Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and
Technology
Department of Architecture
Traffic and Transportation – IX

Assignment – 1
Submitted To-
Tanya Goyal
14001006070
Transportation Planning Process
Transportation planning is a cooperative process designed to foster involvement by all users of the
system, such as the business community, community groups, environmental organizations, the
traveling public, freight operators, and the general public, through a proactive public participation
process conducted by the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), state Department of
Transportation (state DOT), and transit operators.
Transportation planning includes a number of steps:
• Monitoring existing conditions;
• Forecasting future population and employment growth, including assessing projected land uses in
the region and identifying major growth corridors;
• Identifying current and projected future transportation problems and needs and analyzing,
through detailed planning studies, various transportation improvement strategies to address those
needs;
• Developing long-range plans and short-range programs of alternative capital improvement and
operational strategies for moving people and goods;
• Estimating the impact of recommended future improvements to the transportation system on
environmental features, including air quality; and
• Developing a financial plan for securing sufficient revenues to cover the costs of implementing
strategies.
Benefits of Transportation Planning

A transportation plan is a guide that cities can use to make well-informed decisions about their
transportation network. An important part of the planning process is involving the public so that
planners and decisionmakers understand the needs and concerns of the many stakeholders—people
and groups who use or otherwise have an interest in the future transportation system. This
information helps to clarify needs and the best ways to address these needs in order to meet the
transportation vision.
In addition to identifying future transportation needs, there are other benefits of implementing a
transportation planning process:
• Anticipate and manage future growth and development in an orderly manner through land use
and transportation planning;
• Minimize cost of right of way acquisition if corridors are protected and preserved;
• Enhance collaboration among agencies; and
• Distribute and spend funding and other resources based on the community vision to create a
useful and efficient transportation system.
Transportation Planning Processes

1. The Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP): The UPWP lists the transportation studies and
tasks to be performed by the MPO staff or a member agency. Because the UPWP reflects local
issues and strategic priorities, the contents of UPWPs differ from one metropolitan area to
another.
The UPWP covers a one- to two-year period. It typically contains several elements:
• The planning tasks (e.g., data collection and analysis, public outreach, and preparation of
the plan and TIP), the supporting studies, and the products that will result from these
activities;
• All federally funded studies as well as all relevant state and local planning activities
conducted without federal funds;
• Funding sources identified for each project;
• A schedule of activities; and
• The agency responsible for each task or study.
2. The Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) or Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP): In

metropolitan areas, the transportation plan is the statement of the ways the region plans to
invest in the transportation system. Per the federal regulations, the plan shall “include both
long-range and short-range program strategies/actions that lead to the development of an
integrated intermodal transportation system that facilitates the efficient movement of people
and goods.”
The plan addresses, for example:
• Policies, strategies, and projects for the future;

• A systems level approach by considering roadways, transit, nonmotorized transportation,
and intermodal connections;
• Projected demand for transportation services over 20 years;
• Regional land use, development, housing, and employment goals and plans;
• Cost estimates and reasonably available financial sources for operation, maintenance, and
capital investments and
• Ways to preserve existing roads and facilities and make efficient use of the existing system.
The Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) and the long-range state-wide transportation plan
must be consistent with each other. The MTP must be updated every five years in air quality
attainment areas or every four years in non-attainment or maintenance areas.
MPOs should make special efforts to engage interested parties in the development of the plan.
Finally, in cases where a metropolitan area is designated as a nonattainment or maintenance
area, the plan must conform to the SIP for air quality (see Part II section on Air Quality).
3. Transportation Improvement Program (TIP): In the TIP, the MPO identifies the transportation
projects and strategies from the MTP that it plans to undertake over the next four years. All
projects receiving federal funding must be in the TIP. The TIP is the region’s way of allocating its
limited transportation resources among the various capital and operating needs of the area,
based on a clear set of short-term transportation priorities.
Under federal law, the TIP:

• Covers a minimum four-year period of investment;
• Is updated at least every four years;
• Is realistic in terms of available funding and is not just a “wish list” of projects. This concept
is known as fiscal constraint (see Part II for more information);
• Conforms with the SIP for air quality in nonattainment and maintenance areas;
• Is approved by the MPO and the governor; and
• Is incorporated directly, without change, into the Statewide Transportation Improvement
Program (STIP).
4. The State Planning and Research (SPR) Program is similar to the UPWP in that it lists the
transportation studies, research and tasks to be performed by the state DOT staff or its
consultants. The SPR Program contains several elements:
• The planning tasks, studies and research activities that will be conducted over a one- to
two-year period;
• Funding sources identified for each project;
• A schedule of activities; and
• The agency responsible for each task or study.
5. The Long-Range Statewide Transportation Plan: State DOTs must develop a long-range
statewide transportation plan. These vary from state to state; they may be policy-oriented or
may include a list of specific projects.
The statewide plan also addresses:

• Policies and strategies, or future projects;
• Projected demand for transportation services over 20 or more years;
• A systems-level approach by considering roadways, transit, nonmotorized transportation,
and intermodal connections;
• Statewide and regional land use, development, housing, natural environmental resource
and employment goals and plans;
• Cost estimates and reasonably available financial sources for operation, maintenance, and
capital investments (see Part II section on Financial Planning); and
• Ways to preserve existing roads and facilities and make efficient use of the existing system.
6. Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP): The STIP is similar to the TIP in that it
identifies statewide priorities for transportation projects and must be fiscally constrained.
Through an established process, the state DOT solicits or identifies projects from rural, small
urban, and urbanized areas of the state. Projects are selected for inclusion in the STIP based on
adopted procedures and criteria. As noted above, TIPs that have been developed by MPOs must
be incorporated directly, without change, into the STIP.
Under federal law and regulation, the STIP:

• Must be fiscally constrained and may include a financial plan.
• Must be approved by FHWA and FTA, along with an overall determination that planning
requirements are being met. STIP approval must be granted before projects can proceed
from the planning stage to the implementation stage.
Road Network Planning

• The traditional approach to the road network planning (or design) problem focuses on
defining the investment decisions that will optimize the network efficiency under a given
budget. The investment decisions can consist of either improving existing roads or adding
new roads to an existing road network.
• Transportation is important in the sense that it allows people to take part in human
activities. With the increasing in population, the demand for transportation is increasing.
Network- A network can be defined as a set of linear features through which resources flow.
Road Network-
• A road network is the system of interconnected roads designed to accommodate
wheeled road going vehicles and pedestrian traffic.
• An attempt has been made to define some basic concepts that are useful for public
transport planners and decision makers when they want to create high quality public
transport services in their region.
Example of road network-
Design of road network-
Route planning
Planning with respect to road construction takes into account present and future uses of
transportation system to assure maximum service with a minimum of financial and environmental
cost. The main objective of this initial phase of road development is to establish specific goals and
prescriptions for road network development along with the general location needs.
Design Criteria
Design criteria consist of a detailed list of considerations to be used in negotiating a set of road
standards. These include resource management objectives, environmental safety, physical
environmental factors (such as topography, climate, and soils), traffic requirements, and traffic
service levels
Design Elements
A road design standard consists of such elements as the definitive lengths, widths, and depths of
individual segments (e.g., 4.3 meter traveled way, 0.6-meter shoulders, 3/4:1 cut slope, 1-meter
curve widening, and 15 cm of crushed aggregate surfacing).
Characteristics of road network

A classification of networks is discussed by Laurini and Thompson (1992). They suggest there are
four main types: -
1. Oriented
2. Oriented
3. Oriented with loops, and
4. Oriented with loops.
Road network classification and hierarchy

Road classification and hierarchy are dominant considerations in design of road network. Road
hierarchy is a particular form of road classification in which each type has a ranked position with
respect to whole set of types. Classification may also be founded on some criterion such as “trip
length”, population size, traffic flow, and those based on changes in the road network itself.
ROAD TYPES
1. Freeways
2. Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban traffic with no frontage access.
3. Sub-Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban through traffic with frontage access.
4. Collector road: Streets for collecting and distributing traffic from and to local streets and also
providing access to arterial and sub arterial roads.
5. Local Street: Street for access to residence, business or other abutting property, having
necessary parking and pedestrian movement free access too.
Planning norms and standards related to transport planning
Footpath should be normally designed for a pedestrian Level of Service (LOS) B, thereby providing
wide pedestrian facilities for pleasant and comfortable walking.
Under resource constraint LOS C can be adopted for deciding the width of footpath mentioned in
Table 8.4. The width of footpaths depends upon the expected pedestrian traffic and may be fixed
with the help of the following norms subject to not being less than 1.8m
Design Service Volume
The Design Service Volume standards as given in IRC Code 106‐1990, which recommends LOS C while
designing road capacity, are given in Table 8.9 below:

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Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and

Traffic and Transportation – IX

Transportation planning includes a number of steps:

• Monitoring existing conditions;

Benefits of Transportation Planning

Transportation Planning Processes

2. The Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) or Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP): In

The plan addresses, for example:

• Policies, strategies, and projects for the future;

Under federal law, the TIP:

The statewide plan also addresses:

Under federal law and regulation, the STIP:

Road Network Planning

Example of road network-

Design of road network-

Characteristics of road network

Road network classification and hierarchy

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