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S2210113
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Checkboxes & Related Question Types
S2. 汽车发展史（历史类）
True / False / NG List of Headings
Summary Paragraph Matching
Matching Multiple Choices
History of the Automobile
A The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam engined
automobiles capable of human transport. In 1806, the first cars powered by an internal
combustion engine running on fuel gas appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of
the ubiquitous modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled internal combustion engine.
B It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with

petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost
simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his
first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29
January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888 in a company later
became the famous Mercedes-Benz.
C At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market for the
rich. The drivers of the day were an adventurous lot, going out in every kind of weather,
unprotected by an enclosed body, or even a convertible top. Everyone in town knew who
owned what car and the cars were soon to become each individual's token of identity.
However, it became increasingly popular among the general population because it gave
travelers the freedom to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in
North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more accessible to the
middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things. First he
priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be
able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing.
D The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered
in the U.S. This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. The
large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted. Ford's
cars came off the line in fifteen minute intervals, much faster than previous methods,
increasing productivity eightfold (requiring 12.5 man-hours before, 1 hour 33 minutes after),
while using less manpower. Ford's complex safety procedures - especially assigning each
worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about - dramatically reduced
the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism,"
and was copied by most major industries.
E The original Jeep vehicle that first appeared as the prototype Bantam BRC became the
primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and Allies and made a huge
leap in sale during World War, as well as the postwar period. Many Jeep variants serving
similar military and civilian roles have since been created and kept being improved on
general performance in other nations.
F Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more
integrated and artful, and cars spread across the world. The market changed somewhat in
the 1960s, as Detroit began to worry about foreign competition, the European makers
adopted ever-higher technology, and Japan appeared as a serious car-producing nation.
General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford tried radical small cars, like the GM A-bodies, but had
little success. Captive imports and badge engineering swept through the US and UK as
amalgamated groups like the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC's
revolutionary space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, captured large sales
worldwide. Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a
marque in its own right in 1969. The trend for corporate consolidation reached Italy as
niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the
end of the decade, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced.
G In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars

and muscle cars. But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis, automobile
emissions control rules, Japanese and European imports, and stagnant innovation wreaked
havoc on the American industry. Though somewhat ironically, full-size sedans staged a
major comeback in the years between the energy crisis, with makes such as Cadillac and
Lincoln staging their best sales years ever in the late 70s. Small performance cars from
BMW, Toyota, and Nissan took the place of big-engined cars from America and Italy.
H On the technology front, the biggest developments in Post-war era were the widespread
use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus
on safety in the design of automobiles. The hottest technologies of the 1960s were NSU's
"Wankel engine", the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last, pioneered by
General Motors but popularised by BMW and Saab, was to see widespread use. Mazda had
much success with its "Rotary" engine which, however, acquired a reputation as a polluting
gas-guzzler. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, never
put their designs into production after the 1973 oil crisis. (Mazda's hydrogen-fuelled
successor was later to demonstrate potential as an "ultimate eco-car".) Rover and Chrysler
both produced experimental gas turbine cars to no effect.
I The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. Once the
automobile emissions concerns of the 1970s were conquered with computerised engine
management systems, power began to rise rapidly. In the 1980s, a powerful sports car might
have produced 200 horsepower (150 kW) - just 20 years later, average passenger cars have
engines that powerful, and some performance models offer three times as much power.
J Most automobiles in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by
gasoline or diesel. Both fuels are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for
contributing to climate change and global warming. Rapidly increasing oil prices, concerns
about oil dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas
emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for automobiles. Efforts to
improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles,
plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as
ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some
countries.
Questions 15-19
Look at the following statements (Questions 15-19) and the list of auto companies or car types in the box
belong.
Match each statement with the correct person A-G
Write the appropriate letter A-G in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.
A the Ford ( American, Henry Ford)
B the BMC's Mini
C Cadillac and Lincoln ( American )
D Mercedes-Benz ( German )
E Mazda
F Jeep
G NSU's "Wankel engine" car
H Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia
I Jeep
15 The company which began the first manufacture of automobiles
16 The company that produces the industrialized cars that consumers can afford
17 the example of auto which improved the space room efficiency
18 The type of auto with greatest upgraded overall performance
19 The type of autos still keeping an advanced sale even during a seemingly unproductive
period
Questions 20-26
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.
20 What is a common feature of modern cars, engine type since late 19th century
21 In the past, what did the rich take owing a car as?
22 How long did Ford's assembly line take to produce a car?
23 What does people call the Mazda car designed under Wankel engine?
24 What is the major historical event that led American cars to suffer when competing with Japanese
imported cars?
25 What has greatly increased with computerized engine management systems?
26 What factor is blamed for contributing to pollution, climate change and global warming?
Questions 27
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27 on your answer sheet.
27 What is the main idea of this passage
A The historical contribution of the Ford's mass production assembly line
B The historical development and innovation in car designs
C The beginning of the modern designed gasoline engines
D The history of human and the Auto industry

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S2210113 & Question Answers
15 D 16 A 17 B 18 G
19 C 20 internalcombustion 21 token(symbol) of 22 93 minutes/
(engine) identity (1 hour 33
minutes)
23 (polluting) 24 the oil crisis 25 fuel 26 (gasoline and
gas-guzzler efficiency/power diesel)fuels
27 B

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S2210113

Summary Paragraph Matching

Matching Multiple Choices

History of the Automobile

B It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with

G In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars

Match each statement with the correct person A-G

A the Ford ( American, Henry Ford)

B the BMC's Mini

C Cadillac and Lincoln ( American )

G NSU's "Wankel engine" car

H Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia

15 The company which began the first manufacture of automobiles

17 the example of auto which improved the space room efficiency

18 The type of auto with greatest upgraded overall performance

Answer the questions below.

Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.

22 How long did Ford's assembly line take to produce a car?

25 What has greatly increased with computerized engine management systems?

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 27 on your answer sheet.

27 What is the main idea of this passage

A The historical contribution of the Ford's mass production assembly line

B The historical development and innovation in car designs

C The beginning of the modern designed gasoline engines

D The history of human and the Auto industry

S2210113 & Question Answers

19 C 20 internalcombustion 21 token(symbol) of 22 93 minutes/

(engine) identity (1 hour 33

23 (polluting) 24 the oil crisis 25 fuel 26 (gasoline and

gas-guzzler efficiency/power diesel)fuels

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