty acids) and gives the candle an
    Raw Materials. The raw materials used in opaque, white, and very full appearance.
    the production of candles can be classified as Microcrystalline waxes are hydrocarbon
    basic materials and additives. waxes with a very fine crystalline structure.
    Hard waxes (→ Waxes) are either natu-
    Basic materials: paraffin, beeswax, stearin ral, particularly carnauba wax [8015-86-9],
    Additives: microcrystalline waxes, hard or synthetic products.Polymethylene
    waxes, opacifiers, coloring agents, and [68649-50-3] (synthesized using the Fischer-
    other such additives as polyethylene, Tropschtechnique) or polyethylene [9002-88-4]
    resins, and perfumes (obtained using the Zieglersynthesis) mainly
    Refined paraffin, obtained from mineral oil are used. When added to the raw materials, they
    and having a low oil content, is the principal give candlesan opaque appearance, and in trace
    raw material used today in the fabrication of amounts they give a good hardness.
    candles (→ Waxes). It is a mixture of normal Opacifiers include stearin, hard waxes,
    paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins (naph- polyethylenes, and, above all, organic and inor-
    thenes). The percentage of each component in ganic pigments. Air, blown into the wax mate-
    the mixture depends on the type of crude oil rial, also acts as an opacifier.
    and on the extent of refining prior to wax iso- Candle material can be colored by adding ei-
    lation. The n-paraffins shrink severely on solid- ther 0.1 – 0.8 % of an oil- or paraffin-based dye
    ification, and at temperatures below the solidifi- or about 0.5 – 2.0 % of a pigment to the basic
    cation point they form relatively large, uniform materials.
    crystals. The isoparaffins contract less on solid-
    ification than the n-paraffins and form smaller, Wick. The wick is made of braided cotton
    less uniform crystals. The cycloparaffins, which and can be either flat or round. Usually raw yarn
    can be composed of one or more rings and of is employed, hence the wick subsequently must
    branched or unbranched chains, usually solidify be washed, bleached, prepared, spun, and dried.
    in an amorphous mass. Only a few form small, Ammonium salts (e.g., ammonium nitrate, am-
    needle-shaped crystals. monium phosphate, and ammonium sulfate),
    Beeswax (→ Waxes) is a mixture which con- potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, borax,
    tains approximately 12 % n-paraffins in addition and boric acid prevent the wick from glowing
    to hydrocarbon waxes, free fatty acids, cerotic after the candle has been put out. They regulate
    acid [506-46-7], cerotic esters, and cholesteryl the state of the wick, ensure complete burning,
    esters. It is plastic andhighly malleable, but it and act as oxygen carriers. The wick controls the
    does not smear. It is hard and brittle under cold- melting, evaporation, and burning of the candle

    c 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim


    10.1002/14356007.a05 029
    2 Candles

    material. It conveys the liquid wax from the cup beads) are fed into the press and compressed
    to the burning zone. The capillarity of the wick with each cycle of a hydraulic piston. The cycle
    should be sufficient to enable the liquid wax to time and throughput are variable. The candle ap-
    rise fast enough and yet not stream down the pears discontinuously through the bore that de-
    sides of the candle. termines its diameter.
    The wick can also be dipped into the wax melt
    Manufacturing Technique. Although sub- using special machines and the process repeated
    stantially improved models of the well-known until the candle acquires the required diameter.
    candle molding or candle drawing machines are The appearance of rough candles produced in
    still available, a powder press (one- to eight- this manner can subsequently be improved by
    stanchion press) is normally used. The paraffin dipping them into a coloring bath.
    powder is so intensely compressed in a cylinder
    that at a compression of approximately 1.7 : 1 a Economic Aspects. The production of can-
    solid, rough candle is formed. Methods used in dles in the Federal Republic of Germany in-
    the extrusion of plastics have also been applied to creased from 8 kt in 1955 to 46.5 kt in 1983. The
    the processing of wax; in no other method used per capita consumption in 1983 was almost 1 kg.
    in the manufacture of candles are the demands The candle production in Western Europe in
    on the raw materials so critical. The granules are 1979 amounted to 165 kt; per capita consump-
    pressed through a cylinder by means of a screw tion was about 430 g. The production in the
    conveyer and subsequently forced through a per- United States in 1979 was 100 kt.
    forated disc into a slightly constrictive compres-
    sion chamber. The end of the machine is joined
    to a small, heated, cylindrical tube from which a References
    ribbon of the still malleable candle continuously
    issues. General References
    In the latest method employing a horizon- 1. M. Faraday: The Chemical History of a
    tal piston press, the granules (powder, chunks, Candle, Chatto & Windus, London 1908.

    Candy → Confectionery

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