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    LECTURE 1 Kinds of Minerals

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    Katrina Bucud
    The document summarizes the classification of silicate minerals, which make up approximately 90% of Earth's crust. Silicates are classified based on their silicate structure into nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates. Each class is defined by the structure of the silicate tetrahedra chains or sheets, and examples are provided for common mineral groups within each class.

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    LECTURE 1 Kinds of Minerals

    Uploaded by

    Katrina Bucud
    99 views8 pages
    The document summarizes the classification of silicate minerals, which make up approximately 90% of Earth's crust. Silicates are classified based on their silicate structure into nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates. Each class is defined by the structure of the silicate tetrahedra chains or sheets, and examples are provided for common mineral groups within each class.

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    Mineral types

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    The document summarizes the classification of silicate minerals, which make up approximately 90% of Earth's crust. Silicates are classified based on their silicate structure into nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates. Each class is defined by the structure of the silicate tetrahedra chains or sheets, and examples are provided for common mineral groups within each class.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    99 views8 pages

    LECTURE 1 Kinds of Minerals

    Uploaded by

    Katrina Bucud
    The document summarizes the classification of silicate minerals, which make up approximately 90% of Earth's crust. Silicates are classified based on their silicate structure into nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, and tectosilicates. Each class is defined by the structure of the silicate tetrahedra chains or sheets, and examples are provided for common mineral groups within each class.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    Silicate minerals

    The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming minerals,
    constituting approximately 90 percent of the crust of the Earth. They are classified based on the
    structure of their silicate group which contain different ratios of silicon and oxygen.

    Nesosilicates or orthosilicates
    Nesosilicates (from Greek νησος nēsos, island), or orthosilicates, have isolated (insular) [SiO4]4−
    tetrahedra that are connected only by interstitial cations.

     Phenakite group
    o Phenakite - Be2SiO4
    o Willemite - Zn2SiO4
     Olivine group
    o Forsterite - Mg2SiO4
    o Fayalite - Fe2SiO4
    o Tephroite - Mn2SiO4
     Garnet group
    o Pyrope - Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
    o Almandine - Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
    o Spessartine - Mn3Al2(SiO4)3
    o Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
    o Andradite - Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3
    o Uvarovite - Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3
    o Hydrogrossular - Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)3-m(OH)4m
     Zircon group
    o Zircon - ZrSiO4
    o Thorite - (Th,U)SiO4

    1
     Al2SiO5 group
    o Andalusite - Al2SiO5
    o Kyanite - Al2SiO5
    o Sillimanite - Al2SiO5
    o Dumortierite - Al6.5-7BO3(SiO4)3(O,OH)3
    o Topaz - Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
    o Staurolite - Fe2Al9(SiO4)4(O,OH)2
     Humite group - (Mg,Fe)7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2
    o Norbergite - Mg3(SiO4)(F,OH)2
    o Chondrodite - Mg5(SiO4)2(F,OH)2
    o Humite - Mg7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2
    o Clinohumite - Mg9(SiO4)4(F,OH)2
     Datolite - CaBSiO4(OH)
     Titanite - CaTiSiO5
     Chloritoid - (Fe,Mg,Mn)2Al4Si2O10(OH)4
     Mullite (aka Porcelainite) - Al6Si2O13

    Sorosilicates

    Sorosilicates (from Greek σωρός sōros, heap, mound) have isolated double tetrahedra
    groups with (Si2O7)6− or a ratio of 2:7.
     Hemimorphite (calamine) - Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O
     Lawsonite - CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O
     Ilvaite - CaFe2+2Fe3+O(Si2O7)(OH)
     Epidote group (has both (SiO4)4− and (Si2O7)6− groups)
    o Epidote - Ca2(Al,Fe)3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
    o Zoisite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)

    2
    o Clinozoisite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
    o Tanzanite - Ca2Al3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
    o Allanite - Ca(Ce,La,Y,Ca)Al2(Fe2+,Fe3+)O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
    o Dollaseite-(Ce) - CaCeMg2AlSi3O11F(OH)
     Vesuvianite (idocrase) - Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(Si2O7)2(OH)4

    Cyclosilicates

    Cyclosilicates (from Greek κύκλος kuklos, circle), or ring silicates, have linked tetrahedra
    with (TxO3x)2x- or a ratio of 1:3. These exist as 3-member (T3O9)6- and 6-member
    (T6O18)12- rings, where T stands for a tetrahedrally coordinated cation. Nickel-Strunz
    classification: 09.C
     3-member ring
    o Benitoite - BaTi(Si3O9)
     6-member ring
    o Axinite - (Ca,Fe,Mn)3Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH)
    o Beryl/Emerald - Be3Al2(Si6O18)
    o Cordierite - (Mg,Fe)2Al3(Si5AlO18)
    o Tourmaline - (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)3-(Al,Fe,Mn)6(Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)4

    3
    Inosilicates
    Inosilicates (from Greek ις is [genitive: ινος inos], fibre), or chain silicates, have
    interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra with either SiO3, 1:3 ratio, for single chains or
    Si4O11, 4:11 ratio, for double chains. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.D
    Single chain inosilicates
     Pyroxene group
    o Enstatite - orthoferrosilite series
     Enstatite - MgSiO3
     Ferrosilite - FeSiO3
    o Pigeonite - Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)1.75Si2O6
    o Diopside - hedenbergite series
     Diopside - CaMgSi2O6
     Hedenbergite - CaFeSi2O6
     Augite - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6
    o Sodium pyroxene series
     Jadeite - NaAlSi2O6
     Aegirine (Acmite) - NaFe3+Si2O6
    o Spodumene - LiAlSi2O6
     Pyroxenoid group
    o Wollastonite - CaSiO3
    o Rhodonite - MnSiO3
    o Pectolite - NaCa2(Si3O8)(OH)
    Double chain inosilicates
     Amphibole group
    o Anthophyllite - (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2
    o Cumingtonite series
     Cummingtonite - Fe2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
     Grunerite - Fe7Si8O22(OH)2
    o Tremolite series

    4
     Tremolite - Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
     Actinolite - Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
    o Hornblende - (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si6(Al,Si)2O22(OH)2
    o Sodium amphibole group
     Glaucophane - Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2
     Riebeckite (asbestos) - Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2
     Arfvedsonite - Na3(Fe,Mg)4FeSi8O22(OH)2

    Phyllosilicates

    Phyllosilicates (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf), or sheet silicates, form parallel sheets
    of silicate tetrahedra with Si2O5 or a 2:5 ratio. Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.E. All
    phyllosilicate minerals are hydrated, with either water or hydroxyl groups attached.

     Serpentine group
    o Antigorite - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
    o Chrysotile - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
    o Lizardite - Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
     Clay mineral group
    o Halloysite - Al2Si2O5(OH)4
    o Kaolinite - Al2Si2O5(OH)4
    o Illite - (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]
    o Montmorillonite - (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O
    o Vermiculite - (MgFe,Al)3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2·4H2O
    o Talc - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
    o Palygorskite - (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4(H2O)
    o Pyrophyllite - Al2Si4O10(OH)2

    5
     Mica group
    o Biotite - K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
    o Muscovite - KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
    o Phlogopite - KMg3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
    o Lepidolite - K(Li,Al)2-3(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
    o Margarite - CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2
    o Glauconite - (K,Na)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2
     Chlorite group
    o Chlorite - (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2•(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6

    Tectosilicates

    Tectosilicates, or "framework silicates," have a three-dimensional framework of silicate


    tetrahedra with SiO2 or a 1:2 ratio. This group comprises nearly 75% of the crust of the
    Earth. Tectosilicates, with the exception of the quartz group, are aluminosilicates.
     Quartz group
    o Quartz - SiO2
    o Tridymite - SiO2
    o Cristobalite - SiO2
    o Coesite - SiO2
     Feldspar family
    o Alkali-feldspars (potassium-feldspars)
     Microcline - KAlSi3O8
     Orthoclase - KAlSi3O8
     Anorthoclase - (Na,K)AlSi3O8
     Sanidine - KAlSi3O8
     Albite - NaAlSi3O8
    o Plagioclase feldspars
     Albite - NaAlSi3O8

    6
     Oligoclase - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 4:1)
     Andesine - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 3:2)
     Labradorite - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 2:3)
     Bytownite - (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8 (Na:Ca 1:4)
     Anorthite - CaAl2Si2O8
     Feldspathoid family
    o Nosean - Na8Al6Si6O24(SO4)
    o Cancrinite - Na6Ca2(CO3,Al6Si6O24).2H2O
    o Leucite - KAlSi2O6
    o Nepheline - (Na,K)AlSiO4
    o Sodalite - Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2
     Hauyne - (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6(O,S)24(SO4,Cl)1-2
    o Lazurite - (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2
     Petalite - LiAlSi4O10
     Scapolite group
    o Marialite - Na4(AlSi3O8)3(Cl2,CO3,SO4)
    o Meionite - Ca4(Al2Si2O8)3(Cl2CO3,SO4)
     Analcime - NaAlSi2O6•H2O
     Zeolite family
    o Natrolite - Na2Al2Si3O10•2H2O
    o Chabazite - CaAl2Si4O12•6H2O
    o Heulandite - CaAl2Si7O18•6H2O
    o Stilbite - NaCa2Al5Si13O36•17H2O
    o Scolecite - CaAl2Si3O10.3H2O
    o Mordenite - (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si10O24•7H2O

    7
    o PYROXENE GROUP OF MINERALS

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