Introduction To MFC: References

Introduction to MFC Intro to MFC 1
References:
“Introduction to MFC”, Deitel, Deitel, Nieto &
Strassberger, Prentice Hall © 2000
“Programming Windows® with MFC”, Jeff

Prosise, Microsoft Press © 1999
Computer Science Dept Va Tech Dec. 2001 OO Software Design and Construction ©2001 Barnette, ND
MFC Classes Intro to MFC 2
MFC Class Hierarchy

Common window/GUI behaviors implemented in base classes for derived classes to
inherit and over-ride for specific application behavior.
Only a small subset of the MFC class hierarchy will be covered herein.
CWinApp: a base class for creating & executing Win applications
CDialog: a base class for creating & managing dialog windows
CFrameWnd: a base class for creating & managing frame windows
Messages Intro to MFC 3
GUI Events
GUI programs are event driven. Applications responds to user actions which
generates events, (mouse, keyboard, etc.). Events are communicated to a program
through messages sent by the Op Sys. Program processing characterized by an event-
loop which receives and responds to messages. MFC provides the necessary event-
loop logic in an object-oriented application framework.
Message Handling
A MFC application, (app) derives classes from the MFC hierarchy that contain code
to react to events (message handlers). Every message, (msg), is specified by a
unique int, (message identifier). Message handlers are associated with message
identifiers through a message map. The map registers handlers with the event-loop.
When the app receives a msg it looks up the identifier to find the corresponding
handler to execute for the appropriate response. The map is defined by the
DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP() macro: Derived window class
//Message Map CFrameWnd

BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(owner-class, base-class)
ON_COMMAND(message-id, msg-handler) Predefined msg ids in header
END_MESSAGE_MAP() file: <afxwin.h>.
MFC Resources Intro to MFC 4
Resource Definitions
MSVC++ supports a resource definition language, (RDL), for the specification of
GUI controls: (type, location, size, msg id, etc.).
RDL statements stored in a resource.rc file in a Win32 application project.
Resource files can be created &

edited by hand, but usually the IDE
resource editor is used to
graphically design the interface
controls. A resource compiler
translates resource.rc files
into object code.
Hungarian Notation Intro to MFC 5
Variable Prefix Naming Convention

To more easily identify type and scope, (w/o having to refer back to the definition),
most MFC programmers employ Hungarian (Charles Simonyi) notation:
Prefix Data type
ar array
b Boolean
c Char
C Class
dw DWORD, double word or unsigned long
fn Function
h Handle
i int (integer)
m member
n short int
p a pointer variable containing the address of a variable
s string
sz ASCIIZ null-terminated string
s_ static class member variable
w WORD unsigned int
MFC Project Intro to MFC 6
Win32 Application Project

In MSVC++ create an empty Win32 Application project, (not a console application).
MFC library
Select menu/option: Project / Settings...
Select “Use MFC in a Shared DLL.
Linking to the MFC DLL

decreases exe size &
compilation time.
HelloWorld.h Intro to MFC 7
Code 1. //HelloWorld.h
2. class CHelloWindow : public CFrameWnd {
3. public:
4. CHelloWindow(); // constructor initializes window
5. ~CHelloWindow(); // destructor releases resources
6. private:
7. CStatic m_Hello; // contains Hello World string
8. };
Line 4. derives from CFrameWnd inheriting basic window

functionality.
Line 7. Defines a MFC CStatic object.

0 x axis
0
• (x,y)
(column, row)
screen coordinate system

y axis
HelloWorld.cpp (continued) Intro to MFC 8
9. //HelloWorld.cpp
10. // include application framework windows class definitions:
11. #include <afxwin.h> // application frameworks header
12. #include "HelloWorld.h" // class definition for application
13. // constructor initializes the window

14. CHelloWindow::CHelloWindow()
15. {
16. // Create Window with Title Bar
17. Create( NULL, // default CFrameWnd class
18. "Hello", // window title
19. WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // full-featured window
20. CRect( 200, 100, 350, 200 ) ); // screen coordinates
21. m_Hello.Create( // create Windows control

22. "Hello World", // text
23. WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER // window styles
24. | SS_CENTER, // static object styles
25. CRect( 20, 30, 120, 50 ), // window coordinates
26. this ); // context that owns child window
27. }
HelloWorld.cpp (continued) Intro to MFC 9
29. CHelloWindow::~CHelloWindow()
30. {
31. }
32. // derive application class from CWinApp

33. class CHelloApp : public CWinApp {
34. public:
35. BOOL InitInstance() // override default function
36. {
37. m_pMainWnd = new CHelloWindow(); // create window
38. m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow( m_nCmdShow ); // make visible
39. m_pMainWnd->UpdateWindow(); // force refresh
40. return TRUE; // report success
41. }
42. } HelloApp; // instantiate application
Hello World Explanation Intro to MFC 10
Window Creation
Line 11. (#include <afxwin.h> // application frameworks header)
Includes standard MFC message Ids, handlers and map.
Lines 17-20:
17. Create( NULL, // default CFrameWnd class
18. "Hello", // window title
19. WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, // full-featured window
20. CRect( 200, 100, 350, 200 ) ); // screen coordinates
Creates the main application window. The NULL argument instructs Windows to use
the default window properties for this window class. The WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW
setting creates a resizable window with standard window controls.The last Create()
argument instantiates a CRect(rectangle) object to store the window screen
coordinates. The first (x,y) pair gives the top-left coordinate and the last (x,y) pair
gives the lower-right coordinate. This defines a window that is 150 x 100 pixels,
(width, height).
Hello World Explanation (continued) Intro to MFC 11
CStatic creation
Lines 21-27: creates a CStatic object (used for text labels).
21. m_Hello.Create( // create Windows control
22. "Hello World", // text
23. WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER // window styles
24. | SS_CENTER, // static object styles
25. CRect( 20, 30, 120, 50 ), // window coordinates
26. this ); // context that owns child window
27. }
The first argument is the text label to be displayed. The second argument is mask to
set the CStatic window characteristics. It is formed by logically OR’ing together
pre-defined window style, (WS), constants: (WS_CHILD : sub-window; WS_VISIBLE :
viewable; WS_BORDER : rectangular border; SS_CENTER : center text).
Line 26: gives the owner (parent) argument for the CStatic subwindow, this
window is the CHelloWindow widow, (establishes an association between the sub-
window and parent window, which allows the MS Win OS to move the window in
memory).
Hello World Explanation (continued) Intro to MFC 12
Win Application Class: Lines 33-42:

32. // derive application class from CWinApp
33. class CHelloApp : public CWinApp {
34. public:
35. BOOL InitInstance() // override default function
36. {
37. m_pMainWnd = new CHelloWindow(); // create window
38. m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow( m_nCmdShow ); // make visible
41. }
42. } HelloApp; // instantiate application
All MFC app’s must have 1 (& only 1) instance of a class derived from CWinApp.
The CWinApp class controls application instantiation, execution (event loop), and
destruction. The main() is replaced is replaced by CWinApp. InitInstance()
instantiates the app main window object and begins execution. The <x>Window()
FNs above are inherited from CWinApp. MFC apps (must) use a pre-defined BOOL
(int) type with TRUE/FALSE constants instead of the standard C++ bool type. The
m_nCmdShow inherited variable indicates that the win is to be initially displayed
unmaximized and unminimized.
Simple Menus App Intro to MFC 13
A trivial menu options counter application.

The following MFC code displays a window with a few menus, allowing a user to
select options from Menu1 and Menu2. The Show menu count option then displays a
count of the number of options selected from the preceding two menus in a message
dialog box.
WinMenus.h Intro to MFC 14
Code
1. // WinMenus.h
2. // create menus with MFC
3.
4. class CMenusWin : public CFrameWnd {
5. public: Menu “callback” FNs.
6. CMenusWin(); Invoked when menu options
7. afx_msg void OnExit();
are selected.
8. afx_msg void OnCount();
9. afx_msg void OnShowCount();
10. private:
11. int m_iTotal; // count menu options selected
12. ostrstream m_str; // output string stream
13. DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
14. };
Invokes the message map
macro to map message IDs
to the message handler FNs.
WinMenus.cpp Intro to MFC 15
15. // WinMenus.cpp
16. // create simple menus with MFC
17. #include <afxwin.h> // MFC application framework
18. #include <strstrea.h> // C-style string stream
19. #include <iomanip.h> // I/O manipulators
20. #include "WinMenusIDs.h" // application message ID symbols
21. #include "WinMenus.h"
22. CMenusWin::CMenusWin() // construct window

23. {
24. Create( NULL, "Menus Example", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
25. CRect( 100, 100, 300, 300 ), NULL, "Count" );
26. m_iTotal = 0;
27. }
• The CRect constructor could have been replaced by the MFC pre-defined CRect
object rectDefault, to allow Windows to choose the initial size and placement.
• The second NULL argument indicates that this is a root window having no parent.
• The "Count" argument associates the menu defined in the resource file with the
window.
WinMenus.cpp (continued) Intro to MFC 16
28. // afx_msg precedes each message handler function
29. afx_msg void CMenusWin::OnExit() Afx_msg is the MFC prefix used to
30. {
mark a msg handler. The WM_CLOSE
31. SendMessage( WM_CLOSE );
32. } msg terminates execution.
33. // count each menu option selected

34. void CMenusWin::OnCount( ) Msg handler FN for all Menu1 & Menu2
35. {
36. m_iTotal++; options, to update the option selection
37. } counter. It receives & handles a range of
msg Ids.
38. afx_msg void CMenusWin::OnShowCount()
39. {
40. m_str.seekp( 0 ); // reset output string stream
41. m_str << setprecision( 2 )
42. << setiosflags( ios::fixed | ios::showpoint )
43. <<"Options = " << m_iTotal << ends; // stopper
Converts ostrstream
44. // display new dialog box with output string
m_str into a C-style
45. MessageBox(m_str.str(), "Options:" );
46. } string.
MessageBox FN displays a popup msg dialog window. It accepts

a C-style string to display and a dialog win label string.
WinMenus.cpp (continued) Intro to MFC 17
47. BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP( CMenusWin, CFrameWnd )
48. Invokes msg map macro to
49. ON_COMMAND( IDM_EXIT, OnExit )
associate msg Ids with handler FNs.
50. ON_COMMAND_RANGE(IDM_M1O1, IDM_M2O3, OnCount)
51. ON_COMMAND( IDM_SHOW_COUNT, OnShowCount )
52. END_MESSAGE_MAP() IDM_ prefix indicates an identifier of a menu

using MFC naming conventions.Msg
handlers have the prefix On.
53. class CMenusApp : public CWinApp {
54. public:
55. BOOL InitInstance() // called by CWinApp::CWinApp
56. {
57. m_pMainWnd = new CMenusWin; // create window
58. m_pMainWnd->ShowWindow( m_nCmdShow ); // make it visible
61. }
62. } menusApp; // calls CWinApp::CWinApp
Derives the app class from CWinApp and instantiates it.
WinMenusIDs.h Intro to MFC 18
Message Identifiers
Predefined MFC message identifiers are in the range: [0 … 1023]
Programmer-defined message identifiers are in the range: [1024 … 65535]
63. // WinMenusIDs.h
64. // define messages used by menus.cpp and menus.rc
65. #define IDM_EXIT 2000 File/Exit msg id
66. #define IDM_M1O1 2011

67. #define IDM_M1O2 2012 Menu1 msg ids

69. #define IDM_M2O2 2022 Menu2 msg ids
71. #define IDM_SHOW_COUNT 2031 Show/Count msg id
Message Ids support the connections between the messages and

associated handlers.
WinMenus.rc Intro to MFC 19
72. // WinMenus.rc
73. // resource script for menus example
74. #include <afxres.h>
75. #include "WinMenusIDs.h" 93. POPUP "Show"
94. {
76. Count MENU 95. MENUITEM "Count", IDM_SHOW_COUNT
77. { 96. }
78. POPUP "File" 97. }
79. {
80. MENUITEM "Exit", IDM_EXIT
81. } WinMenus.rc resource file defines
the menu and options to msg Id
82. POPUP "Menu1"
83. {
associations. The lines are resource
84. MENUITEM "M1Opt1", IDM_M1O1 definition statements, (the MS Win
85. MENUITEM "M1Opt2", IDM_M1O2 GUI description language). Can be
86. } created in a text editor and added
87. POPUP "Menu2" to the project.
88. {
89. MENUITEM "M2Opt1", IDM_M2O1 Note: creating a resource file
90. MENUITEM "M2Opt2", IDM_M2O2
91. MENUITEM "M2Opt3", IDM_M2O3
within the MS VC IDE and
92. } opening it will invoke the
graphical resource editor which is
not covered in these notes.
WinDialog App Intro to MFC 20
Dialog Based Application

The code on the following slides discusses the
code for simple MFC dialog window based
application. The program allows a user to enter a
date for the Gregorian calendar and displays the
corresponding day of the week for the date.
The code introduces dialog boxes, button

controls and edit text/box controls.
Error checking for valid Gregorian calendar

dates is not included to focus on the MFC code.
The application will currently accept invalid
dates and incorrectly formatted user input.
DayWeek_ids.h & DayWeek.h Intro to MFC 21
// DayWeek_ids.h
// Define Message Numbers
Defines the dialog controls message Ids.
#define IDC_DATE 2000
#define IDC_DAY 2001
#define IDC_WEEK 2002
#define IDC_CLEAR 2003
Dialog resource “DayWeek”

1. // DayWeek.h is passed to inherited
2. // Day of Week MFC dialog program Cdialog constructor to pass
3. class CDayWeek : public CDialog { dialog attributes.
4. public:
5. CDayWeek()
6. : CDialog( "DayWeek" ), m_nDay(1), m_nMon(1), m_nYear(2000)
{}
7. afx_msg void OnDay(); // clicked the "Day" button

8. afx_msg void OnClear(); // clicked the "Clear" button
9. private:
10. int m_nDay, m_nMon, m_nYear; // Date
Dialog box button “callback”
11. DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP() FNs. Invoked when buttons
12. }; are clicked.
DayWeek.cpp Intro to MFC 22
1. // DayWeek.cpp
2. // Day of Week MFC dialog program GetDlgItem() returns base type
3. #include <afxwin.h> (CWnd*) pointers, which are type
4. #include <string> cast to the derived pointer type,
5. #include <sstream> (CEdit * ).
6. #include "DayWeek_ids.h"
7. #include "DayWeek.h"
GetWindowText() returns the
8. // clicked the "Day" button dialog edit box control text, (C-style
9. afx_msg void CDayWeek::OnDay() string), using the dialog control
10. {
pointer.
11. const int TEXT_SIZE = 11;
12. char tmp, szText[ TEXT_SIZE + 1 ]; // buffer for conversions
13.
14. // get addresses of Edit Box Controls
15. CEdit *pDate = ( CEdit * ) ( GetDlgItem( IDC_DATE ) );
16. CEdit *pWeek = ( CEdit * ) ( GetDlgItem( IDC_WEEK ) );
17.
18. pDate->GetWindowText( szText, TEXT_SIZE ); // get Date text
19. std::string DayOfWeek(szText); // init string
Lines 26-27: get the addresses of the edit dialog boxes for manipulation. The IDC_
codes, defined in DayWeek_ids.h, are passed to GetDlgItem() for the address
lookup.
DayWeek.cpp (continued) Intro to MFC 23
Code to parse input and compute day of week.
1. std::istringstream istr( DayOfWeek ); // init input sstream

2. istr >> m_nMon >> tmp >> m_nDay >> tmp >> m_nYear; //read date
3.
4. if (m_nMon < 3) { // formula requires Jan & Feb
5. m_nMon += 12; // be computed as the 13th & 14th months
6. m_nYear -= 1; // of the preceding year
7. }//if
8.
9. switch ( (m_nDay + 2 * m_nMon + 3 * (m_nMon + 1) / 5 + m_nYear
10. + m_nYear / 4 - m_nYear / 100 + m_nYear / 400 + 1) % 7) {
11. case 0: DayOfWeek = "Sunday"; break;
12. case 1: DayOfWeek = "Monday"; break;
13. case 2: DayOfWeek = "Tuesday"; break;
14. case 3: DayOfWeek = "Wednesday"; break;
15. case 4: DayOfWeek = "Thursday"; break;
16. case 5: DayOfWeek = "Friday"; break;
17. case 6: DayOfWeek = "Saturday"; break;
18. default: DayOfWeek = "Error";
19. } //switch
50. pWeek->SetWindowText( DayOfWeek.c_str() ); // display week day

51. pDate->SetFocus(); // next date
52. } // OnDay()
SetWindowText() sets the contents of the
53. // clicked the "Clear" button dialog text box,using the dialog control pointer.
54. afx_msg void CDayWeek::OnClear() { SetFocus()makes the control active, (ie, user
doesn’t need to click it to edit the date text).
55. // get addresses of Edit Box Controls
56. CEdit *pDate = ( CEdit * ) ( GetDlgItem( IDC_DATE ) );
57. CEdit *pWeek = ( CEdit * ) ( GetDlgItem( IDC_WEEK ) );
58.
59. m_nDay = m_nMon = 1; m_nYear = 2000;
60.
61. pDate->SetWindowText( "" ); // clear the date edit box
62. pWeek->SetWindowText( "" ); // clear the week day box
63. pDate->SetFocus(); // next date to input
64. } // OnClear()
The GetDlgItem() FN must be re-called every time to manipulate the controls, (because the
OS reallocates memory every time Windows are created and destroyed).
64. BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP( CDayWeek, CDialog )

65. ON_COMMAND( IDC_DAY, OnDay )
66. ON_COMMAND( IDC_CLEAR, OnClear ) The message macro maps the dialog
67. END_MESSAGE_MAP() button message IDs to the button
handler FNs.
68. // dialog-based application
69. class CDayWeekApp : public CWinApp {
70. public:
71. BOOL InitInstance()
72. {
73. CDayWeek DayWeekDialog;
74. DayWeekDialog.DoModal(); // run dialog
75. return FALSE; // finished
76. }
77.
78. } DayWeek;
The GetDlgItem() FN must be re-called every time to manipulate the controls, (because the
OS reallocates memory every time Windows are created and destroyed).
Derives the app class from CWinApp and instantiates it. The dialog window is
instantiated and the DoModal() is invoked to display it as modal window, (modal
windows require the user to respond to them before anything else can be done).
DayWeek.rc Intro to MFC 26
78. // DayWeek.rc
79. // resource script for DayWeek Dialog win location: upper left corner is at (50,50)
80. #include "afxres.h" pixels. The last 2 numbers give horizontal, vertical
81. #include "DayWeek_ids.h" dialog unit size. Horizontal units = 0.25 char
width, vertical = 0.125 char height.
82. DayWeek DIALOG 50, 50, 130, 130
83. STYLE DS_MODALFRAME | WS_POPUP | WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU
84. CAPTION "Day of Week" Dialog box title. Dialog styles prefixed with DS_.
85. {
86. LTEXT "Enter Date (MM/DD/YYYY):", IDC_STATIC, 30, 20, 98, 8
87. EDITTEXT IDC_DATE, 30, 30, 46, 16, ES_AUTOHSCROLL
Edit style allows horizontal
88. DEFPUSHBUTTON "Day", IDC_DAY, 50, 50, 30, 15
scrolling w/o scroll bar.
89. LTEXT "Week Day:", IDC_STATIC, 30, 70, 50, 8
90. EDITTEXT IDC_WEEK, 30, 80, 42, 16,
91. ES_READONLY | NOT WS_TABSTOP Defines a output
control w/o focus,
92. PUSHBUTTON "Clear", IDC_CLEAR, 50, 100, 30, 15, (when user hits tab key
93. NOT WS_TABSTOP
control is skipped).
94. }
IDC_STATIC controls do not generate msgs, (does not require control IDC_number). LTEXT is a
left aligned control, (RTEXT , CTEXT also available). WS_SYSMENU includes a system win menu
with Move & Close options (right-click title bar). WS_ POPUP wins are parentless.

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Introduction to MFC Intro to MFC 1

“Programming Windows® with MFC”, Jeff

MFC Class Hierarchy

CWinApp: a base class for creating & executing Win applications

CDialog: a base class for creating & managing dialog windows

CFrameWnd: a base class for creating & managing frame windows

//Message Map CFrameWnd

RDL statements stored in a resource.rc file in a Win32 application project.

Resource files can be created &

Variable Prefix Naming Convention

Win32 Application Project

Linking to the MFC DLL

Line 4. derives from CFrameWnd inheriting basic window

Line 7. Defines a MFC CStatic object.

screen coordinate system

13. // constructor initializes the window

21. m_Hello.Create( // create Windows control

32. // derive application class from CWinApp

42. } HelloApp; // instantiate application

Win Application Class: Lines 33-42:

42. } HelloApp; // instantiate application

A trivial menu options counter application.

12. ostrstream m_str; // output string stream

22. CMenusWin::CMenusWin() // construct window

33. // count each menu option selected

MessageBox FN displays a popup msg dialog window. It accepts

51. ON_COMMAND( IDM_SHOW_COUNT, OnShowCount )

52. END_MESSAGE_MAP() IDM_ prefix indicates an identifier of a menu

62. } menusApp; // calls CWinApp::CWinApp

Derives the app class from CWinApp and instantiates it.

65. #define IDM_EXIT 2000 File/Exit msg id

66. #define IDM_M1O1 2011

68. #define IDM_M2O1 2021

71. #define IDM_SHOW_COUNT 2031 Show/Count msg id

Message Ids support the connections between the messages and

Dialog Based Application

The code introduces dialog boxes, button

Error checking for valid Gregorian calendar

Dialog resource “DayWeek”

7. afx_msg void OnDay(); // clicked the "Day" button

Code to parse input and compute day of week.

1. std::istringstream istr( DayOfWeek ); // init input sstream

50. pWeek->SetWindowText( DayOfWeek.c_str() ); // display week day

64. BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP( CDayWeek, CDialog )

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