The Skeletal System: 1. Hyaline Cartilages
The Skeletal System: 1. Hyaline Cartilages
The Skeletal System: 1. Hyaline Cartilages
Skeletal Cartilages
Structure
1. Hyaline Cartilages
2. Elastic Cartilages
3. Fibrocartilages
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
1. Long bones
Length greater than width
Composed of a diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (ends)
All limbs bones are long bones except patella, carpals & tarsals
e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, femur, phalanges, etc
2. Short bones
Cube shaped
e.g. carpals, tarsals, patella (sesamoid bone = form in a tendon)
3. Flat bones
Thin, flattened, a bit curved
e.g. ribs, sternum, skull bones, scapulae
4. Irregular bones
Complicated shapes
e.g. verterbrae, facial bones, hip bones
Functions of Bones
1. Support
Provide the rigid framework that support the body
2. Protection
Protect vulnerable internal organs such as brain, heart, lungs, etc.
3. Movement
Providing anchoring points for muscles and by acting as levers at the
joints
4. Mineral storage
Serves as a reservoir for minerals (most important - calcium and
phosphate)
Bone Structure
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
1. Diaphysis
Shaft
Compact bone surrounds central medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
contains fat (yellow marrow), called the yellow bone marrow cavity
2. Epiphyses
Bone ends
Wider than the shaft
Exterior - compact bone, interior - spongy bone
Spongy epiphyses filled with red bone marrow
Joint surface covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage (cushions the
opposing bone ends during joints movement and absorbs stress)
Between epiphysis and diaphysis is an epiphyseal line (adult), a
remnant of the epiphyseal plate (childhood); this region sometimes
called the metaphysis
3. Membranes
Bones are covered with:
a. Periosteum (external bone surface)
Double layered membrane (outer fibrous layer = dense
irregular connective tissue, and inner osteogenic layer,
consists of osteoblasts = ‘bone-forming cells’ and
osteoclasts = ‘bone-destroying cells’)
Cover the diaphysis
Supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessel, blood vessels
(enter via a nutrient foramen)
Provide insertion or anchoring points for ligaments and
tendons
Consist of:
1. Periosteum
2. Endosteum
Without diaphysis or epiphyses
Contain bone marrow (between their trabeculae), but no marrow cavity
In flat bone, spongy bone called diploe
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
In adults, red marrow found within the diploe of flat bones and within the
epiphyses of long bones (trabecular cavities of spongy bone)
In infants red marrow is also found in the medullary cavity
Compact bone
Bone Development
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
Bone Homeostasis
Bone Remodeling
Bone Repair
THE SKELETON
Skeleton
206 bones
Divided into:
1. Axial skeleton
80 bones
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Skull (cranial and facial bones), vertebral column and bony thorax
Provides support and protection (by enclosed)
2. Appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, pelvis girdle, upper and lower limbs
Allows mobility for manipulation and locomotion
Axial Skeleton
1. The Skull
22 bones
Cranial bones/ cranium (8) protect the brains
Frontal (1), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), sphenoid (1), parietal (2) and
temporal (2)
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
Facial bones (14) provides openings for the respiratory and digestive
passage, and attachment points for facial muscles
Mandible (1), vomer (1), maxillae (2), zygomatics (2), palatines (2),
nasal (2), lacrimals (2) and inferior nasal conchae (2)
Mandible = largest and strongest bone of the face
All bones of the adult skull are joined by immovable sutures except for the
temporomandibular joints
Orbits and nasal cavity: complicated bony regions formed of several bones
Paranasal sinuses: occur in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary
bones
Hyoid bone: not really a skull bone, is supported in the neck by ligaments,
serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles
Appendicular Skeleton
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS)
Classification of Joints
3 functional categories:
1. Synarthroses (immovable)
2. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
3. Diarthroses (freely movable)
Classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
1. Fibrous Joints
Fibrous connective tissue unites the bones
No joint cavity
Usually synarthroses (immovable) or synarthrotic
Types of fibrous joints:
a. Sutures (skull)
b. Syndesmoses (tibia and fibula)
c. Gomphoses (tooth)
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
2. Catilaginous Joints
Bones are unites by a plate of hyaline cartilage or a softer
fibrocartilaginous disc
No joint cavity
Usually amphiarthroses (slightly movable) or amphiarthrotic
Types of cartilaginous joints:
a. Synchondroses: synarthrotic (epiphyseal plate and costal
cartilage)
b. Symphyses: amphiarthrotic (pubic symphysis)
3. Synovial Joints
Bones move easily on each other
Ends of the bones are plated with a smooth articular cartilage,
Enclosed within joint cavity by a fibrous articular capsule and
lubricate with synovial fluid
Usually diarthroses (freely movable joint) or diarthrotic
1. Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces
Absorb compression
2. Joint/Synovial cavity
Joint cavity contains synovial fluid for lubrication
3. Articular capsule
2 layered:
a. Fibrous capsule
b. Synovial membrane
4. Synovial fluid
Occupies space within the joint capsule
Reduce reduction between cartilages
5. Reinforcing ligaments
Thicken parts of fibrous capsule
Supplied with nerve endings and blood vessels
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Chapter 6, 7 & 8: The Skeletal System
Differ in range of motion; nonaxial (gliding), uniaxial (in one plane), biaxial (in
two planes), or multiaxial (in all three planes)
Types of synovial joints:
1. Plane (gliding) joints: intercarpals and intertarsals joints
2. Hinge joint: elbow and knee joints, and interphalangeal joints
3. Pivot joint: atlas and axis joint,and proximal radioulnar joint
4. Condyloid joint: radiocarpal/wrist joints and knuckle joints
5. Saddle joint: carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
6. Ball and socket joint: shoulder joints and hip joints