Muslim Youth University

Department of civil engineering

Mechanics of solid home take
Group # 7
Name Reg no
 Muzamil Zubair 051201710010
 Syed Roman shah 051201710010
 Tariq ullah 05120171001025
 Sahar gull 05120171001031
 Abdul qadeer khan 05120171001020
 Shamal khan 05120171001028
 Usman Hakim 05120171001026
 Muhammad Mustafa 051201710010

Course: Mechanics of solid

Semester: 3rd
Submitted to : Dr, Muneeb.
Date 01/10/2018.
Question no 1
As an engineer what construction materials for rooms and other
portions of the building will you suggest? Discuss kitchen, drawing
rooms, dining rooms, stair case, main door, etc.

6 Steps To Planning A Successful Building Project

There’s a strong temptation to dive straight into home remodeling projects. The sooner you start,
the sooner you’ll be done, right? Unfortunately, it doesn’t work that way if you haven’t done
some essential planning up front. Each design professional and contractor runs his or her
business in a different way, but homeowners usually need to follow the same steps to get to the
construction phase.

Here are six crucial steps to help you plan for a successful home renovation, and the reasons
they're so important for any project.

1. Choose a design professional.

To create a plan and detailed scope of work, most homeowners hire either
an architect or interior designer, and sometimes both. Every company does things a little
differently, and design licensing varies in each state. Many designers work on projects
that don’t involve major structural work or additions, and also offer assistance with
material and color selections. Architects may take on a wide range of work, or work only
on floor plans and permits, and leave the details of the electrical plan, baths and kitchen
to another designer.
 Find an architect or designer

2. Create a plan.
After choosing a design firm, it's time to start making a plan. There are usually at least
two and sometimes three good ways to reach your design goals. The plans are called
schematic designs; they usually involve a rough layout of the floor plan and some simple
views of the exterior of the home if there is an addition.
3. Interview contractors.
Contractors are frequently brought into the process once a final schematic design has
been selected. Usually there is at least a general idea of how the home will look from the
outside, a dimensioned floor plan and some preliminary material selections. With this
much information, it’s possible to provide preliminary estimates of cost.
4. Go shopping while others are engineering.
Love to shop or hate to shop? This may determine whether you enlist a designer to help
with your material selections. Even those who like to shop may be overwhelmed by all
the options and want professional input. Do not underestimate the number of things that
need to be selected, from doorknobs and windows to countertops and light fixtures.
5. Get your permits.
Depending on the scope of your project and where it’s located, permitting can take a day,
months or even years. You should have some idea ahead of filing for permits about the
length of the process, which will allow you to identify a likely start date for your project.
Permit fees can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars, depending on
where you live and how big your project
6. Ready, set ...
With the plan submitted for permits and material selections made, your contractor will be
able to finish up pricing and write up a contract for construction. If the selected materials
cost more than the budget allows, there may be a round of “value engineering,” which
means changing scope of work or materials to reduce cost. By the time the contract is
 signed, your contractor will have identified the longer-lead items (like cabinets, windows,
doors, tile and sometimes plumbing or electrical fixtures) and may even have them on
order ahead of the start of construction, depending on the timing of your project.

 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR KITCHEN

There are a lot of different materials that go into making a kitchen. you will find a
list of kitchen materials and their inherent strengths and weaknesses to help you make
an informed decision about creating your own beautiful kitchen.

There is no perfect material that is indestructible, all materials have their own
maintenance and care requirements. Read up with our handy guides and you’ll find
the materials that best suit your life and style.

 Kitchen Cabinets

 Kitchen Bench tops

 Kitchen Appliances

 Kitchen Lighting

 Kitchen Flooring

 Kitchen Doors

 Kitchen Handles

 Kitchen Splash backs

 Bespoke Components
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR DRAWING ROOMS
 powder coated cheap price aluminium alloy window and door frame profile design
drawings for export france

 Sun Frame sliding frameless shower door fireproof sliding glass folding barn doors

 Wanjia frameless glass door magnetic lock

  Wenzhixin drawing room aluminum folding doors lowest interior glass doors
frameless folding
 Commercial fancy pattern design solid core wooden door interior wood doors custom
for project
 Stainless steel hardware frameless sliding synchronous glass door,
buffer sliding glass door
 Cold Storage Room Construction Building Insulation Raw Material

 Construction materials used in main door:

o Security door anti-theft steel door
o Exterior steel automatic sliding hangar door
o China suppliers customized exterior powder coating aluminum bi-folding door
o Front door designs house wholesale cheap exterior security steel door
  Construction Material For Room:
According to feasibility in Pakistan, usually rooms are made up of following
 Structural materials are
 Bricks
 Cement
 Gravel
 Sand

 Electrical and mechanical are

 Plumbing
 Electrical
 Telecommunications.

 Interior Finish are:

 The number & type of windows & doors are also dictated by the intended use of the
room.
 For Flooring glaze tiles usually master tile will look great.
 Nationwide, building codes require that any room used as a bedroom have a
minimum of one window.
 It is a safety factor in the event of a fire.
 Completion of contruction of rooms ends with paint, wallpaper & a decorative floor
covering.
  Constructions Material Used in Dining Rooms:

 Structural Material:
 Bricks
 Cement
 Gravel
 Sand

 Construction Material Used in Stair Case:

Construction material used in stair case according to conditions of Pakistan are as
follows:

 Concrete
 Stone
 Wood
 Glass
 Metal
Question no 2
Question no 3
The quality of materials should be specified by you so what
type of materials will you suggest as per the site location to
satisfy quality expectations?
The following items should be clearly-defined, discussed & understood by those
responsible for the management of the overall project, the supervision & inspection of work, &
the execution of work:

 Roles & responsibilities

 Communication & accountability channels

 Project deliverables & liability

 Schedule of work & payments

 Quality assurance mechanisms

 Monitoring & evaluation system

Strategies that ensure transparency of management & procurement processes. In this
common approach, local builders are hired to carry out the home construction. Providing
some form of certification, nationally-recognized or otherwise, that notes a builder’s
capacity to perform hazard-resilient building techniques can provide local builders with
an advantage when competing for future work.

 Products / Services
Steel Bars, Stainless Pipes & Fittings Crush, Sand, Marble, Bricks, Tough Paver, Wood
Door- Window, Cement, Tuff Tiles, Concrete Blocks, Paint, Glass, PVC Pipes &
Fittings.

 Location:-
Location is one of the most important factors that affect the cost of building your own
home. Islamabad are known as the most developed city in Pakistan. Naturally the most
expensive residential plots of land will be found in there.
 Labor and Design:-

After you have selected your ideal plot of land, you need to select an architect who
understands your needs and can design the optimal living space for you and your family.

 Materials:-

The cost of materials in Pakistan can vary from month to month. Therefore if you are
sourcing your own materials it is important to do research and consult with your architect
or builder to determine your price range and budget for this. As mentioned above your
architect can manage the purchase delivery and storage of materials for you. In this case
it is still recommended that you create a budget and plan with your architect so that you
don’t spend more than you can afford.

 Average Material Costs:-

Cement (50-kg bag) ~Rs. 580
Bricks (1,000 units) ~Rs. 7,500
Sand (per cubic foot) ~Rs. 20
Question no 4
WHAT STRENGTH OF MATERIAL WILL YOU
SUGGEST?
 FOR FOUNDATION:
 Use 1:4:8 ratio concrete in foundation.
 Use 1:2:4 ratio concrete in RCC foundation.
 Use twisted deformed steel of grade 40.

 FOUNDATION MATERIAL:
 Use best way cement for concrete.
 Use coarse grain sand whose finance modulus is b/w 2.3-3.1 for concrete.
 Use margala cruch angular shape gravel for concrete whose dia ¼ of c/c spaced
 b/w iron bars of foundation.

 COLUMN MATERIAL:
 Use margala angular crush.
 Use b/w cement for concrete in columns.
 Use 4/8 inch dia steel grade 40 in columns as a dovel and 3/8 inch as ring.
 Use coarse grain sand whose finance modulus lies b/w 2.3 – 3.1 for concrete.

 WALL MATERIAL:
 Bestway cement for blocks of walls of 1:6 ratio.
 Use ceramsite concrete block for marking walls. Its dimensions is 390/90/188mm.

 SLAB MATERIAL:
 Use bestway cement for concrete of ratio 1:2:4.
 3/8 inch dia of twisted deformation steel grade 40 with 4 inch c/c spacing in slab.
 Use coarse grain sand whose finance modulus lies b/w 2.3 – 3.1 for concrete.
Question no 5
What type of materials testing’s will you suggest?
Materials Testing:-
Materials testing is a well-established technique used to determine the physical and mechanical
properties of raw materials and components from a human hair to steel, composite materials and
ceramics.

Different Types of Testing

 Soil Test

 Definition -
A soil test refers to a series of tests that can be done in order to determine the fertility or
pH value of a soil.

 Explanation
The “History of Sampled Area” section restates the information you filled in on the Soil Sample
Information Sheet you submitted with the soil sample. The “Lab Test Results” section shows the
relative availability of nutrients numerically and if appropriate, as a rating. The rating may be
interpreted as follows: L=Low, M=Medium, H=High, VH=Very High, EH=Excessively High
(soluble salt test only), DEF=Deficient, or SUFF=Sufficient, and sometimes a “+” or “-.” When
soils test Low, plants almost always respond to fertilizer. When soils test Medium, plants
sometimes respond to fertilizer and a moderate amount of fertilizer is typically recommended to
maintain fertility. When soils test High to Very High, plants usually do not respond to fertilizer. If
there is no rating for a nutrient, the adequacy of that nutrient in the soil for the plant you specified
has not been determined. The following is an explanation of the symbols and abbreviation used in
the report: Report Symbols and Abbreviations P = phosphorus K = potassium Ca = calcium Mg =
magnesium Zn = zinc Mn = manganese Cu = copper Fe = iron B = boron SS = soluble salts lb/A
= pounds per acre ppm = parts per million meq = mill equivalent g = gram

 Moisture Content (MC) Test:

 The weight of the water contained in wood, usually expressed as a percentage of
weight, either oven-dry or as received.

weight of wet sample - weight of dry sample

----------------------------------------------------- x 100
weight of dry sample
 What is Moisture Content?

Moisture content (MC) is a reference to the amount of moisture present in a

material. This value is often represented as a percentage of the material’s mass
(such as X% MC). The amount of moisture in an object can be measured in
several different ways, such as with oven-dry tests or moisture meters.

 Cement test:
 Fineness Test
 Consistency Test
 Setting time Test
 Strength Test
 Soundness Test
 Heat of Hydration Test
 Specific Gravity Test

 Concrete Test:
 Slump test.
 Compressive strength test

 Oven-Dry Testing
Oven-dry tests measure moisture content by weight—a piece of material is weighed and
then placed in an oven at a set temperature for as long as it takes for the material to stop
changing weight. Once dry, the material is weighed again, and the difference in pre-
drying weight and post-drying weight is used to determine how much moisture was in the
material being tested. However, there are a few issues with these tests. First, they can
take a while to finish and require an oven of some kind—making them impractical
for on-the-go testing moisture.
Second, such tests are frequently destructive to the materials being tested—rendering
them unusable in many cases (such as when testing wood or some plants).
 AGGREGATES Size Test:
Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel and crushed
stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, Portland cement,
lime, etc.) to form compound materials (such as asphalt concrete and Portland cement
concrete). Aggregate is also used for base and subbase courses for both flexible and rigid
pavements.

 Determination of Particle Size Distribution – Sieving Method

In a sieve analysis, a sample of dry aggregate of known weight is separated through a
series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. Once separated, the weight of
particles retained on each sieve is measured and compared to the total sample weight.
Particle size distribution is then expressed as a percent retained by weight on each sieve
size. Results are usually expressed in tabular or graphical format.
The test consists of dividing up and separating, by means of series of sieves, a material
into several particle size classification of decreasing sizes. The aperture sizes and the
number of sieves are selected in accordance with the nature of the sample and the
accuracy required. The mass of the particles retained on the various sieves is related to
the initial mass of the material. The cumulative percentages passing each sieve are
reported in numerical form or in graphical form.

 Individual retained –
The mass or percentage retained on one sieve after test
 Cumulative retained –
Sum of the mass or percentages retained on the sieve and on all coarser sieves.
 Cumulative passing –
Sum of the mass or percentage passing the sieve (e.g. sum of the retained on all finer
sieves and pan)

 Test sieves –
Set of sieves with given aperture sizes and shape.
The basic series of sieves. 0,063 mm; 0,125 mm; 0,250 mm; 0,500 mm; 1 mm; 2 mm;
4 mm; 8 mm; 16 mm; 31,5 mm; 63 mm; 125 mm
Sieves with aperture size of 4 mm and above are perforated plate with square holes and
sieves below 4 mm are from woven wire.
Fineness Modulus
Fineness Modulus (FM) is used in determining the degree of uniformity of the aggregate
gradation. It is an empirical number relating to the fineness of the aggregate. The higher
the FM is, the coarser the aggregate is. Fineness Modulus is defined as the sum of the
cumulative percentages retained on specified sieves divided by 100.
 TESTING OF STEEL
 Tensile Test
Tensile test is one of the most common tests for steel. The test is described by standard
EN 10 002. The test involves straining a test piece by tensile force, generally to fracture,
for the purpose of determining tensile strength, yield strength, event. ductility and
reduction of area.
 Definitions
 Gauge length (L) –
length of cylindrical or prismatic portion of the test piece on which elongation is
measured at any moment during the test [m]
 Original gauge length (L0) –
gauge length before application of force [m]
 final gauge length (Lu) –
 gauge length after rupture of the test piece [m]
 Elongation - increase in the original gauge length at the end of the test
 Proof strength (R p) –
 Stress at which extension is equal to a specified percentage of the gauge length. the
symbol used is followed by a suffix giving the prescribed percentage, for example Rp,
0,2
Question no 6:
How will you minimize cracks in concrete?
The very nature of concrete often makes it impossible to eliminate cracks entirely. The extent
and severity of these cracks, however, vary widely in the field. Concrete cracks that are
infrequent, tight, and do not spall are hardly ever objectionable. On the other hand, when they
become extensive, wide and unsightly, they can constitute a very real problem. The result can be
trouble and hard feelings for all involved. Let's take a quick look at some of the factors which
influenced cracking of concrete.

(1) Restraint: if conditions set up forces in concrete which alter its dimensions or position and it
is restrained, the result is a crack.

(2) Mix design: as when the mix is too soupy.

(3) Reinforcement: if reinforcement is used for structural purposes, the size and position will
differ from that used to control thermal and drying shrinkage cracks. And

(4) placing and finishing: because concrete almost always hardens eventually- despite the many
ways it may be misused- the importance of proper placing, finishing, and curing procedures is
often overlooked.

Well compacted concrete, on the other hand, is less likely to crack. Scientists have been at work
for decades trying to develop crack-proof concrete. However, until a low-cost, high-
performance, crack-free concrete is developed, it is suggested that the following rules be
followed.

(1) Design the member to adequately handle all anticipated loads.

(2) Provide proper shrinkage and isolation joints.

(3) In slab on grade work, prepare a stable sub base.

(4) Provide correct reinforcement at proper level.

(5) Order concrete reinforcement at proper level.

(6) Place and finish according to established standards.

(7) Cure the concrete thoroughly.

Question no 7
What structural members will you suggest for project keeping in mind
the cost of building and environmental issues?
Ans: PRE ENGINEERING BUILDING:
If you want a building that has cost saving, fast erection, perfect quality control, high durability,
pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) are the best choice.

As the latest trend in building construction, PEBs are increasingly confirmed their outstanding
Advantages in industrial and commercial projects such as factory, warehouse, cold storage,
showroom, Why choose pre-engineered steel buildings?
 (1) Cost Savings:
 Make decisions based on the forecast of all the alternatives.

 Tell the project team to design within the cost plan at every stage of development and
build. Changes should be controlled and minimized.
 Develop the cost plan in collaboration with the architect, the contractor, and trade
specialists. Bringing the team together brings special expertise into the same room. A
trade contractor may have ways to reduce costs based on currently available materials or
by suggesting a more durable option.
(2) Quality Control:
Designed and fabricated in-house with strict quality control. The fabrication
process is controlled from start to finish, including design and engineering, as well as detailing
and manufacturing at factory.
(3) Flexibility:
Pre-engineered cost of buildings are flexible in any requirement of design,
easy to expand in the future and also economically with low transportation cost.
(4) Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency Nowadays, pre-engineered buildings are the green solution
for the environment with CO2 reduction, energy efficiency and recyclability.
  Q no(8)
At site, what would you notice about project keeping in view
mechanics of solids?
 Ans: It should be noted that at site about project keeping in the view of mechanics of solids
Covers the general areas of dynamics of particles and rigid bodies and the mechanics of
deformable solids.
 Offers a comprehensive record of up-to-the-minute research results.
 Articles are primarily theoretical and analytical in nature.
o At approximately a thousand pages a year, the journal is a comprehensive record of up-
to-the-minute research results. Coverage includes Vibration of discrete and continuous
systems; Stability and optimization of mechanical systems; Automatic control theory;
Dynamics of multiple body systems; Elasticity, viscoelasticity and plasticity; Mechanics
of composite materials; Theory of structures and structural stability; Wave propagation
and impact of solids; Fracture mechanics; Micromechanics of solids; Mechanics of
granular and geological materials; Structure“fluid interaction; Mechanical behavior of
materials; Gyroscopes and navigation systems; and Nanomechanics.