Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Engineering Materials Science

AME 2510
Lecture 2
Instructor:
A. Prof. Dr. Yasser Fouad
Associate Prof. of Mechanical Engineering
[email protected]
Office: F-94

Chapter 2 -
 CHAPTER 2:
BONDING AND PROPERTIES

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What promotes bonding?

• What types of bonds are there?

• What properties are inferred from bonding?

Chapter 2 - 2
Atomic Structure (Freshman Chem.)
• atom – electrons – 9.11 x 10-31 kg
protons
neutrons } 1.67 x 10 -27 kg

• atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

= # of electrons of neutral species

• A [=] atomic mass unit = amu = 1/12 mass of 12C

Atomic wt = wt of 6.023 x 1023 molecules or atoms

1 amu/atom = 1g/mol
C 12.011
H 1.008 etc.

Chapter 2 - 3
 Atomic Structure

• Valence electrons determine all of the

following properties
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Thermal
4) Optical

Chapter 2 - 4
 Electronic Structure
• Electrons have wavelike and particulate
properties.
– This means that electrons are in orbitals defined by a
probability.
– Each orbital at discrete energy level determined by
quantum numbers.

Quantum # Designation
n = principal (energy level-shell) K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
l = subsidiary (orbitals) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1)
ml = magnetic 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin ½, -½

Chapter 2 - 5
 Electron Energy States
Electrons...
• have discrete energy states
• tend to occupy lowest available energy state.

4d
4p N-shell n = 4

3d
4s

Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister 7e.
2p L-shell n = 2
2s

1s K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 6
 SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
• Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element Atomic # Electron configuration
Hydrogen 1 1s 1
Helium 2 1s 2 (stable)
Lithium 3 1s 2 2s 1
Beryllium 4 1s 2 2s 2
Boron 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister 7e.
Carbon 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
... ...
Neon 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 (stable)
Sodium 11 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
Magnesium 12 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
Aluminum 13 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
... ...
Argon 18 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 (stable)
... ... ...
Krypton 36 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)

• Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.

Chapter 2 - 7
 Electron Configurations
• Valence electrons – those in unfilled shells
• Filled shells more stable
• Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties

– example: C (atomic number = 6)

1s2 2s2 2p2

valence electrons

Chapter 2 - 8
 Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2

4d
4p N-shell n = 4 valence
electrons
3d
4s

Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister 7e.
2p L-shell n = 2
2s

1s K-shell n = 1

Chapter 2 - 9
 The Periodic Table
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure

inert gases
give up 1e
give up 2e

accept 2e
accept 1e
give up 3e

H He
Li Be O F Ne
Adapted from
Na Mg S Cl Ar Fig. 2.6,
Callister 7e.
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra

Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:

Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons
to become + ions. to become - ions.
Chapter 2 - 10
 Electronegativity
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 7e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical
Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

Chapter 2 - 11
 Ionic bond – metal + nonmetal

donates accepts
electrons electrons

Dissimilar electronegativities

ex: MgO Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p4

[Ne] 3s2

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6

[Ne] [Ne]

Chapter 2 - 12
 Ionic Bonding
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large difference in electronegativity required.
• Example: NaCl

Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron

Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction

Chapter 2 - 13
 Ionic Bonding
• Energy – minimum energy most stable
– Energy balance of attractive and repulsive terms
-
A -
B
EN = EA + ER =
r rn
Repulsive energy ER

Interatomic separation r

Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig. 2.8(b),
Callister 7e.

Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 14
 Examples: Ionic Bonding
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

Give up electrons Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 7e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical
Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

Chapter 2 - 15
 Covalent Bonding
• similar electronegativity  share electrons
• bonds determined by valence – s & p orbitals
dominate bonding
• Example: CH4
shared electrons
H
C: has 4 valence e-, CH 4
from carbon atom
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-, H C H
needs 1 more
shared electrons
Electronegativities H from hydrogen
are comparable. atoms

Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister 7e.

Chapter 2 - 16
 Primary Bonding
• Metallic Bond -- delocalized as electron cloud

• Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding

 (X A -X B )2 
 - 4

% ionic character = 
1- e x (100%)
 
 
where XA & XB are Pauling electronegativities
Ex: MgO XMg = 1.3
XO = 3.5

 (3.5 -1.3 )2 
 - 
% ionic character  1 - e 4  x (100%)  70.2% ionic
 
 
Chapter 2 - 17
 SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron ex: liquid H 2
clouds H2 H2

+ - + - H H H H
secondary secondary
bonding Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 7e. bonding

• Permanent dipoles-molecule induced

secondary
-general case: + - bonding
+ -
Adapted from Fig. 2.14,
Callister 7e.
secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl

-ex: polymer secondary bonding

Chapter 2 - 18
 Summary: Bonding
Type Bond Energy Comments
Ionic Large! Nondirectional (ceramics)

Covalent Variable Directional

large-Diamond (semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)

Metallic Variable
large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Secondary smallest Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2 - 19
 Properties From Bonding: Tm
• Bond length, r • Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r

• Bond energy, Eo ro
r
Energy smaller Tm

unstretched length
ro larger Tm
r
Eo = Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
“bond energy”

Chapter 2 - 20
 Properties From Bonding : a
• Coefficient of thermal expansion, a
length, L o coeff. thermal expansion
unheated, T1
DL DL
= a(T2 -T1)
heated, T 2 Lo

• a ~ symmetry at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro
r a is larger if Eo is smaller.

E
smaller a
o
E larger a
o Chapter 2 - 21
 Summary: Primary Bonds
Ceramics Large bond energy
(Ionic & covalent bonding): large Tm
large E
small a

Metals Variable bond energy

(Metallic bonding): moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate a

Polymers Directional Properties

(Covalent & Secondary): Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
small E
large a

Chapter 2 - 22
 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

Chapter 2 - 23