Muscles

IB SEHS
 STARTER – Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false:

1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.

2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control.

3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.

4. Your heart is a muscle.

5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.

6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much.

7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker

8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day.

9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain and it will go away.

10. A balanced diet:

a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese,
and yogurt.
b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
 Answers
1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body. -False. There are over 600 muscles in the body.

2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control. True. You can control your skeletal muscles to walk, run,
pick up things, play an instrument, throw a baseball, kick a soccer ball, push a lawnmower, or ride a bicycle

3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones. False. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendons connect muscles to bones.

4. Your heart is a muscle. True. The heart is a special muscle called “cardiac muscle.” It works constantly to pump blood
through your body.

5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much. True. Muscles can be strained by stretching them too much, as
when you lift something that is too heavy.

6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much. False. Sprains happen when ligaments (which connect bones to
bones) are stretched too much. A stretching injury to a tendon (which connects a muscle to a bone) is called a strain.

7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker True. If a muscle is not used, it will get smaller and weaker. This is
known as atrophy.

8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day. False. You should get at least 60 minutes of exercise
every day. It doesn’t have to be a whole hour all at once, but it does need to be in at least 10-minute increments to count
toward your 60 minutes of physical activity per day.

9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain and it will go away. False. If something starts to
hurt, stop playing or exercising. You might just need to rest the injured part, or you might need to see a doctor.

10. A balanced diet:

a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt.
b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Distinguish between the different types of muscle
Outline the general characteristics common to muscle
tissue

Most will
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions
of the body

Some might
Explain the need for antogonistic pairs
Now complete the Types of Muscles section in your workbook!

striated: appearance of

Types of Muscles light and dark stripes

GROUP THOUGHT – What do we use our muscles for?

• Skeletal muscles
contract exerting • Generating
forces on the tendons body heat
• Tendons then pull on
the bones causing
joint movement

• Postural
muscles • Movement of
stabilise substances within the
and body e.g. peristalsis
maintain
body
positions

Now complete the Functions of Muscles

section in your workbook!
 Pairs activity – can you write a
definition for the words below?
ability to receive and respond to stimuli via generation
of an electrical pulse which causes contraction of the
muscle cells

ability to shorten

ability to be stretched or extended

ability of a muscle fibre to recoil and resume its resting

length

Now complete the Properties of Muscles section in your workbook!

 Class thought…
Why do you warm up before playing sport?
 Individual Activity
Carry out the investigation in your workbook

“The effect of temperature on muscle function”

 STARTER– Which muscles do you already know?

c.
1. a.

2. b. d.

e.

3. f.
4.
g.
 STARTER– Which muscles do you already know?

trapezius
pectorals deltoids

Latissimus
biceps dorsi triceps

Gluteus
maximus

abdominals hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
 The Origin and Insertion
 When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other
stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the
bone are known as the origin and the insertion.

 The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary
bone(s).

 The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving
bone(s).
Origin

Now complete the

section in your
workbook!

The arm is being flexed.

Insertion

The radius and ulna are the moving bones- INSERTION

The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- ORIGIN
Now label the
diagram in your
workbook!
 Antagonistic Muscles
 Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the
bones by strong cords known as tendons.

 They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create

movement.

E.g Biceps brachii and triceps brachii = known as ANTAGONISTIC

MUSCLE ACTION.

AS one muscle shortens the other one lengthens.

Movement of the arm

at the elbow

Now complete the How Muscles

Work section in your workbook!
 Flexion (Bending) of the Arm
 The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the
movement is called the agonist.

 The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place
is called the antagonist.

Now complete the

How Muscles Work
section in your
workbook!
Antagonist
(Triceps relax)
Agonist
(Biceps contract)

 Other muscles support the agnist in creating movement and these

are called synergists (neutraliser).

 Fixator (stabliser)-the muscle that allows the agonist to work,

stabilising the origin.
STARTER – Label the diagram
• Transverse
abdominus
a.
d. • external
b. oblique

a.
c. e.
• rectus
abdominus

• internal
oblique

• pectoralis
major
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in the
trunk and upper extremities of the body

Most will
Describe strengthening exercises for the specific
muscle groups mentioned
RECTUS ABDOMINIS

Flexion of the spine

ORIGIN: Pubis

INSERTION: Sternum and 5th – 7th ribs

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Crunches
 EXTERNAL OBLIQUES

MOVEMENT: Flexion

ORIGIN: Lower eight ribs

INSERTION: Ilium

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE; Broomstick twists
 ERECTOR SPINAE

MOVEMENT: Extension

ORIGIN: ribs, vertebrae, ilium

INSERTION: ribs and vertebrae

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Chest raises
 DELTOID

ORIGIN; Clavicle and scapula

INSERTION: Lateral humerus

MOVEMENT: Flexion, extension and abduction of the shoulder

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Back press
 PECTORALIS MAJOR

MOVEMENT- Flexion, Adduction of the shoulder

ORIGIN- Clavicle, sternum, anterior ribs

INSERTION- Humerus

STRENTHENING
EXERCISE: Seated rows
BICEPS BRACHII TRICEPS BRACHII

FLEXION EXTENSION

Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and humerus

Insertion: Radius and ulna Insertion: Ulna

Agonist; Biceps

Antagonist; Triceps

Strengthening exercises:
Biceps curls and tricep extensions
 LATISSIMUS DORSI

ORIGIN: sacrum, ileum,

thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
INSERTION: Humerus

MOVEMENT: Adduction and extension of the shoulder

STRENGTHENING EXERCISE: Chin ups

 TRAPEZIUS

MOVEMENT- Extension of the shoulder

ORIGIN- cervical and thoracic vertebrae,

base of skull

INSERTION- Clavicle and Scapula

STRENTHENING EXERCISE: Shrugs

 STARTER –Chalk bodies!

• Draw around one of your group members

using chalk (OUTSIDE!)

• Shade in and label all the muscles you can

remember from last lesson!

• HINT – it might be easier if you draw TWO

outlines – anterior view and posterior view
 ILIOPSOAS

ORIGIN: Ilium and lumbar vertebrae

INSERTION: Inner femur

MOVEMENT: Flexion of hip

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Sit ups
 SARTORIUS

ORIGIN: Ilium
INSERTION: Medial tibia

MOVEMENT: Flexion, abduction and

lateral rotation of hip

STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Walking lunges
 QUADRICEPS
Movement: Flexion, extension

Muscle Origen
Rectus femoris Ilium
Vastus lateralis Femur
Vastus medialis Femur
Vastus intermedius Femur

Insertion: Tibia

Strengthening exercises:
Dumbbell squats
 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

MOVEMENT: Extension and rotation of the hip

ORIGIN: posterior ilum,

sacrum and coccyx

INSERTION: Femur

Strengthening exercises: one legged dead lifts

 TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

Movement: Dorsiflexion and planarflexion

Muscles: Tibialis anterior

Origin: Lateral tibia

Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform

Strengthening exercises: Toe raises

 HAMSTRINGS

Movement: Flexion, extension

Muscle Origen Insertion

Biceps femoris Ischium, Fibula, lateral
femur tibia
Semitendinosus Ischium Medial tibia
Semimembranosus Ischium Medial tibia

Strengthening exercises:
Leg curls
GASTROCNEMIUS

Movement:
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Origin: Posterior femur

Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles

tendon

Strengthening exercises: Calf raises

SOLEUS

Movement:
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula

Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon

Strengthening exercises: Seated calf raise

Next lesson you will get a pop quiz on muscles

that will count for a classowrk grade for this
bimester…….
 STARTER –Muscles Pop Quiz!
A – frontalis H – abdominal muscles
B – trapezius I – gluteus maximus
C – deltoid J – sartorius
D – pectoralis major K - biceps femoris
E – triceps brachii L – rectis femoris
F – biceps brachii M – gastrocnemius
G – latissimus dorsi N – achilles tendon
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
List the structures within muscle

Most will
Label a diagram of muscle with its structures

Some might
Annotate a diagram of muscle
GROUP ACTIVITY
Can you make a flow diagram
to show the different LEVELS
of skeletal muscle structure?

Start with …Skeletal muscle

End with……actin and myosin

Skeletal muscle

Fasiculli

Muscle fibre

Myofibril

Sarcomere

Myofilaments

Actin and myosin

epi - upon or on
peri - around
endo - within
myo - muscle

Now annotate the diagram in

your work book
Individual activity – colouring exercise
Muscle is plastic!
Muscle “adapts” to meet the habitual level of demand placed on it, i.e. level of
physical activity. This results in muscular hypertrophy which is a result in a increase
of myofibrils as a result of increased exercise
Continuum of Physical Activity
Level of physical activity
determined by the strength
trained
frequency of recruit-
ment and the load.
Increase muscle use
– endurance training
endurance
Load

– strength training
trained
(cannot be optimally
trained for both strength controls
and endurance)

Decrease muscle use

inactivity
– prolonged bed rest
– limb casting Frequency of recruitment
– denervation Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White
– space flight. In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed. Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens
Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994
 Endurance training
Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within muscle fibers.

Increased numbers of mitochondria; concentration and activities of oxidative

enzymes (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase, see below).

Succinate dehy-
drogenase (SDH)
activity:
Low activity light
High activity dark

Control 12-weeks
treadmill running
Images courtesy of John Faulkner and Timothy White
Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT!
• Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils through disuse
• Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no loss in fibers.
• Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers.
• “Completely reversible” (in young healthy individuals).

Control Cast for 6 weeks

Images courtesy of John Faulkner

 Performance Declines with Aging
--despite maintenance of physical activity

100
Performance (% of peak)

80

60

40
Shotput/Discus
Marathon
20
Basketball (rebounds/game)

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Age (years)
GROUP ACTIVITY
• Can you write a CONCLUSION for this graph?
• Try and explain what you see – not just decribe! D.H. Moore (1975) Nature 253:264-265.
NBA Register, 1992-1993 Edition
 STARTER
Try the skeletal muscle matching activity in your
work book!
B
F

C
A
G

D
E
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Draw and label a neuron
Define a reflex arc

Most will
Describe the structure of a motor unit
Distinguish between the 3 different types of motor unit

Some might
Predict the ratio of motor units in an athlete depending
on their sport
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Can you label me?
Dendrite

Dendrite
•
•
Words that might help:
Dendrite Cell body
• Nucleus
• Axon
• Node of Ranvier
• Myelin sheath
• Cell body
 Dendrite
Myelin
sheath
Nucleus

Axon

Cell body
Node of
Ranvier
Dendrite
Cell body

Now complete the structure of a neuron

section in your workbook
3 main types of nerve cells

sensory relay motor

neurone neurone neurone
 Receptors and Sense Organs
Sense organs
detect stimuli

Sensory neuron

CNS (relay neurons)

Motor neuron
This is known as a REFLEX ARC

This is how your body makes

subconscious movements!
Effector e.g.
muscle
Now complete the
Reflex Arc section of
your workbook
A MOTOR UNIT

Single motoneuron and the

muscle fibers it innervates

Large no. of fibers per

motoneuron = large forces

When a motor unit is

innervated all the muscle
fibres contract at once.

This is called the all-or-

nothing response

To innervate – supply an
organ orbody part with
nerves
 Motor units
• 3 different types of motor unit that contain 3 different types of fibres
Complete the table in your workbook and try the activity below it

1 2a 2b
STARTER – Group Activity
F
H
C
E
F
F
A
I
F
F
G
Individual activity – colouring exercise
The Role of Neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal
muscle contraction:

A. Acetylcholine (Ach):
increases the post-
synaptic membrane’s
permeability to sodium
and potassium ions
spreading the impulse
over the entire muscle
fiber.
B. Cholinesterase: enzyme that breaks down Ach repolarizing
the muscle fiber to await another nerve impulse.
Look at the diagram in
your workbook as we go
through the different
structures
 Starter – Group activity
Can you annotate this diagram to exaplin what is happenning WITHOUT your notes?
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Describe the events that take place at a
neuromuscular junction

Most will
State the 3 diferent types of motor unit
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY - Can you make a note of the 7 steps involved at a
neuromuscular junction?
PAIRS ACTIVITY - Can you explain the process IN YOUR OWN WORDS to your partner –
try and replace any words you didn’t understand in the video with words you do
 Now lets act it out!
• Can you summarise the process by annotating
the diagram in your workbooks?
STARTER: Synaptic transmission pop quiz!
 Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber
Label the H bands, I bands and Z dics on a
sarcomere

Most will
Explain how skeletal muscle contracts by the
sliding filament theory.
 PAIRS ACTIVITY
• Use the microscopes to look at some prepared
slides of muscle and connective tissue

• Draw what you see in your workbook!

 Microanatomy of a skeletal muscle cell
Terminal cisternae –contains Sarcolemma- plasma
Triad –formed of calcium ions membrane sheath
terminal cisternae Transverse Nucleus –genetic
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
and t-tubule tubule – forms triads material of the cell

Myofibril

Muscle
fibre
(muscle
Mitochondria –site of cell)
aerobic respiration
Sarcoplasm – site
of chemical
reactions

Label your diagram!

 Structure of a sarcomere

Try the matching exercise

and data analysis activity in
your workbook!
 Sliding filament theory

As you watch the video – can you put the statements on your handout into order?
(place the correct number in the space provided)
Answers

3 5

1
Now complete your Sliding Filament Theory cut and paste exercise

Cut out all the boxes and then paste them down on the empty page in
your workbook.

Once you have finished, try completing the flow chart in your
workbook