Hand Sewn GI Anastomosis
Hand Sewn GI Anastomosis
Hand Sewn GI Anastomosis
Hand Sewn GI Anastomosis
I. OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this module the resident should be able to….:
· Understand the principles underlying the construction of an intestinal
anastomosis.
· Understand the various techniques and technical options of performing an
intestinal anastomosis.
· Understand the signs and symptoms, consequences and management of
an anastomotic leak.
· Perform a simulated endtoend hand sewn twolayered bowel
anastomosis.
· Perform an anatomic endtoend hand sewn twolayered bowel
anastomosis.
II. ASSUMPTIONS:
· Familiarity with the basic skills of tying and suturing
· Familiarity with the anatomic layers of the gastrointestinal tract.
· Familiarity with the surgical instruments and the two common suturing
techniques: (1) continuous overandover and (2) the interrupted Lembert
suture required to perform an intestinal anastomosis.
III. SUGGESTED READING:
ACS surgery: Principles and practice. Chapter 24. Intestinal anastomosis.
Page 644655.
IV: DESCRIPTION OF THE LABORATORY MODULE:
After a 15 minute overview, participants will rotate through the following:
Station 1. Continuous (overandover) stitch.
Interrupted Lembert stitch.
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Intestinal Anastomosis
Station 2. Simulated hand sewn twolayered endtoend anastomosis.
V. DESCRIPTION OF ANATMOIC ANASTOMOSIS:
· An intestinal anastomosis becomes necessary when a segment on the gastrointestinal
tract is resected for benign or malignant indications and gastrointestinal continuity
needs to be restored.
· The resected segment can be anywhere between the pharynx and the anus. As a result
an anastomoses can be performed between the esophagus and stomach (esophago
gastric), small bowel and small bowel (enteroenteric), small bowel and colon
(enterocolostomy), colon and colon (colocolic), colon and rectum (colorectal),
colon and anus (coloanal) and small bowel and the anus (ileaoanal).
· The anastomoses are usually between the ends of intestinal segments and thus are
called endtoend anastomoses. However the anastomoses can also be between the
end of one segment and the side of the other (end to side anastomosis) or between the
sides of two segments (sidetoside anastomosis).
· Intestinal anastomoses can be preformed in a variety of ways. The specific technique
is usually a function of surgeon preference, which at times can be based more on
“dogma” than “scientific rationale”.
Although there are specific considerations to each of these types of anastomoses there are
certain fundamental principles that are generalizable to all of them.
PRINCIPLES OF SUCCESSFUL INTESTINAL ANASTOMOSIS:
1. Well nourished patient with no systemic illness.
2. No fecal or purulent contamination, either within the gut or in the surrounding
peritoneal cavity.
3. Adequate exposure and access.
4. Gentle tissue handling.
5. Wellvascularized tissues and adequate hemostasis.
6. Absence of tension and distal obstruction
7. Approximation of well vascularized cut ends of the bowel.
8. METICULOUS SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.
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Intestinal Anastomosis
INTESTINAL ANASTOMOTIC HEALING:
· The tensile strength of the bowel wall is due to the submucosa.
· The submucosa’s strength is a result of the collagen which is the single most
important molecule for determining intestinal anastomotic strength.
· The process of intestinal anastomotic healing is similar to wound healing elsewhere in
the body and can be arbitrarily divided into
(A) Acute inflammatory (lag) phase
(B) Proliferative phase,
(C) Remodeling or maturation phase.
· The bursting pressure of an anastomosis is often used to gauge the strength of the
healing process. This pressure has been found to increase rapidly in the early
postoperative period, reaching 60% of the strength of the surrounding bowel by 3 to 4
days and 100% by one week.
· For the purpose of a bowel anastomosis, it is important to keep in mind that the serosa
(i.e. the visceral peritoneum) holds suture better than either the longitudinal or the
circular muscle layer.
· The absence of a peritoneal layer makes anastomosis of the thoracic esophagus and
the rectum below the peritoneal reflection technically more difficult than anastomosis
of the intraperitoneal segments of the intestine. In addition, the stomach and the small
bowel are more vascularized than the esophagus and the large bowel and
consequently tend to heal more readily.
TECHNIQUES OF INTESTINAL ANASTOMOSES:
The two most commonly used anastomotic techniques are:
(1) Handsewn sutured anastomosis (2) Stapled Anastomosis
Prospective, randomized trials have not demonstrated any differences between stapled
and handsewn anastomoses in terms of in clinical and subclinical leakage rates, length
of hospital stay, or overall morbidity.
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Intestinal Anastomosis
TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR PERFORMING A HANDSEWN SUTURED
ANASTOMOSIS:
Suture material:
Intestinal segments can be sewn together with various suture materials. The ideal
suture material – one that causes minimal inflammation and tissue reaction, while
providing maximum strength during the lag phase of wound healing is yet to be
discovered.
Popular choices include:
· Absorbable (vicryl, PDS) vs. non absorbable (silk).
· Monofilament (PDS, Maxon) vs. braided (vicryl)
Continuous versus Interrupted sutures:
Continuous and interrupted sutures can be used in performing an intestinal
anastomosis. No randomized trials have addressed the question of whether interrupted
sutures have a significant advantage over continuous sutures; however, retrospective
reviews have not demonstrated any advantage of one method over the other.
Single layer versus Double layer anastomosis:
· Single layered anastomoses consist of one layer of interrupted or continuous
absorbable sutures.
Although single layered anastomoses have been shown to have theoretic advantages over
double layered anastomoses, in clinical practice, both are equally efficacious.
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Intestinal Anastomosis
TECHNIQUE OF DOUBLE LAYERED INTESTINAL ANASTOMOSES:
1. The two bowel ends that are to be anastomosed are aligned next to each other by
aligning the noncrushing bowel clamps.
2. Two corner sutures are placed through the serosa and underlying muscularis; each
is then tied and tagged with a straight clamp. The needle and suture is transected
distal to the clamps.
3. Posterior interrupted layer:
· Five to seven interrupted (seromuscular) Lembert stitches are placed between
the corner sutures.
· The sutures are then tied (three knots) so that the knots will be “outside” the
anastomosis.
· All but the two corner sutures are then cut, leaving the tied corner sutures
tagged with straight clamps.
4. Inner posterior layer:
· Starting in the middle, two continuous sutures are started to form the inner
layer of the anastomosis.
· Each suture goes towards each corner, in an overandover manner,
incorporating the mucosal and submucosal layers of each lumen.
5. Inner anterior layer:
· The continuous suture is continued around the corners, one after the other,
coming together in the middle and tying the two ends after cutting the needles
of each (45 knots).
6. Anterior interrupted layer:
· Five to seven anterior (seromuscular) Lembert sutures are placed,
· Sutures are tied at the end (3 knots) and cut 5 mm. distal to the knots.
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Intestinal Anastomosis
After any anastomosis a close visual inspection of the entire circumference of the
anastomosis should be performed. As a rule, if the divided ends appear well apposed,
then the anastomosis is probably sound.
One of the most important determinants of outcome after procedures that include
intestinal anastomosis is surgical technique. The central importance of meticulous
technique means that constant practice and careful attention to detail are essential.
ANASTOMOTIC FAILURE:
Failure of an anastomosis with leakage of intestinal contents is one of the most
significant surgical complications. Reported failure rates range from 1.5 to 2.2%,
depending on what type of anastomosis was performed and whether the operation was an
elective or an emergency procedure. An anastomotic leak increases the morbidity and
mortality associated with the operation: it can double the length of the hospital stay and
increase the mortality as much as 10fold.
Signs and symptoms suggestive of an anastomotic leak include postoperative
(usually between days 4 to 7) abdominal pain or peritonitis, fever and a leukocytosis. An
abdominal Xray showing free air or a CT scan with pneumoperitoneum and significant
free fluid or inflammatory changes around the anastomosis suggestive of an anastomotic
leak.
A localized anastomotic leak that is not associated with peritonitis or significant
systemic sepsis can be managed with percutaneous or open drainage of the abscess,
however anastomotic leaks associated with peritonitis or systemic manifestation of sepsis
require a laparotomy and either revision of the anastomosis if feasible or fecal diversion
proximally or at the site of the anastomosis.
Factors contributing to anastomotic failure;
Type and location:
As a rule, for any given technique the location of the anastomosis does not
influence the overall leakage rate. There are two exceptions to this general rule. First, low
anterior rectal anastomosis are associated with leakage rates ranging from 4.5% to 70%,
however an acceptable leak rate is around 810%. Second esophageal anastomoses are
associated with leakage rates of about 5%.
Bowel preparation:
For elective anastomoses of the colon and rectum, it is traditional to cleanse the
large bowel prior to surgery. The rationale being that decreasing the bacterial load in the
large bowel facilitates anastomotic healing and decreases the incidence and consequences
of anastomotic leakage. Recent studies have questioned this approach and there is
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Intestinal Anastomosis
increasing evidence that a bowel preparation may not be essential and that it may actually
have some disadvantages.
Anastomoses in the esophagus, stomach and small bowel do not require a bowel
preparation.
Associated diseases and systemic factors:
Anemia, diabetes mellitus, previous irradiation or chemotherapy, malnutrition
with hypo albuminemia, vitamin deficiencies, steroid use, and certain disease conditions
like Crohn’s disease are associated with poor anastomotic healing and increased
anastomotic leak rates.
VII. EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
· Kocher clamps
· Non crushing intestinal clamps
· Needle drivers
· DeBakey tissue forceps
· Snaps (Kelly)
· Scalpel and blade
· Suture material: 3.0 Silks and 3.0 vicryl
· Metz scissors
· Gloves.
VIII. REFERENCES.
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