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    Ij Ij Ij 2 2 2

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    Saurav GOYAL
    A unitary matrix can be written as Uij = aij + ibij, with N2 a parameters and N2 b parameters, for a total of 2N2 parameters. The unitary condition gives N+(N2-N)/2 independent equations for the a parameters and (N2-N)/2 equations for the b parameters, for a total of N2 independent conditions. Therefore, the number of independent parameters in an N×N unitary matrix is N2. The CKM matrix V relates the up-type quark fields u to the down-type quark fields d in the charged current JCμ = AūLγμVdL. The phases of the quark fields are unobservable, so

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    Ij Ij Ij 2 2 2

    Uploaded by

    Saurav GOYAL
    30 views2 pages
    A unitary matrix can be written as Uij = aij + ibij, with N2 a parameters and N2 b parameters, for a total of 2N2 parameters. The unitary condition gives N+(N2-N)/2 independent equations for the a parameters and (N2-N)/2 equations for the b parameters, for a total of N2 independent conditions. Therefore, the number of independent parameters in an N×N unitary matrix is N2. The CKM matrix V relates the up-type quark fields u to the down-type quark fields d in the charged current JCμ = AūLγμVdL. The phases of the quark fields are unobservable, so

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    1307.2132

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    A unitary matrix can be written as Uij = aij + ibij, with N2 a parameters and N2 b parameters, for a total of 2N2 parameters. The unitary condition gives N+(N2-N)/2 independent equations for the a parameters and (N2-N)/2 equations for the b parameters, for a total of N2 independent conditions. Therefore, the number of independent parameters in an N×N unitary matrix is N2. The CKM matrix V relates the up-type quark fields u to the down-type quark fields d in the charged current JCμ = AūLγμVdL. The phases of the quark fields are unobservable, so

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views2 pages

    Ij Ij Ij 2 2 2

    Uploaded by

    Saurav GOYAL
    A unitary matrix can be written as Uij = aij + ibij, with N2 a parameters and N2 b parameters, for a total of 2N2 parameters. The unitary condition gives N+(N2-N)/2 independent equations for the a parameters and (N2-N)/2 equations for the b parameters, for a total of N2 independent conditions. Therefore, the number of independent parameters in an N×N unitary matrix is N2. The CKM matrix V relates the up-type quark fields u to the down-type quark fields d in the charged current JCμ = AūLγμVdL. The phases of the quark fields are unobservable, so

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Solution to Problem Ch 1 #2

    A N × N unitary matrix can be written in the following form


    Uij = aij + ibij
    So, there are N 2 of a’s and N 2 of b’s, and 2N 2 of parameters altogether.
    Unitary condition is given by
    †
    (U † U )ij = Uik Ukj
    = (aki − ibki )(akj + ibkj )
    = aki akj + bki bkj + i(aki bkj − akj bki ) = δij
    Hence
    aki akj + bki bkj = δij (1)
    aki bkj − akj bki = 0 (2)
    Equation (1) is symmetric under i and j excahnge, so this equation actually
    shows N +(N 2 −N )/2 independent conditions. Equation (2) is antisymmetric
    under i and j exchange, so this shows (N 2 − N )/2 independent conditions.
    Hence, tere are
    N2 − N N2 − N
    N+ + = N2
    2 2
    independent conditions in this unitary condition. Therefore, number of in-
    dependent parameters in a N × N unitary matrix is
    2N 2 − N 2 = N 2
    Let us put a colum qurk matrix of up type quark and down type quarks as
     
    u1

     u2 

    .
     
     
    u= 

     . 

    .
     
     
    uN
    and  
    d1

     d2 

    .
     
     
    d= 

     . 

    .
     
     
    dN

    1
    The charged current JCµ is given in this form

    JCµ = AūL γ µ V dL

    where A is a constant and V is the CKM matrix. We know from quantum


    mechanics that the phase of a wavefunction in not a measurable quantity.
    This situation is also true in quantum field theory. So, transformation

    u1L → eiφu1 u1L

    does not change observavles. In other words, this phase φu1 is not a measur-
    able quantity. There are N such quantities for up type quarks and also N for
    down type quarks, and 2N altogether. Defining matrices M (u) and M (d)

    M (u)ij = eiφui δij

    M (d)ij = eiφdi δij


    because the charged current should be invariant under this phase transfor-
    mation, the CKM matrix transforms as follows

    V → M (u)† V M (d)

    Hence
    Vij → exp[i(φui − φdi )]Vij
    So, change of phase (φui − φdi ) in the CKM matrix is unmeasurable. There
    are 2N − 1 “phase differences” because there are 2N phases. Hence, actual
    number of free parameters in the CKM matrix is

    N 2 − (2N − 1) = (N − 1)2

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